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How special are they? - Targeting systemic risk by regulating shadow banking : (October 5, 2014)
(2014)
This essay argues that at least some of the financial stability concerns associated with shadow banking can be addressed by an approach to financial regulation that imports its functional foundations more vigorously into the interpretation and implementation of existing rules. It shows that the general policy goals of prudential banking regulation remain constant over time despite dramatic transformations in the financial and technological landscape. Moreover, these overarching policy goals also legitimize intervention in the shadow banking sector. On these grounds, this essay encourages a more normative construction of available rules that potentially limits both the scope for regulatory arbitrage and the need for ever more rapid updates and a constant increase in the complexity of the regulatory framework. By tying the regulatory treatment of financial innovation closely to existing prudential rules and their underlying policy rationales, the proposed approach potentially ends the socially wasteful race between hare and tortoise that signifies the relation between regulators and a highly dynamic industry. In doing so it does not generally hamper market participants’ efficient discoveries where disintermediation proves socially beneficial. Instead, it only weeds-out rent-seeking circumventions of existing rules and standards.
In der Krise des individualistischen Kausalitäts- und Schuldzuordnungsdenkens reagiert das Recht zunehmend mit Kollektivierungen: Verantwortung für technische Risiken muss demnach von subjektiv-orientierten Zurechnungsfragen nach individueller Verursachung und Verschulden abstrahieren und in diesem Sinne objektiv zugerechnet werden, sei es einem Betrieb, einem Unternehmen oder sei es auch einer sonstigen Verbindung von Menschen und Dingen. Die Mechanismen der kollektivierenden Verantwortungszumutungen reichen dabei von einer Ausdehnung der Kausalhaftung als Gefährdungshaftung über eine weitere Verbindung von Haftungssubjekten zu besonderen Risikoassoziationen bis zu einer Re-Personalisierung der Haftungsverantwortlichkeit. Vor diesem Hintergrund lassen sich Verschiebungen der rechtlichen Verantwortungszuordnung nachzeichnen, die vor allem in informationstechnischen Kontexten beobachtbar sind und beispielsweise in den Exzessen von Flashmobs oder auch im Flash Trading des Hochfrequenzhandels auf weitere Herausforderungen stoßen.
Hybridhaftung im Internet
(2014)
In den Informationstechnologien zeichnen sich Verschiebungen der rechtlichen Verantwortungszurechnung ab, die auf tiefgreifende Veränderungen der bisherigen, individualistisch ausgerichteten Handlungstheorie des Rechts hindeuten. Verantwortungszuschreibungen für technische Risiken müssen demnach zunehmend von subjektiv-orientierten Zurechnungsfragen nach individueller Verursachung und Verschulden abstrahieren, in diesem Sinne also objektiviert und kollektiviert werden. Diese Entwicklungen werden besonders an den für „mittelbare Rechtsverletzungen“ eingesetzten Haftungsmodellen der immaterialgüterrechtlichen Störer- und Täterhaftung erkennbar. Die vielfältigen, kaum noch systematisierbaren Einzelfälle von Schutzrechtsverletzungen im Internet zeigen dabei, dass Fragen nach technischen Verantwortlichkeiten und zumutbaren Prüfpflichten von Intermediären allenfalls durch ein technologisch informiertes Recht zu beantworten sind. Es bedarf daher einer technologisch aufgeklärten Sicht, die über rein rechtsdogmatische oder ökonomische Betrachtungen hinausweist. Die technologische Aufklärung zielt auf eine Kritik des Wissens. Sie erweitert das systemtheoretische Kritikprogramm der soziologischen Aufklärung um eine techniksoziologische Perspektive, wie sie insbesondere in den Science and Technology Studies zu finden ist.
Concepts of legal capacity and legal subjectivity have developed gradually through intermediate stages. Accordingly, there are numerous types of legal subjects and partial legal subjects, and ever-new types can develop, at the latest once the law confronts new social and technological challenges. Today such challenges seem to be making themselves felt especially in the field of information and communication technologies. Their specific communicative conditions resulting from the technological networking of social communication have a particularly pronounced influence on legal attributions of identity and action, and hence above all on issues of liability in electronic commerce. Here in particular it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish concrete human actors and, for example, to identify them as authors of declarations of intent or even as individually responsible agencies of legal transgressions. The communicative processes in this area appear instead as new kinds of chains of effects whose actors seem to be more socio-technical ensembles of people and things – whereby the artificial components of these hybrid human being-thing linkages can sometimes even be represented as driving forces and independent agents.
Der Bundesgerichtshof hat im vergangenen Jahr entschieden, dass es „einen ersatzfähigen Vermögensschaden darstellen [kann] , wenn dem Inhaber eines DSL-Anschlusses die Möglichkeit genommen wird, seinen Zugang zum Intern et zu nutzen, ohne dass ihm hierdurch Mehraufwendungen entstanden oder Einnahmen entgangen sind“ (BGHZ 196, 101). Eine techniksoziologische Analyse dieser Rechtsprechung zum vermögensrechtlich bestimmten, abstrakt berechneten Nutzungsausfallersatz legt demgegenüber eine andere Begründung des Anspruchs auf Nutzungsentschädigung nahe. Der alternative Leitsatz lautet: Wird dem Inhaber eines Internetanschlusses die Möglichkeit genommen, seinen Zugang zum Internet zu nutzen, so ist ihm auch wegen eines hier durch hervorgerufenen immateriellen Schadens eine billige Entschädigung in Geld zu gewähren .
Stability maintenance at the grassroots: China’s weiwen apparatus as a form of conflict resolution
(2013)
This working paper explores the history and potential of “stability maintenance” (weiwen) as a form of conflict resolution in China. Its emphasis on conflict resolution is novel. Previous examinations of the weiwen apparatus have concentrated on its political function, namely to manage resistance within society and maintain the authority of the party-state. This avenue of investigation has proved fruitful as a means of characterising the political motivation and the higher-level strategies involved in stability maintenance. Nonetheless, there remain significant conceptual and empirical gaps relating to how stability maintenance offices and processes actually function, particularly out of larger cities and at local levels. The research described in this paper aims to consider the effectiveness of stability maintenance as a part of the “market” for conflict resolution in local China, and to test the hypothesis that conflict resolution as facilitated by weiwen is the most pragmatic and effective means of actually resolving conflicts in the current Chinese political context, notwithstanding the closeness of the stability maintenance discourse to state authority and its relative distance from rule of law-based methods of dispute resolution...
The paper focuses on the problems of a juridical classification and evaluation of Ancient Near Eastern treaties with regard to the question if there existed an Ancient Near Eastern International Law or not. Alternatively treaties and their content are looked at uncommitted as mechanisms of conflict and dispute resolution. Main aspects are preliminary and prophylactic conflict resolution in treaties and the procedural context and efficiency of treaties.
The German Capital Markets Model Case Act (KapMuG) and its amendment of 2012 highlight some fundamentals of collective redress in civil law countries at the example of model case procedures in the field of investor protection. That is why a survey of the ongoing activities of the European Union in the area of collective redress and of its repercussions on the member state level forms a suitable basis for the following analysis of the 2012 amendment of the KapMuG. It clearly brings into focus a shift from sector-specific regulation with an emphasis on the cross-border aspect of protecting consumers towards a “coherent approach” strengthening the enforcement of EU law. As a result, regulatory policy and collective redress are two sides of the same coin today. With respect to the KapMuG such a development brings about some tension between its aim to aggregate small individual claims as efficiently as possible and the dominant role of individual procedural rights in German civil procedure. This conflict can be illustrated by some specific rules of the KapMuG: its scope of application, the three-tier procedure of a model case procedure, the newly introduced notification of claims and the new opt-out settlement under the amended §§ 17-19.