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Full reconstruction of large lobula plate tangential cells in Drosophila from a 3D EM dataset
(2018)
With the advent of neurogenetic methods, the neural basis of behavior is presently being analyzed in more and more detail. This is particularly true for visually driven behavior of Drosophila melanogaster where cell-specific driver lines exist that, depending on the combination with appropriate effector genes, allow for targeted recording, silencing and optogenetic stimulation of individual cell-types. Together with detailed connectomic data of large parts of the fly optic lobe, this has recently led to much progress in our understanding of the neural circuits underlying local motion detection. However, how such local information is combined by optic flow sensitive large-field neurons is still incompletely understood. Here, we aim to fill this gap by a dense reconstruction of lobula plate tangential cells of the fly lobula plate. These neurons collect input from many hundreds of local motion-sensing T4/T5 neurons and connect them to descending neurons or central brain areas. We confirm all basic features of HS and VS cells as published previously from light microscopy. In addition, we identified the dorsal and the ventral centrifugal horizontal, dCH and vCH cell, as well as three VSlike cells, including their distinct dendritic and axonal projection area.
Jede Gesellschaft oder Gemeinschaft wird von ihrer historischen Geschichte beeinflusst. Die gewachsenen Ansichten, Umgangsweisen und Strategien sind die Basis für die Weiterentwicklung jedes Gemeinwesens. Das Museum ist ein Ort der offenen und kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit dieser Geschichte und deren Wirkungen auf die Gegenwart. Es ist somit eine bildungspolitische Einrichtung, die aufgrund dieser gesellschaftlichen Aufgabe ihre besondere Bedeutung und Existenzberechtigung erhält. Museen sind in jeder Kultur und Gesellschaft ein wesentlicher Ort für die Fragen: Wo kommen wir her? Was verbindet uns? Besonderes in einer jungen Nation, die ihre Unabhängigkeit erst 1991 erlangt hat, ist eine Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Fragen dringend und wichtig.
Die Arbeit schlägt einen weiten Bogen vom Allgemeinen zum sehr Speziellen. Sie beginnt mit einer Darstellung der wichtigen Ansätzen und Studien zur Besucherforschung in Museen allgemein. Dabei wird nicht nur der Wandel in den Ansprüchen des Publikums aufgezeigt, sondern auch die Veränderungen der Konzeption und der Repräsentation der Museen selbst. Einen Schwerpunkt legt die Arbeit auf den Aspekt des Erzählens - das bedeutet, etwas sichtbar zu machen, was nicht offensichtlich ist: Kontexte, Reflexionen und Bezüge. Die Bedeutung der Kommunikation zwischen dem Museum und seinen Besuchern wurde in der Ethnologie bisher eher vernachlässigt.
The use of cardiac troponins (cTn) is the gold standard for diagnosing myocardial infarction. Independent of myocardial infarction (MI), however, sex, age and kidney function affect cTn levels. Here we developed a method to adjust cTnI levels for age, sex, and renal function, maintaining a unified cut-off value such as the 99th percentile. A total of 4587 individuals enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study were used to develop a model for adjustment of cTn. cTnI levels correlated with age and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in males/females with rage = 0.436/0.518 and with reGFR = −0.142/−0.207. For adjustment, these variables served as covariates in a linear regression model with cTnI as dependent variable. This adjustment model was then applied to a real-world cohort of 1789 patients with suspected acute MI (AMI) (N = 407). Adjusting cTnI showed no relevant loss of diagnostic information, as evidenced by comparable areas under the receiver operator characteristic curves, to identify AMI in males and females for adjusted and unadjusted cTnI. In specific patients groups such as in elderly females, adjusting cTnI improved specificity for AMI compared with unadjusted cTnI. Specificity was also improved in patients with renal dysfunction by using the adjusted cTnI values. Thus, the adjustments improved the diagnostic ability of cTnI to identify AMI in elderly patients and in patients with renal dysfunction. Interpretation of cTnI values in complex emergency cases is facilitated by our method, which maintains a single diagnostic cut-off value in all patients.
Vielleicht denken derzeit die meisten zuerst an das Auto, wenn von 'Trabant' die Rede ist. Vielleicht sogar an dessen himmelblaue Ausführung, selbst wenn sie im Straßenbild inzwischen fremd geworden ist. Und wenn man 'fremd' mit 'unbekannt' übersetzt, dann trifft das den Trabanten nicht nur, weil der Begriff ein Fremdwort ist, sondern auch, weil unbekannt ist, aus welcher Fremde es stammt. Seine Herkunft ist nicht zweifelsfrei belegt. So hat man seinen Ursprung im Italienischen, im Deutschen oder im Türkisch-Persischen vermutet, von wo es über das Ungarische und Rumänische in die westeuropäischen Sprachen gelangt sein könnte. Im Grimm'schen Wörterbuch werden diese Annahmen jedoch samt und sonders als nicht stichhaltig verworfen. Umso wahrscheinlicher aber sei seine Herkunft aus dem Tschechischen, woher es zur Zeit der ersten Hussitenkriege entlehnt wurde, wobei dem dort schon im 15. Jahrhundert nachweisbaren 'dráb', dem 'fuszkrieger', im Deutschen die Endung '‑ant' hinzugefügt worden sei, ein Muster, wie es auch bei 'sarjant' oder 'brigant' verwendet worden war.
The ATP-binding cassette transporter TAPL translocates polypeptides from the cytosol into the lysosomal lumen. TAPL can be divided into two functional units: coreTAPL, active in ATP-dependent peptide translocation, and the N-terminal membrane spanning domain, TMD0, responsible for cellular localization and interaction with the lysosomal associated membrane proteins LAMP-1 and LAMP-2. Although the structure and function of ABC transporters were intensively analyzed in the past, the knowledge about accessory membrane embedded domains is limited. Therefore, we expressed the TMD0 of TAPL via a cell-free expression system and confirmed its correct folding by NMR and interaction studies. In cell as well as cell-free expressed TMD0 forms oligomers, which were assigned as dimers by PELDOR spectroscopy and static light scattering. By NMR spectroscopy of uniformly and selectively isotope labeled TMD0 we performed a complete backbone and partial side chain assignment. Accordingly, TMD0 has a four transmembrane helix topology with a short helical segment in a lysosomal loop. The topology of TMD0 was confirmed by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement with paramagnetic stearic acid as well as by nuclear Overhauser effects with c6-DHPC and cross-peaks with water.
The Wolof imperfective auxiliary di is compatible with event-in-progress, habitual and future readings. Furthermore, while varieties of all these readings are available for di when it sits in a syntactically low position, only future readings are available when it sits in a syntactically high position. We aim to account for this puzzle by combining several ingredients independently motivated in the literature: (i) event-relative circumstantial modality for event-in-progress, habitual, and a subset of future readings; (ii) metaphyisical modality for generalized future readings; (iii) the idea that syntactic height determines the type of modal anchor that projects a modal base. This study contributes to our understanding of the relation between syntactic height and modal flavor, as well as the nature of modal-aspectual interactions cross-linguistically.
Acute cholecystitis – a cohort study in a real-world clinical setting (REWO study, NCT02796443)
(2018)
Background: For decades, the optimal timing of surgery for acute cholecystitis has been controversial. Recent meta-analyses and population-based studies favor early surgery. One recent large randomized trial has demonstrated that a delayed approach increases morbidity and cost compared to early surgery within 24 hours of hospital admission. Since cases of severe cholecystitis were excluded from this trial, we argue that these results do not reflect real-world clinical situations. From our point of view, these results were in contrast to the clinical experience with our patients; so, we decided to analyze critically all our patients with the null hypothesis that the patients treated with a delayed cholecystectomy after an acute cholecystitis have a similar or even better outcome than those treated with an early operative approach.
Patients and methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from all patients with cholecystectomies in the period between January 2006 and September 2015. A total of 1,723 patients were categorized into four groups: early (n=138): urgent surgery of patients with acute cholecystitis within the first 72 hours of the onset of symptoms; intermediate (n=297): surgery of patients with acute cholecystitis within an average of 10 days after the onset of symptoms; delayed (n=427): initial non-surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis with surgery performed within 6–12 weeks of the onset of symptoms; and elective (n=868): cholecystectomy within a symptom-free interval of choice in patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis without signs of acute cholecystitis.
Results: In a real-world scenario, early/intermediate cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis was associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality (Clavien–Dindo score) compared to a delayed approach with surgery performed 6–12 weeks after the onset of symptoms. The adjusted linear rank statistics showed a decrease in the complication score with values of 2.29 in the early group, 0.48 in the intermediate group, –0.26 in the delayed group and –2.12 in the elective group. The results translate into a continuous decrease of the complication score from early over intermediate and delayed to the elective group.
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that delayed cholecystectomy can be performed safely. In cases with severe cholecystitis, early and/or intermediate approaches still have a relatively high risk of morbidity and mortality.
Die Autorin hat über vierzig Bücher über den Holocaust, die sich an junge Erwachsene richten, untersucht. Zusätzlich ist es ihr gelungen, durch die Einbeziehung aktueller Diskussionen über Neonazis, multikulturelle Erziehung, Rechte für Schwule und Lesben sowie über Toleranz den Bezug zur Gegenwart herzustellen. ...
Homollea Arènes (Rubiaceae, subfamily Ixoroideae, tribe Pavetteae) is a genus of shrubs and small trees endemic to western and northern Madagascar. The genus comprises five species occurring in dry deciduous forest, often in limestone areas. The five species are narrow endemics and their conservation status is either Endangered (4 species) or Critically Endangered (1 species). Homollea is characterized by few-flowered, pseudo-axillary, pedunculate inflorescences, well-developed calyces with the lobes much longer than the tube, laterally flattened seeds with a shallow, elongated to linear hilum and entire endosperm, ovules arising from the upper margin of the placenta, and, pollen grains with supratectal elements in the shape of microgemmae. Until now, three species were known and their descriptions are amended. Two further species, H. furtiva De Block sp. nov. and H. septentrionalis De Block sp. nov., are described as new for science. The five species are dealt with in detail: descriptions, distribution maps, conservation assessments, illustrations, lists of exsiccatae and an identification key are given.