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Previous investigations have shown that bisphenol A (BPA) induces a superfeminization syndrome in the freshwater snail Marisa cornuarietis at concentrations as low as 1 μg/L. Superfemales are characterized by the formation of additional female organs, enlarged accessory sex glands, gross malformations of the pallial oviduct, and a stimulation of egg and clutch production, resulting in increased female mortality. However, these studies were challenged on the basis of incomplete experimentation. Therefore, the objective of the current approach was to bridge several gaps in knowledge by conducting additional experiments. In an initial series of experiments, study results from the reproductive phase of the snails were evaluated in the sub-micrograms per liter range. Before and after the spawning season, superfemale responses were observed [NOEC (no observed effect concentration) 7.9 ng/L, EC10 (effective concentration at 10%) 13.9 ng/L], which were absent during the spawning season. A further experiment investigated the temperature dependence of BPA responses by exposing snails at two temperatures in parallel. The adverse effect of BPA was at least partially masked at 27°C (EC10 998 ng/L) when compared with 20°C (EC10 14.8 ng/L). In M. cornuarietis, BPA acts as an estrogen receptor (ER) agonist, because effects were completely antagonized by a co-exposure to tamoxifen and Faslodex. Antiandrogenic effects of BPA, such as a significant decrease in penis length at 20°C, were also observed. Competitive receptor displacement experiments indicate the presence of androgen- and estrogen-specific binding sites. The affinity for BPA of the estrogen binding sites in M. cornuarietis is higher than that of the ER in aquatic vertebrates. The results emphasize that prosobranchs are affected by BPA at lower concentrations than are other wildlife groups, and the findings also highlight the importance of exposure conditions.
Climatic niches describe the climatic conditions in which species can persist. Shifts in climatic niches have been observed to coincide with major climatic change, suggesting that species adapt to new conditions. We test the relationship between rates of climatic niche evolution and paleoclimatic conditions through time for 65 Old-World flycatcher species (Aves: Muscicapidae). We combine niche quantification for all species with dated phylogenies to infer past changes in the rates of niche evolution for temperature and precipitation niches. Paleoclimatic conditions were inferred independently using two datasets: a paleoelevation reconstruction and the mammal fossil record. We find changes in climatic niches through time, but no or weak support for a relationship between niche evolution rates and rates of paleoclimatic change for both temperature and precipitation niche and for both reconstruction methods. In contrast, the inferred relationship between climatic conditions and niche evolution rates depends on paleoclimatic reconstruction method: rates of temperature niche evolution are significantly negatively related to absolute temperatures inferred using the paleoelevation model but not those reconstructed from the fossil record. We suggest that paleoclimatic change might be a weak driver of climatic niche evolution in birds and highlight the need for greater integration of different paleoclimate reconstructions.
In prokaryotes, RNA thermometers regulate a number of heat shock and virulence genes. These temperature sensitive RNA elements are usually located in the 5'-untranslated regions of the regulated genes. They repress translation initiation by base pairing to the Shine–Dalgarno sequence at low temperatures. We investigated the thermodynamic stability of the temperature labile hairpin 2 of the Salmonella fourU RNA thermometer over a broad temperature range and determined free energy, enthalpy and entropy values for the base-pair opening of individual nucleobases by measuring the temperature dependence of the imino proton exchange rates via NMR spectroscopy. Exchange rates were analyzed for the wild-type (wt) RNA and the A8C mutant. The wt RNA was found to be stabilized by the extraordinarily stable G14–C25 base pair. The mismatch base pair in the wt RNA thermometer (A8–G31) is responsible for the smaller cooperativity of the unfolding transition in the wt RNA. Enthalpy and entropy values for the base-pair opening events exhibit linear correlation for both RNAs. The slopes of these correlations coincide with the melting points of the RNAs determined by CD spectroscopy. RNA unfolding occurs at a temperature where all nucleobases have equal thermodynamic stabilities. Our results are in agreement with a consecutive zipper-type unfolding mechanism in which the stacking interaction is responsible for the observed cooperativity. Furthermore, remote effects of the A8C mutation affecting the stability of nucleobase G14 could be identified. According to our analysis we deduce that this effect is most probably transduced via the hydration shell of the RNA.
Die stoffliche Belastung des unteren Belmer Baches stammt aus dem intensiv landwirtschaftlich genutzten Einzugsgebiet. Das Makrozoobenthos ist bereits vor dem Eintritt in den urbanisierten Bereich artenarm. Gründe hierfür sind die saprobielle Belastung und die Strukturarmut der Gewässersohle und Ufer. Ein Vergleich der Artenzahlen zwischen einer Referenzprobestelle vor demund einer Probestelle im urbanen Bereich zeigt kaum Unterschiede. Die Beeinträchtigung durch die längszonale Isolierung und die Temperaturerhöhung von [delta] 1 °C im urbanen Gewässerabschnitt werden durch die abwechslungsreiche Ufervegetation und die wasserbauliche Erhöhung der Strukturvielfalt der Gewässersohle ausgeglichen. Eine Temperaturerhöhung von [delta] 5 °C und eine kontinuierliche Sinkstofffracht unterhalb eines Klärwerkzulaufs reduzieren das Makrozoobenthos auf wenige dominante Taxa.
Understanding how temperature affects cod (Gadus morhua) ecology is important for forecasting how populations will develop as climate changes in future. The effects of spawning-season temperature and habitat size on cod recruitment dynamics have been investigated across the North Atlantic. Ricker and Beverton and Holt stock–recruitment (SR) models were extended by applying hierarchical methods, mixed-effects models, and Bayesian inference to incorporate the influence of these ecosystem factors on model parameters representing cod maximum reproductive rate and carrying capacity. We identified the pattern of temperature effects on cod productivity at the species level and estimated SR model parameters with increased precision. Temperature impacts vary geographically, being positive in areas where temperatures are <5°C, and negative for higher temperatures. Using the relationship derived, it is possible to predict expected changes in population-specific reproductive rates and carrying capacities resulting from temperature increases. Further, carrying capacity covaries with available habitat size, explaining at least half its variability across stocks. These patterns improve our understanding of environmental impacts on key population parameters, which is required for an ecosystem approach to cod management, particularly under ocean-warming scenarios. Key words: carrying capacity , cod , hierarchical models , North Atlantic , temperature , uncertainty
Previous studies detected an influence of urban characteristics on song traits in passerine birds, that is, song adjustments to ambient noise in urban areas. Several studies already described the effect of weather conditions on the behavior of birds, but not the effect on song traits. We investigate, if song trait variability changes along a continuous urbanity gradient in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. We examined, for the first time on a larger scale, the influence of weather on song parameters. We made song recordings of three common passerine species: the blue and great tit (Cyanistes caeruleus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Parus major Linnaeus, 1758) and the European blackbird (Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758). We measured different song traits and performed statistical analyses and modeling on a variety of variables—among them urbanity and weather parameters. Remarkably, we found only few cases of a significant influence of urbanity parameters on song traits. The influence of weather parameters (air pressure, atmospheric humidity, air and soil temperatures) on song traits was highly significant. Birds in Frankfurt face high noise pollution and might show different adaptations to high noise levels. The song trait variability of the investigated species is affected more by weather conditions than by urban characteristics in Frankfurt. However, the three species react differently to specific weather parameters. Smaller species seem to be more affected by weather than larger species.
In dieser Arbeit wurden die neuronalen Glutamattransporter EAAT4 (Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter) und EAAT3 in einem HEK (Human Embryonic Kidney) Zellsystem untersucht, in dem die Transporter transient exprimiert wurden. Diese Proteine katalysieren den Transport von Glutamat entgegen des Konzentrationsgradienten aus dem Extrazellulärraum in das Zytosol. Die Energie des Transports, stammt aus dem Kotransport von Natriumionen und Protonen und dem Gegentransport von Kaliumionen. Für EAAT3 ist bekannt, dass das Verhältnis 3 Na+:1 H+:1 Glutamat:1 K+ beträgt, wodurch 2 positive Ladungen pro Transportzyklus verschoben werden. Das führt zu einem messbaren positiven Einwärtststrom. Dieser Strom ist für EAAT4 wesentlich schwächer und die Stöchiometrie ist unbekannt. Beide Proteine besitzen eine Anionenkanaleigenschaft, die bei der Bindung von Na+ und der Bindung von Glutamat voll aktiviert wird. Diese Eigenschaft ist bei EAAT4 besonders ausgeprägt. Die Transporter wurden in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen intra- und extrazellulären Ionen- und Substratkompositionen, sowie bestimmter Potentialen und der Temperatur elektrophysiologisch charakterisiert. Die Charakterisierung der stationären Eigenschaften des wenig bekannten Transporters EAAT4 brachten Erkenntnisse zu Tage, die 1) Klarheit über die apparenteAffinitäten der Substrate, insbesondere Glutamat und Na+ bringen 2) neu in Bezug auf die Spannungsabhängigkeit der apparenten Affinität von Glutamat sind. Die Untersuchung der vorstationären Ableitungen waren fruchtbar in Bezug auf a) die Ähnlichkeit des Transports, der durch EAAT4 katalysiert wird, zu anderen Glutamattransporter b) spezifische Parameter des Transports, wie den Unterschied in der Transportgeschwindigkeit c) die neuartige Kinetik der Anionenleitfähigkeit. Aus den Daten ergibt sich folgendes Bild über den Mechanismus des Transports. Die Substrate binden an EAAT4, im Vergleich zu den anderen Transportern, mit wesentlich höheren Km [ (0,6 ± 0,1)µM für Glutamat und (42,3 ± 5,2)mM für Na+]. Die Bindung von Glutamat, die schnell verläuft, ist, wie bei EAAT3, stark Na+ abhängig, genau wie die Leckleitfähigkeit, die ebenfalls durch Na+ aktiviert wird. Die folgenden glutamatabhängigen, vorstationären Reaktionen, inklusive der Translokation der Substrate verläuft wesentlich langsamer, als in anderen Transportersubtypen. Die Folge ist eine geringe Umsatzrate (<3 1/s) und daher ein geringer Transportstrom [(-3,6 ± 2,8)pA]. Die Daten zeigen, dass EAAT4 trotzallem denselben prinzipiellen Mechanismus, wie die anderen Subtypen folgt. Das Verhalten der Anionenleitfähigkeit zeigt allerdings erhebliche Unterschiede zu anderen Subtypen, da die Anionenleitfähigkeit durch negative Membranpotentiale inhibiert wird. Dies wird durch die Inhibierung der K+-Relokationsreaktion des Transporters erklärt. Zusammengenommen spricht die geringe Umsatzrate und die hohe apparente Affinität für Glutamat dafür, dass EAAT4 ein hochspezialisierter Transporter für die schnelle Pufferung von Glutamat und den langfristigen Transport von Glutamat bei niedrigen Konzentrationen ist. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Glutamattransports durch EAAT3 untersucht. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Transports unter stationären Bedingungen zeigte interessante neue Ergebnisse. Die Ergebnisse lassen Aussagen zu bezüglich 1) der Thermodynamik der Bindung der Substrate und 2) der molekularen Natur bestimmter Teilreaktionen im Zyklus Die Bindung eines nicht-transportierbaren Glutamatanalogons zeigt, dass die Inhibitorbindung exotherm ist (H = 30,0 ± 3,3)kJ/mol. Die Bindung von Na+ an den unbeladenen Transporter ist im Gegensatz dazu nicht signifikant von der Temperatur abhängig mit H = (20,8 ± 21,5)kJ/mol. Es ist ebenfalls interessant, dass die Freie Enthalpie des Gesamtzyklus beiEAAT4 signifikant grösser ist als bei EAAT3, was in Übereinstimmung mit der höheren, apparenten Glutamataffinität ist [GEAAT4 = (35 ± 1)kJ/mol vs. .GEAAT3 = (30 ±1)kJ/mol]. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der vorstationären Kinetik von EAAT3 enthüllt gleichfalls neue Ergebnisse. Zum einen ist die Bindung des Na+ Ions and den unbeladenen Transporter mit einer Konformationsänderung begleitet. Im Gegensatz dazu hat die Reaktion, die der Glutamatbindung zugeordnet wurde, nur eine moderate Aktivierungsenthalpie [H‡ = (39 ± 23 )kJ/mol], wie für eine diffusionskontrollierte Reaktion erwartet wird. Die nachfolgenden zwei langsameren Phasen des Transportstroms, die in der Literatur der Aktivierung der Anionenleitfähigkeit und der Glutamattranslokation zugeordnet wurden, sind mit hohen Aktivierungsenthalpien verbunden [H‡ = (121 ± 12)kJ/mol bzw. (94 ± 4)kJ/mol]. Dies bedeutet zum einen, dass zur Öffnung des Anionenkanals und der Translokation von Glutamat eine grössere Umstrukturierung des Transporters notwendig ist. Durch die hier gefundenen, neuen Daten für die Translokationsgeschwindigkeit bei physiologischen Temperaturen kann die Hypothese in Frage gestellt werden, die besagt, dass Glutamattransporter nicht schnell genug seien, um zur schnellen Entfernung des Glutamats nach der synaptischen Transmission beizutragen. Es scheint vielmehr so, dass bei physiologischen Temperaturen und Membranpotentialen, die Translokation von Glutamat hinreichend schnell verläuft.
Momilactones A and B (MA and MB, respectively) are phytoalexins and plant growth inhibitors available in rice husks. However, to date, the isolation and purification of the two compounds have been complicated, laborious, and less effective. The present study was conducted to establish a protocol to simplify and optimize quantities of MA and MB by combinations of ethyl acetate (EtOAc), distilled water, methanol (MeOH), temperature, and pressure for extractions. At a temperature of 100 °C, combined with EtOAc and MeOH 100%, MA and MB were enriched in greater quantities than non-treated rice husks, of which MB was much augmented than MA. The EtOAc extract obtained from samples dried at 100 °C for 1 h, then placed in MeOH 100% for 1 week, provided maximum yields of MA [58.76 µg/g dry weight (DW)] and MB (104.43 µg/g DW). The use of pressure effectively enhanced yields of MA (17.90–26.26 µg/g DW) and MB (40.78–71.0 µg/g DW). The actual purified amounts of MA and MB increased by 5 and 15 folds, respectively. The use of either sole distilled water or MeOH ≤ 50% at any temperature did not successfully isolate both MA and MB. The yield optimization aids to easier and more productive purification of the two compounds, and thus extends researches on biological activities of MA and MB, including pharmaceutical and medicinal properties.
The aim of this study was to assess the invasion risk of freshwater habitats and determine the environmental variables that are most favorable for the establishment of alien amphipods, isopods, gastropods, and bivalves. A total of 981 sites located in streams and rivers in Germany. Therefore we analyzed presence-absence data of alien and indigenous amphipods, isopods, gastropods, and bivalves from 981 sites located in small to large rivers in Germany with regard to eight environmental variables: chloride, ammonium, nitrate, oxygen, orthophosphate, distance to the next navigable waterway, and maximum and minimum temperature. Degraded sites close to navigable waters were exposed to an increased invasion risk by all major groups of alien species. Moreover, invaded sites by all four groups of alien species were similar, whereas the sites where indigenous members of the four groups occurred were more variable. Increased temperature and chloride concentration as well as decreased oxygen concentration were identified as major factors for the invasibility of a site. Species-specific analyses showed that chloride was among the three most predictive environmental variables determining species assemblage in all four taxonomic groups. Also distance to the next navigable waterways was similarly important. Additionally, the minimum temperature was among the most important variables for amphipods, isopods, and bivalves. The bias in the occurrence patterns of alien species toward similarly degraded habitats suggests that the members of all four major groups of freshwater alien species are a non-random, more tolerant set of species. Their common tolerance to salinity, high temperature, and oxygen depletion may reflect that most alien species were spread in ballast water tanks, where strong selective pressures, particularly temperature fluctuations, oxygen depletion, and increased salinity may create a bottleneck for successful invasion. Knowledge on the major factors that influence the invasion risk of a habitat is needed to develop strategies to limit the spread of invasive species.
The modification of the width of the rho meson due to in-medium decays and collisions is evaluated. In high temperature and/or high density hadronic matter, the collision width is much larger than the one-loop decay width. The large width of the meson in matter seems to be consistent with some current interpretations of the e+e mass spectra measured at the CERN/SPS.