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In December 1960 the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York displayed a series of thirty-four illustrations of the "Inferno" by the avant-garde artist Robert Rauschenberg. Rauschenberg had developed this project over the previous two years, working on it almost exclusively, first in New York City, and then in an isolated storage room in Treasure Island, Florida, where he retreated to concentrate on the last half of the cycle. [...] Whatever the spark that set the project in motion, we find Rauschenberg's reply to his detractors here: the refuse that crowded his "Combines" was no joke, nor was it there to undermine or deride high art in the spirit of Dada. With his collection of things, he was composing a new language, turning fragments - the ruins of his environment and culture - into emblems. And what is an emblem if not a composite figure, an assemblage of diverse fragments into a new unity and order? As such, it is an elusive visual allegory whose pictorial image tends to lose its consistency and become a sign open to interpretations; in it, the different narratives springing from its multiple nature come together and give birth to a polysemic language. It is with this language, abstract and referential at the same time, that Rauschenberg translates Dante's poem and makes it new by linking it to something in existence, present in the viewer’s reality of mechanically reproduced images. By choosing 'to ennoble the ordinary', he, perhaps unconsciously, became the hermeneutist of his age and gave durability to what was trivial and precarious.
The adaptation of disaster: representations of environmental crises in climate change fiction
(2019)
In light of climate change, the attempt to overcome the gap between the 'Two Cultures' appears more urgent than ever. With climate change being only one of the environmental crises marking the so-called Anthropocene, knowledge production and representations are constantly challenged. The very reason that led to the idea of proclaiming a new geological epoch can be taken as evidence for the collapse of the Cartesian dichotomy between nature and culture. The Anthropocene marks an epoch in Earth's history in which the human species has become a geological force. That is, the effects of industrialized civilization are now forming geological strata that irreversibly change the face of the planet and its future. However, if nature and culture cannot be meaningfully distinguished anymore, how, one might ask, is a divide within academia still of concern? Would it not naturally perish with the insight that what has been regarded as nature has now been thoroughly pervaded by remnants of human actions? To the contrary, the persistence of the gap between the sciences and the humanities is one of the main reasons that complicates the representation and, ultimately, hinders the understanding of the problems which characterize the new epoch. Inability or unwillingness to change behavior on a collective level will most probably lead to environmental, political and social disaster on an unprecedented scale.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a construção das Stimmungen (atmosferas) na livre-adaptação do Fausto de Goethe realizada, em 2011, pelo diretor russo Aleksandr Sokurov. Dentro dessa perspectiva, buscaremos demonstrar, particularmente, como o diálogo entre Sokurov e Goethe não se dá somente no domínio do enredo, mas também no modo peculiar como ambos se utilizam da técnica como forma de modulação dos afetos dos espectadores.
Em 1903, Arthur Schnitzler publicou a peça "Reigen" (port. "A ronda"), a qual apresentava dez diálogos, cada qual se desenvolvendo antes e depois de uma conquista sexual. A obra pretende apresentar comportamentos típicos de diferentes classes sociais através da forma como se comportavam para chegar ao mesmo objetivo. A ciranda sexual apresentada no texto causou comoção em sua época e foi criticada por sua alegada imoralidade. Em 1950, a peça foi transposta para o cinema em um filme de Max Ophüls. Sua obra buscou ser fiel ao original, mas também concedeu uma certa leveza ao tema, o que parece indicar um alargamento nos padrões morais diante o sexo. Em 2012, Fernando Meirelles filmou uma releitura da peça de Schnitzler: "360". Na atualidade, uma era marcada pela liberação sexual, o filme não mantém a leveza dada por Ophüls, mas, pelo contrário, é pesado e trata de relações interpessoais através do prisma do sentimento de culpa provocado por traições ou desejos sexuais reprimidos. Neste artigo, será discutido como a temática do desejo e dos impulsos sexuais trazida por Schnitzler se transformou com a passagem de mais de um século, e como a questão da ética foi modelada a cada obra e seu tempo.
Seit einigen Jahren setzt die Filmwirtschaft wieder verstärkt darauf, das breite Publikum mit der Adaption von literarischen Texten in die Kinosäle zu locken. Das Interesse erstreckt sich sowohl auf Klassiker als auch auf Werke der Gegenwartsliteratur: Thomas Manns 'Buddenbrooks', Heinrich Manns 'Henri IV', Theodor Fontanes 'Effi Briest', Martin Walsers 'Ein fliehendes Pferd', Patrick Süskinds 'Das Parfum' und Bernhard Schlinks 'Der Vorleser' wurden innerhalb weniger Jahre auf die Leinwand gebracht. Die Liste lässt sich mit populären Titeln vor allem der jüngeren Literatur fortsetzen, etwa Thomas Brussigs 'Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee', Judith Hermanns Erzählband 'Nichts als Gespenster' (vielleicht die gelungenste der hier genannten 'Literaturverfilmungen', Benjamin Leberts 'Crazy', Sven Regeners 'Herr Lehmann', Frank Goosens 'Liegen lernen' und Martin Suters Romane 'Small World' und 'Lila Lila'. Dieses neu erstarkte Interesse an der Literatur mag auch eine Reaktion auf den florierenden Diskurs über den angeblichen oder tatsächlichen deutschen Bildungsnotstand sein: Wenn die Schule als Bildungsinstitution versagt, muss die Unterhaltungsindustrie versuchen, die klaffenden Löcher zu stopfen, das Heer der Leseunwilligen via Bild mit einem gewissen Maß an Kanonischem zu versorgen. Ich konzentriere mich hier auf zwei 'Literaturverfilmungen', deren Macher offenbar auf eine in zahlreichen Ratgebern und Fachpublikationen zur filmischen Dramaturgie propagierte - aber auch kritisch diskutierte - 'Rezeptur' gesetzt haben, um die Chancen auf einen kommerziellen Erfolg zu erhöhen.
Rilke und Twombly
(2016)
In this article, I will argue for a different notion of adaptation as a form of appropriation that allows a more productive analysis of the literary works of German author Rainald Goetz. Therefore I will draw on a specific understanding of pop music, which derives from Diedrich Diederichsen 'Über Pop-Musik' (On pop music). According to Diederichsen, pop-music is not limited to certain kinds of music, but moreover to the practices pop-music entails.
'Perhaps the sodomites should be written out of Dante's "Inferno"', Jarman wrote in his journal on 1 August 1990: 'I'll offer myself as the ghostwriter.' What does he mean by 'ghostwriter' here? How queer is this odd speech-act? What is he offering to do to the homophobic landscape of the "Inferno", that forbiddingly sealed textual prison, with his Hollywood pitchman's casual bid to 'write out' the sodomites as if they were a slight embarrassment to the divine justice system? Is he speaking in jest as a writer of gay satires and sacrilegious memoirs, or in deadly earnest as an activist who had renounced the middle-class pretensions and frivolities of the pre-AIDS gay world? [...] Jarman counters the trope of homosexual theft visually with the triumphant figure of Man with Snake. The Dantesque merging of snake and thief is replaced by an erotic dance in which the gilded youth raises his phallic partner above his head and seductively kisses it on the mouth. Whereas Dante would have us notice the grotesque parody of the Trinity played out in the seventh bolgia - with the unchanging Puccio as God the Father, the two-natured Agnello-Cianfa as Christ, and the fume-veiled Buoso receiving his forked tongue from the serpent Francesco in a demonic replay of the gift of tongues from the Spirit - Jarman clears away all overdetermined theological meanings to revel in the purely aesthetic impact of the phallic dancer. All the ghosts from Dante's snakepit are conjured away in the film and replaced with the solid presence of a single gorgeously spotlit male body. Ghostwriting Dante, for Jarman, meant more than a mere appropriation of homoerotic scenes from the "Inferno" into his screenplay. It meant a complete reimagining of their aesthetic significance within the filmscape of his Dantean transformations.
Le miroir intermédial : "Sneewittchen" des Grimm et "Blancanieves" de Pablo Berger en comparaison
(2017)
Contemporary studies about film adaptations of literary texts face many obstacles when it comes to compare two different media. They either tend to establish how faithful the film adaptation is to its textual source or they consider the literary text as canonical, which as such cannot be transposed to any other form. This contribution aims to cross the borders of 'adaptation studies' and offers an intermedial comparison between the Grimms' tale 'Sneewittchen', first published in 1812, and 'Blancanieves', a black and white silent movie directed by Pablo Berger and released in 2012. Regarding 'Blancanieves' not only as an adaptation of the Grimms' text(s), but also and above all as a reconfiguration of numerous media forms (film, photography, opera, among others), reveals how the Spanish director differentiates himself from the German tale and creates a new story with renewed meanings which echo the current social, economical and political situation of Spain.
The discipline of adaptation studies has come a long way from its academic inception in novel-to-film studies. Since George Bluestone's seminal 1957 study Novels into Film, often regarded as the starting point of modern day Anglo-American adaptation studies, the discipline has seen a continual widening of its methodology as well as of the material scholars are willing to regard as adaptations. Particularly since the turn of the 21st century and the increasing institutionalization of the discipline as distinct from literary or film studies, adaptation scholars have widened the scope to include a broad range of media, encompassing not only the traditional adaptations from novels and drama into film, but also novelizations of various other media, video game and comic adaptations, TV series, opera, theme parks and tie in vacations, and many more. Others have included the study of media franchises as dependent on adaptation. As part of this redefinition of the discipline, scholars have also widened their discussion to bring to the centre aspects that were not originally the main focus of adaptation researchers' comparative textual analyses, including industrial structures, legal frameworks, and, most frequently and emphatically, questions of intertextuality and the cultural and ideological embeddedness of adapted texts.