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In this article, we examine anti-refugee hate crime in the wake of the large influx of refugees to Germany in 2014 and 2015. By exploiting institutional features of the assignment of refugees to German regions, we estimate the impact of unexpected and sudden large-scale immigration on hate crime against refugees. Results indicate that it is not simply the size of local refugee inflows which drives the increase in hate crime, but rather the combination of refugee arrivals and latent anti-refugee sentiment. We show that ethnically homogeneous areas, areas which experienced hate crimes in the 1990s, and areas with high support for the Nazi party in the Weimar Republic, are more prone to respond to the arrival of refugees with incidents of hate crime against this group. Our results highlight the importance of regional anti-immigration sentiment in the analysis of the incumbent population’s reaction to immigration.
Die Ausstellung „Bilder werfen“, die am 30. November eröffnet wird, erkundet die Geschichte studentischer Filmkultur an der Goethe-Universität. Über mehr als siebzig Jahre prägte eine Vielzahl von Gruppen mit sehr unterschiedlichen Zielsetzungen und jeweils eigenem Selbstverständnis geprägt diese Entwicklung - seit der Gründung des "Film-Studio“ im Jahr 1951 bis zum aktuellen Pupille-Kino.
Do required minimum distribution 401(k) rules matter, and for whom? Insights from a lifecycle model
(2023)
Tax-qualified vehicles have helped U.S. private-sector workers accumulate $33Tr in retirement plans. An often-overlooked important institutional feature shaping decumulations from these plans is the “Required Minimum Distribution” (RMD) regulation requiring retirees to withdraw a minimum fraction from their retirement accounts or pay excise taxes on withdrawal shortfalls. Our calibrated lifecycle model measures the impact of RMD rules on heterogeneous households’ financial behavior during their work lives and in retirement. The model shows that reforms delaying or eliminating the RMD rules have little effect on consumption profiles, but they would influence withdrawals and tax payments for households with bequest motives.
While the COVID-19 pandemic had a large and asymmetric impact on firms, many countries quickly enacted massive business rescue programs which are specifically targeted to smaller firms. Little is known about the effects of such policies on business entry and exit, investment, factor reallocation, and macroeconomic outcomes. This paper builds a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous and financially constrained firms in order to evaluate the short- and long-term consequences of small firm rescue programs in a pandemic recession. We calibrate the stationary equilibrium and the pandemic shock to the U.S. economy, taking into account the factual Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) as a specific policy. We find that the policy has only a modest impact on aggregate output and employment because (i) jobs are saved predominately in the smallest firms that account for a minor share of employment and (ii) the grant reduces the reallocation of resources towards larger and less impacted firms. Much of the reallocation effects occur in the aftermath of the pandemic episode. By preventing inefficient liquidations, the policy dampens the long-term declines of aggregate consumption and of the real wage, thus delivering small welfare gains.
Chromosomal translocations (CTs) are a genetic hallmark of cancer. They could be identified as recurrent genetic aberrations in hemato-malignancies and solid tumors. More than 40% of all “cancer genes” were identified in recurrent CTs. Most of these CTs result in the production of oncofusion proteins of which many have been studied over the past decades. They influence signaling pathways and/or alter gene expression. However, a precise mechanism for how these CTs arise and occur in a nearly identical fashion in individuals remains to be elucidated. Here, we performed experiments that explain the onset of CTs: (1) proximity of genes able to produce prematurely terminated transcripts, which lead to the production of (2) trans-spliced fusion RNAs, and finally, the induction of (3) DNA double-strand breaks which are subsequently repaired via EJ repair pathways. Under these conditions, balanced chromosomal translocations could be specifically induced. The implications of these findings will be discussed.
We study the production of the light JPC=1−+ hybrid isoscalars η1′(1855) and the yet undiscovered η1(1660) as intermediate states in the radiative decays of the charmonium (J/ψ) to two conventional mesons using a flavor symmetric Lagrangian. For this purpose, we use the J/ψ→γη1′(1855)→γηη′ process as the reference. We find that some of the decay channels have branching ratios similar to or larger than that of the γηη′ channel and are sensitive to the mixing between the hybrid isoscalars. We propose that relatively stable γηf1(1285) channel be explored for the presence of the light hybrid isoscalar η1hyb(1660). We also exploit the strong decay channels containing at least one vector meson to study the radiative decays of the whole hybrid nonet {π1(1600),K1hyb(1750),η1hyb(1660),η1′(1855)}. We find that the hybrids cannot radiatively decay into the I=0 pseudoscalars. Furthermore, the vector decay channels ((ρ/ω/ϕ)γ) of the hybrid isoscalars are sensitive to the strangeness content of the hybrids. We also provide estimates for the branching fractions for the radiative production and partial widths for the radiative decays of the hybrids.