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Institute
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (183) (remove)
A Internet das Coisas tem revolucionado a forma de produção e reprodução do conhecimento. Trata-se de um tipo de interface comunicacional entre humanos, máquinas e objetos que, ao fundir os mundos material e informacional, suscita as seguintes questões: (1) a possibilidade de obtenção imediata de quaisquer informações implicaria na produção do pensamento crítico, em uma espécie de relação causa-efeito?; (2) se é possível acessar as informações em quaisquer tempo e espaço, quais seriam as transformações decorrentes no processo formativo dos alunos e dos professores? Justamente essas questões motivaram os autores do artigo a elaborar o seguinte objetivo: refletir criticamente sobre a revitalização do conceito de formação (Bildung ) na temporalidade e localidade da Internet das Coisas.
This article uses survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) to analyze the persistence of educational attainment across three generations in Germany. I obtain evidence of a robust effect of grandparents’ education on respondents’ own educational attainment in West Germany, net of parental class, education, occupational status, family income, parents’ relationship history, and family size. I also test whether the grandparent effect results from resource compensation or cumulative advantage and find empirical support for both mechanisms. In comparison, the intergenerational association between grandparents’ and respondents’ education is considerably weaker in East Germany and is also mediated completely by parental education. There are hardly any gender differences in the role of grandparents for respondents’ educational attainment, except for the fact that resource compensation is found to be exclusively relevant for women’s attainment in both West Germany and in East Germany after German reunification and the associated transition to an open educational system.
Rezension zu: Fabian Schuppert, Freedom, Recognition and Non-Domination: A Republican Theory of (Global) Justice (Dordrecht: Springer, 2014).
Populism is widely thought to be in tension with liberal democracy. This article clarifies what exactly is problematic about populism from a liberal–democratic point of view and goes on to develop normative standards that allow us to distinguish between more and less legitimate forms of populism. The point of this exercise is not to dismiss populism in toto; the article strives for a more subtle result, namely, to show that liberal democracy can accommodate populism provided that the latter conforms to particular discursive norms. What the article calls a ‘liberal ethics of populism’ turns out to be closely bound up with a broader ethics of peoplehood, understood as a way of articulating who ‘the people’ are in a way that is compatible with liberal–democratic principles of political justification. Such an ethics, concludes the article, inevitably has a much wider audience than populist political actors: its addressees are all those who seek legitimately to exercise power in the name of the people.
Wohl kaum ein anders arabisches Land ist so umstritten wie Saudi-Arabien, zumindest wenn es um die Frage von Rüstungsexporten geht. Erst im Juni hat das Verwaltungsgericht Frankfurt in einer von Heckler & Koch eingereichten Klage geurteilt, dass die Bundesregierung sich in der Frage der Genehmigung der Lieferung von Bauteilen für die Lizenzproduktion des G-36 Sturmgewehrs nach Saudi-Arabien entscheiden müsse. Das Wirtschaftsministerium unter der Führung von Sigmar Gabriel (SPD) hatte diese Entscheidung bislang vertagt, auch mit Hinweis auf die gegenwärtige Militärintervention, die das Königreich zusammen mit anderen arabischen Staaten im Jemen führt....
Repertoires of counter-contention: conceptualizing institutional responses to social movements
(2016)
The ways in which political authorities respond to societal challenges is a key element in the interaction between social movements and state institutions. Two conceptual distinctions are important when studying such repertoires of counter-contention: authorities’ responses may (1) aim at either including or excluding challengers, and they may (2) either respect their autonomy or try to control them.
This is the ninth article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
Since around 1990, the state of the Austrian far right1 has been characterized by the strength of the Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ – Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, more precisely translated as Freedomite Party of Austria2) and the relative weakness of extra-parliamentarian far right activism. Far from a mere coincidence, these two features are to be understood as closely linked: the FPÖ’s electoral successes have brought far right causes and talking points unto the political center stage on a national level, given them ample media coverage and made street militancy increasingly pointless. Insofar, the Austrian far right spectrum could – at least until recently – be described as a photographic negative of the situation in Germany: successful party politics, weak bottom-up mobilizations and a comparatively low incidence of street violence. Currently, however, the long held hopes of German right-wingers for a party both in the mold, and strength, of the FPÖ are apparently being fulfilled by the emergence of the Alternative for Germany (AfD). Conversely, both legal and illegal street activism have been on the rise in Austria in recent years, particularly since the start of the asylum crisis in Europe. Numerous violent incidents were reported in 2015, including a minimum of 25 attacks on housing facilities for asylum seekers.
Imperialism is the domination of one state by another. This paper sketches a nonrepublican account of domination that buttresses this definition of imperialism. It then defends the following claims. First, there is a useful and defensible distinction between colonial and liberal imperialism, which maps on to a distinction between what I will call coercive and liberal domination. Second, the main institutions of contemporary globalization, such as the WTO, the IMF, the World Bank, etc., are largely the instruments of liberal imperialism; they are a reincarnation of what Karl Kautsky once called ‘ultraimperialism’. Third, resistance to imperialism can no longer be founded on a fundamental right to national self-determination. Such a right is conditional upon and derivative of a more general right to resist domination.
Terrorism isn't new to the country; in its history, France has experienced a significant number of attacks. In 1995, the GIA-affiliated terrorist network of which Khaled Kelkal was part conducted several attacks, as did the Al Qaida-affiliated gang de Roubaix one year later; but until Mohammed Merah’s murders in 2012 in Toulouse and Montauban, terrorist attacks were treated as political violence in the context of anti-colonial struggles or connected to other kinds of violent conflicts abroad, such as the Bosnian War, rather than as religiously inspired or connected to social, societal and/or political issues within the country, or as some sort of atypical pathology. Terrorist perpetrators, their networks and milieus were met with repressive instruments – a wider angle of analysis which would have allowed to tackle the threat from a more holistic perspective had not been incorporated in a counter-terrorism policy design.
This is the last post in the blog series „Movements and Institutions“. Check out the introductory post for more information on the series and click here for all contributions.
This blog series reflected on the interactions between social movements and institutions. These interactions have proven to be among the most complicated areas of social movement research, especially because causality is very hard to establish: (how) do movements influence formal political institutions – and vice versa? How to study, understand and explain the consequences of the institutionalization of social movements? The difficulties of addressing these questions are also related to definitional problems as social movements and institutions can be understood and defined in various ways. All authors contributing to this blog series highlight the importance of studying interactions between social movements from one perspective or another.
Rezension zu:
Margaret Moore, A Political Theory of Territory (New York: Oxford, 2015).
Highly-skilled labour migration in Switzerland: household strategies and professional careers
(2016)
The article investigates household strategies in the context of highly-skilled labour migration. It focuses on the ways highly-skilled migrants are taking up residence in Switzerland. The analysis shows different household strategies based on the perception of a further professional move. The perceived likeliness of a further move implies household strategies characterized by a high motility: the household remains ready to move and mobilises dedicated organisations (like outplacement agencies or international schools). When a further move is neither perceived nor wanted, the household develops more anchored strategies which are often cheaper. In order to cope with frequent mobilities, the analysis shows that household strategies are deeply gendered.
It is widely thought that the international community, taken as a whole, is required to take action to prevent terrorism. Yet, what each state is required to do in this project is unclear and contested. This article examines a number of bases on which we might assign responsibilities to conduct counterterrorist operations to states. I argue that the ways in which other sorts of responsibilities have been assigned to states by political philosophers will face significant limitations when used to assign the necessary costs of preventing terrorism. I go on to suggest that appealing to the principle of fairness—which assigns obligations on the basis of benefits received from cooperative endeavours—may be used to make up the shortfall, despite this principle having received relatively little attention in existing normative accounts of states’ responsibilities.
This is the sixth article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
As everywhere else in Eastern Europe, ever since the fall of the communist regime, Romania’s political system has experienced dramatic changes from one electoral cycle to another, starting off with what was considered to be an inflation of political parties at the beginning of the 1990’s and arriving today at what seems to approximate a two-party system, with the Social-Democratic Party (PSD) on the left and the National Liberal Party (PNL) on the right side of the political spectrum. However, the fog surrounding the ideological identities of virtually all Romanian political parties has only intensified in time, leaving the party system in flux and creating the idea that there are no significant differences between the major political players. As was the case of many other countries, this situation has generated the (at least partial) success of a radical anti-establishment discourse. However, unlike other European countries, the far right in Romania did not benefit by the financial crisis...
This is the 13. article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
The environment for populist radical right (PRR) parties in Europe is favourable. Both the refugee crisis as well as the recent terrorist attacks in Paris and Brussels have ostensibly fuelled further xenophobic and anti-Islam sentiments among European publics, on the basis of which PRR parties have been shown to build their support. Recent elections in Europe have indeed seen good results for parties with an outspoken xenophobic message, the victories in March 2016 for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the German regional elections and two far right parties (SNS and L’SNS) in the Slovak national elections being cases in point. Opinion polls in countries such as France and the Netherlands look equally promising for PRR parties. Even though not all European countries have witnessed the successful mobilisation of the PRR, it is fair to conclude that this party family is going strong. It would be too quick to conclude, however, that PRR parties only thrive on the recent salience of the immigration issue.
Bei dem letzten Update des Genocide Alert Monitors wurde in sozialen Medien wiederholt darauf aufmerksam gemacht, dass fast sämtliche Massenverbrechen angeblich in muslimischen Staaten stattfänden. Der Islam wurde von den Kommentatoren als gewalttätige Religion bezeichnet und Muslime hauptverantwortlich für die über 21.000 im 1. Quartal 2016 getöteten Menschen gemacht. Anlass genug, die erfassten Situationen auf religiöse Identitäten von Tätern und Opfern zu analysieren...
Dies ist der 18. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. In aktuellen politischen Debatten genauso wie in wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen wird häufig festgestellt, dass wir zu wenig über das Phänomen des Salafismus wissen. In der Tat: Auf empirischen Daten basierende Veröffentlichungen sind immer noch selten, während konzeptuelle und ideengeschichtliche Auseinandersetzungen mit dem salafistischen Feld in den vorhandenen Publikationen ebenso überwiegen wie die Zahlen aus Sicherheitsbehörden. Was sind die Ursachen dafür, welches Wissen benötigen wir und welche Forschungsansätze sind vielversprechend? Dieser Beitrag widmet sich diesen Fragen. Er stellt fest, dass der Salafismus fast ausschließlich als politisches Phänomen und Sicherheitsproblem und kaum in seinen religiösen und lebensweltlichen Dimensionen erforscht wird und nicht zuletzt eine methodische und konzeptuelle Standortbestimmung für die Forschung zu salafistischen Milieus geboten ist. mehr......
This is the eighth article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
Trouble’s brewing for the European Union – also in Finland, where the next country-wide elections will see several new, EU-hostile nationalist groups attempt to establish themselves on the political map. At the same time, Finnish Fascism is seeking to entrench and normalize itself into a respectable part of the political framework.
With disaffection growing, the time appears to be ripe. As Heikki Hiilamo, professor of social policy in Helsinki University notes, Finland has been particularly hard hit by the most recent economic downturn. The middle and lower classes are seeing their expectations fade into uncertainty, as globalization is bringing new and intangible threats in the form of vanishing jobs. Finland is heading towards increasing social inequality, with the reality of the educated and the employed drifting further apart from “globalization’s losers”. With no self-evident owner in sight, the accumulating political capital is attracting radical nationalist utilizers...
As contendas filosóficas acerca da definição e da aplicação da ‘verdade’ desenvolvem-se desde a antiguidade até os dias atuais. O questionamento sobre as condições ideais para se alcançar a verdade e se estas condições podem ser satisfeitas, se a realidade pode ser conhecida com ela é ou se apenas podemos conhecer sua forma apresentada, todas estas indagações, ocuparam também o pragmatista e o neo-pragmatista Jürgen Habermas e Richard Rorty, respectivamente. Enquanto Richard Rorty, motivado pela Virada Linguística, pretende seguir o caminho oposto ao da Metafísica, substituindo a noção de verdade enquanto “descoberta” por verdade enquanto “construção”, Habermas sugere que existem condições de validação para aquilo que chamamos ‘verdadeiro’, que já encontram-se previamente estabelecidas no contexto de argumentação e que devem ser satisfeitas. Com o objetivo de analisar as posições de ambos os filósofos citados, apresentaremos de forma sucinta a visão de cada um acerca do debate sobre a verdade e a crítica que Habermas tece a respeito da interpretação que Rorty fornece.
Dies ist ein Crosspost mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Hessischen Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. Der Beitrag findet sich ebenso auf der Seite der HSFK.
Trotz Bangen war am Ende allen zum Feiern zumute: Am 16. Dezember 2016 fasste die fünfte Überprüfungskonferenz der UN-Waffenkonvention (Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, CCW) unter pakistanischem Vorsitz den Beschluss, im nächsten Jahr eine offizielle Expertenkommission einzusetzen, die sich mit letalen autonomen Waffensystemen (Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, LAWS) befassen soll. Diese Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) wird unter indischem Vorsitz „open-ended“ tagen und 2017 zu zwei je fünftägigen Treffen zusammenkommen...
Der deutsche und französische Innenminister haben eine Initiative gestartet um gegen Verschlüsselung vorzugehen. Ihr Argument, was von mehr oder weniger allen Geheimdiensten/Strafverfolgungsbehörden unisono vorgetragen wird lautet, dass verschlüsselte Kommunikation die Arbeit der Behörden behindere. Bereits im Jahr 1993 wurde die gleiche Debatte geführt, endete aber mit dem Konsens, dass die Vorteile von Verschlüsselung die Nachteile deutlich überwiegen. Dieser Konsens, getragen von Industrie, Datenschützern und Politik (sowohl Liberale als auch Konservative) schien sicher, war er doch die vernünftigste Antwort auf ein komplexes Problem. Heute stellen die von Rechtspopulisten getriebenen Innenminister wieder einmal die Verschlüsselung in Frage. Warum das eine schlechte Idee ist, soll dieser Beitrag klären.NSA Chef Inman argumentierte bereits 1980: “There is
a very real and critical danger that unrestrained public discussion of crypto-logic matters will seriously damage the ability of this government to conduct signals intelligence and the ability of this government to carry out its mission of protecting national security information from hostile exploitation” (1980). Kern dieses “going dark” Arguments ist also, dass digitale Überwachung schwerer würde, wenn alle verschlüsseln. Terroristen und andere bad guys könnten also nicht mehr gefangen werden. Die Debatte ist also gar nicht so neu und überraschend wie immer behauptet wird....
Dies ist der 20. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. Bislang haben sich über 700 junge Menschen aus Deutschland den gewaltbereiten Salafisten des IS angeschlossen. Sie haben die Bundesrepublik verlassen und sind in den Jihad gezogen. Die mediale Diskussion beschränkt sich bei der Diskussion darüber, wie dies zu verhindern sei, zumeist auf sicherheitspolitische Maßnahmen. Das sind Maßnahmen, die auf Bundes- oder Länderebene durchgeführt werden. In der Prävention von Radikalisierung spielen allerdings die Kommunen eine entscheidende Rolle. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die Maßnahmen, die auf kommunaler Ebene getroffen werden (sollten) – von verschiedenen Präventionsangeboten bis hin zu Chancen kommunaler Vernetzung...
Dies ist der 19. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. Medien sind Erfüllungsgehilfen der Salafisten. Jedes Mal wenn über eine Aktion von Salafisten berichtet wird, wird die Gruppe bekannter. Berichterstattungen machen neugierig und animieren dazu, ins Internet zu gehen. Zugleich diskreditieren Medien die Muslime. Berichte über Salafismus werfen immer auch ein schlechtes Licht auf die Religion des Islam. Nur was ist die Schlussfolgerung daraus? Sollten Medien das Phänomen besser verschweigen? Wie sollte eine verantwortliche Abwägung von Medienschaffenden aussehen? Der Beitrag geht diesen Fragen nach...
Donald Trump hat die Polittechnologie des Populismus auf die Spitze getrieben und geradezu perfektioniert. Hier sind die mehr oder minder appetitlichen Zutaten seines Hyperpopulismus, die allesamt zur Anwendung kamen. Keine dieser Ingredienzen ist gänzlich neu, sondern sie wurden auch schon von europäischen Rechtspopulisten hinlänglich erprobt. Dieses Gemisch bedarf eines fruchtbaren Resonanzbodens, um seine betörende Wirkung zu entfalten. Es muss auf eine gesellschaftliche Disposition treffen. Je nach Kontext spielen unterschiedliche sozio-kulturelle und ökonomische Faktoren eine Rolle, weshalb sich die Populismen auch von Land zu Land in Form und Inhalt durchaus unterscheiden. Dennoch gibt es so etwas wie einen Kern an populistischen Lehrsätzen und Mechanismen, die man sich vergegenwärtigen sollte, um auch in der medialen Berichterstattung nicht stets aufs Neue in die aufgestellten Fallen zu tappen.
Dies ist der 17. Artikel in unserer Blogreihe Trouble on the Far-Right.
Um eines gleich deutlich zu machen: Über rechtsradikale Tendenzen in der Ukraine zu schreiben ist ein Drahtseilakt. Schließlich ist die Debatte in einen größeren Kontext eingebettet: Seit den Ereignissen auf dem Maidan 2014 und dem anschließenden Regime-Change erheben pro-russische Medien die sachlich schwer begründbare Beschuldigung, dass der Westen den Charakter der „faschistischen Junta in Kiew“ verkenne. Auf der anderen Seite bagatellisieren einige Publikationen die real existierenden rechten Umtriebe in der Ukraine beträchtlich. So handelt man sich schnell den Vorwurf ein, wahlweise „die faschistischen Ukrainer“ zu protegieren oder sich „den imperialistischen Russen“ anzubiedern. An dieser Stelle bleibt die notwendige Aufgabe Meinungen von Fakten zu trennen.
Die bedeutendste Kraft der parlamentarischen Rechten in der Ukraine ist die „Freiheitspartei“ Swoboda. Ihre Beteiligung an der Übergangsregierung nach den Maidan-Protesten galt einigen Beobachtern als Beweis für einen Rechtsruck in der Ukraine. Mittlerweile verfügt diese Partei nicht einmal mehr über eine parlamentarische Fraktion. Wie ist es dazu gekommen? Welche Dynamiken stehen dahinter? Ist letztendlich alles in trockenen Tüchern und die Gefahr von rechts gebannt?
Der angebliche Hack von etwa 900.000 Telekomroutern hat in Deutschland das Thema IT-Sicherheit wieder einmal auf die Tagesordnung gesetzt. In den folgenden Tagen kristallisierte sich heraus, dass der Ausfall der Router mit Internetkriminalität in Verbindung stand. Dabei hätte es bleiben können, aber es sollte nicht lange dauern, bis das ebenfalls immer aktuelle Reizthema Terrorismus mit den Vorfällen in Verbindung gebracht wurde: Rainer Wendt, Bundesvorsitzender der Deutschen Polizeigewerkschaft, ließ im Zuge des angeblichen Hackerangriffs folgendes verlautbaren: "Cyber-Kriminalität ist Terrorismus."
Die Gleichsetzung von Hackern mit Terroristen, die Herr Wendt in seinem Interview vornimmt, ist derart absurd und gleichzeitig symptomatisch für eine unproduktive und hysterische Debatte zu IT-Sicherheit (vulgo: Cybersicherheit) und dem vagen Begriff des Cyberterrors, dass es sinnvoll ist, sie in einen kritischen Kontext zu setzen. Dieser Beitrag betrachtet daher, ausgehend vom Ausfall der Telekomrouter, die Ereignisse und diskutiert wieso die Debatte um IT-Sicherheit in Deutschland fundamental an den eigentlichen Sicherheitsproblemen in der IT und aus Sicht der Terrorbekämpfung vorbei geht.
Rezension zu:
Frank Vogl, Waging War on Corruption (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012).
Shaazka Beyerle, Curtailing Corruption, People Power for Accountability and Justice (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2014)
O artigo propõe uma aproximação entre dois campos de pesquisa distintos, mas com notórias afinidades eletivas: o campo da arqueologia e o da estética filosófica. Pretende-se saber de que modo, no interior do pensamento dialético de Adorno, articulam-se os conceitos de pré-história e proto-história, tendo como fio condutor a temática da arte rupestre e a sua contrapartida moderna, isto é, a reprodutibilidade técnica. Tal aproximação tem como ponto de partida um instigante parágrafo da obra póstuma de Adorno, “Ästhetische Theorie”, presente na subseção assim classificada por Rolf Tiedmann como "Moderne Kunst und Industrielle Produktion", no qual Adorno afirma que há uma convergência entre a arte rupestre e a câmera fotográfica, que se daria na objetivação (Objektivation), isto é, na ação de separar o ato subjetivo do objeto que é visto. A partir desta constatação, a contribuição maior deste artigo estaria em identificar uma espécie de proto-história da reprodutibilidade técnica no mundo pré-histórico. Deste modo, numa perspectiva radicalmente dialética pode-se dizer que o progresso virtual e tecnológico sentido nas últimas décadas não representa algo qualitativamente novo na história humana, sendo apenas um desdobramento de uma tendência já contida na pré-história, algo que nos leva a crer que não conseguimos ainda superar o estado de imanência mítica denunciado amplamente por Adorno e Horkheimer na “Dialektik der Aufklärung. Para demonstrar isto o presente artigo almeja reconstruir as principais linhas de força da "Dialética do Esclarecimento", centrando na categoria de mito (Seção 1). Após, pretende apresentar a relação entre pré-história e proto-história no contexto do pensamento adorniano, especialmente nas obras e nos ensaios do período intermediário de sua bibliografia, tais como “Minima Moralia” e “Prismen” (Seção 2). Por último, deseja apresentar algumas reflexões de Adorno sobre a arte rupestre e a reprodutibilidade técnica presentes na Teoria Estética (Seção 3).
Rezension zu:
Ruben Andersson, Illegality, Inc. (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2014)
Amy Nethery and Stephanie J. Silverman (eds.), Immigration Detention: The Migration of a Policy and its Human Impact. (London and New York: Routledge, 2015)
This is the 15. article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
Germany’s political culture currently faces a shift to the right as anti-immigrant violence and attacks on refugee camps are on the brink of becoming a daily routine. The populist party Alternative für Deutschland (Alternative for Germany) did achieve successes in every recent federal state election. Through their success politics gained a new political quality. Anti-immigrant groups such as PEGIDA in Dresden regularly mobilize hundreds and sometimes thousands of people. The increased number of refugees that came to Germany in 2015 is instrumentalized to fuel racism and to spread nationalist sentiments...
Vielerorts machen sich Sorgen breit: Was bedeutet die Flüchtlingskrise für Europa? Wie geht es weiter im syrischen Bürgerkrieg? Wie lässt sich der Hunger in Afrika - derzeit verstärkt durch El Niño - bekämpfen? Und welche Rolle kann Deutschland spielen? Antworten gibt der erfahrene schwedische Spitzendiplomat und frühere Vizepräsident der Weltbank, Mats Karlsson, im Bretterblog-Interview.
Fünf Jahre nach dem “Arabischen Frühling” ist von Aufbruchstimmung im Vorderen Orient und Nordafrika nicht mehr viel geblieben. Woran liegt das? Welchen Anteil haben die Europäer daran? Und was sollte die Europäische Union nun tun? Darüber sprachen wir mit Niklas Bremberg, Experte des Schwedischen Instituts für Internationale Beziehungen für die EU-Politik im Mittelmeerraum.
El propósito del presente escrito es preguntarnos por el campo complejo que se abre en la confluencia de las trayectorias de Alexander Kluge y Theodor W. Adorno. Desarrollaremos, en primer lugar, algunos hitos históricos que permitan situarnos en el contexto de ese acercamiento. Luego, tomando como punto de partida el problema clave de la referencialidad de la imagen que, tanto para Kluge como para Adorno es central en las reflexiones sobre una estética propia del cine, abordaremos cuatro temas que consideramos nos permiten repensar las relaciones de los dos teóricos: palabra e imagen, la idea de montaje, imagen y experiencia subjetiva y la cuestión de la recepción.
Dies ist eine gekürzte Version eines Beitrags, der in der Zeitschrift Internationale Politik – IP, Ausgabe Mai/Juni 2016, erschienen ist.
Während in den zehn Jahren des Afghanistan-Krieges von 1979 bis 1989 geschätzte 20 000 „foreign fighters“ zu den Mudschahedin und Al-Kaida ins Kriegsgebiet zogen, sind es im vom so genannten „Islamischen Staat“ (IS) gehaltenen Territorium nach drei Jahren bereits etwa 30 000. Zwischen 6000 und 7000 kommen aus Ländern der EU; erstmals folgen auch Frauen in signifikanter Zahl dem Ruf einer islamistischen Terrororganisation. Warum also zieht der IS so viel mehr Anhänger an, als es Al-Kaida je getan hat? Wieso machen sich Tausende junger Muslime, die in Europa geboren wurden, auf den Weg in ein angebliches Kalifat und reales Kriegsgebiet? Und welche Rolle spielen die Narrative und Angebote des IS dabei?...
Der Artikel untersucht Rassismus und Sexismus und ihre materiellen und diskursiven Artikulationen an dem spezifischen Artikulationsort Haar, bzw. Locken. Anhand von biographisch-narrativen Interviews mit Frauen of Color und mit Hilfe von Ansätzen der Grounded Theory werden Fragen danach aufgeworfen, welche symbolischen Bedeutungen von Locken es gibt; Welche Umgangsformen mit Haar es gibt; Wie Haar eingesetzt wird; Ob es Widersprüche gibt; Wie sich diese artikulieren und wie Subjekte trotz rassistischer, sexistischer Diskurse und der damit verbundenen materiellen Unterdrückung handlungsmächtige Akteurinnen ihrer eigenen Biographien werden. Parallel wird der Forschungsprozess aus dekolonialer, feministischer Perspektive entwickelt, beschrieben und reflektiert und damit eine dekolonial feministische Methodologie entworfen.
This is the eighth post in the blog series „Movements and Institutions“.
Occupy Wall Street has disappeared from the public radar, yet it is worth a second look. Through its structure and identity, it has probably become the United States’ first post-modern movement. Outside of formal institutions, people created their own utopian spaces in the hope for political and social innovation.
As part of her tour of Africa, German chancellor Angela Merkel recently (Tuesday, 11 October 2016) visited the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, which is also home to the headquarters of the African Union. During a joint press conference with Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn, Merkel urged the Ethiopian government to open up politics and halt violent behaviour by police in response to peaceful demonstrations...
This is the third post in the blog series „Movements and Institutions“.
The relationship of social movements and institutions should not just be seen as one where political demands can influence policy change in a targeted organization or political system. With a focus on instituting practices, instead of resulting institutions, we can understand all social institutions as institutionalizations, as constantly moving processes with the potential for radical change.
The concept of freedom as non-domination that is associated with neo-republican theory provides a guiding ideal in the global, not just the domestic arena, and does so even on the assumption that there will continue to be many distinct states. It argues for a world in which states do not dominate members of their own people and, considered as a corporate body, no people is dominated by other agencies: not by other states and not, for example, by any international agency or multi-national corporation. This ideal is not only attractive in the abstract, it also supports a concrete range of sensible, if often radical international policies.
O presente estudo visa mostrar como Honneth repensa os conceitos de justiça e autonomia a partir de sua teoria das condições intersubjetivas de reconhecimento. Sua tese afirma que só é possível um aumento na autonomia pessoal através do progresso moral nas estruturas sociais de reconhecimento. Veremos que a proposta de Honneth, apesar de inovadora, traz alguns problemas para sua aplicação na esfera política; mesmo assim, é uma proposta forte e indaga-nos especialmente sobre a forma como nossa autonomia é construída socialmente.
A teoria do reconhecimento social de Axel Honneth aplicado no direito previdenciário brasileiro
(2016)
O reconhecimento é uma categoria muito utilizada para debater sobre a questão da identidade e da diferença, portanto sua relevância torna-se necessária no âmbito jurídico. A questão proposta é: Quais as formas e eficiência de reconhecimento no campo social e familiar no direito previdenciário? O objetivo deste artigo é, portanto, trazer a discussão o processo de reconhecimento social e a influência de sua estrutura cultural e toda complexidade de fatores. A pesquisa é teórica sistêmica que se dá pela abordagem sociológica, tanto conceitual quanto empírica dos sistemas jurídico.
In modern welfare states, family policies may resolve the tension between employment and care-focused demands. However these policies sometimes have adverse consequences for distinct social groups. This study examined gender and educational differences in working parents’ perceived work–family conflict and used a comparative approach to test whether family policies, in particular support for child care and leave from paid work, are capable of reducing work–family conflict as well as the gender and educational gaps in work–family conflict. We use data from the European Social Survey 2010 for 20 countries and 5296 respondents (parents), extended with information on national policies for maternity and parental leave and child care support from the OECD Family Database. Employing multilevel analysis, we find that mothers and the higher educated report most work–family conflict. Policies supporting child care reduce the level of experienced work–family conflict; family leave policy appears to have no alleviating impact on working parents’ work–family conflict. Our findings indicate that family policies appear to be unable to reduce the gender gap in conflict perception and even widen the educational gap in work–family conflict.
Lebenswelten anerkennen! Religion im Unterricht und die Prävention salafistischer Einstellungen
(2016)
Dies ist der 16. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. „Darf ich als Muslim wählen?“, „Ist Augenbrauenzupfen halal?“, „Dürfen Musliminnen Halloween feiern?“ Antworten auf diese Fragen suchen junge Musliminnen und Muslime immer seltener bei ihren Eltern und Koranlehrern. Einfacher – und lebensweltnäher – ist die Suche bei „Sheikh Google“. Gerade hier dominieren allerdings oft salafistische Stimmen die Debatten und prägen somit das Religionsverständnis vieler Jugendlicher. Umso wichtiger ist es, religiöse Fragen auch im Unterricht aufzugreifen und damit alternative Foren für eine Auseinandersetzung mit Werten, Normen und Traditionen anzubieten. Dabei geht es nicht um „Religionsunterricht“, sondern um Gespräche über Themen, die Jugendliche im Alltag beschäftigen – und die für alle Jugendlichen unabhängig von Herkunft und Religionszugehörigkeit relevant sind. In der Präventionsarbeit haben sich verschiedene Ansätze bewährt, religiöse Themen in den Unterricht zu integrieren. Sie unterscheiden sich zum Teil deutlich in der Herangehensweise und Kontextualisierung. Außer in interreligiösen Zugängen werden religiöse Fragen auch in politisch-bildnerischen Ansätzen aufgegriffen....
In the 21st century, the division of housework remains gendered, with women on average still spending more time doing chores than their male partners. While research has studied why this phenomenon is so persistent, few studies have yet been able to assess the effect of gender ideology and socio-economic resources at the same time, usually due to data restrictions. We use data from the pairfam, a new and innovative German panel study, in order to test the effect of absolute and relative resources as well as his and her gender ideology on the division of housework. We employ a life course perspective and analyze trajectories of couples’ housework division over time, using multi-level random effects growth curve models. We find that an egalitarian gender ideology of both him and her significantly predicts more egalitarian division-trajectories, while neither absolute nor relative resources appear to have an effect on the division of housework over time. Furthermore, our results expand the literature by investigating how these processes differ among childless couples and couples who experience the first birth.
O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o tema do trabalho e do reconhecimento no pensamento de Axel Honneth (1949-), filósofo e sociólogo alemão da terceira geração da Escola de Frankfurt. O conceito de trabalho é um dos temas centrais da teoria crítica. Por meio do trabalho, o trabalhador encontra a sua sobrevivência e sua satisfação. É nele que o reconhecimento expressa uma identidade moral no contexto do mercado capitalista. Sem falar ainda que a atividade laboral expressa a subjetividade humana através da ação criativa. Diante desse contexto, a presente exposição pretende percorrer os passos argumentativos de Honneth acerca da relação reconhecimento e trabalho. Tal relação ajuda-nos a compreender a relevância deste autor na filosofia política contemporânea.
Continuadores posteriores de la teoría crítica de la sociedad han cuestionado a Adorno por caer en una lógica de la emancipación frustrada aparentemente contradictoria, que reflexiona sobre la dominación social en condiciones bajo las cuales, empero, se declaran cerradas las posibilidades de transformación histórica. Sin embargo, sostengo que su teoría social remite también a un concepto novedoso de la emancipación sin totalidad, relevante para la reconstrucción de la teoría crítica ante los cuestionamientos pluralistas lanzados hacia el concepto de “totalidad”.
Dies ist der 21. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. Im vergangenen Jahr verloren in den westlichen Ländern so viele Menschen durch Terroranschläge islamistischer Extremisten ihr Leben wie seit dem Jahr 2001 mit dem schicksalsschweren 11. September nicht mehr. Und die Anschläge sind erneut nah an Deutschland herangerückt: Gleich zweimal wurden tödliche Anschläge in Paris verübt, Brüssel ist zu einem Hotspot des islamistischen Extremismus geworden und der vereitelte mutmaßliche Anschlag auf ein Radrennen im Raum Frankfurt hat einmal mehr die Terrorgefahr auch hierzulande verdeutlicht. Nach dieser Lesart ist der islamistische Extremismus also eine reale Bedrohung und stellt das friedliche Zusammenleben in einer offenen Gesellschaft in Frage – aber nicht nur aufgrund von Anschlagsgefahren, sondern vor allem weil sich islamistischer Extremismus und Islamfeindlichkeit gegenseitig zu gefährlichen, illiberalen Dynamiken hochschaukeln. Dieser Beitrag führt kurz in dieses Wechselspiel ein, das die offene Gesellschaft in die Zange nimmt und benennt Handlungsempfehlungen für verschiedene Akteursgruppen in Deutschland mit dem Ziel, das Fundament unserer offenen, pluralen Gesellschaftsordnung zu bewahren und zu stärken...
Since 2013, the Swiss Federal Intelligence Service (FIS) has warned of a heightened threat emanating from jihadi terrorism in Switzerland. According to FIS’s assessment, the threat has continuously risen since then and reached a new high in 2016. This is a new situation for a country that has, since the two attacks conducted by Palestinian groups targeting an El Al airplane in Kloten in 1969 and the bombing of a Swissair machine in 1970, remained largely unscathed by terrorism. This has remained true even in the decade after 9/11 when a wave of jihadi terrorism inspired and often directed by al-Qaeda struck urban centers in Europe and elsewhere on multiple occasions...
Axel Honneth e a reconstrução da justiça: uma tentativa de superação do paradigma da distribuição
(2016)
O artigo retoma as críticas dirigidas por Axel Honneth à estrutura básica das concepções de justiça dominantes, limitando-se a apontar os contornos gerais de seu projeto alternativo de reconstrução normativa da justiça. Se John Rawls e Michael Walzer estruturam teorias da justiça distributiva de fôlego e em sintonia com a proteção da autonomia (já tomada de modo) mais sofisticada, cuja satisfação transcende o (mero) compromisso de não interferência na realização dos projetos de vida individuais, Honneth propõe radicalizar as exigências da justiça. E isso porque desloca sua atenção para a expectativa recíproca de consideração. Aqui estaria a nova textura da justiça social. Nesse passo, princípios de distribuição justa saem de cena para dar lugar a princípios cujas orientações dirigem-se às instituições básicas da sociedade com um novo objetivo: configurar contextos favoráveis para relações de reciprocidade plurais bem-sucedidas.
This is the 18. article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
When it comes to change in social environments, a parable of philosopher Charles Handy gets pulled out quickly. If you drop a frog in boiling water, it jumps out immediately; but placed in cold water slowly warming up, it acclimates itself and falls to sleep, unaware of being boiled alive. The parable reminds us of the perceptional relativity of change: Within communities creeping developments cause habituation, abrupt breaks an arousing shock. In terms of social movements this truism becomes apparent in a double way: On the one hand, erupting crises may destabilize social orders and create the necessary space for dissident actors to gain momentum – while they would fail to mobilize outside the scenario of an anxious community gasping for a new guarantor of order. On the other hand, the rise of a dissident actor with unconventional performances may work as a shock triggering withdrawal reflexes in the broader society – while dissidents with relative habitual sentiments can find resonance in communities disappointed by the ruling order.
Does this perspective offer a potential to explain the rise of far right movements in Europe? Let’s examine it by the example of Germany where, in the last two years, far right actors have experienced a remarkable gain in political acceptance – on the streets, in the booths and in the talk shows. In this case, it could be argued that their success in protest and electoral mobilizations as well as their disproportionate high presence in the media rests on communication politics that effect a normalization of far right positions previously disreputed in public discourse. Through this creeping habituation by society, they are able to gain momentum in situations of crisis, producing themselves successfully as a legitimate agent of the “anxious citizens” disappointed by the government. To test this little argument, a finger exercise in frame analysis seems to be proper, a tool common in social movement studies to explain why certain ideas in certain contexts are potent to mobilize audiences – and are not in others.
Mapping a public discourse with the tools of computational text analysis comes with many contingencies in the areas of corpus curation, data processing and analysis, and visualisation. However, the complexity of algorithmic assemblies and the beauty of resulting images give the impression of ‘objectivity’. Instead of concealing uncertainties and artefacts in order to tell a coherent and all-encompassing story, retaining the variety of alternative assemblies may actually strengthen the method. By utilising the mobility of digital devices, we could create mutable mobiles that allow access to our laboratories and enable challenging rearrangements and interpretations.
A banalização da fraude no ambiente acadêmico impõe severos problemas à formação dos indivíduos. Este estudo fez uso da teoria crítica relacionada à educação. Adorno analisou o problema da semiformação na sociedade capitalista, em que a educação se tornou mais uma mercadoria a ser entregue a seus consumidores. O objetivo deste artigo foi propor a reflexão crítica sobre os reais sentidos da persistência da fraude nas universidades. Portanto, a fraude acadêmica destaca-se como uma evidência de que há algo errado com a educação fornecida pelas universidades. Somente uma mudança pedagógica pode transformar o caminho da educação inserida na sociedade capitalista. O resgate do potencial emancipatório da educação é fundamental para que a sociedade possa formar pessoas críticas e autônomas.
Dies ist der 17. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. In einer Zeit, in der islamistische Gewalttaten mit einer grausamen Häufigkeit vorkommen, wird mit großer Energie und Dringlichkeit nach Lösungen gesucht, wie mit Radikalisierten umzugehen ist und wie man Radikalisierungsprozesse verhindern oder umkehren kann. Dabei tauchen schnell Begriffe wie Prävention und Deradikalisierung auf. Es ist gut und wichtig, dass konstruktive Ansätze gegen Salafismus (eine konservative Strömung des Islam) und islamische Radikalisierung an Aufmerksamkeit gewinnen. Es ist aber auch wichtig, Prävention und Deradikalisierung als untschiedliche Handlungsfelder zu betrachten, die ihre eigenen Ziele verfolgen, und mit je eigenen Herausforderungen verbunden sind. Nichtsdestotrotz, sollten ihre Überschneidungen nicht vergessen werden. In diesem Beitrag beschäftige ich mich anhand der folgenden Fragen mit dem Thema Deradikalisierung: Was ist Deradikalisierungsarbeit? Was ist (nicht) ihr Ziel? Und wer übt sie aus? Wie unterscheidet sie sich von Prävention? Was sind Bedingungen erfolgreicher Deradikalisierungsarbeit? In den Versuch, diese Fragen zu beantworten, möchte ich mit der Beschreibung zweier Situationen einsteigen...
In Anbetracht der wachsenden soziokulturellen Vielfalt in Deutschland und in anderen europäischen Ländern wächst die Relevanz pädagogischer Ansätze zur kulturellen Verständigung und somit auch der soziokulturellen Kommunikation und Sozialisationsforschung.
D. Kumbier und F. Schulz von Thun beschreiben diese Situation in folgender Weise: "Wenn Menschen miteinander in Kontakt treten, prallen Welten aufeinander. Das ist schon innerhalb einer Kultur der Fall, weil jeder mit einem persönlichen mentalen System ausgestattet ist, das ihn zu einem einmaligen und einsamen Inselbewohner macht. Unsere ganze Kommunikationspsychologie legt es darauf an, für diesen Prozess der Bewegung von Welten ein Bewusstsein zu schaffen und auf diese Grundlage kompetente Umgangsformen aufzubauen" (Kumbier/Schulz von Thun 2008, S. 9).
Hier begegnen sich zwei Welten, die auf zwei verschiedenen Kontinenten liegen, deren Werteorientierungen und kulturelle Normen und Gebräuche auf verschiedenen Weltreligionen basieren, die sich im Laufe der Jahrhunderte anders entwickelt haben. Hier ist die Rede von Asien und Europa, vom Christentum und Islam, von einem Entwicklungsland und einem Industrieland, nämlich von Afghanistan und Deutschland.
Eine nähere Betrachtung zeigt, dass das Christentum, das Judentum und der Islam eine gemeinsame Wurzel haben und sich von dem gemeinsamen Stammvater Abraham herleiten. Der große Unterschied besteht darin, dass Europa die Aufklärung erlebt hat und Religion heute überwiegend als eine Option empfunden wird. ...
This is the eleventh article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
Far right and anti-Muslim politics in Britain have become increasingly fragmented. The British National Party (BNP), once the leading far right party, has largely collapsed. During the 2010 general election the BNP polled only 1.9% of the vote and was overshadowed by the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), a right-wing, anti-immigration populist party unencumbered by the BNP’s debilitating historical baggage. Thereafter, the BNP leadership descended into demoralization, bitter recrimination and factional rivalry, hastening the departure of its activist base, the collapse of its membership and leading, ultimately, to the expulsion of its chairman, Nick Griffin, as the party continued its further descent to political irrelevance. The BNP appears ‘finished’ as a political force, its ‘quest for legitimacy’ at an end.
Contemporary liberalism and republicanism present clearly distinct programs for domestic politics, but the same cannot be said when it comes to global politics: the burgeoning literature on global republicanism has reproduced the divide between cosmopolitan and associational views familiar from long-standing debates among liberal egalitarians. Should republicans be cosmopolitans? Despite presence of a range of views in the literature, there is an emerging consensus that the best answer is no. This paper aims to resist the emerging consensus, arguing that republicans should be cosmopolitans. The considerations offered against cosmopolitanism generally rest on an incomplete understanding of the relationship between economic inequality or poverty on the one hand, and domination on the other. Insofar as republicans agree that promoting freedom from domination should be our central political aim, they should regard the reduction of economic inequality and poverty at home and abroad as equally pressing.
Wird von Terrorismusbekämpfung gesprochen, ist der Fokus auf nationale Problemlösungen gerichtet. Bei modernen Formen des Terrorismus handelt es sich zumeist um transnationale Phänomene, denen auch transnational begegnet werden muss. Zwei Beispiele zeigen die Probleme, die aus einer nationalen Beschränkung entstehen...
CfP: "Digital -Dis-Orders"
(2016)
The 7th Annual Graduate Conference of the Cluster of Excellence „Normative Orders“ is taking place from 17 to 19 November 2016 at Goethe-University Frankfurt. The call for papers to this year’s conference theme „Digital <Dis>Orders“ (@digdis2016) is open until 30 June 2016.
Am Montag, 30. Mai 2016 von 18.00-20.00h, laden das Institut für soziale Bewegungen (ISB) und die Gemeinsame Arbeitsstelle RUB/IGM zum 3. Bochumer Disput ein. Diskutiert wird zum Thema „Handelspolitik gerecht gestalten? Die Transatlantische Handels- und Investitionspartnerschaft (TTIP) als politischer Prozess“.
This is the 20. article in our series Trouble on the-Far-Right.
Just a few days ago during a parliamentary session, a Kurdish deputy was violently attacked and injured by members of the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP). As if to support Charles Tilly’s statement that ‘political violence occurs when actors have few opportunities, yet enough resources to mobilize for violence’1, many groups in Turkey are currently involved in a battle against Kurdish, Alevi or left Turkish citizens. The Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in a political stalemate, uses military and police, but also the Nationalist Movement Party’s (MHP) youth organization Grey Wolves as well as Islamist militias like Esedullah Timleri (Arabic for: Lions of Allah) have increasingly resorted to violence as tool of action.
Political violence has been a central characteristic of the Turkish far right, which largely resembles street-based mobilization in Western Europe. Despite the common ultra-nationalist ideology, the Gülen Movement (GM) stands out. AKP’s former “soft-power instrument” now appears to be the only reasonable and non-violent player among all of these self-named animal groups. Since the power struggle escalated between Erdoğan and Fethullah Gülen in 2013, the GM has been seen as a victim of Erdoğan’s repressive measures, instead of making itself conspicuous by using violence. How can we explain this exception?
This is the 14. article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
country’s domestically weak far right has managed to send its representatives to the European Parliament (EP). Prior to 2014, these MEPs remained largely isolated, retaining a non-affiliated status. Initially, Volen Siderov’s far right party Attack, the first of its kind in post-communist Bulgaria, won three seats in the legislative body in 2007. Formed in 2005, Attack quickly gained electoral support, conveying a strong xenophobic and anti-minority rhetoric combined with emphasis on Orthodox Christian values and opposition to globalization. No other Bulgarian party has previously sought to attract voters using such a strategy. Attack participated in the short-lived Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty group in the EP. Further efforts for constructing a lasting political grouping on the far right with the participation of Bulgarian parties remained futile, making their influence on debate-shaping and decision-making hardly possible. Winning a seat less in 2009, Attack remained outside of any recognized EP political group...
Entre os autores da Teoria Crítica frankfurtiana, talvez Adorno seja declaradamente o mais influenciado pela filosofia de Hegel. Coube ao mesmo preservar o sentido de dialética que, reconfigurada, aparece como método essencialmente crítico. Salientar o criticismo da dialética significa, aos olhos de Adorno, entendê-la como essencialmente negativa, algo previsto na sua formulação inicial no contexto do idealismo pós-kantiano. Entretanto, é possível observar tão claramente essa força crítica dentro do próprio Hegel? A resposta a tal questão surge na própria comparação entre os conceitos (Crítica, dialética, negatividade) conjugados pelos dois pensadores, algo que buscamos mostrar no presente artigo.
Seitdem im Juli die Schiedsentscheidung über die Territorialkonflikte im südchinesischen Meer gefällt wurde, wird in Zeitungen und Blogs intensiv darüber diskutiert, wie diese Entscheidung einzuordnen ist und welche Folgen sich daraus ergeben. Das Schiedsgericht hat nicht über Fragen der Souveränität selbst entschieden, sondern über die rechtlichen Grundlagen, aus denen Souveränitätsansprüche abgeleitet werden können. In diesem Zusammenhang hatte das Gericht die interessante Frage zu klären, inwieweit die durch China angeführten „historischen Rechte“ geeignet sind, einen Gebietsanspruch zu begründen. Klar ist, dass der Schiedsspruch nicht geeignet ist, den Konflikt zu beenden. China hat von Beginn an deutlich gemacht, dass es das Verfahren weder anerkennen noch sich daran beteiligen würde und hat daher schließlich auch die Entscheidung als rechtwidrig abgelehnt. Die Funktion des Verfahrens ist daher auch weniger die Konfliktlösung, die es nicht leisten kann, als vielmehr das Herausarbeiten einer rechtlich gerechtfertigten Position....
Am 12. Juli wurde vom Internationalen Schiedshof das Urteil im Streit zwischen den Philippinen und der VR China verkündet. Der Schiedshof erklärte, dass große Teile der chinesischen Ansprüche im Südchinesischen Meer null und nichtig sind, da sie einer rechtlichen Grundlage entbehren. Dies betrifft zunächst die auf der sog. nine-dash line basierenden Ansprüche. Dabei handelt es sich um eine aus den 1940er Jahren stammende Karte mit neun unterbrochenen Strichen, mittels derer China seit Jahrzehnten die äußeren Grenzen seiner nicht näher bestimmten historischen Rechte auf große Teile des Südchinesischen Meeres begründet. Gefallen sind auch die Ansprüche auf eine bis zu 200 Seemeilen umfassende ausschließliche Wirtschaftszone (Exclusive Economic Zone; EEZ) in den Spratly-Inseln und rund um Scarborough Shoal im Norden des südchinesischen Meeres, weil diesen vom Gericht der Inselstatus abgesprochen wurde. Der Verlust dieser Rechte wiederum hat zur Folge, dass die chinesische Besetzung mehrerer Riffe und Atolle als illegal eingestuft wird, weil sie innerhalb der ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone EEZ der Philippinen liegen....
Nachkriegsländer gehören zu den schwierigsten politischen Arenen. Die Herausforderungen bestehen nicht nur darin, diese Länder dabei zu unterstützen Kriege zu beenden und neue Gewaltausbrüche zu verhindern, sondern vielmehr zu einem friedlichen Zusammenleben zurückzukehren. In diesem Zusammenhang ist in den letzten Jahren das Interesse vieler Wissenschaftler als auch vieler internationaler Akteure gestiegen, das mögliche Potential des nachhaltigen Managements natürlicher Ressourcen zu nutzen um Friedensprozesse zu unterstützen. Die Hoffnung liegt dabei darin, dass eine gute Regierungsführung („Good Governance“) und insbesondere die nachhaltige Entwicklung und Nutzung von Ressourcen wie Wasser, Wald oder landwirtschaftlichen Flächen, Kooperation zwischen Konfliktparteien ermöglichen und dabei zum Neustart der internen Beziehungen beitragen. Die wachsende Bedeutung des Zusammenspiels zwischen der Entwicklung von Frieden und Umweltschutz sowie der nachhaltigen Nutzung von Ressourcen wurde erst kürzlich durch die Ziele nachhaltiger Entwicklung der Vereinten Nationen bestätigt....
This is the tenth article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
How can a racist party that was getting less than 0.2% of the vote for years, enter parliament with 18 MPs? How can a party that promotes violence, hate, sexism and murders amplify its reach after each pogrom? How can Golden Dawn remain the third political power in Greece for four years? And what’s in the mind of a Golden Dawner?...
This is the seventh article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
While one cannot say that the far right movements and ideologies in Latvia are in a state of flux, the current situation in Europe has prompted some developments that could turn into significant trends in the medium to longer term. In turn, these could have an effect on broader European politics, if left unchecked...
This working paper is based on a lecture given at the Summer School “Multiple Inequalities in the Age of Transnationalization”, June 23-27 2014 at Goethe University Frankfurt. In it, I explore the linkages between sexuality and migration and aim to show that instead of deeming them a narrow subfield of migration studies, thinking through these linkages has much wider implications for different fields, including post- and decolonial queer studies, the study of race and sexuality, the study of citizenship and state projects of inclusion/exclusion, and for work that attempts to ce-center the predominant knowledge production focused on the Global North.
Am 27. Dezember 2015 verabschiedete der Ständige Ausschuss des Nationalen Volkskongresses das erste Antiterrorgesetz in der Geschichte der Volksrepublik China (VRC). Damit wurde eine über 25 Jahre erarbeitete umfangreiche Antiterrorstrategie zu Papier gebracht und mit ihr endlich eine verbindliche rechtliche Definition von „Terrorismus.“ Bereits gängige Praktiken wie öffentliche Medienzensur oder die Verpflichtung von Telekommunikationsunternehmen und Internetprovidern zur Bereitstellung von Inhaltsdaten wurden formalisiert und verschärft, sowie auch die Mobilisierung zivilgesellschaftlicher Organisationen auf eine rechtliche Grundlage gestellt. Allerdings stellt das Gesetz nur den finalen, formalen Schritt einer fünfundzwanzigjährigen Entwicklung dar. Tatsächlich kämpft Beijing seit Anfang der 1990er Jahre in der Provinz Xinjiang mit einer Mischung aus separatistisch und islamistisch motivierter politischer Gewalt, an deren Spitze seit spätestens 2008 das East Turkestan Independence Movement (ETIM) steht. ETIM weist ideell und organisatorisch eine Nähe zu Al Qaeda auf, und arbeitet transnational mit der Islamischen Bewegung Usbekistans, Tehrik-i-Taliban (Pakistan) und der al-Nusra Front (Syrien) zusammen...
This is the fourth article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
Terror from the extreme right has again gained a wider public attention in 2011 with the devastating attacks carried out by Anders Behring Breivik in Norway and the detection of the right-wing terrorist cell called “National Socialist Underground” (NSU), which had committed ten murders, three bombings and a dozen bank robberies during more than a decade of time in Germany. In many Western countries violence motivated by racism, anti-government hate, anti-Semitism or other aspects of right-wing extremism, appears to be a regular part of criminal activities. Hate crime legislation and statistics vary strongly but show that next to high intense terrorist attacks such as 9/11, the attacks in London, Madrid or Paris, right-wing violence and terrorism is the most dangerous politically motivated threat. In the United States for example Perliger (2012) counted 4,420 right-wing terrorist incidents between 1990 and 2012 causing 670 fatalities and 3,053 injuries. In Germany official statistics counted 69 right-wing attacks between 1990 and 2015 causing 75 casualties, while civil society watchdogs count up to 184 deaths. In Russia some experts speak of approximately 450 right-wing motivated killings between 2004 and 2010. Nevertheless, this specific form of political violence remains largely under-researched and misunderstood as non-terroristic. In consequence the threat from the far right is continuously downplayed with severe consequences for victims and the internal security.
This is the 22. article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
Changing political and economic situations generate new types of political protagonists – the far right is no exception here. Whether its structures and organizational forms endure, whether they diffuse (trans)nationally, whether their models prove successful, depends on various factors. A model that is currently about to serve as a flagship for the far right in Europe is the neo-fascist movement / party CasaPound. So why is this organizational model within the far right in Italy and Europe so successful?
My contribution is intended to shed light on the hybridity of CasaPound and the resulting force for the renewal of fascism. To carry out my argument, I will first describe the evolution of CasaPound from a movement to a party. Then I will discuss strategies and practices in terms of organizational and ideological hybridization, to finally outline the European dimension of the self-proclaimed „fascists of the third millennium“...
It is estimated that a number between 27,000 and 31,000 foreign fighters have been flocking to Iraq and Syria since the breakout of the war in 2011.
An updated assessment of the flow of foreign fighters into Syria and Iraq shows that there is a significant increase in the number of foreign fighters travelling to Syria. Data provided by the Soufan Group in 2014 estimated that the identifiable number of foreign fighters is approximately 12,000 from 81 countries. It was also believed that the number of foreign Jihadists coming form Western countries does not exceed 3000: “Around 2,500 are from Western countries, including most members of the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand”, according to Soufan’s initial report on Foreign Fighters in Syria. Now the number exceeds 27,000 foreign fighters from at least 86 countries...
What’s that again? Blasphemy law? An Egyptian court sentenced the Islamic scholar and theologian Islam Al-Buhairi to one year in prison for blasphemy. Al-Buhairi was accused of insulting Islam in his TV show “With Islam Al-Buhairi” on “Al-Qahira wa Al-Nas” channel. Al-Buhairi questioned the “Islamic heritage”, which angered the Al-Azhar scholarship...
Islamic State (IS), previously known as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), has shown nothing but destruction, chaos and sectarianism. Through terror strategies, they rapidly spread over great parts of eastern Syria and north and central Iraq. Their new recruits came from all over the world, but mainly from Islamic countries. Arab countries had the biggest share of recruits. While IS was assembling supporters and sympathisers, Sunni Clergymen constantly called for ‘material and moral’ support to the Syrian rebels, and accordingly, thousands of foreign fighters flooded into Syria for Jihad. According to a Soufan Group research in 2014 on the foreign fighters in Syria, it is estimated that the highest number of foreign fighters came from Tunisia (about 3,000), Saudi Arabia (about 2,500), Morocco (about 1,500), Russia (about 800), France (700), Turkey and the United Kingdom (about 400 each). These numbers exclude the Syrians and Iraqis who are already in IS...
Given the current Middle Eastern scenario, one may reasonably hold the argument that the on-going turmoil in the Middle East owes its burden equally to the Machiavellian Anglo-American policies in the region and the harrowing failure of the Muslim governments/leaderships in the Middle East to rationally respond to those challenges. But are there any dimensions beyond religion?
Tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran have been increasing recently. Although the narrative developed to describe the execution of a Saudi Shiite cleric, Nimr Al-Nimr, as a sectarian dimension of the Kingdom’s policies towards Iran, Saudi Arabia’s goals are not principally fuelling the Shiite-Sunni divide. The Saudi executions were partially an attempt by Saudi Arabia to severe ties with Iran and push the tensions forward. Lifting sanctions against Iran, coupled with oil prices plummeting to around $32 per barrel remains a frightening nightmare for the Saudis...
Here we go again. Recent terrorist attacks against another European capital city in less than a year continue to shake the core of world politics. It is worth to note that terrorist attacks are not only happening against European states, but also against other countries, most notably Turkey and Indonesia. Is it a clash of cultures, religions, or it is merely politics? How do we keep serving Daesh (Islamic State)?
Radicalisation is a phenomenon that has been striking not only in parts of Asia and Africa but also in the heart of Europe. While the number of Muslims in Germany is estimated by 4,7 millions (5,8%), 70% of the almost 900,000 asylum-seekers have arrived in recent years are believed to be Muslims. It is undeniable that there is discrimination in Germany, and it is equally undeniable that more on issues of integration and conflict prevention should be done. Thus, could effective integration processes prevent radicalisation of the Muslim youth in Europe?