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Grass savannas on lateritic crusts are characteristic landscape elements of the Sudanian savannas. In the W National Park and its surroundings in SE-Burkina Faso, plant diversity of savannas on and adjacent to bowé was assessed by a survey of 19 bowal areas with relevés along transects in each of these. The vegetation structure and species composition of the herb and shrub strata, soil depth, particle size and the concentration of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, H+, C and N were recorded on each bowal and its surroundings. Our results show that soils on lateritic crusts are rather shallow and acidic compared to the surrounding savanna woodlands. Nutrient availability is hence comparatively low. The observed flora comprises 130 species mainly belonging to the families Combretaceae, Cyperaceae, Leguminosae and Poaceae with a predominance of therophytes and a comparatively high share of C4 species. In the pastures surrounding the National Park a higher species richness was found than inside the Park due to the occurrence of pioneers, ruderal and unpalatable plants. Savannas on lateritic crusts exhibit due to their extreme edaphic and hydrological conditions a specific flora distinct from their surroundings.
The conspicuous Mediterranean brittle star Ophioderma longicauda (Bruzelius, 1805) has been discovered to represent a cryptic species complex, consisting of six nuclear clusters with contrasting reproductive modes (broadcast spawners and brooders). Here, O. longicauda is re-described. It is distinguished by a dark reddish-brown colouration both dorsally and on the ventral disc, and multiple tumid dorsal arm plates. One eastern Mediterranean brooding cluster is described as O. zibrowii sp. nov., characterized by a dark olive-green colour both dorsally and on the ventral disc, and single dorsal arm plates. Another brooder is described from Tunisia as O. hybrida sp. nov., with a highly variable morphology that reflects its origin by hybridization of O. longicauda and a brooder (possibly O. zibrowii sp. nov.), leaving the third brooding cluster as morphologically indistinguishable at this point and possibly conspecific with one of the others. The West-African O. guineense Greef, 1882 is resurrected as a valid species, differing morphologically from O. longicauda by predominantly single dorsal arm plates and light green or creamy white ventral side. Also from West Africa, O. africana sp. nov. is described, characterized by a dark brown colour, dorsally and ventrally, and single dorsal arm plates.
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) make a major contribution to the livelihoods and diets of rural households in the savanna ecosystems of West Africa. However, land use change and climatic variability might affect their availability in the future. Based on a survey among 227 households in Northern Benin, we investigated local substitution patterns for the seeds of the three socio-economically most important NTFP-species in the region, Vitellaria paradoxa, Adansonia digitata and Parkia biglobosa, being major sources for protein, fat, and micronutrients in local daily diets. Our study compared substitution patterns between, firstly, three income groups, to assess whether a households’ socio-economic status has an influence on the choice of surrogates (low cost vs. more costly options). Secondly, we compared substitution patterns between the five major ethnic groups in the study region (the Fulani, the Bariba, the Ditammarie, the Kabiyé and the Yom). The choice of substitutes differed significantly across income groups. However, the poorest households clearly show to be the most vulnerable: up to 30 % of the sampled households stated they would lack an adequate replacement for the NTFPs in question. Furthermore, ethnic affiliation showed to have a considerable impact on the preferred alternative products due to underlying cultural traditions of plant use. Subsequently, aiming at maintaining – and enhancing – the local supply of V. paradoxa, P. biglobosa and A. digitata in order to secure their contributions to local diets, local land use policy should have a particular focus on their ethnic-conditioned use and particularly the specific requirements of the poorest community members.
In the last few years, a sharp increase in the number of descriptions of new species of West African cone snails, particularly from the Cabo Verde Archipelago, has taken place. In previous studies, we used mitogenome sequences for reconstructing robust phylogenies, which comprised in total 120 individuals representing the majority of species (69.7%) described from this biogeographical region (except Angolan endemics) and grouped into seven genera within the family Conidae. Here, we add another 12 individuals representing endemic species that were missing in the previous studies. We use the phylogenies to identify monophyletic groups and a genetic divergence threshold (0.2% uncorrected p distance) to determine the number of valid species. As a result, the number of valid West African cone species could be drastically reduced to at least 40%, indicating that some recent poor-quality descriptions loosely based on phenotypic characters prone to convergence such as the shape and color patterns of the shell have contributed substantially to taxonomic inflation. Several previously accepted species with a reduced geographical distribution now become phenotypic forms of the remaining valid species, which increase their distribution ranges. In contrast, several cryptic species are now uncovered and described. For instance, Africonus insulae sp. nov. and Kalloconus canariensis sp. nov. are hereby introduced as new species. A detailed systematic account with illustrations and relevant information is presented. Lectotypes are designated for Conus trochulus and Conus irregularis, and neotypes for Conus crotchii and Conus diminutus. According to our results, it is strongly recommended that any future introduction of new taxa names for cone snails from West Africa should be supported by molecular and/or anatomical rather than exclusively shell morphological data. The taxonomic decisions here taken have direct implications for conservation and will eventually require re-evaluation of the Red List risk status of an important number of species.
Particularly in savannas, termites are ecosystem engineers and a keystone group in ecology. For the understanding of the savanna vegetation, mound building termites are of particular interest. Due to their special soil chemistry and physical structure, termite mounds often host other plants than the surrounding savanna. As our knowledge of the specific contribution of mound-building termites to overall savanna diversity and ecosystem dynamics doubtlessly is not complete, this paper summarises the state of the art in order to stimulate further research. According to the research interest of the authors, focus is laid on the West African savanna and on the genus Macrotermes.
This thesis develops a conceptual framework for a better understanding of the impact of slow-onset climate and environmental changes on human migration in developing countries. Its regional focus is on the West African Sahel, where the majority of the population depends on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable to environmental changes. Migration from fragile environments is predominantly considered one of several household strategies to adapt to and minimise the risk of environmental stress. Based on qualitative and quantitative data from two selected rural study areas, Bandiagara in Mali and Linguère in Senegal, this thesis analyses the drivers of migration from the two areas.
The findings illustrate that, even though people highly depend on the natural environment, migration motives are manifold and that migration often is not a household strategy to cope with environmental changes. Although environmental conditions shape migration in the region and the migrants’ support is crucial for most households, environmental stress plays a relatively small role as a driver of migration - at least in Mali, where it is considerably less important than in Senegal. On the contrary, migration is often driven by better opportunities elsewhere rather than by livelihood stressors in the home area. Particularly the migration of young people is often an individual rather than a household decision and influenced by individual aspirations, such as aspirations for consumer goods or a better future, rather than by environmental stress.
This thesis claims that research should consider people’s capabilities to migrate or to stay as well as their individual aspirations and preferences - in addition to the household’s needs and the opportunities elsewhere. This is important in order to explain why some people stay in and others migrate from an area affected by environmental stress, though living under similar conditions. Depending on people’s capabilities to choose freely between staying and migrating and their preferences and aspirations for one or the other activity, people can either be “voluntary migrants”, “voluntary non-migrants”, “forced migrants” or “trapped people”.
Moreover, it is important to consider social trends and transformation processes in the analysis of the linkages between environment change and migration. Higher education levels and aspirations to a “modern” lifestyle among young people, for instance, might decrease the impact of environmental factors on migration, despite worsening environmental conditions.
Edible wild plants are an important supplement to the diets and livelihoods of rural households in West Africa. Despite their role in improving diets, mitigating famine periods and generating income there is a lack of extensive information on their uses for broader areas. Based on ethnobotanical records, we investigated wild food plants on the national scale of Burkina Faso, to provide a comprehensive overview of all edible plants, their taxonomy, plant parts and preparations. Our study revealed a relatively high number of 354 edible wild species, representing 66 plant families, with Fabaceae and Poaceae being the most species rich. Almost one third of these species have two to four edible plant parts. The number of species with edible fruits ranked highest, followed by seeds, leaves, starchy underground storage organs and others. Overall, the results underline that wild plant species contribute considerably to nutrition and the database compiled in this study constitutes a good basis for further evaluations of the potential of edible plants in Burkina Faso.
Although there is an increasing need for data in ecological studies, many datasets are still lost or not sufficiently visible due to a lack of appropriate data archives. With the West African Data and Metadata Repository, we present a secure long-term archive for a data-poor region allowing detailed documentation by metadata following the EML standard and giving data holders the opportunity to define levels of data access and conditions of use. This article gives an overview of structure, functions and content. The repository is online at the URL http://westafricandata.senckenberg.de.
Background: The West African country of Burkina Faso (BFA) is an example for the enduring importance of traditional plant use today. A large proportion of its 17 million inhabitants lives in rural communities and strongly depends on local plant products for their livelihood. However, literature on traditional plant use is still scarce and a comprehensive analysis for the country is still missing.
Methods: In this study we combine the information of a recently published plant checklist with information from ethnobotanical literature for a comprehensive, national scale analysis of plant use in Burkina Faso. We quantify the application of plant species in 10 different use categories, evaluate plant use on a plant family level and use the relative importance index to rank all species in the country according to their usefulness. We focus on traditional medicine and quantify the use of plants as remedy against 22 classes of health disorders, evaluate plant use in traditional medicine on the level of plant families and rank all species used in traditional medicine according to their respective usefulness.
Results: A total of 1033 species (50%) in Burkina Faso had a documented use. Traditional medicine, human nutrition and animal fodder were the most important use categories. The 12 most common plant families in BFA differed considerably in their usefulness and application. Fabaceae, Poaceae and Malvaceae were the plant families with the most used species. In this study Khaya senegalensis, Adansonia digitata and Diospyros mespiliformis were ranked the top useful plants in BFA. Infections/Infestations, digestive system disorders and genitourinary disorders are the health problems most commonly addressed with medicinal plants. Fabaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Malvaceae and Rubiaceae were the most important plant families in traditional medicine. Tamarindus indica, Vitellaria paradoxa and Adansonia digitata were ranked the most important medicinal plants.
Conclusions: The national-scale analysis revealed systematic patterns of traditional plant use throughout BFA. These results are of interest for applied research, as a detailed knowledge of traditional plant use can a) help to communicate conservation needs and b) facilitate future research on drug screening.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde in den drei für die Weidewirtschaft Westafrikas wichtigsten Naturräumen das Umweltklassifikationssystem von Weidewirtschaft betreibenden und für die Region repräsentativen autochthonen und allochthonen Fulbegruppen erfaßt. Motiv für diese Untersuchung war dabei, im Zuge der derzeit stattfindenden Neubewertung mobiler pastoraler Betriebssysteme das diesen Strategien zugrundeliegende traditionelle Wissen zu dokumentieren und so einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis der jahrhundertealten Weidestrategien zu leisten. In den drei Gebieten wurden bei den autochthonen Gruppen jeweils zwischen 70 und 100 Einheiten erhoben, mittels derer die Fulbe die natürliche sowie die anthropogen beeinflußte Umwelt klassifizieren. Für jede Einheit wurde die genaue Beschreibung durch die Fulbe ermittelt. Der Klassifikation liegt ein dichtes Kriteriengefüge zugrunde, dessen Grundkriterien - Relief, Hydrologie, Böden, Vegetation, anthropogene und zoogene Beeinflussung - durch eine große Zahl weiterer Kriterien verfeinert werden. Das hieraus resultierende Gesamtsystem ist ein von allen Mitgliedern der jeweiligen Gemeinschaft geteiltes geoökologisches System, mit dem sich alle für einen Standort relevanten Umweltfaktoren präzise und vollständig beschreiben lassen, und das sämtliche Größenordnungen von Einheiten einbezieht. Gleichzeitig enthält es implizit die für Pastoralisten besonders wichtige Information über den Weidewert einer Einheit. Parallel zum Klassifikationssystem der Fulbe wurde mittels pflanzensoziologischer Aufnahmen die Vegetation der drei Untersuchungsgebiete dokumentiert. Die Aufnahmen wurden in allen traditionellen, von den Fulbe mit Namen bezeichneten Einheiten durchgeführt. Im Sahel wurden 4 Gehölz- und 22 Krautgesellschaften ausgeschieden, im Nordsudan 5 Gehölz- und 12 Krautgesellschaften und im Südsudan 7 Gehölz- und 12 Krautgesellschaften. Die pflanzensoziologischen Aufnahmen ermöglichen eine botanische Referenzierung der Fulbe-Einheiten: Ihnen konnten die jeweils für sie typischen Vegetationseinheiten zugeordnet werden. In zahlreichen Fällen zeigte sich eine hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß einer Fulbe-Einheit eine oder einige wenige Pflanzengesellschaften entsprechen. Eine vollständige Übereinstimmung zwischen Fulbe-Einheiten und pflanzensoziologischen Gesellschaften, d.h., einer Fulbe-Einheit entspricht zu 100 % einer Pflanzengesellschaft und gleichzeitig tritt letztere ausschließlich in dieser Fulbe-Einheit auf, ist aber selten. Im Rahmen der ethnobotanischen Untersuchungen wurde die Bedeutung der Vegetation für die Bevölkerung der drei Regionen untersucht. Es wurden bei allen Fulbegruppen Namen und Nutzungen der angetroffenen Arten erhoben. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf Weidearten, die für die Fulbe als Pastoralisten einen besonders wichtigen Aspekt darstellen, Medizinalpflanzen für human- und tiermedizinische Zwecke sowie sonstigen Verwendungen als Nahrungsmittel, Werkstoffe etc. Bei den Weidearten zeigte sich, daß der Anteil der auf diese Weise genutzten Arten und Pflanzenfamilien im artenarmen Sahel im Vergleich zu den anderen beiden Regionen am höchsten ist. Im artenreichen Südsudan umfaßt die Weidenutzung dagegen die wenigsten Arten. Dieses Ergebnis belegt die Bedeutung breitgefächerter Nutzungsstrategien gerade in Regionen mit prekärer Ressourcensituation. Die Erhebung der traditionellen Heilpflanzen stellt einerseits einen Beitrag zur Bewahrung traditionellen Wissens dar, das in allen drei Regionen durch sich rasch veränderte Lebensumstände bedroht ist. Außerdem hat sie gezeigt, daß eine traditionelle Lebensweise nicht immer den Erhalt dieser Kenntnisse garantiert. Im Rahmen der Arbeiten wurden 896 sicher bestimmte Arten und Unterarten aus insgesamt 104 Familien dokumentiert. Dies ist ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Erfassung der Biodiversität Westafrikas. Auch die Benennung der Arten wurde erhoben und analysiert: Für insgesamt 752 Arten konnte mindestens ein Vernakulärname erhoben werden. Im einzelnen wurden in den verschiedenen Dialekten erfaßt: Jelgoore (Sahel) 210 Vernakulärnamen, Jelgoore (Nordsudan) 259, Nommaare (Nordsudan) 348, Gu-urmaare (Südsudan) 97, Jugureere (Südsudan) 452. Anhand einer Analyse dieser Bezeichnungen sowie der bei den verschiedenen Fulbe-Gruppen gebräuchlichen Bezeichnungen der Umwelteinheiten wurde untersucht, wie bei Migration zwischen verschiedenen Naturräumen sprachlich mit der vorgefundenen neuen Umgebung und ihren Elementen (Landschaftseinheiten, Arten) umgegangen wird. Die Erhebungen zu Umweltwahrnehmung und -kenntnissen der Fulbe ergaben, daß diese die Standortansprüche zahlreicher Arten genau kennen und nach dem Prinzip der Indikatorarten anhand der Vegetation auf den Zustand des Bodens und sonstige Umweltbedingungen rückschließen. Gleichzeitig sind viele in der Umwelt ablaufenden Prozesse genau bekannt. Auch Faktoren, die die Böden von außen beeinflussen und unter deren Einwirkung es zu Degradationserscheinungen kommt, werden genau analysiert. Bezüglich der Degradation der Vegetation werden im Sahel mit Abstand die meisten zurückgehenden Arten genannt, die meisten von ihnen wichtige Nutzarten. Abschließend konnte durch den regionalen Vergleich der Weidepraktiken festgestellt werden, daß Umweltbedingungen und deren Wahrnehmung durch die Fulbe sich weniger als erwartet auf die Weidestrategien auswirken. Sie beeinflussen hauptsächlich Route und Dauer der Tageswanderungen. Ob und wie dagegen Transhumanz (saisonale Weidewanderungen) praktiziert wird, hängt mindestens ebenso sehr von sozialen und ökonomischen Faktoren wie von den ökologischen Bedingungen ab.