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Im Mai 2008 verwüstete der Sturm Nargis über Myanmar/Burma hinweg, 140.000 Menschen wurden getötet. Das autokratisch regierte Land wies jedoch Katastrophenhilfe als innere Einmischung zurück und verweigerte die Einfuhr von Medikamenten und Lebensmitteln. Der französische Außenminister Kouschner drängte angesichts dieser Situation die UN zum Handeln, auf Grundlage der Responsibility to Protect (kurz R2P).
Dieser Akt der Versicherheitlichung steht allerdings im Kontrast zur Medienberichterstattung, wie Gabi Schlag in diesem Papier untersucht. Besonders das Bildmaterial aus dem Katastrophengebiet erzählt eine andere Geschichte. Die Photos der Berichterstattung von BBC.com zum Thema bilden ein visuelles Narrativ, welches keine Hilfsbedürftigkeit suggeriert, sondern kontrolliertes, besonnenes Vorgehen der lokalen Kräfte. Dieser Kontrast verweist auf die sprichwörtliche Macht der Bilder, welche die jeweiligen Bedingungen von Handlungsmöglichkeiten vorstrukturieren.
The present contribution defends that remittances should be taken into account and integrated into an ethical framework on migration. This main thesis is two-fold. First, we argue that if a normative approach to migration is to claim practical relevance, it should integrate remittances as a relevant empirical parameter into an ethical framework. The empirical assessment of the scientific evidence available on remittances therefore proves to be extremely important. Secondly, assuming that remittances have to be taken seriously, we consider their positive and negative impacts against two backgrounds. First, we emphasize the increased autonomy of persons who pull themselves and their dependents out of economic hardship. Second, affluent states who enable this process through their labor legislation contribute to the fulfillment of their duty of assistance. In this respect, our thesis is to claim that remittances should be considered as an amplifying factor for normative arguments in favor of a liberalization of labor migration. Remittances stand for a liberal way of fulfilling a responsibility to help, namely through the elimination of obstacles which in turn allow people to support themselves and lead an autonomous life.
This paper reconstructs the argument of Axel Honneth's recent book Das Recht der Freiheit as a theory of the institutionalization of freedom in modern society. In particular, it looks at Honneth's argument for the realization of freedom in law and morality that is proposed as a contemporary re-interpretation of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Then I discuss Honneth's argument for the reality of freedom in the ethical spheres of civil society, in particular in the family, the market and in democracy. Finally, the paper proposes some critical remarks to Honneth's theory.
I first encountered the work of Miriam Hansen as a graduate student in the mid-1990s when her book Babel and Babylon was the talk of the (at that time still fairly modest) film studies town – even though it was sitting somewhat uneasily on the fence. In fact, it was this position beyond the canonical that made the book so attractive in the first place. It did not fit into the raging debate of that time between psychosemiotics and neo-formalism, nor did it offer the (often too schematic and naive) way out within the cultural studies paradigm of empowering the individual or sub-culturally constituted groups.
Starting from the observation that substantively free migration is impossible in a world where millions lack the resources to move country, this article evaluates two contenders for the second-best alternative. On the face of it, arguments from freedom of association and material inequality appear to commend formally open borders, while those from liberty and equality of opportunity seem to favour a migration lottery. However, the argument from liberty gives us only a presumption in favour of freedom of movement, rather than an equal human right. This is not enough to make a compelling case for a migration lottery. Moreover, the idea that equality of opportunity requires a migration lottery rests on the belief that this will facilitate self-realisation. Yet it is free movement which better promotes self-realisation. Therefore, it is concluded that the case for a migration lottery is ultimately unpersuasive.
The dissertation focuses on the semiconductor industry to analyze the current state of the international division of labor and its impact on the engineering labor process. Three extensive case studies on design centers of semiconductor companies located in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are used to bridge two major gaps in the current academic debate. While the discussion on the development of the international division of labor in manufacturing has already moved towards a more sophisticated perspective that acknowledges a multi-centric structure of international division of labor, on the level of engineering work the hierarchic dichotomy of center and periphery still prevails. Analyzing both location and upgrading processes as well as the labor process the study is able to challenge this perspective. With the focus on CEE the dissertation re-focuses the analysis on a region hitherto not very prominent in research on the international division of labor and the electronics industry. The semiconductor industry with its decade long history of internationalization of both production and product development allows the analysis to focus on local upgrading and control in the labor process that are already stabilized and not anymore distorted by adjustment dynamics of initial phases of internationalization. The study is organized in two major parts representing its two levels of perspective - industry and work. First, the industry perspective with the development of global networks of production and development is used to analyze the industry organization and geographic scope of the developing international division of labor. The Global Production Network approach with its upgrading perspective is combined with research on locational decisions of R&D operations, innovation dynamics and work categories to sketch the shifts in the electronics and semiconductor industry. The study is able to show how a network based industry organization is developing, that is however increasingly driving processes of vertical integration through triangular restructuring. Based on data from field research in CEE in three extensive case studies the focus is put on the upgrading process of chip design centers in global networks of production and development. Using work categories to assess both local upgrading as well as location within global design networks the study is able to show how peripheral operation are able to develop into relatively central design centers. The most important result of the study is its account on processes of integration, through which locally integrated product development teams emerge that comprise of almost all necessary functions for product development. With this the often perpetuated idea of an increasingly modularized and internationalized engineering work is challenged. Simultaneously, a new phase in the process of internationalization is described that is characterized by increased localization, while the integration into and reliance on global networks is growing. Second, the study analyzes the engineering labor process within global networks of production and design of the electronics industry. The Labor Process Theory (especially Friedman's approach) is used to analyze the control in the engineering labor process in chip design centers in CEE. Its main argument is that the labor process in peripheral product design locations in CEE has developed considerably with regards to levels of autonomy in work tasks organization and control structure. The labor process in these formerly peripheral design centers has developed towards a project organization where managerial strategies tend towards responsible autonomy. However, a layered structure of control strategies is used by management, where forms of direct control often undergird strategies of responsible autonomy. The ability to develop an efficient labor process organization is dependent on the ability to reduce the international interface contacts towards the beginning and the end of development projects. This is directly linked to the process of local integration, or functional upgrading, through which the technical and managerial capabilities that are necessary for such a work organization are developed locally. This is the point where the international division of labor and the labor process organization need to be developed in unison through company strategy. However, local worker struggle, mostly through resistance by individual engineers, has also decisive effects on the development of the labor process. Additionally, local factors such as the labor market are central to the analysis advancing a more dialectical perspective on the relations between global and local levels of internationalization. The analysis shows how integrated forms of international division of labor are increasingly developing.
Liberals are concerned with the equal moral status of all human beings. This article discusses what flows from this premise for moral cosmopolitans when analysing temporary foreign worker programs for low-skilled workers. Some have hailed these programs as a tool to achieve redistributive global goals. However, I argue that in the example of Live-In-Caregivers in Canada, the morally most problematic aspect is that it provokes vulnerability of individual workers. Once in a situation of vulnerability, important conditions of individual autonomy are jeopardized. Even if these programs provide for redistribution of opportunities on a global scale, the challenge such programs pose to the conditions of autonomy can not outweigh these gains. Instead, they need to be re-assessed and changed to fundamentally express equal moral status of all human beings.
The paper examines obligations towards bearers of the right to asylum in circumstances of partial compliance. Who should bear the burdens when a state responsible for assisting bearers of the right to asylum fails to comply with the requirements of justice and unjustly defaults on its responsibilities? Are the complying states obligated to ‘take up the slack’ and assist the bearers of the right to asylum, or are they obligated to bear only their ‘fair share’ of burdens in the global protection of the right to asylum? The paper argues that the complying states with the capacity to assist can have an obligation of justice to assist bearers of the right to asylum when other states unjustly default on their responsibilities.