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Disturbances in lipid metabolism are responsible for many chronic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Regulation of lipid metabolism occurs by activated transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) and liver X receptor α (LXRα) mediating transcription of different target genes involved in regulation of fatty acid uptake and oxidation or cellular cholesterol homeostasis. This is especially relevant for the macrophages, since pathways regulated by PPARδ and LXRα affect foam cell formation, a process driving the progression of atherosclerotic lesion. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a central role in energy homeostasis in every type of eukaryotic cell, but its role in human macrophages, particularly with regard to lipid metabolism, is not precisely defined yet. Thus, I investigated the impact of AMPK activity on PPARδ and LXRα and the expression of their target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and cholesterol metabolism.
As PPARδ has been described as a potential target for prevention and treatment of several disorders and AMPK as interesting drug target for diabetes and metabolic syndrome, the aim of the first part of my studies was to investigate their interaction in primary human macrophages. Completing the first challenge successfully, I was able to establish a lentiviral transduction system for constitutively active AMPK (consisting of a truncated catalytic AMPKα1 subunit bearing an activating T198D mutation) in primary human macrophages.
Using genome-wide microarray analysis of gene expression, I demonstrate FAO as the strongest affected pathway during combined AMPKα1 overexpression and PPARδ activation.
The most influenced genes were validated by quantitative PCR as well as by Western analysis. I found that AMPK increases the expression of FAO-associated genes targeted by PPARδ. Corroborating the results obtained using AMPKα1 overexpression, PPARδ target gene expression was increased not only by PPARδ agonist GW501516, but also by pharmacological allosteric AMPK activator A-769662. Additional enhancement of target gene mRNA expression was achieved upon co-activation of PPARδ and AMPK. Silencing PPARδ expression increased basal expression of target genes, confirming the repressive nature of ligand-free PPARδ, abolishing the increased target gene expression upon AMPK or PPARδ activation. Measurements of triglyceride contents of human macrophages incubated with VLDL following PPARδ activation demonstrated a reduction of intracellular triglyceride accumulation in cells, which may reflect the enhancement of fat catabolism.
In the second part of my studies, I concentrated on the regulation of cholesterol transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression by AMPK. ABCA1 facilitates
cholesterol efflux from macrophages thus, preventing atherosclerosis progression. For the first time, AMPK implication in the regulation of the ABCA1 pathway could be presented. Both AMPK overexpression and activation lead to significantly increased ABCA1 expression, whereas AMPKα1 knock-down strongly reduced this effect. Besides, I was able to prove an enhanced activity of ABCA1 during AMPK activation in human THP-1 macrophages by measuring cholesterol efflux into apolipoprotein AI-containing medium.
Previous findings showed regulation of ABCA1 by LXRα. I confirmed these results by silencing experiments indicating an essential role of LXRα in ABCA1 regulation pathway.
Here, ABCA1 mRNA as well as protein expression were positively mediated by LXRα. LXRα activation elevated ABCA1 levels, whereas its silencing down-regulated this effect.
Interestingly, ABCA1 was found to be regulated only by LXRα and not through LXRα. At the same time, knock-down of PPARδ, -γ or -δ, which may be also involved in the regulation of LXR/ABCA1 axis, did not influence the activation of ABCA1 expression by an AMPK activator. To confirm that LXRE on Abca1 promoter is essential for ABCA1 regulation, I performed luciferase reporter assay using constructs based on Abca1 promoter with or without LXRE mutation. Mutation of LXRE abolished reporter activity, whereas AMPK activation increased luciferase activity of wild-type LXRE construct. Furthermore, I demonstrate AMPK-dependent LXRα binding to the LXRE site of Abca1 promoter using the method of chromatin immunoprecipitation. AMPK activation significantly increased, whereas silencing of AMPK significantly attenuated LXRα binding, indicating AMPK as one of the most important regulators of ABCA1 expression.
In summary, I provided an evidence for AMPK involvement into lipid and cholesterol metabolism in human macrophages showing the regulation of PPARδ and LXRα target genes. The understanding of AMPK and PPARδ interaction allows the development of new approaches for treatment of metabolic syndrome and related diseases. Increased FAO during the activation of both proteins may exhibit better therapeutic benefit. On the other hand, I have shown the impact of AMPK activation on ABCA1 via LXRα up-regulation leading to increased cholesterol efflux in human macrophages for the first time. These findings thus may impact future improving of anti-atherosclerosis therapies.
El libro pretende brindar un recorrido inicial a través de la fauna de arañas de la Argentina. Está organizado en veintiún capítulos. En el primero de ellos se presentan características generales de las arañas. Cada uno de los capítulos siguientes corresponde a una familia distinta. Se exponen aspectos morfológicos, fisiológicos y etológicos, entre otros. Las arañas de interés sanitario presentes en el país se encuentran incluidas. El libro cuenta con más de 120 fotografías, todas fueron realizadas por el autor, y hasta ahora no habían sido publicadas. La obra está dirigida a todos los que se interesan por el mundo de las arañas, en particular a estudiantes y profesionales de ciencias biológicas, médicas y afines.
Minuartia hybrida subsp. tenuifolia (L.) Kerguélen und Minuartia viscosa (Schreb.) Schinz & Thell. – Beispiele für den Schutz und die Erhaltung konkurrenzschwacher, stark gefährdeter Pflanzenarten in Mitteldeutschland. – Mitt. florist. Kart. Sachsen-Anhalt (Halle) 20: 33 – 53. Die Anzahl der Vorkommen von Minuartia hybrida subsp. tenuifolia und Minuartia viscosa in Mitteldeutschland hat sich während der letzten 50 Jahre sehr stark verringert. Beide Arten scheinen hier kurz vor dem Aussterben zu stehen. Insbesondere Minuartia viscosa gehört aufgrund des Rückgangs im Hauptverbreitungsgebiet Mitteleuropa zu den Arten, für deren Erhaltung Deutschland besondere Verantwortung trägt. Die Arten und je einer ihrer letzten Fundorte werden vorgestellt und die Artzugehörigkeit sowie die Gründe des Rückgangs erläutert. Über die Versuche zur Förderung der Bestände an den natürlichen Wuchsorten, die Möglichkeit der Erhaltung der Arten in Botanischen Gärten sowie der Wiederansiedlung an geeigneten Wuchsorten wird berichtet. Die Kombination dieser Maßnahmen könnte dazu dienen, die Erhaltungssituation der heimischen Genotypen mittelfristig zu verbessern und zu stabilisieren.
Der Sammelband vereint insgesamt neun englischsprachige Beiträge, die mit relevanten Fragestellungen und Erkenntnissen den Texten Zaimoglus einen Mehrwert verleihen. Diesen wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzungen sind zwei wichtige Kapitel vorangestellt: zum einen das unveröffentlichte erste Kapitel des Romans Leyla mit englischer Übersetzung sowie einem Kommentar der Herausgeber und zum anderen Interviews, ebenfalls samt englischer Übersetzung von Tom Cheesman, welche die Herausgeber mit dem Schriftsteller geführt haben. Eingerahmt sind alle diese Beiträge des Bandes von einer Einleitung und einem Bericht von Günter Senkel, dem Freund des Schriftstellers sowie Co-Autor seiner Theatertexte, der über seine Recherchearbeiten mit Zaimoglu erzählt und dabei auch private Erfahrungen mitreflektiert.
Formas de literatura digital
(2015)
Este artículo presenta y analiza ejemplos de las principales formas de la literatura digital que recurre a las posibilidades de la programación. Los hipertextos provocan en el lector una búsqueda por caminos en estructuras no lineales; la poesía cinética visual anima letras y textos; las instalaciones multimedia combinan texto, imágenes o sonido; los generadores de textos intentan simular el proceso creativo de la escritura humana; los juegos de video literarios provocan la pregunta por la diferencia entre leer y jugar; finalmente, la poesía de código computacional mezcla el lenguaje natural con el código de la computadora. La literatura digital es altamente auto-reflexiva y, así, pone a debate aspectos vinculados con la lectura y la escritura, incluso la frontera entre textos literarios y pragmáticos, así como la relación de la literatura con las bellas artes y la música. Asimismo los textos que se generaron cinética o aleatoriamente exploran los mecanismos de la creación de significación al tiempo que la performatividad y la interactividad de la literatura digital llama la atención al papel del lectorusuario en el proceso de la comunicación literaria.
Since few decades there is a broad debate about the so called ecological crisis. The debate had its highlight at the Rio-Conference in 1992. This conference was also the starting point for a wide range of political efforts concerned with a broad spectrum of biodiversity issues. Insofar, the term ‘biodiversity’ is not one of the natural sciences, but one which is inherently connected with questions of good human life. This article argues that the question for the good life predominantly fulfills a heuristic function and is to be answered in light of certain societal relations to nature. Furthermore, in light of these societal relations to nature it is argued for a virtue ethical approach with respect to the individual good life, whereas concerning the scale of societal aspects transdisciplinarity is identified as the appropriate research mode, which addresses both societal and scientific issues.
The biography and cultural activities of Count Albert Josef Hodic has become a central theme of a whole series of publications on the history and cultural history, in which this nobleman is approached from the biographical as well as cultural and historical perspective. Although in the specialized literature Albert Joseph Hoditz is associated with the attributes oscillating between creativity, versatility, pacifist and cosmopolitan attitude, the pursuit of literary history to illuminate his numerous representations in European literature is rather marginal. The article aims to contribute to the approximation of the image of Count Hoditz in German literature.
Musik und Dichtung sind spätestens seit dem Hohelied Salomos und den bacchantischen Hymnen an Dionysos engstens verbunden. Der gregorianische Gesang des Mittelalters benutzte die lateinischen Texte der Liturgie, Liedkomponisten seit Schubert nehmen ihre Libretti von literarischen Texten her, und Debussys Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune setzt eine Bekanntschaft mit Mallarmés Gedicht voraus. Die Form der Sonate unterliegt Thomas Manns 'Tonio Kröger' (1903) sowie auch Hermann Hesses 'Der Steppenwolf' (1927), und andere musikalische Formen werden häufig mit raffinierter Bewusstheit angewendet, wie etwa in Robert Pingets 'Passacaille' (1969), Herbert Rosendorfers 'Deutsche Suite' (1972) oder Anthony Burgess' 'Napoleon Symphony' (1974). Thomas Bernhard in 'Der Untergeher' (1983) sowie französische, englische, und amerikanische Schriftsteller derselben Jahre nahmen Bachs Goldberg Variationen als Grundlage für Thema und/oder Struktur ihrer Romane. Und mehrere Komponisten haben versucht, die Musikstücke, die in Thomas Manns 'Doktor Faustus' (1947) so ausführlich beschrieben werden, zu realisieren. So verwundert es kaum, wenn gewisse Motive, die mit der Musik eng verwoben sind auch in Dichtungen auftauchen.
Tiphallus torreon n. sp., the fi rst rhachodesmid milliped from Coahuila, Mexico, displays an iridescent turquoise pigmentation with patterned white paranotal markings and a truncated, subapical projection from the broad, non-descript gonopodal acropodite. Four genera – Strongylodesmus Saussure, Mexidesmus Loomis, and Ceuthauxus and Tiphallus, both by Chamberlin – contain forms exhibiting this general condition, but the last is the only one whose type species does. Synthetic treatments are essential to advance familial knowledge beyond the descriptive stage, and revising these four taxa would constitute a meaningful initial study. Rhachodesmidae extend from northern Nuevo León, Mexico, ca. 77 km (48 mi) from the Rio Grande, to central Costa Rica; Glomeridae (Glomerida), Platydesmidae (Platydesmida), and Stemmiulidae (Stemmiulida) show similar distributions whereas Allopocockiidae (Spirobolida) and Rhysodesmus Cook (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) traverse the river and occupy southernmost Texas. Tridontomidae, the other component of Rhachodesmoidea, occupies a small enclave in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Rhachodesmidae/oidea do not occur in Panama and are initially recorded from Belize; localities are needed from Honduras.
The fauna of Panama is species-rich due to its location and topography, and the resulting diversity of microclimates and habitats. The last summary of information about the caddisfly fauna (Insecta: Trichoptera) of Panama in 1992 noted 168 taxa in 13 families and 39 genera. Since then, and through 2014,
a large number of publications, based on work by a dedicated cadre of individuals, have recorded a net gain of 78 species and six genera. In 2015, 17 new species to science and 38 new country records were added, including one new family and two new genera for the country; and, two species were removed. Thus, 299 species of caddisflies are now known from the Republic of Panama and are distributed among 14 families
and 47 genera. Given the higher diversity in neighboring Costa Rica (>500 species), we feel certain that there are many more species yet to be discovered.
Nichts anderes geschieht dem Bauernsohn Helmbrecht, als dass er sich die heldenhaften Erzählungen und kunstvollen Lebweisen des Adels über den Kopf respektive über die Weltwahrnehmung streift. So erschafft er sich ein halb-holographisches 'Second Life', in dem er sich wider seinen Stand die Ehrhaftigkeit der adligen Aventürewelten angedeihen lässt. Die Holo-Haube (als 'textura' wie Text) 'infiziert' sein Denken, belegt mit ihren Abbildern (so könnte man es mittelalterlich verstehen) die vier in seinem Kopf gelagerten Kammern der 'imaginatio', 'memoria', 'ratio' und des 'intellectus' mit dem hofliterarischen Wertsystem.
In dem vorgelegten Beitrag werden auf Grund der Analyse der Textsortenmerkmale konventionalisierte Muster von Absageschreiben präsentiert. Das Schwergewicht wird dabei auf die Makrostruktur und die Formulierungsmuster gelegt. Den Ausgangspunkt bildet die These, dass das Merkmal der Formelhaftigkeit sowohl auf der Ebene der Form als auch auf der sprachlichen Ebene beobachtbar ist. Die Grundlage der Analyse bilden authentische deutsche Absageschreiben, die drei Formen - Aperitif-Briefe, eigentliche Absageschreiben und Eisschreiben - erkennen lassen. Die Belege wurden in den Jahren 2001–2012 gesammelt.
Teil X unserer Serie zum „Islamischen Staat“. Im November 2014 schworen mehrere jihadistische Gruppierungen in Ägypten, Libyen und Algerien dem Islamischen Staat (IS) zeitgleich den Treueid. Der Anführer des IS, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, erklärte daraufhin, seine Organisation habe weitere Territorien in Nordafrika annektiert, diese Länder seien nun Provinzen des Islamischen Staates.
Diese konzertierte Aktion sorgte weltweit für Aufsehen, vermittelte sie doch den Eindruck einer ungebrochenen Expansion des IS, der nach Landgewinnen in Syrien und dem Irak nun auch in anderen Regionen der islamischen Welt die Vorherrschaft anstrebte. Doch bei näherer Betrachtung entpuppt sich die vom Islamischen Staat erklärte Expansion nach Nordafrika vor allem als geschickte PR-Aktion: Denn die Behauptung des IS, auf einen Schlag die Herrschaft über weite Teile Nordafrikas übernommen zu haben, ist falsch. Sofern diese Expansion stattfindet, dann vorrangig in den Köpfen der Beobachter – sie entspricht jedoch nur sehr eingeschränkt den Tatsachen am Boden. Dort ist der Einfluss der IS-Anhänger lokal begrenzt, dort sind sie nur eine von vielen Gruppen, die um Macht und Einfluss kämpfen. Von der Verwaltung ganzer Städte und Landstriche kann derzeit jedoch keine Rede sein...
The frequency of intensional and non-first-order definable operators in natural languages constitutes a challenge for automated reasoning with the kind of logical translations that are deemed adequate by formal semanticists. Whereas linguists employ expressive higher-order logics in their theories of meaning, the most successful logical reasoning strategies with natural language to date rely on sophisticated first-order theorem provers and model builders. In order to bridge the fundamental mathematical gap between linguistic theory and computational practice, we present a general translation from a higher-order logic frequently employed in the linguistics literature, two-sorted Type Theory, to first-order logic under Henkin semantics. We investigate alternative formulations of the translation, discuss their properties, and evaluate the availability of linguistically relevant inferences with standard theorem provers in a test suite of inference problems stated in English. The results of the experiment indicate that translation from higher-order logic to first-order logic under Henkin semantics is a promising strategy for automated reasoning with natural languages.
"Je suis Charlie" was used over 619.000 times in the two days that have followed the attack of the editorial team of Charlie Hebdo (Le Progrès, The Huffington Post) and has regularly been taken up in both written and spoken form since. In this paper, we argue that the structure of this sentence actually clashes with its meaning. More specifically, whereas its word order and default rightmost sentence stress are compatible either with an all-focus reading or a narrow focusing of Charlie, the context of use of this sentence as well as the solidarity/empathy message it intends to communicate suggest that its subject is narrowly focused. We will propose that two strategies have emerged to solve this conflict: (i) various alternative forms have appeared that allow proper subject focusing and (ii) speakers have reinterpreted the structure so as to pragmatically retrieve the (additive) focused nature of the subject.
Increasing bike traffic in many European countries is a sign of a shift in planning paradigms towards more sustainable mobility cultures. It is also the result of 20 to 30 years of evolution and refinement in the training of urban and transport planners. Capacity development is therefore key when it comes to changing mobility cultures. Nevertheless, the day-to-day work of transport planners still focuses mostly on motorised traffic and the tasks of creating a smooth traffic flow, improving accessibility, and maintaining infrastructure. Cycling plays only a minor role, with efforts often still concentrated on the building of cycle lanes. The broader strategic goal of how to make urban mobility culture more sustainable – and within this the need to focus on cycling as an everyday mode of transport – is often neglected. Direct regulation is not possible when it comes to mobility cultures. Instead they represent a community-wide (communication) process that calls for a new planning paradigm: Besides the political will to establish a sustainable urban mobility culture, emphasis must also be placed on skills and training for urban and transport planners.
This paper attempts to apply the concepts of proximity and distance to a literary text – Arthur Schnitzler's "Fräulein Else". The analysis builds on five different proximity-distance relations: spatial, temporal, social, emotional and cognitive. The purpose is to show how linguistic devices are used to describe individual relations and what roles these relations play in the given text.
Die Herrschaft Roms erstreckte sich über mehrere Jahrhunderte hinweg und umfasste den größten Teil der damals bekannten antiken Welt. Dies war auch und vor allem wegen einer äußerst effektiven Armee möglich, die es schaffte, mit relativ geringer Truppenzahl das Reich stabil und sicher zu halten. Diese allgemein bewunderte Leistungsfähigkeit ist schon mehrfach untersucht und beschrieben worden. Umfassende Darstellungen zur römischen Armee, die gleichermaßen für die Wissenschaft, wie auch für die Allgemeinheit einen Einblick ermöglichen, gab es bislang aber nur in englischer oder französischer Sprache. Mit dem hier zu besprechenden voluminösen und reich bebilderten Werk legen nun Thomas Fischer und seine Mitautoren einen solchen Überblick in deutscher Sprache vor. ...
Bis auf eine kurze Einleitung über Gliederung und Bewaffnung der Marineinfanterie (S. 353) ist der Teil VI der Publikation (S. 352-395), der sich mit der römischen Kriegsmarine beschäftigt, von Thomas Schmidts und Ronald Bockius verfasst worden. ...
Römische Grabbauten sind im Grunde kein Thema, dem es an wissenschaftlicher Aufmerksamkeit mangelt. Allerdings lag der Fokus in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten beinahe durchweg auf den Denkmälern in Rom und Italien, die sowohl aus bautypologischer als auch aus sozial- und kulturhistorischer Perspektive intensiv erforscht wurden und werden. Für die Grabbauten in den Provinzen, insbesondere den Nordwestprovinzen fehlte es dagegen lange an übergreifenden Studien. Diese Lücke wird nun durch die in Teilen auf den Ergebnissen eines EUProjektes zum Thema "Transformation" aufbauende Studie von Markus Scholz (S.) geschlossen, der sich den erhaltenen Denkmälern in detaillierter Weise anhand einer typologischen Methodik annimmt. Der Größe des Untersuchungsgebiets, das von Britannien über die Rhein- und Donauprovinzen bis ans Schwarze Meer reicht, und der damit einhergehend immensen Zahl einbezogener Objekte (ca. 3500 Grabbauten) entspricht auch der Umfang des Werkes, das mit zwei Bänden mit jeweils rund 570 Seiten bereits auf den ersten Blick gewichtig anmutet. ...
Der Begleitband zur Ausstellung Fantastische Welten. Albrecht Altdorfer und das Expressive in der Kunst um 1500 gliedert sich, nach einer kurzen Einführung durch Jochen Sander (15–19), in einen knappen Essayteil mit Beiträgen von Guido Messling, Matthias Weniger, Susanne Jaeger und einen Katalogteil der Ausstellungsexponate, die unterteilt in ihre Themengebiete wiederum durch einleitende Texte begleitet werden. ...
Hintergrund: Die Interaktion zwischen β-HCG und TSH in der Schwangerschaft stellt ein differentialdiagnostisches Problem dar, weil die Wertung von supprimierten TSH-Spiegeln erschwert wird. Dies kann im schlimmsten Fall zu Fehlinterpretationen führen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, diese Interaktion an einem großen Kollektiv in einen zeitlichen Kontext mit dem Verlauf der Schwangerschaft zu bringen, da der Zeitpunkt des Screenings entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Höhe des TSH-Spiegels hat. Zusätzlich wurden anhand der vorliegenden Daten Referenzbereiche für Schwangere berechnet und der Einfluss einer Jodmedikation untersucht.
Patienten und Methoden: Aus einem unselektionierten Pool von Patientinnen eines nuklearmedizinischen Praxisverbundes wurden die Daten von 1283 schilddrüsengesunden Schwangeren zwischen 16 und 48 Jahren ausgewertet. Neben der TSH-Bestimmung lag ein Schwerpunkt auf dem zeitlichen Verlauf, so dass die Schwangeren in Untergruppen von je 2 Wochen analysiert wurden. Untersucht wurde der Einfluss der Jodmedikation auf die TSH-Werte. Am Ende erfolgte mit Hilfe der logarithmischen Transformation unter Verwendung der 2-Sigma-Grenzen die Bestimmung neuer TSH-Referenzbereiche für Schwangere.
Ergebnisse: Es zeigt sich zu Beginn der Schwangerschaft ein Anstieg der mittleren TSH-Werte von 1,22 mU/l in der 2. SSW bis auf 1,7 mU/l um die 7. SSW mit einem konsekutiven Abfall der TSH-Werte bis auf 0,9 mU/l bis zur 16. SSW (entsprechend 52,9%). Der größte Abfall findet sich in der 12. bis 14. SSW, also zum Zeitpunkt des ersten Screenings. Die Jodmedikation hat keinen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf den TSH-Wert. Die Berechnung schwangerschaftskorrigierter Referenzbereiche zeigt im ersten Drittel TSH-Werte von 0,08 – 3,67 mU/l, im 2. Drittel 0,04 – 2,88 mU/l und im 3. Trimenon 0,17 – 3,19 mU/l.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die niedrigsten TSH-Werte zum Zeitpunkt des ersten Screenings zu erwarten sind und deswegen möglicherweise zu Fehlentscheidungen führen können. Ein relevanter Zusammenhang der Jodmedikation mit dem TSH-Wert lässt sich nicht nachweisen. Neue Referenzbereiche für Schwangere könnten hilfreich sein, dieses diagnostische Dilemma zu vermeiden.
Even though the microevolution of plant hosts and pathogens has been intensely studied, knowledge regarding macro-evolutionary patterns is limited. Having the highest species diversity and host-specificity among Oomycetes, downy mildews are a useful a model for investigating long-term host-pathogen coevolution. We show that phylogenies of Bremia and Asteraceae are significantly congruent. The accepted hypothesis is that pathogens have diverged contemporarily with their hosts. But maximum clade age estimation and sequence divergence comparison reveal that congruence is not due to long-term coevolution but rather due to host-shift driven speciation (pseudo-cospeciation). This pattern results from parasite radiation in related hosts, long after radiation and speciation of the hosts. As large host shifts free pathogens from hosts with effector triggered immunity subsequent radiation and diversification in related hosts with similar innate immunity may follow, resulting in a pattern mimicking true co-divergence, which is probably limited to the terminal nodes in many pathogen groups.
Der folgende Artikel soll einen Überblick über ein Phänomen geben, das unter verschiedenen Namen einen Einzug in deutsche Grammatiken und linguistische Fachtexte gehalten hat. Man begegnet ihm als "Attribuierungskomplikation", "schiefes Attribut", "grammatische Illusion" und Ähnlichem. Gemeint sind Daten wie der grüne Bohneneintopf, der vierstöckige Hausbesitzer oder das direkte Objektpronomen, sowie die Absturzursache des TWA-Jumbos und die Kritikpunkte an Lakoff. Im Folgenden soll aufgezeigt werden, wie die Diskussion um (scheinbar) fehlerhafte Attribuierungen von N+N-Komposita wieder zu einem virulenten Forschungsthema wurde (§1) und wie dessen Behandlung in Grammatiken (§2), (populären) Sprachkritiken (§3) und Fachtexten (§4) aussieht. In §5 wird eine abschließende Diskussion gegeben.
Das im vorliegenden Artikel untersuchte Phänomen im Deutschen ist in der Literatur bisher quasi unentdeckt geblieben. Die einzige Ausnahme bildet der Beitrag von Berg (2008). Die Beobachtung ist folgende: Unter bestimmten Bedingungen, die mit Emphase zu tun haben, kann die lexikalisch festgelegte Betonung, also der Wortakzent, verschoben werden. Im Normalfall betrifft dieser Prozess nicht-native lexikalische Einheiten, denn die Akzentverschiebung passiert in der Regel von hinten nach vorn. Da deutsche Erbwörter initial-, also erstbetont, sind, ist das schwer möglich (jedoch s.u.). Fremdwörter, die auf den hinteren Silben betont sind, sind deshalb prädestiniert. Die meisten Beispiele kommen aus dem Bereich der Wortklasse Adjektiv: spektakulär, skandalös, sensationell, optimal, ideal, brutal, fulminant, perfekt, gigantisch. Im angedeuteten expressiven Gebrauch kann der Wortakzent von der letzten auf die erste Silbe wandern [...].
Die Forderung, Kultur und Kunst stärker in den Deutschunterricht und ins germanistische Studium
einzubeziehen, wiederholt sich zyklisch seit Jahren, obwohl die Unterrichtsbedingungen sich im Laufe der Zeit veränderten und unterschiedliche didaktische Ansätze verschiedene Schwerpunkte präferierten. Dabei wird die Kultur in germanistischen Kreisen in ihren beiden Bedeutungen erörtert – als Hochkultur, als Kunst, die den Zeitgeist reflektiert und Anregungen für die Weiterentwicklung der Kulturen gibt, sowie als anthropologischer Begriff, der sich auf eine soziale Gruppe bezieht, ihre Artefakte, Praktiken, Normen und Werte umfasst. Im vorliegenden thematischen Block überwiegen Beiträge, die Kunst in ihren vielfältigen Formen – als Literatur, Musik, Film als auch Kombinationen von diesen Kunstsparten darlegen, wie sie in der Verfilmung literarischer Werke oder in der Werbung vorkommen. Aus didaktischer Sicht sollte der Kunst im Fremdsprachenunterricht ein besonderer Stellenwert eingeräumt
werden.
Vorwort (9)
I. Literaturwissenschaft und Landeskunde
Markus FISCHER (Bukarest): Rückkehr ins geschenkte Leben. Der Alkestis-Stoff bei Euripides, Hofmannsthal und Rilke (13)
Ivana PAJIĆ (Novi Sad): Die Funktion des Erzählers bei der Konstruktion des Bildes des Anderen in Saša Stanišićs Roman Wie der Soldat das Grammofon repariert (31)
Francisca SOLOMON (Jassy / Iași): Die Bukowiner Dimension als Erfahrung der „Andersartigkeit“ am Beispiel Alexander Spiegelblatts Kurzerzählung In fartogikn groy [Im Morgengrauen] (41)
Teodora-Bianca MORARU (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Die synästhetische Darstellung der Welt als erotische Reise in Gheorghe Crăciuns Femei albastre (54)
Alina BRUCKNER (Jassy / Iași): Die romantische Stimmung: Kennzeichen der populären Schriftsteller (82)
II. Sprachwissenschaft
Doris SAVA (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Kontaktanzeigen aus sprach- und kulturvergleichender Perspektive. Ausblick auf künftige Forschungsaufgaben (97)
Ellen TICHY (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Deutsch nach der Wende in Mittelosteuropa– Studiengänge der Germanistik, Deutschlehrerausbildung und Deutsch als Berufssprache (116)
Adriana IONESCU (Bukarest): Griechische Sprachfallen des Deutschen. Falsche Freunde zwischen Eros und Thanatos (132)
Ioana CONSTANTIN (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Die Liebe zur Zeit der Einquartierung. Detail aus dem Sittengemälde der Zeit anhand der Besprechung eines Gerichtsprotokolls aus den Beständen des Hermannstädter Judikats (149)
Mihaela PARPALEA (Braşov/Kronstadt): Sprachmode am Beispiel der Trivialpublizistik (166)
III. Übersetzungswissenschaft und -kritik
Lăcrămioara POPA (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Alfred Margul-Sperber - Porträt eines hervorragenden Dichters und Übersetzers (183)
Carmen POPA (Hermannstadt/Sibiu): Ein Hermannstädter Hexenprozess aus dem Jahr 1697. Kulturhistorische und translatologische Betrachtungen (196)
IV. Bücherschau
Delia COTÂRLEA (Braşov/Kronstadt): Rezension (217)
Ewelina WILKOS (Szczecin/Polen): Rezension (222)
Verzeichnis der AutorInnen (226)
Vorwort (9)
I. Literaturwissenschaft und Landeskunde
Markus FISCHER (Bukarest): Vermessene Vermesser – Bestimmungen des Raums in Daniel Kehlmanns Roman Die Vermessung der Welt und in Detlev Bucks gleichnamiger Verfilmung (13)
Carmen Elisabeth Puchianu (Braşov/Kronstadt): Literarische Provinz zwischen Welthaltigkeit und Ortlosigkeit. Zur Performativität des Räumlichen an zwei Beispielen (38)
Maria Sass (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Jedes Gebäude besitzt seine eigene Geschichte. Hermannstadt als literarischer Raum in Erzählungen Joachim Wittstocks (51)
Grazziella Predoiu (Temeswar): Raumkonstellationen in Marlen Hofers Roman Die Wand (66)
Christina Weigel (Erfurt): Symbole zu unsicheren und mehrdeutigen Identitäten im Roman Ascheregen von Joachim Wittstock (89)
Manuel Stübecke (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Schrecken der Peripherie –Vampyre als mehreutiges Grenzphänomen (106)
II. Sprachwissenschaft
Doris Sava (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Areale der Phraseologie (123)
Adina-Lucia Nistor (Jassy): Zur Motivation weltweiter Fluggesellschaften. American Airlines, Tiger Airways, Carpatair, Hello (181)
Sigrid Haldenwang (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Zu
siebenbürgischsächsischen Bezeichnungen für „Hürde, Tiergehege, Einhegung am Felde für das Vieh, besonders für Schafe“, auch nur räumliche Teile derselben; aufgrund der muttersprachlichen Bezeichnungen gebildete verdeutlichende Komposita (194)
Ioana Constantin (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Eine Hexe sollst du nicht am Leben lassen. Zu Hexen und deren Verfolgung in Hermannstadt. Einblick in die Bestände des Hermannstädter Judikats (217)
Liana Regina Iunesch (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Zum Einsatz von DaF-Lehrwerken in Rumänien (235)
Ivana Jeftić (Novi Sad): Die Donauschwaben in Syrmisch Mitrowitz (259)
III. Übersetzungswissenschaft und –kritik
Carmen Popa (Sibiu/Hermannstadt): Translationstheoretische Betrachtungen zu frühneuhochdeutschen Kanzeleitexten aus den Beständen des Hermannstädter Archivs (273)
IV. Bücherschau
Maria Irod (Bukarest): Rezension (287)
Verzeichnis der AutorInnen (295)
Writing the history of archaeology has become increasingly diverse in recent years due to developments in the historiography of the sciences and the humanities. A move away from hagiography and presentations of scientific processes as an inevitable progression has been requested in this context. Historians of archaeology have begun to utilize approved and new historiographical concepts to trace how archaeological knowledge has been acquired as well as to reflect on the historical conditions and contexts in which knowledge has been generated. This volume seeks to contribute to this trend. By linking theories and models with case studies from the nineteenth and twentieth century, the authors illuminate implications of communication on archaeological knowledge and scrutinize routines of early archaeological practices. The usefulness of different approaches such as narratological concepts or the concepts of habitus is thus considered.
Au milieu du beau livre d’Anna Karla, le lecteur tombe sur les réflexions du général François-Amédée Doppet qui, dans sa préface aux »Mémoires politiques et militaires«(1797), rapporte les conditions nécessaires pour écrire une histoire véritable de la Révolution française. À son avis, il faudra un écrivain impartial, éloigné du chaos des événements, qui, tout d’abord, rassemblera tous les souvenirs écrits par les protagonistes de la Révolution, jusque-là encore dominés par l’esprit de parti. Seul cet écrivain pourra, avec l’impartialité de l’historien, extraire de ces mémoires une histoire complète des bouleversements révolutionnaires. La vérité sur la Révolution, donc, ne pourra être formulée que longtemps après la fin de celle-ci. ...
In der familienbiographischen Studie „Bürgerliche Lebenswelten im Spiegel eines familiären Briefwechsels“ wird eine bürgerliche, nicht-prominente Familie aus Hamburg über drei Generationen hinweg in der Zeit von 1840 bis 1930 untersucht. Als Quellen wurden knapp 3000 Privatbriefe sowie mehrere Familienchroniken ausgewertet.
Thematisch gehört die Arbeit zum Kontext der deutschsprachigen Bürgertumsforschung und hat eine Schnittmenge mit mehreren thematischen Unterbereichen: Sie legt einen starken Fokus auf geschlechtergeschichtliche Themen und Problemstellungen und weist interdisziplinär Schnittmengen mit der Soziologie auf. Gerade bei der Beschreibung von biographisch hochemotionalen Momenten nähert sie sich bewusst der bislang wenig beachteten ,Gefühlskultur’ bürgerlicher Menschen und ihrer je nach Persönlichkeit sehr individuellen Ausprägung an.
Diese Woche steht nicht im Zeichen des #varoufake – schlicht und einfach weil es wichtigere Dinge gibt als den deutschen Michel mit Schaum vorm Mund. Stattdessen haben wir Debatten über Konfliktstudien und ihre Kontrollmöglichkeiten, Neues zu Venezuela, Postkoloniale Betrachtungen, Infos zu PPP-Projekten und einen weiteren ISA-Recap für Euch gesammelt. Und auch #blockupy darf nicht fehlen. Viel Spaß!
Den wissenschaftlichen Historismus seit Leopold von Ranke und den ästhetischen Historismus des klassischen historischen Romans seit Walter Scott, der bis heute etwa im Wenderoman von Uwe Tellkamp seine Fortsetzung findet, scheint eher ein Verwandtschafts- als ein Transformationsverhältnis zu verbinden. Etablierte sich der historische Roman gerade dadurch als Gattung, dass er an der Geschichtswissenschaft und ihrem Wahrheitskriterium Maß nehmend Ebenbürtigkeit reklamierte, relativiert die postmoderne Historiografieforschung umgekehrt den Gültigkeitsanspruch der wissenschaftlich ermittelten Sinnhaftigkeit der Geschichte als Produkt narrativer Verfahren ihrer Darstellung. Die Transformation der Geschichtswissenschaft in den historischen Roman, so die These dieses Aufsatzes, betrifft weniger die Erzählverfahren als vielmehr die Sinndeutung: Die abstrakten Sinnzusammenhänge, die die Wissenschaft konstruiert, übersetzt der Roman zurück in konkreten Sinn, der der Geschichte die Aura von Subjektgemäßheit und Zustimmungswürdigkeit verleiht.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte die Chancen und Restriktivitäten einer künstlerischen Ausbildung. Welche Möglichkeiten stehen einer künstlerischen Ausbildung zur Verfügung und welchen Grenzen steht sie unüberwindlich gegenüber? Diese waren konstitutionstheoretisch zu entfalten und wissenschaftspraktisch anhand von mir erhobenem Datenmaterial (vornehmlich Interviews mit Studenten und Professoren von Kunsthochschulen in Deutschland) zu belegen bzw. zu verdichten...
Mimuloria Chamberlin 1928 is revived from synonymy under Nannaria Chamberlin 1918a for Nannariini (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) with simple but apically ornamented gonopodal acropodites that arch or lean mediad and cross body midlines and opposing acropodites in situ. It encompasses two assemblages based primarily on the nature of the ornamentations, the castanea and dilatata species groups. The former includes three established species [M. castanea (McNeill 1887) M. missouriensis Chamberlin 1928 and M. davidcauseyi (Causey 1950a)], and the latter contains two new ones (M. dilatata [M. d. dilatata, M. d. sigmoidea], and M.
rhysodesmoides). Castanaria Causey 1950b is returned to synonymy under Mimuloria, and C. depalmai Causey 1950b is placed under M. castanea, thereby constituting a new synonymy. The fi rst illustrations of the holotype gonopods of Fontaria oblonga C. L. Koch 1847 and N. minor Chamberlin 1918a unequivocally establish their identities, and the convoluted nomenclatural tangle involving Oenomaea Hoffman 1964 and O. pulchella (Bollman 1889a) is detailed. Whether in Oenomaea or a new genus, separate generic status seems appropriate for Nannariini with subterminal solenomeres; N. morrisoni Hoffman 1948 and its potential synonym N. shenandoa Hoffman 1949 may also belong here. Initial tribal localities are reported from Alabama, South Carolina, and coastal Virginia and Maryland, and “O. pulchella” occurs in northern Alabama north/west of the Tennessee River; M. castanea is newly recorded from Missouri and Tennessee. A horizontally subtriangular distribution in the eastern and midwestern states is projected for Nannariini, which even occur on South Bass Island, Ohio, in Lake Erie, and may thus inhabit
nearby Pelee Island, Ontario, Canada.
Pandirodesmus rutherfordi, n. sp., represented by 18 individuals including eight adult males, occurs in secondary forests near Charlotteville and Speyside, Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago. Along with the type and second species, P. disparipes Silvestri, from Guyana and known only from females, the segmental legs of P. rutherfordi alternate between long (anterior pairs) and short (posterior ones), spiracular openings are on straw-like tubules, and ozopores are located on paramedian metatergal spines. These features appear to be adaptations for biotopes of loose sand, detritus, or frass, and 17 specimens, including the six juveniles, exhibit coatings of “sand grains” that are loosely cemented together and to the smooth, translucent, grayish-white exoskeleton. The tubules and spines elevate the spiracles and ozopores above the coating, thereby ensuring that they remain open and functional.
The coating, which provides camoufl age and lends strength and rigidity to the poorly sclerotized exoskeleton, is a subuniform “pavement” that covers the entire animal except the labrum/clypeus, tarsal and antennal apices, prozonae, paraprocts, and the gonopods in males. Ramose/dendritic setae, particularly on narrowly rounded podo-/antennomeres, trap “sand grains,” and the ozopore secretions apparently constitute the “glue” that cements the coating, as evidenced circumstantially by layers of “sand” between the spines on the anterior metaterga, where they are physically closest. The alternating segmental leg lengths, in part due to differing ventrolateral and ventromedial origins, appear to be an adaptation for lateral/sideways motion in which the long (anterior) legs extend laterally and pull the body to the level of the short (posterior) ones, which continue the motion while the anterior legs extend to begin the next stroke. The opposing legs perform the complementary pushing motion a fraction after the long legs initiate the pulling stroke and hence are slightly and purposefully out of sync. An adult male paratype lacks the coating, probably because it had just molted and lacked time to amass it; the juvenile female paratype of P. disparipes also is “naked,” as was, according to Silvestri, the now lost adult female holotype. Until fresh material is collected, coatings cannot be confi rmed for P. disparipes even though it shares the anatomical modifi cations that seem adaptions for such. The minute, triramous gonotelopodites of P. rutherfordi are unlike any known for a chelodesmid, so the current generic placement, in a monotypic tribe in the nominate chelodesmid subfamily, is retained. With species in both South America and the southern Antilles, Pandirodesmus/ini had to exist on both the “proto-Antillean” terrane and the adjoining part of Pangaean Gondwana before the former rifted in the Cretaceous/Paleocene, ~66 million years ago, and P. rutherfordi is a remnant of the former population that became isolated on present-day Tobago when the terrane fragmented. Affi nity between Guyanan and southern Antillean platyrhacid millipeds (Polydesmida: Leptodesmidea) suggest that Pandirodesmus/ini may occur sporadically as far north in the island chain as St. Lucia.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of body developed by Luhmann's systems theory. Privileged places where one can look for the body will be the interpenetration between human beings and the concept of socialization. Another fundamental problem is the relationship between semantics and body, although the most explicit presence of the body in this theory comes with the concept of symbiotic mechanisms or symbols. The last place where this enquiry will look for a bodily reference are emotions, which were highly ignored by Luhmann. Alternative approaches explored in the paper are treating the body as a structure, as a medium or as an internal environment.
Als Christian Krachts Roman 'Faserland' 2013 in Niedersachsen Abiturstoff werden sollte, fand Heike Schmoll diesen Umstand geradezu skandalös. Neben der ostentativen Oberflächlichkeit der Hauptfigur kritisierte sie in der FAZ den mangelhaften Realismus des Romans: "Wie unglaubwürdig die Erzählung in sich ist, zeigt sich daran, wenn er seine Barbour-Jacke im Flughafengebäude entzündet, ohne dass irgendjemand davon Notiz zu nehmen scheint." In 'Faserland' wird jedoch keineswegs so realistisch erzählt, wie es die Journalistin annimmt. Vielmehr blendet Schmolls Feststellung aus, was schon im Deutschunterricht im Hinblick auf realistisches Erzählen geschult wird: nämlich die Frage, ob die Dinge, von denen erzählt wird, eine Bedeutung jenseits des Realistischen transportieren – man denke nur an Effis Schaukel in Hohen-Cremmen. Dies bedenkend, stellt sich freilich die Frage, ob die Barbourjacke, die der namenlose Ich-Erzähler in 'Faserland' verbrennt, im Roman die Funktion solch eines Dingsymbols einnimmt.
Mit Hilfe der Sprache verstehen wir einander, kommunizieren wir mit den Menschen um uns herum, denken wir über Dinge und Vorgänge nach; die Sprache hilft uns die Welt und die Menschen um uns zu erfassen. Die Sprachen, die sich gleichzeitig mit den menschlichen Gemeinschaften entwickeln, eignen wir uns nicht nur an und benutzen sie, sondern wir erforschen sie auch. Die Erforschung der Sprachen hat auf allgemeiner Ebene weltweit eine sehr lange Tradition. Auf ihre Entwicklung haben einen bedeutenden Einfluss nicht nur die „traditionellen“ Wissenschaftsdisziplinen wie zum Beispiel die Linguistik, die Literaturwissenschaft, die Pädagogik oder die Geschichtswissenschaften, sondern auch sich stetig etablierende neuere Wissenschaften, zu denen etwa die Soziolinguistik, die Psycholinguistik, die Kontakt- oder Areallinguistik oder die Fremdsprachendidaktik gehören. Wie zum Teil bereits durch einige soeben genannte wissenschaftliche Disziplinen angedeutet, wird die Erforschung der Sprachen durch die gesellschaftspolitische Entwicklung eines konkreten soziokulturellen und regional eingeschränkten Umfelds während einer bestimmten zeitlich begrenzten Epoche beeinflusst. Eine der wichtigsten Herausforderungen für die heutige Gesellschaft ist neben der Entwicklung einer funktionellen Mehrsprachigkeit des Einzelnen auch die Respektierung sprachlicher wie kultureller Vielfalt, die Wahrnehmung der Sprache als identitätsbestimmendes und identitätsentwickelndes Phänomen sowie als wichtiger Bestandteil unseres gemeinsamen kulturellen Erbes.
In diesem Verständnis wurde die Konferenz Deutsch ohne Grenzen zum Anlass für eine internationale wissenschaftliche Diskussion über die aktuelle Entwicklung im Bereich der multidimensional und transnational aufgefassten germanistischen Linguistik und Literaturwissenschaft, ausgewählter Gesellschaftswissenschaften sowie der Didaktik im Fach Deutsch als Fremdsprache im europäischen Kontext.
Der vierteilige Sammelband beinhaltet den Großteil der im Verlauf dieser Konferenz präsentierten theoretischen und empirischen Beiträge, die im September 2014 an der Pädagogischen und an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Südböhmischen Universität in České Budějovice stattgefunden hat. Ihr Hauptorganisator war der Germanistenverband der Tschechischen Republik. An der Konferenz nahmen 142 Fachleute aus elf Ländern teil. [...]
Der vorliegende Teil des Konferenzbandes enthält Beiträge aus der Sektion Didaktik Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Diese Beiträge harmonisieren mit der aktuellen Entwicklung im Bereich des Fremdsprachenunterrichts, der durch eine Reihe von Faktoren beeinflusst wird, u. a. durch die neuesten Befunde der Wissenschaften, die sich mit der Erforschung der Lernprozesse und des Sprachenunterrichts befassen, ebenso wie durch politische, sprachpolitische oder wirtschaftliche Faktoren. In Europa gewinnen die Fremdsprachenkenntnisse in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend an Bedeutung. Das hat zur Folge, dass neue Sichtweisen auf den Fremdsprachenunterricht und dessen Erforschung gesucht werden und sich etablieren.
Die einzelnen Studien reflektieren den aktuellen Stand der theoretischen und der empirischen Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Fremdsprachendidaktik in ihrem breiten Forschungsspektrum sowie die Implikationen von deren Ergebnissen für den Fremdsprachenunterricht. Sie fokussieren nicht nur auf Lern- und Lehrprozesse bei Fremdsprachen auf allgemeiner Ebene, sondern akzentuieren im Hinblick auf den Konferenzschwerpunkt auch Fragen des Deutschunterrichts. Deutsch wird in letzter Zeit im gesamteuropäischen Kontext zu einer typischen zweiten Fremdsprache (L3) auf Primar- wie Sekundarstufe. Der Band enthält aber auch Studien, die hemen wie Deutschunterricht für Vorschulkinder oder aber für tschechische Germanistik- oder DaF-Studierende bearbeiten. Des Weiteren werden hier Studien zu folgenden hemen präsentiert: früher Fremdsprachenunterricht, Mehrsprachigkeit, Professionalisierung der FremdsprachenlehrerInnen, Entwicklung von sprachlichen Fertigkeiten, Aussprache und Grammatik im Deutschunterricht, Motivation, Analyse von Fremdsprachenlehrwerken, (inter)kulturelle Aspekte des Deutschunterrichts, literarische Texte und bildende Kunst im Deutschunterricht, Arbeit mit Fehlern und kontrastive Linguistik.
In the initial stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, strong magnetic fields appear due to the large velocity of the colliding charges. The evolution of these fields appears as a novel and intriguing feature in the fluid-dynamical description of heavy-ion collisions. In this work, we study analytically the one-dimensional, longitudinally boost-invariant motion of an ideal fluid in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Interestingly, we find that, in the limit of ideal magnetohydrodynamics, i.e., for infinite conductivity, and irrespective of the strength of the initial magnetization, the decay of the fluid energy density e with proper time τ is the same as for the time-honoured “Bjorken flow” without magnetic field. Furthermore, when the magnetic field is assumed to decay , where a is an arbitrary number, two classes of analytic solutions can be found depending on whether a is larger or smaller than one. In summary, the analytic solutions presented here highlight that the Bjorken flow is far more general than formerly thought. These solutions can serve both to gain insight on the dynamics of heavy-ion collisions in the presence of strong magnetic fields and as testbeds for numerical codes.
The Treaty of Maastricht imposed the strict obligation on the European Union (EU) to establish an economic and monetary union, now Article 3(4) TEU. This economic and monetary union is, however, not designed as a separate entity but as an integral part of the EU. The single currency was to become the currency of the EU and to be the legal tender in all Member States unless an exemption was explicitly granted in the primary law of the EU, as in the case of the UK and Denmark. The newly admitted Member States are obliged to introduce the euro as their currency as soon as they fulfil the admission criteria. Technically, this has been achieved by transferring the exclusive competence for the monetary policy of the Member States whose currency is the euro on the EU, Article 3(1)(c) TFEU and by bestowing the euro with the quality of legal tender, the only legal tender in the EU, Article 128(1) sentence 3 TFEU.
The paper traces the developments from the formation of the European Economic and Monetary Union to this date. It discusses the fact that the primary mandate of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) is confined to safeguarding price stability and does not include general economic policy. Finally, the paper contributes to the discussion on whether the primary law of the European Union would support a eurozone exit. The Treaty of Maastricht imposed the strict obligation on the European Union (EU) to establish an economic and monetary union, now Article 3(4) TEU. This economic and monetary union is, however, not designed as a separate entity but as an integral part of the EU. The single currency was to become the currency of the EU and to be the legal tender in all Member States unless an exemption was explicitly granted in the primary law of the EU, as in the case of the UK and Denmark. The newly admitted Member States are obliged to introduce the euro as their currency as soon as they fulfil the admission criteria. Technically, this has been achieved by transferring the exclusive competence for the monetary policy of the Member States whose currency is the euro on the EU, Article 3(1)(c) TFEU and by bestowing the euro with the quality of legal tender, the only legal tender in the EU, Article 128(1) sentence 3 TFEU.
In its meeting on 6 September 2012, the Governing Council of the ECB took decisions on a number of technical features regarding the Eurosystem’s outright transactions in secondary sovereign bond markets (OMT). This decision was challenged in the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC) by a number of constitutional complaints and other petitions. In its seminal judgment of 14 January 2014, the German court expressed serious doubts on the compatibility of the ECB’s decision with the European Union law.
It admitted the complaints and petitions even though actual purchases had not been executed and the control of acts of an organ of the EU in principle is not the task of the GFCC. As justification for this procedure the court resorted to its judicature on a reserved “ultra vires” control and the defense of the “constitutional identiy” of Germany. In the end, however, the court referred the case pursuant to Article 267 TFEU to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for preliminary rulings on several questions of EU law. In substance, the German court assessed OMT as an act of economic policy which is not covered by the competences of the ECB. Furthermore, it judged OMT as a – by EU primary law – prohibited monetary financing of sovereign debt. The defense of the ECB (disruption of monetary policy transmission mechanism) was dismissed without closer scrutiny as being “irrelevant”. Finally the court opened, however, a way for a compromise by an interpretation of OMT in conformity with EU law under preconditions, specified in detail.
Procedure and findings of this judgment were harshly criticized by many economists but also by the majority of legal scholars. This criticism is largely convincing in view of the admissibility of the complaints. Even if the “ultra vires” control is in conformity with prior decisions of court it is in this judgment expanded further without compelling reasons. It is also questionable whether the standing of the complaining parties had to be accepted and whether the referral to the ECJ was indicated. The arguments of the court are, however, conclusive in respect of the transgression of competences by the ECB and – to somewhat lesser extent – in respect of the monetary debt financing. The dismissal of the defense as “irrelevant” is absolutey persuasive.
Tracheomalacia or tracheobronchomalacia (TM or TBM) is a common problem especially for elderly patients often unfit for surgical techniques. Several surgical or minimally invasive techniques have already been described. Stenting is one option but in general long-time stenting is accompanied by a high complication rate. Stent removal is more difficult in case of self-expandable nitinol stents or metallic stents in general in comparison to silicone stents. The main disadvantage of silicone stents in comparison to uncovered metallic stents is migration and plugging. We compared the operation time and in particular the duration of a sufficient Dumon stent fixation with different techniques in a patient with severe posttracheotomy TM and strongly reduced mobility of the vocal cords due to Parkinson’s disease. The combined approach with simultaneous Dumon stenting and endoluminal transtracheal externalized suture under cone-beam computer tomography guidance with the Berci needle was by far the fastest approach compared to a (not performed) surgical intervention, or even purely endoluminal suturing through the rigid bronchoscope. The duration of the endoluminal transtracheal externalized suture was between 5 minutes and 9 minutes with the Berci needle; the pure endoluminal approach needed 51 minutes. The alternative of tracheobronchoplasty was refused by the patient. In general, 180 minutes for this surgical approach is calculated. The costs of the different approaches are supposed to vary widely due to the fact that in Germany 1 minute in an operation room costs on average approximately 50–60€ inclusive of taxes. In our own hospital (tertiary level), it is nearly 30€ per minute in an operation room for a surgical approach. Calculating an additional 15 minutes for patient preparation and transfer to wake-up room, therefore a total duration inside the investigation room of 30 minutes, the cost per flexible bronchoscopy is per minute on average less than 6€. Although the Dumon stenting requires a set-up with more expensive anesthesiology accompaniment, which takes longer than a flexible investigation estimated at 1 hour in an operation room, still without calculation of the costs of the materials and specialized staff that the surgical approach would consume at least 3,000€ more than a minimally invasive approach performed with the Berci needle. This difference is due to the longer time of the surgical intervention which is calculated at approximately 180 minutes in comparison to the achieved non-surgical approach of 60 minutes in the operation suite.
Reading is not only "cold" information processing, but involves affective and aesthetic processes that go far beyond what current models of word recognition, sentence processing, or text comprehension can explain. To investigate such "hot" reading processes, standardized instruments that quantify both psycholinguistic and emotional variables at the sublexical, lexical, inter-, and supralexical levels (e.g., phonological iconicity, word valence, arousal-span, or passage suspense) are necessary. One such instrument, the Berlin Affective Word List (BAWL) has been used in over 50 published studies demonstrating effects of lexical emotional variables on all relevant processing levels (experiential, behavioral, neuronal). In this paper, we first present new data from several BAWL studies. Together, these studies examine various views on affective effects in reading arising from dimensional (e.g., valence) and discrete emotion features (e.g., happiness), or embodied cognition features like smelling. Second, we extend our investigation of the complex issue of affective word processing to words characterized by a mixture of affects. These words entail positive and negative valence, and/or features making them beautiful or ugly. Finally, we discuss tentative neurocognitive models of affective word processing in the light of the present results, raising new issues for future studies.
Different highly effective interferon-free treatment options for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are currently available. Pre-existence of resistance associated variants (RAVs) to direct antiviral agents (DAAs) reduces sustained virologic response (SVR) rates by 3–53% in hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infected patients depending on different predictors and the DAA regimen used. Frequencies of single and combined resistance to NS3, NS5A and NS5B inhibitors and consequences for the applicability of different treatment regimens are unknown. Parallel population based sequencing of HCV NS3, NS5A and NS5B genes in 312 treatment-naïve Caucasian HCV genotype 1 infected patients showed the presence of major resistant variants in 20.5% (NS3), 11.9% (NS5A), and 22.1% (NS5B) with important differences for HCV subtypes. In NS3, Q80K was observed in 34.7% and 2.1% of subtype 1a and 1b patients, respectively while other RAVs to second generation protease inhibitors were detected rarely (1.4%). Within NS5A RAVs were observed in 7.1% of subtype 1a and 17.6% in subtype 1b infected patients. RAVs to non-nucleoside NS5B inhibitors were observed in 3.5% and 44.4% of subtype 1a and 1b patients, respectively. Considering all three DAA targets all subtype 1a and 98.6% of subtype 1b infected patients were wildtype for at least one interferon free DAA regimen currently available. In conclusion, baseline resistance testing allows the selection of at least one RAVs-free treatment option for nearly all patients enabling a potentially cost- and efficacy-optimized treatment of chronic hepatitis C.
We model education as an investment in human capital that, like other investments, is appropriately evaluated in a framework that accounts for risk as well as return. In contrast to dominant wage-premia approach to calculating the returns to education, but which implicitly ignores risk, we evaluate the returns by treating the value of human capital as the price of a non-tradable risky asset. We do so using a lifecycle framework that incorporates risk preferences and earnings risk, as well as a progressive income tax and social insurance system. Our baseline estimate is that a college degree provides a $440K dollar increase in annual certainty-equivalent consumption. Although significantly smaller than traditional estimates of the value of education, these returns are still large enough to offset both the direct and indirect cost of college education for a large range of plausible preference parameters. Importantly, however, we find that accounting for risk reverses the finding from the education wage-premia literature regarding the trends in the returns to education. In particular, we find that the risk-adjusted gains from college completion actually decreased rather than increased in the recent period. Overall, our results show the importance of earnings risks in assessing the value of education.
This paper studies a two-country production economy with complete and frictionless financial markets and international trade of final goods in which competition in R&D leads to endogenous new firm creation and economic growth. Current monopolists ("incumbents") and potential new firms ("entrants") compete in developing patents domestically. I find that this induces negative spillover in consumption, i.e. home country's consumption decreases in response to positive productivity shocks in the foreign country. Second, there is positive spillover in R&D expenditures, i.e. home country's R&D expenditures increase in response to positive foreign productivity shocks, which is consistent with empirical evidence on international technology diffusion. Furthermore, the stylized fact in international macroeconomics that the cross-country correlation of consumption growth is significantly lower than the one of output growth is explained by the model. Fourth, net exports are negatively correlated with output as in the data. Fifth, the model matches the high comovement of the risk-free rates and stock returns across countries. Finally, the model produces a positive value premium.
The role of social groups in making historical events succeed takes shape according to two important factors: Their ability to change and the kind of their contribution to the development of that change in a way or another. The role of social groups especially emerges at times of revolutions and their subsequent changes on the political, socioeconomic and even intellectual levels. The most active and capable group to achieve change is the group of youth and students. In the revolutionary movements in Latin America, for instance, students prominently contributed to the fall down of long-lasting totalitarian dictatorships such in Chile, Brazil and Argentina. In the Arab uprisings in 2010-2011, students‘ roles varied from one country to another based on three axes of context, networks and contentious practices. This article expands on the role of Egyptian student movement in thriving for change despite the intensified restrictions by the state and how it continued its protest under repressive circumstances as a political actor...
The aim of this study was to identify sex-dependent expression of renal transporter mRNA in lean and obese Zucker spontaneously hypertensive fatty (ZSF1) rats and to investigate the interaction of the most altered transporter, organic anion transporter 2 (Oat2), with diabetes-relevant metabolites and drugs. Higher incidence of glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and protein casts in Bowman’s space and tubular lumen was detected by PAS staining in obese male compared to female ZSF1 rats. Real-time PCR on RNA isolated from kidney cortex revealed that Sglt1-2, Oat1-3, and Oct1 were higher expressed in kidneys of lean females. Oct2 and Mrp2 were higher expressed in obese males. Renal mRNA levels of transporters were reduced with diabetic nephropathy in females and the expression of transcription factors Hnf1β and Hnf4α in both sexes. The highest difference between lean and obese ZSF1 rats was found for Oat2. Therefore, we have tested the interaction of human OAT2 with various substances using tritium-labeled cGMP. Human OAT2 showed no interaction with diabetes-related metabolites, diabetic drugs, and ACE-inhibitors. However, OAT2-dependent uptake of cGMP was inhibited by furosemide. The strongly decreased expression of Oat2 and other transporters in female diabetic ZSF1 rats could possibly impair renal drug excretion, for example, of furosemide.
This paper undertakes a quantitative investigation of the effects of anticipated inflation on the distribution of household wealth and welfare. Consumer Finance Data on household financial wealth suggests that about a third of the US population holds all its financial assets in transaction accounts. The remaining two-third of the US population holds most of their financial assets outside transaction accounts. To account for this evidence, I introduce a portfolio choice in a standard incomplete markets model with heterogeneous agents. I calibrate the model economy to SCF 2010 US data and use this environment to study the distributive effects of changes in anticipated inflation. An increase in anticipated inflation leads households to reshuffle their portfolio towards real assets. This crowding-in of supply for real assets lowers equilibrium interest rates and thereby redistributes wealth from creditors to borrowers. Because borrowers have a higher marginal utility, this redistribution improves aggregate welfare. First, this paper shows that inflation acts not only a regressive consumption tax as in Erosa and Ventura (2002), but also as a progressive tax. Second, this paper shows that the welfare cost of inflation are even lower than the estimates computed by Lucas (2000) and Ireland (2009). Finally, this paper offers insights into why deflationary environments should be avoided.
Political rationality as a theory is important in its own right. Government leaders must calculate political costs such as the resources needed to generate support for a policy, the implications of a policy decision for re-election, and the possibility of provoking hostility for decisions not well received. Bounded rationality approach has yielded an enhanced understanding of how government organizations may produce unexpected or even unpredicted policy or program results. With public organizations not operating under full rationality conditions, administrators aspiring toward rationality may nonetheless find their goals undermined by a variety of forces, such as informational uncertainties and non-rational elements of organisational decision-making...
Secondary plant metabolites reveal numerous biological activities making them attractive as resource for drug development of human diseases. As the majority of cancer drugs clinically established during the past half century is derived from nature, cancer researchers worldwide try to identify novel natural products as lead compounds for cancer therapy. Natural products are considered as promising cancer therapeutics, either as single agents or in combination protocols, to enhance the antitumor activity of additional therapeutic modalities. Most natural compounds exert pleotrophic effects and modulate various signal transduction pathways. A better understanding of the complex mechanisms of action of natural products is expected to open new perspectives in coming years for their use alone or in combination therapies in oncology. Two major strategies to identify novel drug candidates from nature are the bioactivity-guided fractionation of medicinal plant extracts to isolate cytotoxic chemicals and the identification of small molecules inhibiting specific targets in cancer cells. In the present review, we report on our own efforts to unravel the molecular modes of action of phytochemicals in cancer cells and focus on resveratrol, betulinic acid, artesunate, dicentrine and camptothecin derivatives.
Osteosarcomas are aggressive bone tumours with a high degree of genetic heterogeneity, which has historically complicated driver gene discovery. Here we sequence exomes of 31 tumours and decipher their evolutionary landscape by inferring clonality of the individual mutation events. Exome findings are interpreted in the context of mutation and SNP array data from a replication set of 92 tumours. We identify 14 genes as the main drivers, of which some were formerly unknown in the context of osteosarcoma. None of the drivers is clearly responsible for the majority of tumours and even TP53 mutations are frequently mapped into subclones. However, >80% of osteosarcomas exhibit a specific combination of single-base substitutions, LOH, or large-scale genome instability signatures characteristic of BRCA1/2-deficient tumours. Our findings imply that multiple oncogenic pathways drive chromosomal instability during osteosarcoma evolution and result in the acquisition of BRCA-like traits, which could be therapeutically exploited.
Eastern Dan-French dictionary, preceded by a grammar sketch, is the first and only dictionary of this language spoken in Western Côte d'Ivoire by half a million people. Both in dictionary and in the grammar sketch, lexical and grammatical tones are marked throughout. Polysemy and idiomatics are broadly represented, dictionary entries include abundant illustrative examples reflecting the cultural specifics of Dan. The dictionary has a French-Dan index. The publication is oriented both to Dan languages learners and professional linguists; it can be also used by the native speakers of Dan.
Western Dan-French dictionary is the first and only dictionary of this language spoken in Western Côte d'Ivoire by half a million people. In the Dictionary, lexical and grammatical tones are marked throughout. Polysemy and idiomatics are broadly represented, dictionary entries include abundant illustrative examples reflecting the cultural specifics of Dan. The dictionary has a French-Dan index. The publication is oriented both to Dan languages learners and professional linguists; it can be also used by the native speakers of Dan.
Indigenous knowledge is the dynamic information base of a society, facilitating communication and decision-making. It is the cornerstone of many modern-day innovations in science and technology. It is also a ready and valuable resource for sustainable and resilient livelihoods, and attracts increasing public interest due to its applications in bio-technology, health, bioprospecting, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food preparation, mathematics and astronomy. INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NAMIBIA is a fascinating compendium aimed at a wide readership of academics and students, government officials, policy makers, and development partners. The 17 chapters examine the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants for treating HIV/AIDS, malaria, cancer, and other microbial infections of humans and livestock; indigenous foods; coping and response strategies in dealing with human-wildlife conflicts, floods, gender, climate change and the management of natural resources. A new rationalisation of adolescent customary and initiation ceremonies is recommended in response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic; and a case study of the San people of Namibia speaks to the challenges of harmonising modern education with that of indigenous people.
Re-Viewing Resistance in Namibian History brings together the work of experienced academics and a new wave of young Namibian historians - architects of the past - who are working on a range of public history and heritage projects, from late nineteenth century resistance to the use of songs, from the role of gender in SWAPO's camps to memorialisation, and from international solidarity to aspects of the history of Kavango and Caprivi. In a culturally and politically diverse democracy such as Namibia, there are bound to be different perspectives on the past, and history will be as plural as the history-tellers. The chapters in this book reflect this diversity, and combine to create a remarkable collection of divergent voices, providing alternative perspectives on the past. Re-Viewing Resistance in Namibian History writes 'forgotten' people into history; provides a reading of the past that reflects the tensions and competing identities that pervaded 'the struggle'; and deals with 'heritage that hurts'.
This edited volume is about the rekindled investment in the figure of the first president Julius K. Nyerere in contemporary Tanzania. It explores how Nyerere is remembered by Tanzanians from different levels of society, in what ways and for what purposes. Looking into what Nyerere means and stands for today, it provides insight into the media, the political arena, poetry, the education sector, or street-corner talks. The main argument of this book is that Nyerere has become a widely shared political metaphor used to debate and contest conceptions of the Tanzanian nation and Tanzanian-ness. The state-citizens relationship, the moral standards for the exercise of power, and the contours of national sentiment are under scrutiny when the figure of Nyerere is mobilized today. The contributions gathered here come from a generation of budding or renowned scholars in varied disciplines - history, anthropology and political science. Drawing upon materials collected through extensive fieldwork and archival research, they all critically engage the existing literature about Tanzania and prevailing political narratives to explore how nationhood is (re)imagined in Tanzania today through assent and contest.
This is a commemorative volume devoted to the late Professor Willfried F. Feuser, a literary icon and a comparatist of no mean repute. Though German by origin, Professor Feuser showed great concern to the Africanist agenda of self-realisation, and therefore devoted the greatest part of his productive academic life to the cultural revival and socio-economic emancipation of Africa and the Diaspora through his scholarly publications. This book contains 20 essays on a wide range of issues in literary criticism.
The Last Of The Virgins
(2015)
Evelyn Ndangeh, a pretty Cameroonian teenager brought up in a strict Christian home, vows to preserve her maidenhood until she gets married to a man she truly loves. While in Our Lady of Lourdes College Mankon, she is approached by Lesley Njapa a student of Cameroon Protestant College Bali, after a student of CCAST Bambili. Evelyn turns him down only to find later that she can't stay alone without a man who must be none other than Lesley. Evelyn begins frantic moves to entice Lesley but on meeting him it seems too late though she gets close to his heart. Tragedy strikes when Lesley is involved in a motor accident. Evelyn arrives Bamenda general hospital wailing and settles beside Lesley to console and comfort him in his agony. Anxiety builds up to a crescendo and a medical team is mobilised to save Lesley's life.
According to Fossungu, we need healthy competition for progress. Competition that is not geared toward progress is negative competition. No competition or the absence of self-help is negative competition. With factories competing healthily, consumers have a variety of quality goods and services from which to choose. The entire community benefits when people in any grouping are competing positively; thus making the rules of competition graphical. The central focus of this book is the extent to which Canadian regulations apply without discrimination to all of Canada and to everyone, individuals and corporations alike. A swift answer is affirmative. But is that really it? The book is also about voluntary slavery, which is worse than forced enslavement. Drawing on Ignorance Theory, the book argues that the worst thing that can happen to anyone is to be ignorant of one's ignorance. He who does not know what he does not know will never know. Voluntary African slaves generally employ 'One Has No Choice' (On n'a pas le choix) to cloak their having chosen not to secure their rights. Fossungu demonstrates why he considers this an escapist way of shying away from doing the normal thing, thus giving the dictator or oppressor reason to dictate and oppress with impunity. This is Fossungu at his provocative and controversial best.
One Eternal Sleep
(2015)
In this volume Bill F. Ndi portrays life, death, and dying as one great adventure through which one would explore the limitless bounds of Life. At its best, the collection echoes the words of anthropologist Francis B. Nyamnjoh when he underlines that, 'one is only dead to particular context as a way of making oneself alive to prospective new contexts.' Ndi in this collection invites the reader to learn the art of living through the art of dying and accepting death.
Issue Two of Women in Islam includes investigations of social issues, profiles of inspiring women, book and film reviews, poetry, and opinion pieces. The theme of the dossier, The Female Body: A Contested Land, focuses on womens bodies, including articles on FGM, sexual harassment, and how art can challenge repressive social norms. Another section focuses on masculinity and the ways men can support women in the struggle for equality. Other highlights include profiles of Somali singer and politician Saado Ali Warsame, an analysis of Sudans discriminatory legal system, and a portrait of a Muslim society in Sumatra where religion and matriarchal traditions coexist.
Contemporary Oral Literature Fieldwork is based on rich research experience dating back to the 1990s. The book is written against the backdrop of Africa's confusion with regard to the place of oral literature in the face of the rest of the world, where oral literature exists in conjunction with new literary forms. Wasamba argues that the oral and the written literatures are complementary literary forms. Throughout the work, the author underscores the universal dimension of oral literature as he demonstrates its particular attributes.
This publication addresses the extent to which social work curricula in Kenya prepares graduates to handle issues of poverty and social development, the specific knowledge and skills that they are equipped with an existing gaps therein. In addition, the challenges that confront the training and practice of social workers and what needs to be done to ensure that there is an enabling environment for social work education and practice in the country have also been addressed. The publication, which is the outcome of a study on the promotion of professional social work towards social development and poverty reduction in East Africa, analyses the role that professional social work plays in the efforts to reduce poverty, enhance social development and realise the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Kenya. Consequently, emphasis has been laid on the status of professional social work education and practice in preparing social workers to address issues of poverty and MDGs in the country. Cross cutting gender issues that impact on social work education and practice which in turn affect the efforts to address poverty in Kenya have also been analysed. Given that the time span for MDGs was to end in 2015, the authors envisage that the lessons learnt through this study, and the gains made with regard to MDGs should not end in the set time span but rather, that social work educators and practitioners, together with other stakeholders in policy formulation and implementation, still have more to of in making sure that these gains are consolidated into social work training and practice, with additional efforts being made towards sustainable poverty reduction efforts in Kenya.
When voters enthusiastically turn up to cast their vote during general elections, they expect that their action would meaningfully change their lives. But in most of Africa, even when elections are held on a regular basis, voters are quite often disappointed by the performance of their leaders who use the new positions as an opportunity to loot public resources and consolidate power. It is almost as if elections are of minimal value to the populace. Notwithstanding this trend, when they are free and fair, general elections can be transformative. They can bring into the political arena men and women of integrity committed to service and account-ability. Inspired by the determination to have inclusive governance and the advancement of democracy, Kenya's 2013 General Election: Stakes, Practices and Outcomes asks important questions related to political participation, coalition building, politics of identity, the international criminal court, electoral systems and institutions, and the judiciary. The papers are written by mainly Kenyan academics and civil society actors who examine the drivers of the 20?3 general elections and the sources of the mandate to lead.This book is part of publications by Twaweza Communications on democratic practice and accountable governance in Kenya.