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The fully revised, extended and updated second edition of the Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen (German Variant Dictionary) covers hitherto not lexicographically coded peculiarities of the German language in Romania, Namibia, and Mexico and thus the present variety spectrum on the margins and far beyond the closed German language area. The dictionary points out differences and thus peculiarities of the different varieties of the German language spoken in the respective centers.
Para Vilém Flusser as imagens técnicas são como "aspiradores de pó" que sugam toda a história: elas aceleram o tempo e transformam o todo em imagens congeladas. Trata-se para ele de uma imagem que contém a realização de uma redenção judaico-cristã. As imagens técnicas permitem a superação do que ele via como a clausura do mundo histórico, marcado pela textolatria. Elas permitem remontar ludicamente o universo a partir de sua decomposição imagética, como se as imagens (constituídas de "calculi", pixels) fossem pedras de lego. O trabalho apresenta essa escatologia mística judaica de Flusser sobre as imagens mágicas redentoras, levando em conta também o seu credo (que ele também considerava judaico), segundo o qual, ao invés de pensarmos na imortalidade das almas deveríamos apostar que "sobreviveremos na memória dos outros". Que memória seria essa e o que significaria sobreviver em um mundo pós-histórico, esvaziado de sua visão temporal, são algumas das questões que o texto desenvolve. Comparando com algumas ideias e conceitos de Walter Benjamin, o texto procura mostrar como Flusser procurou responder à demanda benjaminiana segundo a qual o surgimento de novas técnicas impõe-nos repensar o que a morte e o amor seriam hoje em dia.
We assess the relationship between finance and growth over the period 1980-2014. We estimate a cross-country growth regression for 48 countries during 20 periods of 15 years starting in 1980 (to 1995) and ending in 1999 (to 2014). We use OLS and IV estimations and we find that: 1) overall financial development had a positive effect on economic growth during all periods of our sample, i.e., we confirm that from 1980 to 2014 financial services provided by the various financial systems were significant (to various degrees) for firm creation, industrial expansion and economic growth; but that, 2) the structure of financial markets was particularly relevant for economic growth until the financial crisis; while 3) the structure of the banking sector played a major role since; and finally that, 4) the legal system is the primary determinant of the effectiveness of the overall financial system in facilitating innovation and growth in (almost) all of our sample period. Hence, overall our results suggest that the relationship between finance and growth matters but also that it varies over time in strength and in sector origination.
JEL Classification: O16, G16, G20.
Vom 23. bis zum 25. Mai 2018 fand im Forschungszentrum NTIS an der Westböhmischen Universität in Pilsen die biennale Konferenz des Tschechischen Germanistenverbandes unter dem Titel "Experimentierräume: Herausforderungen und Tendenzen" statt. Organisiert und operativ durchgeführt wurde sie diesmal vom Lehrstuhl für deutsche Sprache der Pädagogischen Fakultät sowie dem Lehrstuhl für Germanistik und Slawistik der Philosophischen Fakultät der Westböhmischen Universität in Pilsen. Die Konferenz war international ausgerichtet und konnte insgesamt ca. 130 Teilnehmer/innen aus fast 15 verschiedenen Ländern begrüßen.
Von Passivität, Abneigung, gar einem "tief verwurzelte[n] Mißtrauen" gegenüber dem Interview, wie es Volkmar Hansen als typisch für Schriftstellerinnen und Schriftsteller diagnostiziert, kann im Falle Peter Kurzecks keine Rede sein. Der Autor zeigt sich in journalistischen Gesprächen deutlich engagiert, er gibt bemerkenswert ausführlich Auskunft: über den Inhalt seiner Romane, den Prozess des Schreibens und dessen Motivation; über die Erinnerung an die eigene Kindheit im hessischen Staufenberg und die Flucht aus Westböhmen dorthin; über bereits geschriebene oder noch zu schreibende Bücher, über Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der eigenen autobiographisch grundierten Erinnerungsarbeit. Wo andere mit Abneigung reagieren und ausweichen, legt Kurzeck sein Schreiben bereitwillig offen, um dabei eben nicht nur zu erläutern, worum es in den Texten seiner "Serie" inhaltlich, motivisch oder konzeptionell geht oder gehen wird, sondern auch, um dezidiert Einblicke in die eigene Dichterwerkstatt zu ermöglichen.
'Enough'-/'too'-constructions (E/T constructions) have an implicative reading: e.g., "Mary was clever enough to leave early yesterday" entails Mary left early yesterday. I argue that this implicative reading is not due to the lexical semantics proper of 'enough'/'too', but due to its bi-clausal structure (e.g., the above-mentioned example is analyzed as "Mary left early yesterday because she was clever enough"). I analyze 'enough' and 'too' simply as degree modifiers that involve a comparison: 'enough' means reaching the lower bound of an interval, while 'too' means exceeding the upper bound of an interval. Then inspired by Schulz (2011), Baglini and Francez (2015), and Nadathur (2016), I relate the semantics of E/T constructions to causal dependence: due to some sufficiency/excess, the infinitival complement clause in E/T constructions is episodically or generically (depending on its aspect being perfective or imperfective) true/false. I also argue that this infinitive has its tense and aspect marked on the main predicate of sentences, resulting in the seeming correlation between aspect and implication in languages that overtly make a distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects (e.g., French).
PELDOR (pulse electron-electron double resonance) is an established method to study intramolecular distances and can give evidence for conformational changes and flexibilities. However, it can also be used to study intermolecular interactions as for example oligerimization. Here, we used PELDOR to study the ‘end-to-end’ stacking of small double stranded (ds)RNAs. For this study, the dsRNA molecules were only singly labelled with the spin label TPA to avoid multi-spin effects and to measure only the intermolecular stacking interactions. It can be shown that small dsRNAs tend to assemble to rod-like structures due to π-π-interactions between the base pairs at the end of the strands. On the one hand, these interactions can influence or complicate measurements aimed at the determining of the structure and dynamics of the dsRNA molecule itself. On the other hand, it can be interesting to study such intermolecular stacking interactions in more detail, as for example their dependence on ion concentration. We quantitatively determined the stacking probability as a function of the monovalent NaCl salt and the dsRNA concentration. From this data the dissociation constant Kd was deduced and found to depend on the ratio between the NaCl salt and dsRNA concentrations. Additionally, the distances and distance distributions obtained predict a model for the stacking geometry of dsRNAs. Introducing a nucleotide overhangs at one end of the dsRNA molecule restricts the stacking to the other end, leading only to dimer formations. Introducing such an overhang at both ends of the dsRNA molecule fully suppresses stacking, as we could demonstrate by PELDOR experiments quantitatively.
Seit der (Wieder-)Entdeckung Amerikas 1492 fungierte die Neue Welt immer wieder als Projektionsfläche und Gegenfolie zu den als dekadent empfundenen ethischen und soziopolitischen Verhältnissen in Europa. Dies ist insbesondere auch für die Autoren der Vor- und Nachmärzliteratur gültig, die, gespeist aus den enttäuschten Erfahrungen in der Zeit um die Revolution von 1848/49, in der transatlantischen Welt respektive den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika eine Plattform zur Verwirklichung ihrer Ideale erkannten.
Sinnbild für den Antagonismus von Alter und Neuer Welt waren für zahlreiche Beobachter die beeindruckenden, ganz oder weitgehend unberührten Landstriche im Westen der Vereinigten Staaten, die eine für sie in Europa untergangene Ursprünglichkeit und Authentizität verkörperten. In Karl Wilhelm Theodor Frenzels (1827-1914) dreibändigem historischem Roman Freier Boden (1868) wird beispielsweise über Amerika berichtet: "Die Arbeit des Menschen hat hier noch nicht das ursprüngliche Anlitz [sic] der Natur geändert; aus der Erde dampft noch die alte Urkraft zu ihm empor."