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Jede erfolgreiche Software muss in einer geeigneten Art und Weise mit der Person, die sie benutzt, in Verbindung treten. Diese Schnittstelle zwischen Mensch und Maschine ist ein zentraler Baustein in der Softwareentwicklung. Eine noch so mächtige und ausgereifte Software kann ihr Potential nicht ausschöpfen, wenn Probleme und Missverständnisse bei der Kommunikation mit dem Anwender auftreten.
Bei graphischen Benutzeroberflächen erfolgt die Interaktion zwischen Benutzer und technischem System mittels graphischer Symbole, die am Bildschirm dargestellt werden. Die Oberfläche setzt sich aus verschiedenen Menüs und Steuerelementen mit dem Ziel zusammen, die zugrunde liegende Software für den Anwender bedienbar zu machen. Als Eingabegeräte dienen vor allem Maus und Tastatur. Für die Human Computer Interaction oder abgekürzt HCI (Mensch-Computer Interaktion) sind spezielle Normierungen und Anforderungen erstellt worden, die den Entwicklungsprozess unterstützten.
In dieser Arbeit wird eine graphische Benutzeroberfläche für einen Shader Viewer entworfen und implementiert. Beginnend bei ersten Skizzen und Prototypen wird der Entwicklungsprozess bis zur fertigen graphischen Oberfläche dargestellt. Probleme bei der Erstellung werden aufgezeigt und Lösungsstrategien entwickelt. Vor allem spielen Design und Usablity eine entscheidende Rolle. Verschiedene Aspekte und Alternativen, die im Entwicklungsprozess zu beachten sind, werden näher beleuchtet.
Im Rahmen dieser Bachelorarbeit wurde eine flashbasierte Anwendung zum Trainieren und Prüfen der Fähigkeit zur korrekten Interpretation von Bildinformationen entwickelt.
Den Ausgangspunkt der Entwicklung bildete eine Analyse von bisher existierenden Anwendungen am Beispiel der Radiologie. Die Analyse ergab, dass die bereits existierenden Anwendungen Interaktionen mit dem Bild in bestimmten Umfang erlauben, jedoch keine Anwendung gefunden werden konnte, bei der ein direktes Markieren von Strukturen im Bild mit z.B. einem Stift möglich ist. Ziel war es, dies zu entwickeln.
Die Entwicklung des Konzeptes begann mit einer Analyse der Anforderungen, die sich aus dem Bildmaterial in der Radiologie ergeben. Daraus wurden drei Aufgabenszenarien entwickelt: Nachfahren einer Struktur, einkreisen einer Struktur und markieren einer Struktur durch einen Stempel. Diese Aufgabenszenarien erfordern verschiedene Zeichen- und Hilfswerkzeuge. Implementiert wurden die Zeichenwerkzeuge Stift, Stempel und aufziehbarer Kreis, so wie die Hilfswerkzeuge Zoom und Helligkeitsregelung.
Für die drei Aufgabenszenarien wurden im Konzept Definitionen des Lösungsbereiches erstellt, den der Ersteller von Übungen im Flash Template an gibt. Diese drei Lösungsbereiche erfordern wiederum unterschiedliche Auswertungen und andere Verfahren zur Fehlerwertungen. Die Fehlerwertung setzt sich je nach Aufgabenszenario aus verschiedenen Verfahren zusammen.
Die anschließende Integration der Anwendung in die LernBar erfolgte über eine Integration von Schnittstellen in die Anwendung, die eine Kommunikation zwischen LernBar Player und der Anwendung erlauben. Zusätzlich wurde das Einlesen von XML Dateien ermöglicht und die Struktur einer XML Datei, zur Übergabe der nötigen Parameter, definiert. Diese XML Datei erlaubt die spätere Einbindung eines Wizards in das LernBar Studio, was im Ausblick erläutert wurde.
Die Implementierung der Anwendung beweist, dass das in dieser Bachelorarbeit aufgestellte Konzept funktioniert.
ALPHA ist die Architektur einer lokationssensitiven Puppe für hydropneumatische Animation. Es ist ein Animations-Eingabegerät. Die Puppe soll ein Objekt repräsentieren, welches animiert werden soll. Ihre Gliedmaßen, welche aus Knochen und Gelenken bestehen, sind beweglich. Sie wird an einen Computer angeschlossen und die gegenwärtige Stellung ihrer Gelenke kann mittels eines ebenfalls entwickelten Treibers von diesem Computer eingelesen werden. Des Weiteren wird erklärt was eine hydropneumatische Animation ist. Die Diplomarbeit weist die folgende Gliederung auf: • Motivation • Technische Grundlagen und State-Of-The-Art-Analyse • Anforderungsanalyse • Das eigene Konzept, die lokationssensitive Puppe (ALPHA) • Evaluation • Ausblick Die Motivation beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung der Filmanimation und einiger Errungenschaften in der Laufbahn der Animationstechnologischen Entwicklung. Die technischen Grundlagen beschränken sich auf die Funktionsweise von Messapparaturen, welche als Gelenkstellungssensoren fungieren können. Im Einzelnen sind das der optische Resolver, der Optoencoder und die Kombination von einem Drehpotentiometer und einem Analog/Digital-Wandler. Zur State-Of-The-Art-Analyse gehört die Erläuterung bereits entwickelter Stellungs- und Bewegungsmessender Technologien, wie das Stop-Motion-Verfahren, das Motion-Capturing, das Dinosaur-Input-Device und der Datenhandschuh. Eine Zusammenstellung der Defizite dieser Verfahren schließt dieses Kapitel ab. Die Analyse der Anforderungen an ein zu entwickelndes System ist im Kapitel Anforderungsanalyse zu finden. Zum eigenen Konzept gehört die gesamte Entwicklung einer lokationssensitiven Puppe. Die Puppe ist das Ebenbild des Skeletts eines zu animierendes Objekts. Sie besteht aus mehreren Gliedmaßen, welche an ihren Gelenken beweglich sind. Die Gelenkstellung wird von Potentiometern gemessen, dessen Signal ein A/D-Wandler empfängt. Die Umschaltung der einzelnen Messwerte erfolgt über Analog-Multiplexer. Die gesamte Steuerung der Bauteile und das Auslesen des A/D-Wandler werden durch einen Treiber über den Parallelport eines PCs gesteuert. Die Funktionsweise des Treibers und seine Implementierung werden ebenfalls in diesem Kapitel erläutert. Im Kapitel Evaluation befindet sich eine Bewertung des Konzepts und der Erfüllung der Anforderungsanalyse. Schließlich zeigt der Ausblick die Möglichkeiten der Anwendungen der Puppe und einen Blick in zukünftige Technologien.
We enhance the security of Schnorr blind signatures against the novel one-more-forgery of Schnorr [Sc01] andWagner [W02] which is possible even if the discrete logarithm is hard to compute. We show two limitations of this attack. Firstly, replacing the group G by the s-fold direct product G exp(×s) increases the work of the attack, for a given number of signer interactions, to the s-power while increasing the work of the blind signature protocol merely by a factor s. Secondly, we bound the number of additional signatures per signer interaction that can be forged effectively. That fraction of the additional forged signatures can be made arbitrarily small.
At sufficiently high temperature and energy density, nuclear matter undergoes a transition to a phase in which quarks and gluons are not confined: the quark–gluon plasma (QGP)1. Such an exotic state of strongly interacting quantum chromodynamics matter is produced in the laboratory in heavy nuclei high-energy collisions, where an enhanced production of strange hadrons is observed2,3,4,5,6. Strangeness enhancement, originally proposed as a signature of QGP formation in nuclear collisions7, is more pronounced for multi-strange baryons. Several effects typical of heavy-ion phenomenology have been observed in high-multiplicity proton–proton (pp) collisions8,9, but the enhanced production of multi-strange particles has not been reported so far. Here we present the first observation of strangeness enhancement in high-multiplicity proton–proton collisions. We find that the integrated yields of strange and multi-strange particles, relative to pions, increases significantly with the event charged-particle multiplicity. The measurements are in remarkable agreement with the p–Pb collision results10,11, indicating that the phenomenon is related to the final system created in the collision. In high-multiplicity events strangeness production reaches values similar to those observed in Pb–Pb collisions, where a QGP is formed.
At sufficiently high temperature and energy density, nuclear matter undergoes a transition to a phase in which quarks and gluons are not confined: the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) [1]. Such an extreme state of strongly-interacting QCD (Quantum Chromo-Dynamics) matter is produced in the laboratory with high-energy collisions of heavy nuclei, where an enhanced production of strange hadrons is observed [2-6]. Strangeness enhancement, originally proposed as a signature of QGP formation in nuclear collisions [7], is more pronounced for multi-strange baryons. Several effects typical of heavy-ion phenomenology have been observed in high-multiplicity proton-proton (pp) collisions [8,9]. Yet, enhanced production of multi-strange particles has not been reported so far. Here we present the first observation of strangeness enhancement in high-multiplicity pp collisions. We find that the integrated yields of strange and multi-strange particles relative to pions increases significantly with the event charged-particle multiplicity. The measurements are in remarkable agreement with p-Pb collision results [10,11] indicating that the phenomenon is related to the final system created in the collision. In high-multiplicity events strangeness production reaches values similar to those observed in Pb-Pb collisions, where a QGP is formed.
The transverse-momentum (pT) spectra and coalescence parameters B2 of (anti)deuterons are measured in p-p collisions at √s=13 TeV for the first time in and out of jets. In this measurement, the direction of the leading particle with the highest pT in the event (p lead T>5 GeV/c) is used as an approximation for the jet axis. The event is consequently divided into three azimuthal regions, and the jet signal is obtained as the difference between the toward region, that contains jet fragmentation products in addition to the underlying event (UE), and the transverse region, which is dominated by the UE. The coalescence parameter in the jet is found to be approximately a factor of 10 larger than that in the underlying event. This experimental observation is consistent with the coalescence picture and can be attributed to the smaller average phase-space distance between nucleons in the jet cone as compared with the underlying event. The results presented in this Letter are compared to predictions from a simple nucleon coalescence model, where the phase-space distributions of nucleons are generated using pythia8 with the Monash 2013 tuning, and to predictions from a deuteron production model based on ordinary nuclear reactions with parametrized energy-dependent cross sections tuned on data. The latter model is implemented in pythia8.3. Both models reproduce the observed large difference between in-jet and out-of-jet coalescence parameters, although the almost flat trend of the BJet2 is not reproduced by the models, which instead give a decreasing trend.
The transverse-momentum (pT) spectra and coalescence parameters B2 of (anti)deuterons are measured in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV for the first time in and out of jets. In this measurement, the direction of the leading particle with the highest pT in the event (pleadT>5 GeV/c) is used as an approximation for the jet axis. The event is consequently divided into three azimuthal regions and the jet signal is obtained as the difference between the Toward region, that contains jet fragmentation products in addition to the underlying event (UE), and the Transverse region, which is dominated by the UE. The coalescence parameter in the jet is found to be approximately a factor of 10 larger than that in the underlying event. This experimental observation is consistent with the coalescence picture and can be attributed to the smaller average phase-space distance between nucleons inside the jet cone as compared to the underlying event. The results presented in this Letter are compared to predictions from a simple nucleon coalescence model, where the phase space distributions of nucleons are generated using PYTHIA 8 with the Monash 2013 tuning, and to predictions from a deuteron production model based on ordinary nuclear reactions with parametrized energy-dependent cross sections tuned on data. The latter model is implemented in PYTHIA 8.3. Both models reproduce the observed large difference between in-jet and out-of-jet coalescence parameters, although the almost flat trend of the BJet2 is not reproduced by the models, which instead give a decreasing trend.
The transverse-momentum (pT) spectra and coalescence parameters B2 of (anti)deuterons are measured in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV in and out of jets. In this measurement, the direction of the leading particle with the highest pT in the event (pleadT>5 GeV/c) is used as an approximation for the jet axis. The event is consequently divided into three azimuthal regions and the jet signal is obtained as the difference between the Toward region, that contains jet fragmentation products in addition to the underlying event (UE), and the Transverse region, which is dominated by the UE. The coalescence parameter in the jet is found to be approximately a factor of 10 larger than that in the underlying event. This experimental observation is consistent with the coalescence picture and can be attributed to the smaller average phase-space distance between nucleons inside the jet cone as compared to the underlying event. The results presented in this Letter are compared to predictions from a simple nucleon coalescence model, where the phase space distributions of nucleons are generated using PYTHIA 8 with the Monash 2013 tuning, and to predictions from a deuteron production model based on ordinary nuclear reactions with parametrized energy-dependent cross sections tuned on data. The latter model is implemented in PYTHIA 8.3. Both models reproduce the observed large difference between in-jet and out-of-jet coalescence parameters.
Planning problems, like real-world planning and scheduling problems, are complex tasks. As an efficient strategy for handing such problems is the ‘divide and conquer’ strategy has been identified. Each sub problem is then solved independently. Typically the sub problems are solved in a linear way. This approach enables the generation of sub-optimal plans for a number of real world problems. Today, this approach is widely accepted and has been established e.g. in the organizational structure of companies. But existing interdependencies between the sub problems are not sufficiently regarded, as each problem are solved sequentially and no feedback information is given. The field of coordination has been covered by a number of academic fields, like the distributed artificial intelligence, economics or game theory. An important result is, that there exist no method that leads to optimal results in any given coordination problem. Consequently, a suitable coordination mechanism has to be identified for each single coordination problem. Up to now, there exists no process for the selection of a coordination mechanism, neither in the engineering of distributed systems nor in agent oriented software engineering. Within the scope of this work the ECo process is presented, that address exactly this selection problem. The Eco process contains the following five steps. • Modeling of the coordination problem • Defining the coordination requirements • Selection / Design of the coordination mechanism • Implementation • Evaluation Each of these steps is detailed in the thesis. The modeling has to be done to enable a systemic analysis of the coordination problem. Coordination mechanisms have to respect the given situation and the context in which the coordination has to be done. The requirements imposed by the context of the coordination problem are formalized in the coordination requirements. The selection process is driven by these coordination requirements. Using the requirements as a distinction for the selection of a coordination mechanism is a central aspect of this thesis. Additionally these requirements can be used for documentation of design decisions. Therefore, it is reasonable to annotate the coordination mechanisms with the coordination requirements they fulfill and fail to ease the selection process, for a given situation. For that reason we present a new classification scheme for coordination methods within this thesis that classifies existing coordination methods according to a set of criteria that has been identified as important for the distinction between different coordination methods. The implementation phase of the ECo process is supported by the CoPS process and CoPS framework that has been developed within this thesis, as well. The CoPS process structures the design making that has to be done during the implementation phase. The CoPS framework provides a set of basic features software agents need for realizing the selected coordination method. Within the CoPS process techniques are presented for the design and implementation of conversations between agents that can be applied not only within the context of the coordination of planning systems, but for multiagent systems in general. The ECo-CoPS approach has been successfully validated in two case studies from the logistic domain.