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Background: The extramuscular connective tissue (ECT) has been shown to play a significant role in mechanical force transmission between musculoskeletal structures. Due to this and owing to its tight connection with the underlying muscle, the ECT may be vulnerable to excessive loading. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of eccentric elbow flexor exercise on the morphology of the biceps brachii ECT. In view of the high nociceptive capacity of the ECT, an additional objective was to elucidate the potential relationship between ECT damage and the occurrence of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
Methods: Eleven healthy participants (♂ = 7; 24 ± 2 years) performed fatiguing dumbbell elbow flexor eccentric exercise (EE) for one arm and concentric exercise (CE) for the other arm in random order and with random arm allocation. Before, immediately after and 24–96 h post-exercise, maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque of the elbow flexors (dynamometer), pressure pain (algometer), palpation pain (100 mm visual analog scale), biceps brachii ECT thickness and ECT/muscle mobility during passive movement (both high-resolution ultrasound) were examined.
Results: Palpation pain, suggestive of DOMS, was greater after EE than CE, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque decreased greater after EE than CE (p < .05). Relative to CE, EE increased ECT thickness at 48 (+ 17%), 72 (+ 14%) and 96 (+ 15%) hours post-exercise (p < .05). At 96 h post-EE, the increase in ECT thickness correlated with palpation pain (r = .68; p < .05). ECT mobility was not different between conditions, but compared to CE, muscle displacement increased at 24 (+ 31%), 72 (+ 31%) and 96 (+ 41%) hours post-EE (p < .05).
Conclusion: Collectively, these results suggest an involvement of the ECT changes in delayed onset muscle soreness.
Purpose: We aim to describe the sonographic uterine anatomy after a cesarean section (CS), test the reproducibility of predefined measurements from the BSUM study, and report the distribution of these measurements. Methods: This is a descriptive observational study where 200 women with a history of only one CS were recruited 12–24 months postoperatively. A 5–13 MHz micro-convex transvaginal transducer was used for the acquisition of volumetric datasets for evaluating the CS scars. We defined 15 distinct measurements including the residual myometrial thickness (RMT). RMT ratio was calculated as a percentage of RMT to the assumed pre-cesarean anterior uterine wall thickness. A P value below 0.05 is utilized for significant statistical analysis. Results: Patients were included on average 18.5 months post-cesarean. The uterus was anteflexed in 82.5% and retroflexed in 17.5%. Myometrial defects at the site of CS manifest in two forms, either as a niche or as fibrosis. Patients are classified into four groups: those with isolated niches (45%), combined niches and fibrosis (38.5%), isolated fibrosis (11%), and lacking both (5%). The median RMT ratio for these groups was 63.09, 40.93, 59.84, and 100% with a standard deviation of 16.73, 12.95, 16.59, and 0, respectively. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) remained above 0.9 for all distinct measurements among these groups except for those of RMT, where ICC varied between 0.47 and 0.96. The RMT ratio shows a constant ICC at 0.94 regardless of the group. Conclusion: The post-cesarean uterus is often anteflexed, and a myometrial loss of about 50% is normally expected. The pattern of this loss is in the form of a predominantly sharp-edged and echogenic niche, fibrosis, or a combination of both. The proposed RMT ratio takes these changes into consideration and results in a reproducible quantification. We hypothesize that different adverse outcomes could be attributed to the different scar patterns.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to utilize the Manchester scar scale (MSS) and ultrasound in investigating the association between uterine wall defects and cutaneous scar characteristics after cesarean section (CS).
Methods: This is a prospective cohort study. The degree of myometrial loss was quantified by calculating a residual myometrial thickness (RMT) ratio as a percentage of RMT to the pre-cesarean anterior uterine wall thickness. Cutaneous scar assessment was performed according to the MSS. Spearman’s correlation and the Kruskal–Wallis test with a cut-off value of p < 0.05 were used for statistical analysis.
Results: Two hundred forty seven women, of which 2.4% had an Asian, 3.6% an Afro-American, 82% a Caucasian and 12% a Mediterranean background, were recruited. The RMT ratio ranged between 11.9 and 100% with a median of 55.8% and an average of 56%. MSS scores ranged from 4 to 13 with a median of 5 and an average of 6. Spearman’s correlation between MSS and RMT ratio show a rho of − 0.01 with a p value of 0.8. The correlation between MSS and RMT ratio within the four ethnical groups showed a p value between 0.3 and 0.8 and a rho between 0.8 and − 0.8. The Kruskal–Wallis test showed an eta2 of 0.13 and a p value of 0.0002 for the effect of ethnicity on MSS and an eta2 of 0.009 and a p value of 0.68 for the effect of ethnicity on the RMT ratio.
Conclusion: CS laparotomy scars heal differently between ethnical groups, but generally with satisfying results. Ethnicity does not affect myometrial healing and scar appearance does not reflect myometrial healing after CS. Thus, separate uterine sonographic assessment is recommended.
Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to review the available approaches for bone strength assessment, osteoporosis diagnosis and fracture risk prediction, and to provide insights into radiofrequency echographic multi spectrometry (REMS), a non-ionizing axial skeleton technique.
Methods: A working group convened by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis met to review the current image-based methods for bone strength assessment and fracture risk estimation, and to discuss the clinical perspectives of REMS.
Results: Areal bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the consolidated indicator for osteoporosis diagnosis and fracture risk assessment. A more reliable fracture risk estimation would actually require an improved assessment of bone strength, integrating also bone quality information. Several different approaches have been proposed, including additional DXA-based parameters, quantitative computed tomography, and quantitative ultrasound. Although each of them showed a somewhat improved clinical performance, none satisfied all the requirements for a widespread routine employment, which was typically hindered by unclear clinical usefulness, radiation doses, limited accessibility, or inapplicability to spine and hip, therefore leaving several clinical needs still unmet. REMS is a clinically available technology for osteoporosis diagnosis and fracture risk assessment through the estimation of BMD on the axial skeleton reference sites. Its automatic processing of unfiltered ultrasound signals provides accurate BMD values in view of fracture risk assessment.
Conclusions: New approaches for improved bone strength and fracture risk estimations are needed for a better management of osteoporotic patients. In this context, REMS represents a valuable approach for osteoporosis diagnosis and fracture risk prediction.
Background: Self-myofascial release (SMR) aims to mimic the effects of manual therapy and tackle dysfunctions of the skeletal muscle and connective tissue. It has been shown to induce improvements in flexibility, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In addition to neuronal mechanisms, improved flexibility may be driven by acute morphological adaptations, such as a reduction in passive tissue stiffness or improved movement between fascial layers. The aim of the intended study is to evaluate the acute effects of SMR on the passive tissue stiffness of the anterior thigh muscles and the sliding properties of the associated fasciae.
Methods: In a crossover study de sign, 16 participants will receive all of the following interventions in a permutated random order: (1) one session of 2 × 60 s of SMR at the anterior thigh, (2) one session of 2 × 60 s of passive static stretching of the anterior thigh and (3) no intervention. Passive tissue stiffness, connective tissue sliding, angle of first stretch sensation, as well as maximal active and passive knee flexion angle, will be evaluated before and directly after each intervention.
Discussion: The results of the intended study will allow a better understanding of, and provide further evidence on, the local effects of SMR techniques and the underlying mechanisms for flexibility improvements.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte eine neue virus-freie Transfektionsmethode für den vaskulären Gentransfer an einem ex vivo Modell an Koronararterien etabliert werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß durch ultraschall-induzierte Destruktion von Microbubble-Vektoren (UIMD) ein lokaler Transfer von Plasmid-DNA in die Gefäßwand mit hoher Effizienz und Sicherheit erzielt werden kann. Die Praktikabilität dieser Methode wird durch einen erfolgreichen eNOS-Gentransfer in die Gefäßwand unter Beweis gestellt. Dabei führen schon niedrige Plasmid-DNA-Konzentrationen zur Expression eines funktionell aktiven, rekombinanten eNOSmt-Proteins mit basal erhöhter NO-Produktion. Dies läßt sich bei der endothelialen Funktionstestung durch eine signifikante und nachweislich NO-vermittelte Reduktion der durch Prostaglandin F2α -induzierten Vasokonstriktion nachweisen. Zunächst konnte in dieser Arbeit erfolgreich gezeigt werden, daß es möglich ist, durch Zusatz von Plasmid-DNA bei der elektromechanischen Sonifikation von Humanalbumin Microbubble-Vektoren herzustellen, in deren Albuminschale die Plasmid-DNA inkorporiert ist. In einem nächsten Schritt konnte gezeigt werden, daß an dem in dieser Arbeit entwickelten ex vivo-Perfusions-Modell an Koronararterien durch ultraschallinduzierte Destruktion intravasal verabreichter Microbubble-Vektoren vor allem die Endothelzellschicht effizient mit Reporterplasmiden (LacZ) transfiziert werden kann. Dabei wurde zunächst ein Standardverfahren etabliert, bei dem die Koronararterien mit Microbubble-Vektoren bei einer Geschwindigkeit von 2 ml/min perfundiert und in einem definierten Ultraschallsektor für 5s im harmonic imaging-Modus gescannt wurden. Die Transfektionseffizienz korreliert dabei positiv mit der Konzentration an Microbubble-Vektoren im Perfusat. Experimente zum Einfluß der Perfusion auf die UIMD-Transfektion zeigten, daß die Perfusion mit 2ml/min verglichen mit statischen Versuchsbedingungen einen positiven Einfluß auf die Transfektionseffizienz nimmt. Eine Steigerung der Flußrate um den Faktor 5 geht jedoch mit einer signifikanten Abnahme der Expression rekombinanter ß-Galaktosidase mit verminderter Enzymaktivität in der Gefäßwand einher. Unter gleichen experimentellen Bedingungen konnte durch längere Ultraschallexpositionszeiten die Transgenexpression wiederum gesteigert werden. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt dieser Arbeit war es nachzuweisen, daß die UIMD-Transfektionsmethode an Leitarterien wie den Koronargefäßen ein sicheres Verfahren zum endothelialen Gentransfer darstellt und keine morphologischen oder funktionellen Endothelschäden hervorruft. Dies konnte histologisch und durch endothel-abhängige Funktionsmessungen an Gefäßringen von transfizierten Koronargefäßen erfolgreich gezeigt werden. Zudem ergaben Messungen der LDH-Enzymaktivität bei transfizierten Gefäßen kein Hinweis auf einen zytotoxischen Effekt der UIMD-Transfektionsmethode. In einem letzten Schritt konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich die UIMD-Transfektionsmethode exzellent für einen vaskulären eNOS-Gentransfer eignet. Erfolgreiche Transfektion gesunder Koronararterien mit dem phosphomimetischen eNOS-Konstrukt geht mit einem verminderten Gefäßtonus einher und führt zu einer etwa 60%igen NO-vermittelten Reduktion der durch Prostaglandingabe provozierten Gefäßkontraktion. Zusammenfassend läßt sich sagen, daß die ultraschall-unterstützte Transfektion mit Plasmid-DNA-beladenen Microbubbles ein sehr effizientes und nichttoxisches Verfahren zum non-viralen Gentransfer in die Gefäßwand von größeren Leitarterien darstellt. Die Herausforderung an die Zukunft wird sein, an verschiedenen in vivo Modellen die Praktikabilität dieser Methode sicherzustellen und zu zeigen, daß die hohe Transfektionseffizienz und Sicherheit auch in vivo gewährleistet ist. Dann könnten durch intravasale Injektion über katheter-basierte Verfahren oder sogar durch intravenöse Gabe gezielt vaskularisierte Organbereiche nicht-/ minimalinvasiv therapeutisch angegangen werden. So wäre nicht nur eine gentherapeutische Anwendung der UIMD-Methode bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen denkbar, sondern auch in der Onkologie als optionale Therapiemöglichkeit bei malignem Tumorleiden. Zum Beispiel könnte durch Transfektion mit anti-Tumoroder anti-Angiogenese- Genen lokal das Tumorwachstum gehemmt werden.