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Recent models with liquidity constraints and impatience emphasize that consumers use savings to buffer income fluctuations. When wealth is below an optimal target, consumers try to increase their buffer stock of wealth by saving more. When it is above target, they increase consumption. This important implication of the buffer stock model of saving has not been subject to direct empirical testing. We derive from the model an appropriate theoretical restriction and test it using data on working-age individuals drawn from the 2002 and 2004 Italian Surveys of Household Income and Wealth. One of the most appealing features of the survey is that it has data on the amount of wealth held for precautionary purposes, which we interpret as target wealth in a buffer stock model. The test results do not support buffer stock behavior, even among population groups that are more likely, a priori, to display such behavior. The saving behavior of young households is instead consistent with models in which impatience, relative to prudence, is not as high as in buffer stock models. JEL Classification: D91
Individuals are increasingly put in charge of their financial security after retirement. Moreover, the supply of complex financial products has increased considerably over the years. However, we still have little or no information about whether individuals have the financial knowledge and skills to navigate this new financial environment. To better understand financial literacy and its relation to financial decision-making, we have devised two special modules for the DNB Household Survey. We have designed questions to measure numeracy and basic knowledge related to the working of inflation and interest rates, as well as questions to measure more advanced financial knowledge related to financial market instruments (stocks, bonds, and mutual funds). We evaluate the importance of financial literacy by studying its relation to the stock market: Are more financially knowledgeable individuals more likely to hold stocks? To assess the direction of causality, we make use of questions measuring financial knowledge before investing in the stock market. We find that, while the understanding of basic economic concepts related to inflation and interest rate compounding is far from perfect, it outperforms the limited knowledge of stocks and bonds, the concept of risk diversification, and the working of financial markets. We also find that the measurement of financial literacy is very sensitive to the wording of survey questions. This provides additional evidence for limited financial knowledge. Finally, we report evidence of an independent effect of financial literacy on stock market participation: Those who have low financial literacy are significantly less likely to invest in stocks. JEL Classification: D91, G11, D80
We consider the advantages and disadvantages of stakeholder-oriented firms that are concerned with employees and suppliers as well as shareholders compared to shareholder-oriented firms. Societies with stakeholder-oriented firms have higher prices, lower output, and can have greater firm value than shareholder-oriented societies. In some circumstances, firms may voluntarily choose to be stakeholder-oriented because this increases their value. Consumers that prefer to buy from stakeholder firms can also enforce a stakeholder society. With globalization entry by stakeholder firms is relatively more attractive than entry by shareholder firms for all societies. JEL Classification: D02, D21, G34, L13, L21
We introduce a multivariate multiplicative error model which is driven by componentspecific observation driven dynamics as well as a common latent autoregressive factor. The model is designed to explicitly account for (information driven) common factor dynamics as well as idiosyncratic effects in the processes of high-frequency return volatilities, trade sizes and trading intensities. The model is estimated by simulated maximum likelihood using efficient importance sampling. Analyzing five minutes data from four liquid stocks traded at the New York Stock Exchange, we find that volatilities, volumes and intensities are driven by idiosyncratic dynamics as well as a highly persistent common factor capturing most causal relations and cross-dependencies between the individual variables. This confirms economic theory and suggests more parsimonious specifications of high-dimensional trading processes. It turns out that common shocks affect the return volatility and the trading volume rather than the trading intensity. JEL Classification: C15, C32, C52
Acquiring foreign firms far away might be hazardous to your share price: evidence from Germany
(2007)
This paper examines shareholder wealth effects of cross-border acquisitions. In a sample of 155 large acquisitions by German corporations from 1985–2006 international transactions in total do not lead to significant announcement returns. Geography, however, makes a difference: Shareholders of acquiring firms gain 6.5% in cross-border transactions into countries that have a common border with Germany but lose 4.4% in other international transactions. We find proximity to be one of the most important success factors in cross-border mergers and acquisitions, even when we control for firm, deal and country characteristics.
We analyze the effect of committee formation on how corporate boards perform two main functions: setting CEO pay and overseeing the financial reporting process. The use of performance-based pay schemes induces the CEO to manipulate earnings, which leads to an increased need for board oversight. If the whole board is responsible for both functions, it is inclined to provide the CEO with a compensation scheme that is relatively insensitive to performance in order to reduce the burden of subsequent monitoring. When the functions are separated through the formation of committees, the compensation committee is willing to choose a higher pay-performance sensitivity as the increased cost of oversight is borne by the audit committee. Our model generates predictions relating the board committee structure to the pay-performance sensitivity of CEO compensation, the quality of board oversight, and the level of earnings management.
Mutual insurance companies and stock insurance companies are different forms of organized risk sharing: policyholders and owners are two distinct groups in a stock insurer, while they are one and the same in a mutual. This distinction is relevant to raising capital, selling policies, and sharing risk in the presence of financial distress. Up-front capital is necessary for a stock insurer to offer insurance at a fair premium, but not for a mutual. In the presence of an owner-manager conflict, holding capital is costly. Free-rider and commitment problems limit the degree of capitalization that a stock insurer can obtain. The mutual form, by tying sales of policies to the provision of capital, can overcome these problems at the potential cost of less diversified owners.
Die Übertragung von Kapitalmarktpapieren nach dem US-amerikanischen Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
(2007)
I. Einführung Der Gesetzgeber hat mit dem am 1. 11. 2005 in Kraft getretenen „Gesetz zur Unternehmensintegrität und Modernisierung des Anfechtungsrechts (UMAG)“ eine Reform der Anfechtung von Hauptversammlungsbeschlüssen im Aktienrecht eingeleitet. Diese Reform verfolgt im Wesentlichen folgende Ziele: Erstens, die beklagten Gesellschaften sollen leichter und schneller als bisher die Eintragung angefochtener Beschlüsse ins Handelsregister erwirken können, wenn dem keine schwerwiegenden Bedenken entgegenstehen. Zweitens, die funktionswidrige Verwendung der Anfechtungsklage und mißbräuchliche Klagen sollen weiter zurückgedrängt, und die nachteilige Entwicklung eines „Klagegewerbes“ soll eingedämmt werden. Drittens, Qualität und Geschwindigkeit landgerichtlicher Entscheidungen in Beschlußmängelprozessen sollen verbessert werden. Eine empirische Studie zu den Auswirkungen des UMAG in der Unternehmens- und Gerichtspraxis in diesem Bereich hat ergeben, daß der Gesetzgeber wichtige Schritte unternommen hat, daß aber nicht alle Ziele erreicht werden konnten, sondern weiterer dringlicher Reformbedarf besteht, der sich im Wesentlichen erst in jüngerer Zeit, nach dem Abschluß der Beratungen zum UMAG, entwickelt und gezeigt hat. Das Bundesministerium der Justiz hat inzwischen angekündigt, daß weitere gesetzliche Maßnahmen vor allem gegen die zunehmende Flut von Beschlußmängelklagen durch Berufskläger erwogen werden sollen. Die nachstehenden Überlegungen wollen zu dieser Diskussion beitragen. Dabei bleiben die – zwar in engem Zusammenhang hiermit stehenden, gleichwohl Spezialfragen betreffenden – Vorschläge des Handelsrechtsausschusses des DAV zur Ausweitung des Spruchverfahrens bei Umwandlung und Sachkapitalerhöhung hier ausgeklammert. ... VII. Zusammenfassung 1. Es sind weitere gesetzliche Maßnahmen gegen die zunehmende Anzahl von Beschlußmängelklagen durch Berufskläger erforderlich. 2. Gegen das Erfordernis eines pauschalen Mindestanteilsbesitzes als Voraussetzung der Anfechtungsklage bestehen rechtliche und praktische Bedenken. 3. Das Freigabeverfahren sollte umgestaltet werden: Bei den materiellen Freigabevoraussetzungen sollte die sog. Interessenabwägungsklausel im Gesetz entsprechend der Regierungsbegründung zum UMAG gefaßt werden, so daß im praktischen Ergebnis die Eintragung eines angefochtenen strukturändernden Beschlusses in aller Regel vorzunehmen ist, wenn nicht im Einzelfall die Schwere der mit der Klage geltend gemachten Rechtsverletzung dies ausschließt. Das Freigabeverfahren sollte ferner auf eine Instanz beschränkt werden; hierfür sollte die ausschließliche Zuständigkeit der Oberlandesgerichte vorgesehen werden. 4. Die Anreize für Aktionäre, Anfechtungsklagen zu erheben, um sich nicht den Nachteilen - insbesondere der überlangen Dauer - eines Spruchverfahrens aussetzen zu müssen, sollten beseitigt werden.