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The second and the third order anisotropic flow, V2 and V3, are mostly determined by the corresponding initial spatial anisotropy coefficients, ε2 and ε3, in the initial density distribution. In addition to their dependence on the same order initial anisotropy coefficient, higher order anisotropic flow, Vn (n > 3), can also have a significant contribution from lower order initial anisotropy coefficients, which leads to mode-coupling effects. In this Letter we investigate the linear and non-linear modes in higher order anisotropic flow Vn for n = 4, 5, 6 with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are done for particles in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 0.8 and the transverse momentum range 0.2 < pT < 5.0 GeV/c as a function of collision centrality. The results are compared with theoretical calculations and provide important constraints on the initial conditions, including initial spatial geometry and its fluctuations, as well as the ratio of the shear viscosity to entropy density of the produced system.
The KASCADE-Grande experiment has significantly contributed to the current knowledge about the energy spectrum and composition of cosmic rays for energies between the knee and the ankle. Meanwhile, post-LHC versions of the hadronic interaction models are available and used to interpret the entire data set of KASCADE-Grande. In addition, a new, combined analysis of both arrays, KASCADE and Grande, was developed significantly increasing the accuracy of the shower observables. First results of the new analysis with the entire data set of the KASCADE-Grande experiment will be the focus of this contribution.
New neutron cross section measurements of minor actinides have been performed recently in order to reduce the uncertainties in the evaluated data, which is important for the design of advanced nuclear reactors and, in particular, for determining their performance in the transmutation of nuclear waste. We have measured the 241Am(n,γ) cross section at the n_TOF facility between 0.2 eV and 10 keV with a BaF2 Total Absorption Calorimeter, and the analysis of the measurement has been recently concluded. Our results are in reasonable agreement below 20 eV with the ones published by C. Lampoudis et al. in 2013, who reported a 22% larger capture cross section up to 110 eV compared to experimental and evaluated data published before. Our results also indicate that the 241Am(n,γ) cross section is underestimated in the present evaluated libraries between 20 eV and 2 keV by 25%, on average, and up to 35% for certain evaluations and energy ranges.
The accuracy on neutron capture cross section of fissile isotopes must be improved for the design of future nuclear systems such as Gen-IV reactors and Accelerator Driven Systems. The High Priority Request List of the Nuclear Energy Agency, which lists the most important nuclear data requirements, includes also the neutron capture cross sections of fissile isotopes such as 233,235U and 239,241Pu. A specific experimental setup has been used at the CERN n_TOF facility for the measurement of the neutron capture cross section of 235U by a set of micromegas fission detectors placed inside a segmented BaF2 Total Absorption Calorimeter.
The experimental area 2 (EAR-2) at CERNs neutron time-of-flight facility (n_TOF), which is operational since 2014, is designed and built as a short-distance complement to the experimental area 1 (EAR-1). The Parallel Plate Avalanche Counter (PPAC) monitor experiment was performed to characterize the beam pro↓le and the shape of the neutron 'ux at EAR-2. The prompt γ-flash which is used for calibrating the time-of-flight at EAR-1 is not seen by PPAC at EAR-2, shedding light on the physical origin of this γ-flash.
Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are an essential tool to determine fundamental features of a neutron beam, such as the neutron flux or the γ-ray background, that sometimes can not be measured or at least not in every position or energy range. Until recently, the most widely used MC codes in this field had been MCNPX and FLUKA. However, the Geant4 toolkit has also become a competitive code for the transport of neutrons after the development of the native Geant4 format for neutron data libraries, G4NDL. In this context, we present the Geant4 simulations of the neutron spallation target of the n_TOF facility at CERN, done with version 10.1.1 of the toolkit. The first goal was the validation of the intra-nuclear cascade models implemented in the code using, as benchmark, the characteristics of the neutron beam measured at the first experimental area (EAR1), especially the neutron flux and energy distribution, and the time distribution of neutrons of equal kinetic energy, the so-called Resolution Function. The second goal was the development of a Monte Carlo tool aimed to provide useful calculations for both the analysis and planning of the upcoming measurements at the new experimental area (EAR2) of the facility.
Exposure to community violence through witnessing or being directly victimized has been associated with conduct problems in a range of studies. However, the relationship between community violence exposure (CVE) and conduct problems has never been studied separately in healthy individuals and individuals with conduct disorder (CD). Therefore, it is not clear whether the association between CVE and conduct problems is due to confounding factors, because those with high conduct problems also tend to live in more violent neighborhoods, i.e., an ecological fallacy. Hence, the aim of the present study was: (1) to investigate whether the association between recent CVE and current conduct problems holds true for healthy controls as well as adolescents with a diagnosis of CD; (2) to examine whether the association is stable in both groups when including effects of aggression subtypes (proactive/reactive aggression), age, gender, site and socioeconomic status (SES); and (3) to test whether proactive or reactive aggression mediate the link between CVE and conduct problems. Data from 1178 children and adolescents (62% female; 44% CD) aged between 9 years and 18 years from seven European countries were analyzed. Conduct problems were assessed using the Kiddie-Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia diagnostic interview. Information about CVE and aggression subtypes was obtained using self-report questionnaires (Social and Health Assessment and Reactive-Proactive aggression Questionnaire (RPQ), respectively). The association between witnessing community violence and conduct problems was significant in both groups (adolescents with CD and healthy controls). The association was also stable after examining the mediating effects of aggression subtypes while including moderating effects of age, gender and SES and controlling for effects of site in both groups. There were no clear differences between the groups in the strength of the association between witnessing violence and conduct problems. However, we found evidence for a ceiling effect, i.e., individuals with very high levels of conduct problems could not show a further increase if exposed to CVE and vice versa. Results indicate that there was no evidence for an ecological fallacy being the primary cause of the association, i.e., CVE must be considered a valid risk factor in the etiology of CD.
Sex differences in the relationship between conduct disorder and cortical structure in adolescents
(2017)
Objective: Previous studies have reported reduced cortical thickness and surface area and altered gyrification in frontal and temporal regions in adolescents with conduct disorder (CD). Although there is evidence that the clinical phenotype of CD differs between males and females, no studies have examined whether such sex differences extend to cortical and subcortical structure.
Method: As part of a European multisite study (FemNAT-CD), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were collected from 48 female and 48 male participants with CD and from 104 sex-, age-, and pubertal-status−matched controls (14–18 years of age). Data were analyzed using surface-based morphometry, testing for effects of sex, diagnosis, and sex-by-diagnosis interactions, while controlling for age, IQ, scan site, and total gray matter volume.
Results: CD was associated with cortical thinning and higher gyrification in ventromedial prefrontal cortex in both sexes. Males with CD showed lower, and females with CD showed higher, supramarginal gyrus cortical thickness compared with controls. Relative to controls, males with CD showed higher gyrification and surface area in superior frontal gyrus, whereas the opposite pattern was seen in females. There were no effects of diagnosis or sex-by-diagnosis interactions on subcortical volumes. Results are discussed with regard to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, and substance abuse comorbidity, medication use, handedness, and CD age of onset.
Conclusion: We found both similarities and differences between males and females in CD–cortical structure associations. This initial evidence that the pathophysiological basis of CD may be partly sex-specific highlights the need to consider sex in future neuroimaging studies and suggests that males and females may require different treatments.
Mapping cortical brain asymmetry in 17,141 healthy individuals worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium
(2017)
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder presenting with dangerously low body weight, and a deep and persistent fear of gaining weight. To date, only one genome-wide significant locus associated with AN has been identified. We performed an exome-chip based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in 2158 cases from nine populations of European origin and 15 485 ancestrally matched controls. Unlike previous studies, this GWAS also probed association in low-frequency and rare variants. Sixteen independent variants were taken forward for in silico and de novo replication (11 common and 5 rare). No findings reached genome-wide significance. Two notable common variants were identified: rs10791286, an intronic variant in OPCML (P=9.89 × 10−6), and rs7700147, an intergenic variant (P=2.93 × 10−5). No low-frequency variant associations were identified at genome-wide significance, although the study was well-powered to detect low-frequency variants with large effect sizes, suggesting that there may be no AN loci in this genomic search space with large effect sizes.
Callous-unemotional traits are characterized by a lack of empathy, a disregard for others' feelings and shallow or deficient affect, such as a lack of remorse or guilt. Neuroanatomical correlates of callous-unemotional traits have been demonstrated in clinical samples (i.e., adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders). However, it is unknown whether callous-unemotional traits are associated with neuroanatomical correlates within normative populations without clinical levels of aggression or antisocial behavior. Here we investigated the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and gray matter volume using voxel-based morphometry in a large sample of typically-developing boys and girls (N = 189). Whole-brain multiple regression analyses controlling for site, total intracranial volume, and age were conducted in the whole sample and in boys and girls individually. Results revealed that sex and callous-unemotional traits interacted to predict gray matter volume when considering the whole sample. This interaction was driven by a significant positive correlation between callous-unemotional traits and bilateral anterior insula volume in boys, but not girls. Insula gray matter volume explained 19% of the variance in callous-unemotional traits for boys. Our results demonstrate that callous-unemotional traits are related to variations in brain structure beyond psychiatric samples. This association was observed for boys only, underlining the importance of considering sex as a factor in future research designs. Future longitudinal studies should determine whether these findings hold over childhood and adolescence, and whether the neuroanatomical correlates of callous-unemotional traits are predictive of future psychiatric vulnerability.
Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness : the USE-IMT study
(2017)
Background: The relation of a single risk factor with atherosclerosis is established. Clinically we know of risk factor clustering within individuals. Yet, studies into the magnitude of the relation of risk factor clusters with atherosclerosis are limited. Here, we assessed that relation.
Methods: Individual participant data from 14 cohorts, involving 59,025 individuals were used in this cross-sectional analysis. We made 15 clusters of four risk factors (current smoking, overweight, elevated blood pressure, elevated total cholesterol). Multilevel age and sex adjusted linear regression models were applied to estimate mean differences in common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) between clusters using those without any of the four risk factors as reference group.
Results: Compared to the reference, those with 1, 2, 3 or 4 risk factors had a significantly higher common CIMT: mean difference of 0.026 mm, 0.052 mm, 0.074 mm and 0.114 mm, respectively. These findings were the same in men and in women, and across ethnic groups. Within each risk factor cluster (1, 2, 3 risk factors), groups with elevated blood pressure had the largest CIMT and those with elevated cholesterol the lowest CIMT, a pattern similar for men and women.
Conclusion: Clusters of risk factors relate to increased common CIMT in a graded manner, similar in men, women and across race-ethnic groups. Some clusters seemed more atherogenic than others. Our findings support the notion that cardiovascular prevention should focus on sets of risk factors rather than individual levels alone, but may prioritize within clusters.
When binary systems of neutron stars merge, a very small fraction of their rest mass is ejected, either dynamically or secularly. This material is neutron-rich and its nucleosynthesis provides the astrophysical site for the production of heavy elements in the Universe, together with a kilonova signal confirming neutron-star mergers as the origin of short gamma-ray bursts. We perform full general-relativistic simulations of binary neutron-star mergers employing three different nuclear-physics equations of state (EOSs), considering both equal- and unequal-mass configurations, and adopting a leakage scheme to account for neutrino radiative losses. Using a combination of techniques, we carry out an extensive and systematic study of the hydrodynamical, thermodynamical, and geometrical properties of the matter ejected dynamically, employing the WinNet nuclear-reaction network to recover the relative abundances of heavy elements produced by each configurations. Among the results obtained, three are particularly important. First, we find that, within the sample considered here, both the properties of the dynamical ejecta and the nucleosynthesis yields are robust against variations of the EOS and masses. Second, using a conservative but robust criterion for unbound matter, we find that the amount of ejected mass is ≲10−3 M⊙, hence at least one order of magnitude smaller than what normally assumed in modelling kilonova signals. Finally, using a simplified and gray-opacity model we assess the observability of the infrared kilonova emission finding, that for all binaries the luminosity peaks around ∼1=2 day in the H-band, reaching a maximum magnitude of −13, and decreasing rapidly after one day.
We investigate the effect of large magnetic fields on the (2 + 1)-dimensional reduced-magnetohydrodynamical expansion of hot and dense nuclear matter produced in √sNN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions. For the sake of simplicity,we consider the casewhere themagnetic field points in the direction perpendicular to the reaction plane. We also consider this field to be external, with energy density parametrized as a two-dimensional Gaussian. The width of the Gaussian along the directions orthogonal to the beam axis varies with the centrality of the collision. The dependence of the magnetic field on proper time (τ ) for the case of zero electrical conductivity of the QGP is parametrized following Deng et al. [Phys. Rev. C 85, 044907 (2012)], and for finite electrical conductivity following Tuchin [Phys. Rev. C 88, 024911 (2013)].We solve the equations of motion of ideal hydrodynamics for such an external magnetic field. For collisions with nonzero impact parameter we observe considerable changes in the evolution of the momentum eccentricities of the fireball when comparing the case when the magnetic field decays in a conducting QGP medium and when no magnetic field is present. The elliptic-flow coefficient v2 of π− is shown to increase in the presence of an external magnetic field and the increment in v2 is found to depend on the evolution and the initial magnitude of the magnetic field.
According to a proposal by 't Hooft, information loss introduced by constraints in certain classical dissipative systems may lead to quantization. This scheme can be realized within the Bateman model of two coupled oscillators, one damped and one accelerated. In this paper we analyze the links of this approach to effective Hamiltonians where the environmental degrees of freedom do not appear explicitly but their effect leads to the same friction force appearing in the Bateman model. In particular, it is shown that by imposing constraints, the Bateman Hamiltonian can be transformed into an effective one expressed in expanding coordinates. This one can be transformed via a canonical transformation into Caldirola and Kanai's effective Hamiltonian that can be linked to the conventional system-plus-reservoir approach, for example, in a form used by Caldeira and Leggett.
The 124Xe(p,γ) reaction has been measured for the first time at energies around the Gamow window by using stored ions at the ESR facility. The desired beam energies below 10 MeV/u introduce new experimental challenges like windowless ions detection under UHV conditions, extremely short beam lifetimes and efficient beam deceleration and cooling, all of which have been successfully met.
Background: Kyrgyzstan, where HIV is concentrated in prisons and driven by injection drug use, provides a prison-based methadone maintenance therapy program as well as abstinence-oriented therapeutic community based on the 12-step model called the “Clean Zone.” We aimed to qualitatively assess how prisoners navigate between these treatment options to understand the persistence of the Clean Zone despite a lack of evidence to support its effectiveness in treating opioid use disorders.
Methods: We conducted an analysis of policy documents and over 60 h of participant observation in February 2016, which included focus groups with a convenience sample of 20 therapeutic community staff members, 110 prisoners across three male and one female prisons, and qualitative interviews with two former Clean Zone participants. Field notes containing verbatim quotes from participants were analyzed through iterative reading and discussion to understand how participants generally perceive the program, barriers to entry and retention, and implications for future treatment within prisons.
Results: Our analyses discerned three themes: pride in the mission of the Clean Zone, idealism regarding addiction treatment outcomes against all odds, and the demonization of methadone.
Conclusion: Despite low enrollment and lack of an evidence base, the therapeutic community is buttressed by the strong support of the prison administration and its clients as an “ordered” alternative to what is seen as chaotic life outside of the Clean Zone. The lack of services for Clean Zone patients after release likely contributes to high rates of relapse to drug use. The Clean Zone would benefit from integration of stabilized methadone patients combined with a post-release program.
The electron transferring flavoprotein/butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EtfAB/Bcd) catalyzes the reduction of one crotonyl-CoA and two ferredoxins by two NADH within a flavin-based electron-bifurcating process. Here we report on the X-ray structure of the Clostridium difficile (EtfAB/Bcd)4 complex in the dehydrogenase-conducting D-state, α-FAD (bound to domain II of EtfA) and δ-FAD (bound to Bcd) being 8 Å apart. Superimposing Acidaminococcus fermentans EtfAB onto C. difficile EtfAB/Bcd reveals a rotation of domain II of nearly 80°. Further rotation by 10° brings EtfAB into the bifurcating B-state, α-FAD and β-FAD (bound to EtfB) being 14 Å apart. This dual binding mode of domain II, substantiated by mutational studies, resembles findings in non-bifurcating EtfAB/acyl-CoA dehydrogenase complexes. In our proposed mechanism, NADH reduces β-FAD, which bifurcates. One electron goes to ferredoxin and one to α-FAD, which swings over to reduce δ-FAD to the semiquinone. Repetition affords a second reduced ferredoxin and δ-FADH−, which reduces crotonyl-CoA.
SDF-1/CXCR4 expression in head and neck cancer and outcome after postoperative radiochemotherapy
(2017)
Introduction: Outcome after postoperative radiochemotherapy (RT-CT) for patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) remains unsatisfactory, especially among those with HPV negative tumours. Therefore, new biomarkers are needed to further define subgroups for individualised therapeutic approaches. Preclinical and first clinical observations showed that the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1 (CXCL12) play an important role in tumour cell proliferation, survival, cancer progression, metastasis and treatment resistance. However, the data on the prognostic value of SDF-1/CXCR4 expression for HNSCC are conflicting. The aim of our hypothesis-generating study was to retrospectively explore the prognostic potential of SDF-1/CXCR4 in a well-defined cohort of HNSCC patients collected within the multicenter biomarker study of the German Cancer Consortium Radiation Oncology Group (DKTK-ROG).
Material and methods: Patients with stage III and IVA HNSCC of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx were treated with resection and adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) with ≥60 Gy and concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CT). Tissue micro-arrays (TMAs) from a total of 221 patients were generated from surgical specimens, 201 evaluated for the SDF-1 and CXCR4 expression by immunofluorescence and correlated with clinico-pathological and outcome data.
Results: In univariate and multivariate analyses intracellular SDF-1 expression was associated with lower loco-regional control (LRC) in the entire patient group as well as in the HPV16 DNA negative subgroup. CXCR4 expression showed a trend for lower LRC in the univariate analysis which was not confirmed in the multivariate analysis. Neither for SDF-1 nor CXCR4 expression associations with distant metastasis free or overall survival were found.
Conclusions: Our exploratory data support the hypothesis that overexpression of intracellular SDF-1 is an independent negative prognostic biomarker for LRC after postoperative RT-CT in high-risk HNSCC. Prospective validation is warranted and further exploration of SDF-1/CXCR4 as a potential therapeutic target to overcome treatment resistance in HNSCC appears promising.
Nach Lektüre dieses Werks ist man zunächst geneigt, von einer Rezension im Wortsinn abzusehen, um die Autoren stattdessen einfach zu einer rundum Respekt und Bewunderung verdienenden Leistung zu beglückwünschen, haben sie doch auf nicht weniger als 1100 Seiten ihr Thema von der ausgehenden Karolingerzeit bis an die Schwelle des 16.Jahrhunderts mit hoher Kompetenz unter allen nur denkbaren Aspekten abgehandelt und diese durchgängig mit einer schier überbordenden Fülle von Belegen und Beispielen illustriert. Der durchmessene Raum reicht von Norwegen bis Byzanz und von Polen bis zur Iberischen Halbinsel; einen gewissen Schwerpunkt bilden dabei das römisch-deutsche Reich und Frankreich. Solch in einem französischen Handbuch nicht unbedingt zu erwartender Doppelakzent verdankt sich Jean-Marie Moeglin, der bereits 2010/2011 mit seiner "Deutsch-Französischen Geschichte im Spätmittelalter" ein ähnlich gelehrtes Monument vorgelegt hat. Wie sehr er in den Kulturen beider Länder heimisch ist – in München, dem für Mediävisten deutschen Bibliotheksmekka, hat er inzwischen ein zweites Zuhause –, zeigt sich bis in die Anmerkungen und in eine (mit Unternummern) weit über 3000 Titel umfassende Bibliografie, die für europäische und insbesondere eben deutsche und französische Benutzerinnen und Benutzer künftig eine unverzichtbare Referenz sein dürfte. Gerade in einem Organ vom Profil der Francia-Recensio sei darauf mit Nachdruck empfehlend hingewiesen. ...
Der Titel lässt eine Behandlung von Streitschriften und anderen Zeugnissen aus der Zeit des großen abendländischen Schismas erwarten, mit denen sich Vertreter der zwei bzw. drei Obödienzen positionierten und einander bekämpften. Doch vor die Quellen hat die Verfasserin die Theorie gesetzt: Ohne Habermas, Bourdieu und Foucault kein Jean Gerson, Simon de Cramaud oder Nicolas Eymerich. Man wähnt sich anfangs weniger in der Welt der Pariser Universität und der avignonesischen Kurie um 1400 als im soziologischen und literaturtheoretischen Oberseminar (die klassische Ideengeschichte wird kurzerhand als "très périmée" beiseite geschoben [S. 13]) und fürchtet, zumindest als nicht eben theorieversessener Historiker, schon den anstehenden Marsch durch entsprechende Textwüsten, zumal die Autorin expressis verbis einen anderen Ansatz als Hélène Millet vertritt, die sich mit ihren – am Dictum Lucien Febvres "Et l’homme dans tout cela?" orientierten – biografischen und prosopografischen Arbeiten um die Erforschung des Schismas bekanntlich sehr verdient gemacht hat: "Hélène Millet aime cerner les hommes du temps, quand j’aime scruter les textes" (S. 16). ...
Selten dürfte es einem Gelehrten vergönnt sein, die Summe seiner über 50 Jahre währenden Tätigkeit in zwei Alterswerken ziehen zu können, wie es bei Philippe Contamine der Fall ist mit dem wesentlich von ihm gestalteten "Dictionnaire de Jeanne d’Arc" und der nunmehr vorliegenden Biografie Karls VII. Diese beiden Persönlichkeiten markieren Schwerpunkte in einem staunenswerte Kontinuität, Intensität und Konsequenz zeigenden Œuvre, in dem nicht nur, so doch immer wieder die Geschichte Frankreichs im 14. und vor allem 15.Jahrhundert im Zentrum steht. Der Verfasser pflegt eine politisch akzentuierte Geschichtsschreibung, die sich abseits aller Moden und Theoriedebatten grundsätzlich der Quellenerschließung und -interpretation verpflichtet weiß. Geschrieben wurde auch der hier anzuzeigende Band stets entlang den oft in Auszügen zitierten und im Fall von Traktaten eines Alain Chartier oder Jean Juvénal des Ursins gar eigene Unterkapitel ausfüllenden Quellen, darin einmal mehr eingeschlossen handschriftliches Material. Unspektakulär geht der Autor diesen seinen Weg; dabei erfolgt auch, bis auf eine kurze lobende Erwähnung der monumentalen Monografie von Du Fresne de Beaucourt (1881/1891, vgl. S. 16), keine Auseinandersetzung mit früheren Biografien Karls VII., selbst nicht mit der – trotz fragwürdiger Grundthese lohnenswerten – von M.G. A. Vale oder der jüngsten, übrigens ebenfalls bei Perrin erschienenen – und m. E. weniger lohnenden – von Georges Minois; von dem noch 2001 wieder aufgelegten und recht eigenwilligen, da Karls VII. Schwiegermutter Yolande von Aragón als dessen mystère in den Mittelpunkt stellenden Buch eines Philippe Erlanger ganz zu schweigen. ...
Background: Malaria remains one of the most serious infections for travellers to tropical countries. Due to the lack of harmonized guidelines a large variety of treatment regimens is used in Europe to treat severe malaria.
Methods: The European Network for Tropical Medicine and Travel Health (TropNet) conducted an 8-year, multicentre, observational study to analyse epidemiology, treatment practices and outcomes of severe malaria in its member sites across Europe. Physicians at participating TropNet centres were asked to report pseudonymized retrospective data from all patients treated at their centre for microscopically confirmed severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria according to the 2006 WHO criteria.
Results: From 2006 to 2014 a total of 185 patients with severe malaria treated in 12 European countries were included. Three patients died, resulting in a 28-day survival rate of 98.4%. The majority of infections were acquired in West Africa (109/185, 59%). The proportion of patients treated with intravenous artesunate increased from 27% in 2006 to 60% in 2013. Altogether, 56 different combinations of intravenous and oral drugs were used across 28 study centres. The risk of acute renal failure (36 vs 17% p = 0.04) or cerebral malaria (54 vs 20%, p = 0.001) was significantly higher in patients ≥60 years than in younger patients. Respiratory distress with the need for mechanical ventilation was significantly associated with the risk of death in the study population (13 vs 0%, p = 0.001). Post-artemisinin delayed haemolysis was reported in 19/70 (27%) patients treated with intravenous artesunate.
Conclusion: The majority of patients with severe malaria in this study were tourists or migrants acquiring the infection in West Africa. Intravenous artesunate is increasingly used for treatment of severe malaria in many European treatment centres and can be given safely to European patients with severe malaria. Patients treated with intravenous artesunate should be followed up to detect and manage late haemolytic events.
Cytokine regulation of high-output nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is critically involved in inflammation biology and host defense. Herein, we set out to characterize the role of type I interferon (IFN) as potential regulator of hepatic iNOS in vitro and in vivo. In this regard, we identified in murine Hepa1-6 hepatoma cells a potent synergism between pro-inflammatory interleukin-β/tumor necrosis factor-α and immunoregulatory IFNβ as detected by analysis of iNOS expression and nitrite release. Upregulation of iNOS by IFNβ coincided with enhanced binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 to a regulatory region at the murine iNOS promoter known to support target gene expression in response to this signaling pathway. Synergistic iNOS induction under the influence of IFNβ was confirmed in alternate murine Hepa56.1D hepatoma cells and primary hepatocytes. To assess iNOS regulation by type I IFN in vivo, murine acetaminophen (APAP)-induced sterile liver inflammation was investigated. In this model of acute liver injury, excessive necroinflammation drives iNOS expression in diverse liver cell types, among others hepatocytes. Herein, we demonstrate impaired iNOS expression in type I IFN receptor-deficient mice which associated with diminished APAP-induced liver damage. Data presented indicate a vital role of type I IFN within the inflamed liver for fine-tuning pathological processes such as overt iNOS expression.
Background: Caloric restriction is associated with broad therapeutic potential in various diseases and an increase in health and life span. In this study, we assessed the impact of caloric restriction on acute and inflammatory nociception in mice, which were either fed ad libitum or subjected to caloric restriction with 80% of the daily average for two weeks.
Results: The behavioral tests revealed that inflammatory nociception in the formalin test and in zymosan-induced mechanical hypersensitivity were significantly decreased when mice underwent caloric restriction. As potential mediators of the diet-induced antinociception, we assessed genes typically induced by inflammatory stimuli, AMP-activated kinase, and the endocannabinoid system which have all already been associated with nociceptive responses. Zymosan-induced inflammatory markers such as COX-2, TNFα, IL-1β, and c-fos in the spinal cord were not altered by caloric restriction. In contrast, AMPKα2 knock-out mice showed significant differences in comparison to C57BL/6 mice and their respective wild type littermates by missing the antinociceptive effects after caloric restriction. Endocannabinoid levels of anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glyceroldetermined in serum by LC-MS/MS were not affected by either caloric restriction alone or in combination with zymosan treatment. However, cannabinoid receptor type 1 expression in the spinal cord, which was not altered by caloric restriction in control mice, was significantly increased after caloric restriction in zymosan-induced paw inflammation. Since increased cannabinoid receptor type 1 signaling might influence AMP-activated kinase activity, we analyzed effects of anandamide on AMP-activated kinase in cell culture and observed a significant activation of AMP-activated kinase. Thus, endocannabionoid-induced AMP-activated kinase activation might be involved in antinociceptive effects after caloric restriction.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that caloric restriction has an impact on inflammatory nociception which might involve AMP-activated kinase activation and an increased activity of the endogenous endocannabinoid system by caloric restriction-induced cannabinoid receptor type 1 upregulation.
"Ihr sollt euch nicht zu den Götzen wenden, und gegossene Götter sollt ihr euch nicht machen [...](Lev 19,4) [...] sollen wir nicht meinen, daß das Göttliche dem Gold und Silber oder Stein, einem Gebilde der Kunst und der Erfindung des Menschen gleich sei. (Acta 17,29) Pfui über euch und über das, was ihr an Gottes Statt verehrt! [...] (Q 21,67)"
Diese drei Sätze stammen nacheinander aus der hebräischen Bibel, dem Neuen Testament und dem Koran. Man kann sie beinahe wie einen Text lesen, an dem sich die These des Ägyptologen Jan Assmann belegen ließe, dass mit der Herausbildung monotheistischer Religionen wie Judentum, Christentum und Islam im Allgemeinen und dem Bilderverbot im Besonderen die Unterscheidung zwischen wahr und falsch in die Götterwelt gekommen sei (Assmann 1998, S. 17). ...
Tortonian teleost otoliths from northern Italy: taxonomic synthesis and stratigraphic significance
(2017)
The Tortonian fish otoliths of northern Italy have been studied for more than a century and represent one of the best known otolith-based teleost faunas in the Miocene of the Mediterranean Basin. Yet with the growing knowledge on Recent otoliths, an updated taxonomic overview of this fauna is needed. Moreover, new material from hemipelagic Tortonian marls sampled at nine localities is described herein, revealing 109 taxa of which 88 are recognised at species level. Four of these are new: Coryphaenoides biobtusus sp. nov., “Merluccius” rattazzii sp. nov., Neobythites auriculatus sp. nov. and Lesueurigobius stironensis sp. nov. The compilation of previously studied and newly acquired material revealed a total of 118 nominal Tortonian species. At generic level, the fauna is characterised by many modern forms; more than 90% can be assigned to present day genera. At species level, however, more than half of the represented taxa are extinct. Based on the fossil otolith record, the Tortonian fauna of the Mediterranean is most similar to that of the Langhian (Badenian) of the Central Paratethys by sharing many extinct Miocene species, but it is also very close to that of the Pliocene Mediterranean, by sharing many modern Atlantic-Mediterranean forms. The Tortonian fauna is further characterised by many species that are apparently confined to the upper Miocene, resulting in a unique combination of its taxonomic composition.
Recently, Aumüller and Dietzfelbinger proposed a version of a dual-pivot Quicksort, called "Count", which is optimal among dual-pivot versions with respect to the average number of key comparisons required. In this master's thesis we provide further probabilistic analysis of "Count". We derive an exact formula for the average number of swaps needed by "Count" as well as an asymptotic formula for the variance of the number of swaps and a limit law. Also for the number of key comparisons the asymptotic variance and a limit law are identified. We also consider both complexity measures jointly and find their asymptotic correlation.
Tumor cells frequently overexpress heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and present it on their cell surface, where it can be recognized by pre‐activated NK cells. In our retrospective study the expression of Hsp70 was determined in relation to tumor‐infiltrating CD56+ NK cells in formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumor specimens of patients with SCCHN (N = 145) as potential indicators for survival and disease recurrence. All patients received radical surgery and postoperative cisplatin‐based radiochemotherapy (RCT). In general, Hsp70 expression was stronger, but with variable intensities, in tumor compared to normal tissues. Patients with high Hsp70 expressing tumors (scores 3–4) showed significantly decreased overall survival (OS; p = 0.008), local progression‐free survival (LPFS; p = 0.034) and distant metastases‐free survival (DMFS; p = 0.044), compared to those with low Hsp70 expression (scores 0–2), which remained significant after adjustment for relevant prognostic variables. The adverse prognostic value of a high Hsp70 expression for OS was also observed in patient cohorts with p16‐ (p = 0.001), p53‐ (p = 0.0003) and HPV16 DNA‐negative (p = 0.001) tumors. The absence or low numbers of tumor‐infiltrating CD56+ NK cells also correlated with significantly decreased OS (p = 0.0001), LPFS (p = 0.0009) and DMFS (p = 0.0001). A high Hsp70 expression and low numbers of tumor‐infiltrating NK cells have the highest negative predictive value (p = 0.00004). In summary, a strong Hsp70 expression and low numbers of tumor‐infiltrating NK cells correlate with unfavorable outcome following surgery and RCT in patients with SCCHN, and thus serve as negative prognostic markers.
By analyzing the large-angle Bhabha scattering events e+e− → (γ)e+e− and diphoton events e+e− → (γ)γγ for the data sets collected at center-of-mass (c.m.) energies between 2.2324 and 4.5900 GeV (131 energy points in total) with the upgraded Beijing Spectrometer (BESIII) at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider (BEPCII), the integrated luminosities have been measured at the different c.m. energies, individually. The results are important inputs for the R value and J/ψ resonance parameter measurements.
In this study, we construct a new monthly zonal mean carbon dioxide (CO2) distribution from the upper troposphere to the stratosphere over the 2000–2010 time period. This reconstructed CO2 product is based on a Lagrangian backward trajectory model driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis meteorology and tropospheric CO2 measurements. Comparisons of our CO2 product to extratropical in situ measurements from aircraft transects and balloon profiles show remarkably good agreement. The main features of the CO2 distribution include (1) relatively large mixing ratios in the tropical stratosphere; (2) seasonal variability in the extratropics, with relatively high mixing ratios in the summer and autumn hemisphere in the 15–20 km altitude layer; and (3) decreasing mixing ratios with increasing altitude from the upper troposphere to the middle stratosphere ( ∼ 35 km). These features are consistent with expected variability due to the transport of long-lived trace gases by the stratospheric Brewer–Dobson circulation. The method used here to construct this CO2 product is unique from other modelling efforts and should be useful for model and satellite validation in the upper troposphere and stratosphere as a prior for inversion modelling and to analyse features of stratosphere–troposphere exchange as well as the stratospheric circulation and its variability.
AirCore-HR : a high-resolution column sampling to enhance the
vertical description of CH₄ and CO₂
(2017)
An original and innovative sampling system called AirCore was presented by NOAA in 2010 (Karion et al., 2010). It consists of a long ( > 100 m) and narrow (< 1 cm) stainless steel tube that can retain a profile of atmospheric air. The captured air sample has then to be analyzed with a gas analyzer for trace mole fraction. In this study, we introduce a new AirCore aiming to improve resolution along the vertical with the objectives to (i) better capture the vertical distribution of CO2 and CH4, (ii) provide a tool to compare AirCores and validate the estimated vertical resolution achieved by AirCores. This (high-resolution) AirCore-HR consists of a 300 m tube, combining 200 m of 0.125 in. (3.175 mm) tube and a 100 m of 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) tube. This new configuration allows us to achieve a vertical resolution of 300 m up to 15 km and better than 500 m up to 22 km (if analysis of the retained sample is performed within 3 h). The AirCore-HR was flown for the first time during the annual StratoScience campaign from CNES in August 2014 from Timmins (Ontario, Canada). High-resolution vertical profiles of CO2 and CH4 up to 25 km were successfully retrieved. These profiles revealed well-defined transport structures in the troposphere (also seen in CAMS-ECMWF high-resolution forecasts of CO2 and CH4 profiles) and captured the decrease of CO2 and CH4 in the stratosphere. The multi-instrument gondola also carried two other low-resolution AirCore-GUF that allowed us to perform direct comparisons and study the underlying processing method used to convert the sample of air to greenhouse gases vertical profiles. In particular, degrading the AirCore-HR derived profiles to the low resolution of AirCore-GUF yields an excellent match between both sets of CH4 profiles and shows a good consistency in terms of vertical structures. This fully validates the theoretical vertical resolution achievable by AirCores. Concerning CO2 although a good agreement is found in terms of vertical structure, the comparison between the various AirCores yields a large and variable bias (up to almost 3 ppm in some parts of the pro- files). The reasons of this bias, possibly related to the drying agent used to dry the air, are still being investigated. Finally, the uncertainties associated with the measurements are assessed, yielding an average uncertainty below 3 ppb for CH4 and 0.25 ppm for CO2 with the major source of uncertainty coming from the potential loss of air sample on the ground and the choice of the starting and ending point of the collected air sample inside the tube. In an ideal case where the sample would be fully retained, it would be possible to know precisely the pressure at which air was sampled last and thus to improve the overall uncertainty to about 0.1 ppm for CO2 and 2 ppb for CH4
Background: High reproducibility and low intra- and interobserver variability are important strengths of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). In clinical practice a significant learning curve may however be observed. Basic CMR courses offer an average of 1.4 h dedicated to lecturing and demonstrating left ventricular (LV) function analysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of initial teaching on complete and intermediate beginners’ quantitative measurements of LV volumes and function by CMR.
Methods: Standard clinical cine CMR sequences were acquired in 15 patients. Five observers (two complete beginners, one intermediate, two experienced) measured LV volumes. Before initial evaluation beginners read the SCMR guidelines on CMR analysis. After initial evaluation, beginners participated in a two-hour teaching session including cases and hands-on training, representative for most basic CMR courses, after which it is uncertain to what extent different centres provide continued teaching and feedback in-house. Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) assessed delineations. Agreement, accuracy, precision, repeatability and reliability were assessed by Bland-Altman, coefficient of variation, and intraclass correlation coefficient methods.
Results: Endocardial DSC improved after teaching (+0.14 ± 0.17;p < 0.001) for complete beginners. Low intraobserver variability was found before and after teaching, however with wide limits of agreement. Beginners underestimated volumes by up to 44 ml (EDV), 27 ml (ESV) and overestimated LVM by up to 53 g before teaching, improving to an underestimation of up to 9 ml (EDV), 7 ml (ESV) and an overestimation of up to 30 g (LVM) after teaching. For the intermediate beginner, however, accuracy was quite high already before teaching.
Conclusions: Initial teaching to complete beginners increases accuracy for assessment of LV volumes, however with high bias and low precision even after standardised teaching as offered in most basic CMR courses. Even though the intermediate beginner showed quite high accuracy already before teaching, precision did generally not improve after standardised teaching. To maintain CMR as a technique known for high accuracy and reproducibility and low intra- and inter-observer variability for quantitative measurements, internationally standardised training should be encouraged including high-quality feedback mechanisms. Objective measurements of training methods, training duration and, above all, quality of assessments are required.
Kurt Oppert hat, vor allem gestützt auf Rilkes "Neue Gedichte", die Verbreitung der Bezeichnung 'Dinggedicht' initiiert. Obwohl die Forschung längst die Inadäquatheit der meisten Charakteristika, die Oppert unter anderem aus Rilkes Dinggedichten zu destillieren versuchte, herausgearbeitet hat, ist die Bezeichnung noch immer weit verbreitet. Aus guten Gründen, wie die folgende Analyse von "Die Flamingos" vor dem Hintergrund von Rilkes nuancierten kunsttheoretischen Reflexionen des Dingbegriffs zeigen wird.
Allerdings haften der vielfach rejustierten Typusbezeichnung 'Dinggedicht' noch immer hartnäckig und nicht immer offensichtlich Reste einer intuitiven Konstellation von 'Ding' und lyrischem Sprechen an, die einst das Zentrum von Opperts Überlegungen gebildet hatte. Es ist daher das Projekt dieses Beitrags, Rilkes Arbeit an einem neuen, andersartigen Verhältnis von 'Gedicht' und 'Ding' freizulegen. Oppert versteht das 'Dinggedicht' als einen "Gegentypus" zu Goethes "werdende[m] Gedicht mit seiner subjektiven, echt lyrischen Stimmungshandlung ", "der auf unpersönliche, episch-objektive Beschreibung eines Seienden angelegt ist".
Judith Kaspers und Cornelia Wilds kommentierte Anthologie Rom Rückwärts ist der konstatierten "Allgegenwart der Tropen" von Rom gewidmet, die 35 sehr unterschiedliche Beiträge vor Augen stellen. Dabei gilt das Interesse dem genauen Funktionieren dieser Referenz, die offenbar weite Teile des europäischen kulturellen Selbstverständnisses auf vielfältige Art und Weise stabilisiert hat und noch immer stabilisiert. Es handelt sich dabei keineswegs um einen weiteren Sammelband, der sich damit begnügte, lediglich Rahmen und Anlass zur Publikation der enthaltenen Beiträge zu bieten. Rom Rückwärts ist vielmehr ein gewitztes und ambitioniertes Buch, das sich an eine komplizierte Intervention wagt: "die versteckten Vielfältigkeiten in der Referenz Rom" herauszuarbeiten und ihre "nicht institutionalisierten Dimensionen" zu entziffern.
Background Microdeletions are known to confer risk to epilepsy, particularly at genomic rearrangement “hotspot” loci. However, deciphering their role outside hotspots and risk assessment by epilepsy sub-type has not been conducted.
Methods We assessed the burden, frequency and genomic content of rare, large microdeletions found in a previously published cohort of 1,366 patients with Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE) plus two sets of additional unpublished genome-wide microdeletions found in 281 Rolandic Epilepsy (RE) and 807 Adult Focal Epilepsy (AFE) patients, totaling 2,454 cases. These microdeletion sets were assessed in a combined analysis and in sub-type specific approaches against 6,746 ethnically matched controls.
Results When hotspots are considered, we detected an enrichment of microdeletions in the combined epilepsy analysis (adjusted-P= 2.00×10-7; OR = 1.89; 95%-CI: 1.51-2.35), where the implicated microdeletions overlapped with rarely deleted genes and those involved in neurodevelopmental processes. Sub-type specific analyses showed that hotspot deletions in the GGE subgroup contribute most of the signal (adjusted-P = 1.22×10-12; OR = 7.45; 95%-CI = 4.20-11.97). Outside hotspot loci, microdeletions were enriched in the GGE cohort for neurodevelopmental genes (adjusted-P = 4.78×10-3; OR = 2.30; 95%-CI = 1.42-3.70), whereas no additional signal was observed for RE and AFE. Still, gene content analysis was able to identify known (NRXN1, RBFOX1 and PCDH7) and novel (LOC102723362) candidate genes affected in more than one epilepsy sub-type but not in controls.
Conclusions Our results show a heterogeneous effect of recurrent and non-recurrent microdeletions as part of the genetic architecture of GGE and a minor to negligible contribution in the etiology of RE and AFE.
Der Begriff 'apokryph' taucht bei Johann Georg Hamann (1730-1788), dem 'Magus in Norden', seltener auf als man es vielleicht erwarten würde, jedenfalls so man Hamann noch immer nach dem gängigen Klischee für 'dunkel', einen 'Mystiker' oder einen 'Obskurantisten' oder gar für den Ursprung des modernen und spezifisch deutschen Irrationalismus und extremsten Feind der Aufklärung hält, gegenüber dessen "gewollter und künstlicher Dunkelheit", die er wie eine "Nebelwand um sich zog", sogar Hegels Phänomenologie des Geistes "eine wahre Ferienlektüre" sei. Ein schöpferischer Kopf also, "der manche tiefsinnigen Einfälle hatte, aber in welch geheimnisvolle Gewänder pflegte er sie zu verkleiden!" Entsprechend ist Hamanns Ruf: "Dunkelheit ist das traditionelle Prädicat, das jedem deutschen Primaner über ihn geläufig ist." Mit seiner Dunkelheit, so die unausgesprochene Annahme, möchte Hamann willentlich und wissentlich etwas verbergen, vielleicht nicht nur bei sich, sondern letztlich sogar das Licht der Aufklärung überhaupt; ein Umstand, der auf das Schönste zum griechischen apokryptein: 'verbergen, verdunkeln' (so die Übersetzung in Josef Nadlers Schlüssel zu Hamanns Werken) zu passen scheint. Entsprechend ist es, um eine weitere Bedeutung des Begriffes "apokryph" als des 'Gegen-Kanonischen' heranzuziehen, kaum verwunderlich, dass Texte Hamanns es nicht in den akademisch etablierten Kanon philosophischer Werke geschafft haben, ja sogar gegen entsprechende kanonische Texte (etwa die Metakritik über den Purismum der Vernunft gegen die Kritik der reinen Vernunft oder Golgatha und Scheblimini gegen Mendelssohns Jerusalem) gerichtet zu sein scheinen.
Inhibition of the IκB kinase complex (IKK) has been implicated in the therapy of several chronic inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases. In this study, using mice with an inactivatable IKKα kinase (IkkαAA/AA), we show that loss of IKKα function markedly impairs epithelial regeneration in a model of acute colitis. Mechanistically, this is caused by compromised secretion of cytoprotective IL-18 from IKKα-mutant intestinal epithelial cells because of elevated caspase 12 activation during an enhanced unfolded protein response (UPR). Induction of the UPR is linked to decreased ATG16L1 stabilization in IkkαAA/AA mice. We demonstrate that both TNF-R and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain stimulation promote ATG16L1 stabilization via IKKα-dependent phosphorylation of ATG16L1 at Ser278. Thus, we propose IKKα as a central mediator sensing both cytokine and microbial stimulation to suppress endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby assuring antiinflammatory function during acute intestinal inflammation.
Treatment of refractory ascites with an automated low-flow ascites pump in patients with cirrhosis
(2017)
Background: Refractory ascites (RA) is a frequent complication of cirrhosis, requiring large volume paracentesis or placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS). The automated low-flow ascites pump (alfapump, Sequana Medical AG, Zurich, Switzerland) is an innovative treatment option for patients with RA.
Aim: To assess safety and efficacy of this treatment in patients with a contraindication to TIPSS.
Methods: Fifty-six patients (43 males; mean age 62 years) from centres in Germany, Switzerland, UK and Spain were included and followed for up to 24 months. Complications, device deficiencies, paracentesis frequency and patient survival were recorded.
Results: At the time of this analysis, 3 patients completed the 24-month observation period, monitoring of 3 was ongoing, 9 underwent liver transplantation, 17 patients were withdrawn due to serious adverse events and 23 patients died. Most frequently observed technical complication was blocking of the peritoneal catheter. Twenty-three pump-related reinterventions (17 patients) and 12 pump exchanges (11 patients) were required during follow-up. The pump system was explanted in 48% of patients (in 17 patients due to serious adverse events, in 9 at the time of liver transplantation and in 1 due to recovery from RA). Median frequency of paracentesis dropped from 2.17 to 0.17 per month.
Conclusions: The alfapump can expand therapeutic options for cirrhotic patients with RA. Continuous drainage of ascites in a closed loop automated system led to significant reduction in paracentesis frequency. Technical and procedural improvements are required to reduce the rate of adverse events and reinterventions.
Background: Oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) is a challenge in general practice, especially for high-risk groups such as the elderly. Insufficient patient knowledge about safety-relevant aspects of OAT is considered to be one of the main reasons for complications. The research question addressed in this manuscript is whether a complex intervention that includes practice-based case management, self-management of OAT and additional patient and practice team education improves patient knowledge about anticoagulation therapy compared to a control group of patients receiving usual care (as a secondary objective of the Primary Care Management for Optimised Antithrombotic Treatment (PICANT) trial).
Methods: The cluster-randomised controlled PICANT trial was conducted in 52 general practices in Germany, between 2012 and 2015. Trial participants were patients with a long-term indication for oral anticoagulation. A questionnaire was used to assess knowledge at baseline, after 12, and after 24 months. The questionnaire consists of 13 items (with a range of 0 to 13 sum-score points) covering topics related to intervention. Differences in the development of patient knowledge between intervention and control groups compared to baseline were assessed for each follow-up by means of linear mixed-effects models.
Results: Seven hundred thirty-six patients were included at baseline, of whom 95.4% continued to participate after 12 months, and 89.3% after 24 months. The average age of patients was 73.5 years (SD 9.4), and they mainly suffered from atrial fibrillation (81.1%). Patients in the intervention and control groups had similar knowledge about oral anticoagulation at baseline (5.6 (SD 2.3) in both groups). After 12 months, the improvement in the level of knowledge (compared to baseline) was significantly larger in the intervention group than in the control group (0.78 (SD 2.5) vs. 0.04 (SD 2.3); p = 0.0009). After 24 months, the difference between both groups was still statistically significant (0.6 (SD 2.6) vs. -0.3 (SD 2.3); p = 0.0001).
Conclusion: Since this intervention was effective, it should be established in general practice as a means of improving patient knowledge about oral anticoagulation.
Trial registration: Current controlled trials ISRCTN41847489; Date of registration: 13/04/2012
We present a dataset of free-viewing eye-movement recordings that contains more than 2.7 million fixation locations from 949 observers on more than 1000 images from different categories. This dataset aggregates and harmonizes data from 23 different studies conducted at the Institute of Cognitive Science at Osnabrück University and the University Medical Center in Hamburg-Eppendorf. Trained personnel recorded all studies under standard conditions with homogeneous equipment and parameter settings. All studies allowed for free eye-movements, and differed in the age range of participants (~7–80 years), stimulus sizes, stimulus modifications (phase scrambled, spatial filtering, mirrored), and stimuli categories (natural and urban scenes, web sites, fractal, pink-noise, and ambiguous artistic figures). The size and variability of viewing behavior within this dataset presents a strong opportunity for evaluating and comparing computational models of overt attention, and furthermore, for thoroughly quantifying strategies of viewing behavior. This also makes the dataset a good starting point for investigating whether viewing strategies change in patient groups.
Diese Doktorarbeit widmet sich der Untersuchung von Systemen von Quarks und der Wechselwirkung zwischen ihnen mit Hilfe von Lattice QCD. Aus Quarks zusammengesetzte Objekte heißen Hadronen. Ein bestimmter Typ von Hadronen ist das sogenannten Tetraquark. In Teilchendetektoren wie dem LHCb in der Schweiz oder Belle in Japan wurden in jüngerer Zeit Zustände gefunden, die als Kandidaten für Tetraquarks gelten. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Beschreibung und Untersuchung solcher Tetraquark-Zustände. Die Systeme, um die es in dieser Arbeit hauptsächlich geht, enthalten vier Quarks unterschiedlicher Masse. Zwei Quarks wird im Großteil der Arbeit eine unendlich große Masse zugeordnet. Zwei Quarks haben eine endliche Masse. In dieser statisch-leichten Näherung ist es möglich, das Potential der schweren Quarks in Anwesenheit der leichten Quarks zu bestimmen und zu überprüfen, ob es attraktiv genug dazu ist, einen gebundenen Zustand der vier Quarks zu bilden. Dieses Vorgehen ist als Born-Oppenheimer-Approximation bekannt. Die Observable, die berechnet werden muss, ist also das Vier-Quark-Potential.
Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden verschiedene Vier-Quark-Potentiale aufgeführt und die zugehörigen Quantenzahlen genannt. Jeder der geeigneten Kanäle wird auf seine Fähigkeit untersucht, einen gebundenen Zustand zu bilden. Eine ausführliche systematische und statistische Analyse liefert den eindeutigen Befund, dass Bindung nur für Isospin I = 0 und nichtstatistsche u- und d-Quarks möglich ist. Im Falle von I = 1 oder nichtstatistschen s- und c-Quarks ist kein gebundener Zustand zu erwarten. Schließlich wird für den Fall der u- und d-Quarks eine Extrapolation zu physikalischen Quarkmassen durchgeführt. Die Bindung wird mit abnehmender Quarkmasse stärker. Am physikalischen Punkt wird eine Bindungsenergie von −90(+43−36) MeV festgestellt. Somit wird für Quantenzahlen I(J^P) = 0(1^+) ein gebundener b̄b̄ud-Zustand postuliert. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird die statisch-leichte Näherung aufgehoben. So kann der Spin der schweren Quarks einbezogen werden. Dies führt unter anderem dazu, dass B- und B* -Mesonen unterscheidbar werden. Ein Nachteil dessen, dass vier Quarks endlicher Masse verwendet werden, ist der, dass es nun nicht mehr möglich ist, das Potential der schweren Quarks in Gegenwart der leichten zu bestimmen. Stattdessen wird aus der Korrelationsfunktion des Vier-Quark-Zustands direkt die Masse bestimmt. Zur Beschreibung der schweren Quarks wird der Ansatz der Nichtrelativistischen QCD (NRQCD) gewählt. Es wird der aus dem ersten Teil bekannte gebundene b̄b̄ud-Zustand mit Quantenzahlen I(J^P) = 0(1^+) weiter untersucht. Wir nehmen an, dass die Quantenzahlen durch ein BB*-Molekül realisiert werden. Wir bestimmen mithilfe des generalisierten Eigenwertproblems (GEP) den Grundzustand. Die Masse des Grundzustands ist ein Hinweis auf die Existenz eines gebundenen Zustands. Insgesamt bekräftigt der Befund das im ersten Teil der Arbeit gefundene Resultat, die Vorhersage eines bisher nicht gemessenen Tetraquark-Zustandes, qualitativ. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit geht es um Vier-Quark-Systeme, die ein schweres Quark und ein schweres Antiquark sowie ein leichteres Quark und ein leichteres Antiquark enthalten. Neben einem gebundenen Vier-Quark-Zustand ist u.a. die Bildung eines Bottomonium-und-Pion-Zustands möglich. Dies macht die theoretische Beschreibung dieses Systems ungleich schwieriger als die Beschreibung des im ersten und zweiten Teil der Arbeit untersuchten Systems. Seine experimentelle Untersuchung hingegen ist weniger aufwändig. So wurden bereits Kandidaten für einen solchen Zustand gemessen: Z_b(10610) und Z_b(10650). Zunächst wird ein Szenario beschrieben, in welcher Reihenfolge die zu den verschiedenen Strukturen gehörenden Potentiale vorliegen. So handelt es sich bei dem Grundzustandspotential des Systems um das Potential eines unangeregten Bottomonium-Zustands mit einem Pion in Ruhe. Darüber liegen zahlreiche Bottomonium-Zustände mit Pionen mit endlichem Impuls. Inmitten dieser Potentiale liegt gegebenenfalls das gesuchte Tetraquark-Potential. Ziel ist, einen Weg zu finden, die Bottomonium-und-Pion-Potentiale und das Tetraquark-Potential voneinander zu unterscheiden. Im ersten Schritt wird der Bottomonium-und-Pion-Grundzustand mithilfe des GEP aus dem System entfernt. Der erste angeregte Zustand ist im Anschluss daran weitgehend frei von Einflüssen des Grundzustands. Man findet, dass das Potential des ersten angeregten Zustandes attraktiv ist, sodass die Bildung eines Tetraquark-Zustandes nicht ausgeschlossen ist. Um den ersten angeregten Zustand weiter zu untersuchen, wird ein quantenmechanisches Modell verwendet, das die Volumenabhängigkeit des Überlapp eines Testzustands mit den verschiedenen Strukturen beschreibt. Es damit prinzipiell möglich, unter Zuhilfenahme mehrerer Gittervolumina eine Aussage über die Struktur des ersten angeregten Zustands zu treffen.
Теорія напівосвіти Адорно була вперше представлена як доповідь на З’їзді німецьких соціологів (1959). В ній розглядаються тенденції, що відбуваються у сучасній освіті і обумовлюють її кризу, яка загострюється у соціокультурних контекстах пізнього капіталізму. Теорія напівосвіти переосмислює і актуалізує концептуалізації освіти та культури у німецькій класичній філософії, марксизмі і фройдизмі, розкриваючи діалектику просвітництва через діагностику спотворень і деформацій освіти в опціях відчуженого духа, що криє у собі небезпеку ліквідації культури, яка перетворюється на масову, і руйнації людського буття через інструменталізацію свідомості та примусову адаптацію. Напівосвіта паразитує на ідеї освіти, яка є внутрішньо суперечливою через поєднання настанов на автономію та адаптацію. Подолання цієї суперечності можливе через негативну діалектику, яка комплементарно поєднує критику суспільства і критику освіти, відкриваючи для них нові горизонти
The decays of χc2→K+K−π0, KSK±π∓ and π+π−π0 are studied with the ψ(3686) data samples collected with the Beijing Spectrometer (BESIII). For the first time, the branching fractions of χc2→K∗K¯¯¯¯¯, χc2→a±2(1320)π∓/a02(1320)π0 and χc2→ρ(770)±π∓ are measured. Here K∗K¯¯¯¯¯ denotes both K∗±K∓ and K∗0K¯¯¯¯¯0+c.c., and K∗ denotes the resonances K∗(892), K∗2(1430) and K∗3(1780). The observations indicate a strong violation of the helicity selection rule in χc2 decays into vector and pseudoscalar meson pairs. The measured branching fractions of χc2→K∗(892)K¯¯¯¯¯ are more than 10 times larger than the upper limit of χc2→ρ(770)±π∓, which is so far the first direct observation of a significant U-spin symmetry breaking effect in charmonium decays.
Using data samples collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider at six center-of-mass energies between 4.008 and 4.600 GeV, we observe the processes e+e− → φφω and e+e− → φφφ. The Born cross sections are measured and the ratio of the cross sections σ(e+e− → φφω)/σ(e+e− → φφφ) is estimated to be 1.75 ± 0.22 ± 0.19 averaged over six energy points, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The results represent first measurements of these interactions.
We report the first measurement of the absolute branching fraction for Λ+c→Λμ+νμ. This measurement is based on a sample of e+e− annihilation data at a center-of-mass energy of s√=4.6 GeV collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII storage rings. The sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 567 pb−1. The branching fraction is determined to be B(Λ+c→Λμ+νμ)=(3.49±0.46(stat)±0.27(syst))%. In addition, we calculate the ratio B(Λ+c→Λμ+νμ)/B(Λ+c→Λe+νe) to be 0.96±0.16(stat)±0.04(syst).
Measurements of cross section of e⁺e⁻ → pp¯π⁰ at center-of-mass energies between 4.008 and 4.600 GeV
(2017)
Based on e+e− annihilation data samples collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider at 13 center-of-mass energies from 4.008 to 4.600 GeV, measurements of the Born cross section of e+e− → pp¯π0 are performed. No significant resonant structure is observed in the measured energy dependence of the cross section. The upper limit on the Born cross section of e+e− → Y (4260) → pp¯π0 at the 90% C.L. is determined to be 0.01 pb. The upper limit on the ratio of the branching fractions B(Y (4260)→pp¯π0) B(Y (4260)→π+π− J/ψ) at the 90% C.L. is determined to be 0.02%.
We study the decays of J/ψ and ψ(3686) to the final states Σ(1385)0Σ¯(1385)0 and Ξ0Ξ¯0 based on a single baryon tag method using data samples of (1310.6±7.0)×106 J/ψ and (447.9±2.9)×106 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. The decays to Σ(1385)0Σ¯(1385)0 are observed for the first time. The measured branching fractions of J/ψ and ψ(3686)→Ξ0Ξ¯0 are in good agreement with, and much more precise, than the previously published results. The angular parameters for these decays are also measured for the first time. The measured angular decay parameter for J/ψ→Σ(1385)0Σ¯(1385)0, α=−0.64±0.03±0.10, is found to be negative, different to the other decay processes in this measurement. In addition, the "12\% rule" and isospin symmetry in the J/ψ and ψ(3686)→ΞΞ¯ and Σ(1385)Σ¯(1385) systems are tested.
The decays of χc2→K+K−π0, KSK±π∓ and π+π−π0 are studied with the ψ(3686) data samples collected with the Beijing Spectrometer (BESIII). For the first time, the branching fractions of χc2→K∗K¯¯¯¯¯, χc2→a±2(1320)π∓/a02(1320)π0 and χc2→ρ(770)±π∓ are measured. Here K∗K¯¯¯¯¯ denotes both K∗±K∓ and K∗0K¯¯¯¯¯0+c.c., and K∗ denotes the resonances K∗(892), K∗2(1430) and K∗3(1780). The observations indicate a strong violation of the helicity selection rule in χc2 decays into vector and pseudoscalar meson pairs. The measured branching fractions of χc2→K∗(892)K¯¯¯¯¯ are more than 10 times larger than the upper limit of χc2→ρ(770)±π∓, which is so far the first direct observation of a significant U-spin symmetry breaking effect in charmonium decays.
A balanced sphingolipid rheostat is indispensable for dendritic cell function and survival and thus initiation of an immune response. Sphingolipid levels are dynamically maintained by the action of sphingolipid enzymes of which sphingosine kinases, S1P phosphatases (SGPP-1/2) and S1P lyase (SGPL-1), are pivotal in the balance of S1P and sphingosine levels. In this study, we present that SGPP-1 and SGPL-1 are regulated in inflammatory dendritic cells and contribute to S1P fate. TLR-dependent activation caused SGPL-1 protein downregulation with subsequent decrease of enzymatic activity by two-thirds. In parallel, confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed that endogenous SGPP-1 was expressed in nuclei of naive dendritic cells and was translocated into the cytoplasmatic compartment upon inflammatory stimulation resulting in dephosphorylation of S1P. Mass spectrometric determination showed that a part of the resulting sphingosine was released from the cell, increasing extracellular levels. Another route of diminishing intracellular S1P was possibly taken by its export via ATP-binding cassette transporter C1 which was upregulated in array analysis, while the S1P transporter, spinster homolog 2, was not relevant in dendritic cells. These investigations newly describe the sequential expression and localization of the endogenous S1P regulators SGPP-1 and SGPL-1 and highlight their contribution to the sphingolipid rheostat in inflammation.
Für die Einzelsprachlichkeit der Literatur : Nebenbemerkung zum jüngsten Streit um die Germanistik
(2017)
"Daß gepfleget werde / Der feste Buchstab, und Bestehendes gut / Gedeutet." Das ist aus der letzten Strophe von Hölderlins "Patmos" ("Nah ist / und schwer zu fassen …" etc.). Die Hymne schließt mit: "Dem folgt deutscher Gesang." Was daraus zu Zeiten gemacht wurde und wie schlecht es gedeutet wurde, ist bekannt. Es gibt also gute Gründe zu fragen: Hat das irgendetwas mit uns heute, unseren politischen und medialen Umwelten und Umbrüchen zu tun? Darf man so anfangen, oder auch: so weitermachen? Haben wir Germanisten, vor allem die der vorangegangenen Generation, nicht hart an der Befreiung unseres Faches aus den Verstrickungen der Nationalphilologie einschließlich aller Idealismen, Romantizismen, Nationalismen gearbeitet? Und ist Hölderlin nicht auch irgendso'n Toter und so überforscht wie die Nordsee überfischt?
Background: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) related to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is often associated with a wide range of trauma-related aversive emotions such as fear, disgust, sadness, shame, guilt, and anger. Intense experience of aversive emotions in particular has been linked to higher psychopathology in trauma survivors. Most established psychosocial treatments aim to reduce avoidance of trauma-related memories and associated emotions. Interventions based on Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) also foster radical acceptance of the traumatic event.
Methods: This study compares individual ratings of trauma-related emotions and radical acceptance between the start and the end of DBT for PTSD (DBT-PTSD) related to CSA. We expected a decrease in trauma-related emotions and an increase in acceptance. In addition, we tested whether therapy response according to the Clinician Administered PTSD-Scale (CAPS) for the DSM-IV was associated with changes in trauma-related emotions and acceptance. The data was collected within a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of DBT-PTSD, and a subsample of 23 women was included in this secondary data analysis.
Results: In a multilevel model, shame, guilt, disgust, distress, and fear decreased significantly from the start to the end of the therapy whereas radical acceptance increased. Therapy response measured with the CAPS was associated with change in trauma-related emotions.
Conclusions: Trauma-related emotions and radical acceptance showed significant changes from the start to the end of DBT-PTSD. Future studies with larger sample sizes and control group designs are needed to test whether these changes are due to the treatment.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00481000
Mit der Goethe-Rezeption Max Kommerells beschäftigt sich der Beitrag von Eva Geulen. Ausgehend von Walter Benjamins bekannter Kritik an "Der Dichter als Führer in der deutschen Klassik" (1928) fragt sie nach einem "Doppelzug des Theorie- und Gegenwartsverzichts" von Kommerells literaturwissenschaftlicher Arbeit, wie er sich in herausragender Weise in seiner lebenslangen Auseinandersetzung mit Goethe kondensiert. Dabei rückt Geulen weniger den zentralen Stellenwert Goethes im Führer-Buch oder die bis heute viel zitierten Studien über Goethes Lyrik, Faust II oder Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre in den Blick, sondern widmet sich stattdessen zwei Reden Kommerells, die die Bedeutung Goethes für die Jugend seiner Zeit eruieren: "Jugend ohne Goethe" (1931) und "Goethe und die europäische Jugend" (1943). Zwar zeichneten sich diese Arbeiten durch für Kommerell eigentlich untypische zeitkritische Bezüge aus. So rechne die erste Rede mit Jugendbewegung und Präfaschismus ab; und so lese sich die zweite streckenweise bereits wie ein Vorschlag zur 'Völkerverständigung' der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit. Die besondere Pointe von Kommerells Goethe-Aneignung erblickt Geulen allerdings darin, dass die Reden das Motiv des einsamen Goethe mobilisieren und dass sie eine "absolute Aktualität und Gegenwärtigkeit" Goethes "mit seiner absoluten Entrückung im Knotenpunkt der Einsamkeit" verschränken. Aktuell und gegenwärtig sei Goethe für Kommerell just aus dem Grund, dass er sich bereits von seiner eigenen Gegenwart nicht habe vereinnahmen lassen. Dieses "Widerspiel von Entrückung und Vergegenwärtigung" lasse Goethes Aktualität mit seiner Unzeitgemäßheit durchgängig koinzidieren. Und nicht zuletzt dies bewahre sowohl Kommerell als auch Goethe vor dem Altmodisch-Werden: "Kann er nicht gegenwärtig sein, so wird er auch nie vergangen sein." Im Hinblick auf Kommerells "beharrliche Entrückungsstrategie" Goethes wirft Geulen auch die Frage nach Chancen und Grenzen des gegenwärtigen Interesses an Kommerell auf.
We cannot imagine a political system without opposition. Despite this crucial position in politics, political science has largely neglected to study oppositions. Attempting to fill this gap, this article analyses the institutional opportunities of parliamentary oppositions. It offers a parsimonious framework by distinguishing two dimensions of opposition influence: Some institutions enable oppositions to control governments, while others offer opportunities to present alternatives. A comparison of oppositions’ opportunities in 21 democracies shows that countries fall into four groups along these dimensions: In majoritarian democracies, weak control mechanisms are countered by excellent opportunities to publicize alternatives. Consociational democracies are characterized by strong control mechanisms, but provide only weak opportunities to present alternatives. Moreover, in Southern Europe, control mechanisms and opportunities to present alternatives are weak, while both are pronounced in Nordic Europe. The results are summarized in three indices that can easily be applied in future research examining oppositions and their power.
Three new species of the genus Carychium O.F. Müller, 1773, Carychium hardiei Jochum & Weigand, sp. n., Carychium belizeense Jochum & Weigand, sp. n. and Carychium zarzaae Jochum & Weigand, sp. n. are described from the Southeastern United States, Belize and Panama, respectively. In two consecutive molecular phylogenetic studies of worldwide members of Carychiidae, the North and Central American morphospecies Carychium mexicanum Pilsbry, 1891 and Carychium costaricanum E. von Martens, 1898 were found to consist of several evolutionary lineages. Although the related lineages were found to be molecularly distinct from the two nominal species, the consequential morphological and taxonomic assessment of these lineages is still lacking. In the present paper, the shells of these uncovered Carychium lineages are assessed by comparing them with those of related species, using computer tomography for the first time for this genus. The interior diagnostic characters are emphasized, such as columellar configuration in conjunction with the columellar lamella and their relationship in context of the entire shell. These taxa are morphologically described and formally assigned their own names.
Biodiversity research heavily relies on recent and older literature, and the data contained therein. Despite great effort, large parts of the literature and the data it holds are still not available in appropriate formats needed for efficient compilation and analysis. As a part of the current funding strategy of the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG), and resulting from an extensive dialogue with the scientific community in Germany, a "Specialised Information Service" (Fachinformationsdienst, FID) for Biodiversity Research will be established with the objective of making further segments of literature about biodiversity available in up-to-date formats. This project, starting 2017, is conducted by the University Library Johann Christian Senckenberg (Frankfurt/Main, Germany) together with the Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and the Text Technology Lab of the Goethe University (Frankfurt/Main).
The new Specialised Information Service for Biodiversity Research (FID Biodiversitätsforschung) comprises four core elements: (A) A text mining approach which encompasses advanced text technologies and a large body of 20th century literature; (B) the digitisation of selected German biodiversity literature; (C) a platform für Open Access journals; and (D) Acquisition of specialised print literature.
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare multi-organ autoimmune disease characterized by progressive skin fibrosis. Inflammation, type 2 immunity, and fibrogenic processes are involved in disease development and may be affected by sphingolipids. However, details about early-stage pathophysiological mechanisms and implicated mediators remain elusive. The sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is elevated in the sera of SSc patients, and its receptor S1P5 is expressed in skin tissue. Nevertheless, almost nothing is known about the dermatological contribution of S1P5 to inflammatory and pro-fibrotic processes leading to the pathological changes seen in SSc. In this study, we observed a novel effect of S1P5 on the inflammatory processes during low-dose bleomycin (BLM)-induced fibrogenesis in murine skin. By comparing 2-week-treated skin areas of wild-type (WT) and S1P5-deficient mice, we found that S1P5 is important for the transcriptional upregulation of the Th2 characteristic transcription factor GATA-3 under treatment-induced inflammatory conditions, while T-bet (Th1) and FoxP3 (Treg) mRNA expression was regulated independently of S1P5. Additionally, treatment caused a regulation of S1P receptor 1 and S1P receptor 3 mRNA as well as a regulation of long-chain ceramide profiles, which both differ significantly between the genotypes. Despite S1P5-dependent differences regarding inflammatory processes, similar macroscopic evidence of fibrosis was detected in the skin histology of WT and S1P5-deficient mice after 4 weeks of subcutaneous BLM treatment. However, at the earlier 2-week point in time, the mRNA data of pro-collagen type 1 and SMAD7 indicate a pro-fibrotic S1P5 contribution in the applied SSc mouse model. In conclusion, we propose that S1P5 plays a role as a novel modulator during the early phase of BLM-caused fibrogenesis in murine skin. An immediate relationship between dermal S1P5 expression and fibrotic processes leading to skin alterations, such as formative for SSc pathogenesis, is indicated but should be studied more profound in further investigations. Therefore, this study is an initial step in understanding the role of S1P5-mediated effects during early stages of fibrogenesis, which may encourage the ongoing search for new therapeutic options for SSc patients.
Streit und Spiel
(2017)
Von den vielen Vorwürfen an die Adresse der Geisteswissenschaften trifft derjenige ins Herz unserer Fächer, der behauptet, dass wir das Streiten verlernt haben und diskussionsmüde den Konsens suchen. Wenn die Diagnose wirklich zutreffen sollte, dass wir uns nicht mehr streiten können oder wollen, dann wäre das in der Tat ein Armutszeugnis. Denn wir sind es doch, die sich Kritik und Dissens auf die Fahnen geschrieben haben. Deshalb und weil es in unseren Kontexten zwar gute und weniger gute Argumente gibt, aber keinen letzten Beweis, ist der Streit so etwas wie unser Lebenselixier.
Fertig ist das Angesicht.
(2017)
In Bettines Titeln und Texten feiern Satzzeichen große Feste. Bindestriche, Gedankenstriche, Schrägstriche, Kommata, Ellipsen, Parenthesen machen sich zu schaffen - und ihr auch. Freigesetzt in ihr Tun und Lassen kommen sie in Schwung und intellektuell auf die Höhe, pfeifen auf Stimme und Schrift. Ein Komma im Frack lässt sich nicht blicken, aber mit Stifter wird man angesichts des entfesselten Kalküls der Satzzeichen sagen dürfen: "Es ist das kleinste Satzzeichen ein Wunder, das wir nicht ergründen können. Daß es ist, daß seine Teile zusammenhängen, daß sie getrennt werden können, daß die Teilung fortgesetzt werden kann, und wie weit, wird uns hienieden immer ein Geheimnis bleiben." Eigenmächtig setzt es Zeichen, die den Satz sperren oder stauen, ihn fluten oder dehnen, auch verrätseln. Und manches trägt dann ein Gesicht zur Schau. Der ernste Gedankenstrich in Theodor Storms Novellistik erschien Theodor W. Adorno als "Falten auf der Stirn der Texte" in seinem 1956 in der Zeitschrift "Akzente" erschienenen Essay "Satzzeichen". [...]
The African continent is regularly portrayed as an indolent space with a well-known reputation as a chaotic continent. Viewed as lacking vision, means and capacities, Africa is perceived at best as a place that is marked by a permanent status quo, stagnation, or in worst case scenarios, as a declining continent. Various references to the continent are synonymous with famine, poverty, war, etc. Such portrayals are all the more intriguing given that the continent is known for its abundant natural resources, such as timber, oil, natural gas, minerals, etc., whose reserves are, moreover, not well known both by the African people and their leaders. As a result, there is still much progress to be made in tapping into the resources in order to improve the daily lives of African citizens.
In such a context dominated by infantile carelessness throughout the continent, the interventions of actors from outside the continent are the only hopes of bringing some vitality to this continent which is cloaked in "la grande nuit – the great darkness" (Mbembé 2013). Thus during the main sequences of recent history, representing different forms of Western penetration and activity on the African continent (slavery, imperialism, colonization), all the Western world’s contributions have obviously not sufficed to boost Africa and take it out of its never ending childhood. It has remained just as passive and apathetic today as it was yesterday.
The attraction of Asian actors to the continent is even more recent. And consistent with its abovementioned indolence, Africa is seen as an easy and defenceless prey for the Korean, Japanese, Indian, Malaysian, or Chinese conquerors. In the latter case, the insatiable appetite for natural resources whose reserves are being rapidly depleted is the cornerstone of their foreign aid policy. This led China to colonize the continent, showing a preference for Pariah Regimes which held no appeal for the West, by sending an army of workers to extract those resources (Lum et al. 2009), in defiance of all national and international regulations and based on completely opaque contracts.
Although the concept of African Agency was rapidly developed in several African countries, the aim of this study was more specific to Cameroon’s mining sector in which different entrepreneurs from abroad got involved over time. The thesis investigates whether indigenous citizens took part in any way in the development of mining projects in the country. Thus, the work assesses and analyses actions and reactions initiated and undertaken by local people in the context of China’s presence within Cameroon’s mining sector to promote and advance their interests over those of foreign investors. In addition, the author has no knowledge of any other study investigating African Agency in the mining sector as a whole in Cameroon.
In conducting this study, a multi-method research framework was developed including a series of methods used to collect data and analyse concepts of African Agency associated Political Ecology as they developed within Cameroon’s mining sector. Specifically, those methods comprised quantitative research when it came to collecting data using a positivist and empirical approach constructed by deducing evidence from statistical data collected by means of the 167 questionnaire surveys administered to local inhabitants and workers randomly selected on mining sites and in riparian communities. The questionnaires helped to capture Cameroonians' perceptions of the recent phenomenon of the gradual but significant influx of international actors and precisely Chinese players in the mining sector on the one hand, and on the other hand, observational data was collected across the GVC as developed in the Betare-Oya region. As a complement to the former technique, qualitative methods helped to study and deepen understanding of human behaviour and the social world in a holistic perspective through individual interviews, focus groups, and direct observations on the ground. In addition, the spatial analysis method based on the land use classification technique served to detect changes to land use/land cover that have been brought on by mechanised mining activities undertaken in this region. The sequencing of data collected and their processing from a ground theory perspective led to the formulation and specification of Cameroon’s Ecological Agency theory.
One of the earliest steps of this work consisted in a literature review and in placing the African Agency concept in a broader context. It then led to the state of the art, specifications about research content of the work and the main theories undergirding this thesis. Before examining developments that emerged during the last decade, a historical perspective was provided to the topic in order to show how African societies started mining operations and how they dealt with foreign partners interested in their mining resources. The aim was to show that while Western imperialism presented a challenge for the sector, it did not erase local participation, even despite the constraints associated with such involvement.
...
In thesis I investigate the possibility that at the smallest length scale (Planck scale) the very notion of "dimension" needs to be revisited. Due to "quantum effects" spacetime might become very turbulent at these scales and properties like those of "fractals" emerge, including a "scale dependent dimension". It seems that this "spontaneous dimensional reduction" and the appearance of a minimal physical length are very general effects that most approaches to quantum gravity share. Main emphasis is given to the"spectral dimension" and its calculation for strings and p-branes.
There is a need for diagnostic biomarkers of epilepsy and status epilepticus to support clinical examination, electroencephalography and neuroimaging. Extracellular microRNAs may be potentially ideal biomarkers since some are expressed uniquely within specific brain regions and cell types. Cerebrospinal fluid offers a source of microRNA biomarkers with the advantage of being in close contact with the target tissue and sites of pathology. Here we profiled microRNA levels in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy or status epilepticus, and compared findings to matched controls. Differential expression of 20 microRNAs was detected between patient groups and controls. A validation phase included an expanded cohort and samples from patients with other neurological diseases. This identified lower levels of miR-19b in temporal lobe epilepsy compared to controls, status epilepticus and other neurological diseases. Levels of miR-451a were higher in status epilepticus compared to other groups whereas miR-21-5p differed in status epilepticus compared to temporal lobe epilepsy but not to other neurological diseases. Targets of these microRNAs include proteins regulating neuronal death, tissue remodelling, gliosis and inflammation. The present study indicates cerebrospinal fluid contains microRNAs that can support differential diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy and status epilepticus from other neurological and non-neurological diseases.
Andrea Albrecht zeichnet in ihrem Beitrag, ausgehend von punktuellen Textbelegen, eine Skizze der unterschiedlichen diskursiven Verbindungen, die sich in der Rede vom "Held der Wissenschaft" abbilden können. In einem ersten Schritt wird zunächst das konnotative Umfeld nachgezeichnet, in dem sich die Rede vom "Held der Wissenschaft" situieren und etwa vom "Märtyrer der Wissenschaft" abgrenzen lässt (I). Die folgenden Abschnitte versammeln und analysieren Textbeispiele, in denen Heroismus und Wissenschaft auf unterschiedliche Weise verknüpft werden. Denn die Attribuierung eines wissenschaftlichen Akteurs als "Held" kann wörtlich genommen werden, sie kann aber auch metaphorisch sein oder auf die positive (oder auch negative, mitunter ironische) Auszeichnung von generellen oder auch speziellen Gemeinsamkeiten von Gelehrtentum und Heldentum hinauslaufen. Je nach argumentativer Absicht und Funktion kann man dabei symbiotisch verbindende (II), metaphorisch-analogisierende (III und IV), generalisierende und subsumierende Zuschreibungen (V) unterscheiden. Eine Grenzfigur stellen faktische Zuschreibungen dar, die aus einem zunächst metaphorischen Vergleich auf tatsächliche Übereinstimmungen des Verglichenen schließen (VI). Insgesamt aber sind es diese Koordinaten, die eine historische Perspektivierung des Themas mitbestimmen oder dieser vorausgehen müssten (VII).
Im geographischen Areal der ehemaligen Sowjetunion existiert ein fast dreihundertjähriges Wechselverhältnis zwischen dem Feld der Macht und dem Feld der Literatur (und Kunst). Das "Denkmal" fungiert als Medium dieses Wechselverhältnisses, als ein Relais, das das Oszillieren des Heroischen zwischen dem Politischen und dem Künstlerischen, vom Staatslenker zum Künstler und zurück ermöglicht. Im Folgenden verfolgt Zaal Andronikashvili die Entstehung und Rezeption des Kulturheros aus und im Denkmal in fünf Schritten. Im ersten Schritt geht er auf die Aporien des Denkmals als eines absolutistischen Repräsentationsmediums ein. Der absolutistische Monarch ist zwischen dem Anspruch auf die ewige Präsenz und der nekrotischen Semantik des Denkmals hin- und hergerissen: er ist einerseits lebendig und immer präsent, andererseits erhebt er diesen Anspruch in und durch die Maske verstorbener Heroen. Im zweiten Schritt geht er den Konsequenzen nach, die die Einführung monarchischer Repräsentationsformen im Medium der Vollplastik im orthodoxen religionskulturellen Kontext hat: Sie setzt ikonoklastische Ressentiments frei und aktualisiert idolatrische Gefühle. Das Denkmal wird semantisch mit den Qualitäten des ambivalenten - sowohl heil- als auch unheilspendenden - Heros aufgeladen. Im dritten Teil untersucht Andronikashvili die künstlerische Kritik an solchen absolutistischen Repräsentationsformen sowie Fragen der Repräsentierbarkeit eines Künstlers am Beispiel der Denkmal-Gedichte von Aleksandr Puškin. Diese ist zugleich ikonoklastisch und ikonodul. Als ikonoklastische Kritik prangert sie das Gemachte, Künstliche, Tote der Repräsentation an. Der Künstler eignet sich aber auch monarchische Repräsentationsformen an, selbst wenn er sie sakral (freilich nicht im religiösen Sinne, sondern als Freiheitskampf) umdeutet. Dadurch begründet der Künstler einerseits einen vom Monarchischen unabhängigen politisch-poetischen Raum, andererseits übernimmt er sowohl die heilspendende als auch die nekrotische Semantik des Heros. Im vierten Teil verfolgt Andronikashvili die Transformation der künstlerischen Rezeption des Denkmals als Metapher zum tatsächlichen Denkmal des Künstlers im Russland des 19. Jahrhunderts. Im letzten Schritt wird gezeigt, wie die ikonoklastische Rezeption der Avantgarde den Künstler von seinem (metaphorischen) Denkmalpostament stürzt und das Künstlerische im Zuge der Oktoberrevolution wieder dem Politischen unterordnet. Die dadurch entstandene Leerstelle des Künstlerischen wird wiederum von der politischen Führer-Repräsentation gefüllt, die nicht nur die Erbschaft monarchischer Repräsentation, sondern auch die der kulturheroischen Repräsentation antritt.
Luther war nicht nur zu Lebzeiten, sondern weit über seinen Tod hinaus eine Instanz, die wie wenige andere Kirchenleute nicht nur in religiöser Hinsicht, sondern umfassend als moralische, gesellschaftliche, politische und nationale Instanz galt. Anknüpfend an diese immense Bedeutung Luthers für die deutsche Kulturgeschichte, soll im vorliegenden Aufsatz die Geschichte dieser dezidiert deutschen Heroisierung bis in die Gegenwart nachgezeichnet werden. [...] Um diesen Prozess historisch zu begreifen, ist es zunächst erforderlich bis zu Luthers Selbststilisierungen und bis zu den Anfängen der Lutherverehrung zurückzugehen, um eine Genealogie des Heros Luther zu entwickeln. Nach einigen einleitenden Überlegungen dazu (1.) wird es (2.) am Beispiel des Reformationsjubiläums 1617 um die Frage gehen, wie kulturelle Heroisierung kulturelle Anti-Heroisierung und damit Parteilichkeitsbildung bedingen kann. Im Anschluss (3.) wird die Frage erörtert, wie durch gezieltes Anknüpfen an bestimmte Momente der Reformation auf dem Wartburgfest 1817 versucht wurde, der Parteibildung der freiheitlich-nationalen Bewegung in Deutschland eine kulturelle Dimension zu geben. Schließlich wird (4.) nach der Gegenwart und Zukunft des Heros Luther gefragt. Da die Deutung Luthers als Heros, wie wir sehen werden, eng einherging mit der Herausbildung des Nationalbewusstseins in Deutschland, steht zu vermuten, dass der Heros Luther in den letzten Jahrzehnten ins Wanken geraten ist. Ob dem so ist oder ob das heroische Konzept fortbesteht, wird dabei und den Beitrag abschließend ebenfalls zu erörtern sein.
Peter I. als ambivalenter Kulturheros : zivilisatorischer Titan und/oder despotischer "Antichrist"
(2017)
An der Gestalt Peters I. scheiden sich seit Jahrhunderten die Geister. Peter I. ist und bleibt ein wirkungsmächtiger Mythos sowie eine nationale Kultfigur. Viele Aspekte seines Wirkens sind im russischen kulturellen Gedächtnis dem wissenschaftlichen Diskurs entzogen. Im kulturologischen und geschichtsphilosophischen Denken ist neben differenzierten Zugängen eine Opposition zwischen dem kraftvollen "Zivilisator" Russlands, einem sakralisierten Titanen einerseits und einem dämonischen Despoten oder "Antichristen" andererseits zu beobachten. In literarischen Texten kann dieser Dualismus mitunter dialektisch aufgebrochen und können seine Extreme dialogisch aufgehoben und enttabuisiert werden. Die große Faszination für die Konstruktion des Bildes von diesem Zaren geht aber wohl gerade von seinen Extremen aus. Weder seine Apologeten noch seine Kritiker können sich offenbar der potentiellen Suggestivkraft dieser historischen Persönlichkeit entziehen. Die Popularität Peters I. ist nicht nur durch seine fortdauernde Inszenierung und Präsenz im öffentlichen Raum und im kulturellen Gedächtnis Russlands ungebrochen, sondern auch durch den Umstand, dass bislang eklatante Tabubrüche in seiner Wirkungs- und Deutungsgeschichte ihm kaum etwas anhaben konnten. Dieser ambivalente Kulturheros ist nach wie vor für die nationale Identitätskonstruktion Russlands unverzichtbar.
Über das Leben Voltaires, das in Paris 1694 begann und 1778 endete, sind wir dank einer ungeheuren Korrespondenz von reichlich 20 000 Briefen hervorragend unterrichtet. Sein Lebensweg, sein Zeitalter und die bestimmenden Ideen der Epoche sind darin dokumentiert. Der in der Religionswissenschaft gebräuchliche Begriff 'Kulturheros' muss für den notorischen Religionsspötter daher zunächst irritierend unpassend erscheinen, was die Überschrift zum Ausdruck bringt. Für den Intellektuellen im politischen, nicht im soziologischen Sinne ist dagegen bezeichnend, dass sein Name in der Öffentlichkeit schon Gewicht hat, wenn er ungefragt und ohne Auftrag zu einer Frage Stellung nimmt, die außerhalb seiner Zuständigkeit liegt, wobei er im Namen höherer Werte für die unterlegene Seite Partei ergreift. Nicht alle Geistesschaffenden sind also schon Intellektuelle in diesem Sinne, sondern nur da, wo sie "von ihrem beruflichen Wissen jenseits ihrer Profession einen öffentlichen Gebrauch machen". Als Ahnherr dieses Intellektuellentypus aber gilt Voltaire, dem es im vorgeschrittenen Alter gelang, auf beispielhafte Weise für Wahrheit und Gerechtigkeit einzutreten. [...] Um zu verstehen, wie Voltaire zum politischen Mythos werden konnte, sollen im Folgenden einige Problemstellungen aus seinen Schriften und seinem Wirken skizziert werden.
Anders als Schiller taugt Goethe, nicht zum literarischen Stichwortgeber der Befreiungskriege. Zu offensichtlich ist seine Bewunderung für Napoleon, zu gering seine Bereitschaft, sich im hohen Alter noch patriotisch zu erhitzen. Schiller konnte sich aufgrund seines unerwarteten Todes im Jahr 1805 nicht mehr selbst zur erwachenden Nationalbegeisterung äußern. Zwar soll ihm der korsische "Eroberer" und "Unterdrücker", den er an keiner Stelle seines Werkes explizit nennt, "durchaus zuwider" gewesen sein, doch ist seine Funktionalisierung für patriotische Zwecke ein postumes Rezeptionsphänomen. Gerade Schillers späte historische Dramen laden zu identifikatorischen Lektüren ein. Das von Christian Jakob Zahn vertonte Reiterlied aus Wallensteins Lager, das die Überwindung der Todesangst zur erhabenen, ich-steigernden Freiheitserfahrung verklärt, erfreut sich bei Soldaten und Theaterbesuchern über Generationen hinweg großer Beliebtheit [...] Die Schiller zugeschriebenen Merkmale bleiben über einen langen Zeitraum stabil und verbinden sich mit den verschiedensten ideologischpolitischen Gehalten. Das Bild des Dichters speist sich dabei sowohl aus der Sphäre weltlichen Heldentums wie der religiösen Verheißung. [...] Die Kanonisierung Schillers zum Nationalhelden wird durch die territoriale Streuung und fragmentierte Überlieferung seiner Lebenszeugnisse kaum gebremst. Vielmehr entsteht das Bedürfnis zur Pflege des materiellen Erbes erst aus der Dynamik der Kultgeschichte. [...] Die Erhebung Schillers zum Garanten militärischer und moralischer Überlegenheit nimmt in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts offen chauvinistische Züge an. Kritik an den Klassikern erscheint in diesem Zusammenhang als Hochverrat, der das Heil der Nation gefährdet.
Dass Jurij Gagarin mehr als ein halbes Jahrhundert nach seinem Weltraumflug noch eine politische Symbolkraft für die zivilgesellschaftliche Opposition entfalten kann, ist auf den ersten Blick höchst erstaunlich und zugleich symptomatisch. Erstaunlich, weil Gagarin Zeit seines Lebens ein Mann des sowjetischen Systems, des Militärs und der Macht war, der alle Privilegien der Nomenklatura genoss und alle Positionen der Herrschenden vertrat, also für jede Oppositionsbewegung eigentlich ein rotes Tuch sein müsste. Symptomatisch aber ist seine exzeptionelle Verehrung zugleich, da er zwar die offiziellen Parolen von Freundschaft und Frieden (Družba i mir) wie kein anderer verkörperte, diese aber in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung seiner Person gerade nicht mit einer diesseitigen zivilgesellschaftlichen Reform des Alltagslebens verbunden waren. Denn egal welche politischen Positionen er auch vertrat, der Held aller Herzen blieb er aufgrund seines Weltraumflugs, der vor allem maximale ideologische und imaginäre Ferne von den Polen der Macht und der Politik verhieß: Seine leibhaftige Person versprach als "Kolumbus der Sternenozeane" (Kolumb zvezdnych okeanov) und "Himmelssohn" Ausbruch aus dem irdischen Elend und überirdische Erlösung. Schaut man sich diese ambivalente Konzeptualisierung von Gagarin als Gründungs- und Identifikationsfigur einer russischen Zivilgesellschaft jedoch näher an, stellt man fest, dass sie Produkt verschiedener, teils parallel, teils sukzessiv verlaufener Konstellationen und Genealogien ist. Hinter Gagarin als Kulturheros verbergen sich unterschiedliche religiöse, philosophische und kulturelle Konzepte und Muster, was gerade die Attraktivität und Langlebigkeit seines Mythos sicherte. Für die einen stand er noch fest auf dem Boden der sozialistisch-realistischen Heldenkonzeptionen, so wie sie für den Kulturheros der Stalinzeit entwickelt worden sind (Abschnitt 2), für andere war er vor allem der Himmelsbote, der ein höheres – extrapolierendes – Wissen aus den Weiten des Weltraums zur Erde brachte (3). Andere brachten ihm als identitätsstiftender Erinnerungsfigur wiederum eine nahezu kultische Verehrung entgegen (4), während sich sein imaginärer Körper in einer globalisierten Populärkultur zu einer an keine bestimmten kollektiven Zugehörigkeiten und Gesellschaftsprojekte gebundenen Ikone des Fortschritts entwickelte (5). Sein zum geflügelten Wort gewordener Ausruf "Poechali!" - "Los geht’s!", den er kurz vor seinem Weltraumflug äußerste, wurde als Aufbruchssignal in eine ungewisse Zukunft ganz unterschiedlich rezipiert.
Die durchgeführte Studie befasste sich mit der Fragestellung, wie transidente Menschen in verschiedenen italienischen und rumänischen gesellschaftlichen Diskursen dargestellt werden und welche Aussagen anhand der in den Textauszügen enthaltenen sprachlichen Phänomene über die Situation und Lebensrealität von transidenten Menschen in Italien und Rumänien getroffen werden können.
Hierzu wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit zunächst eine theoretische Grundlage geschaffen, die einerseits die Zusammenhänge im Themenbereich Diskurs und Diskriminierung beleuchtete und andererseits jene zwischen Gendertheorie, queeren communities und Lebensrealitäten im Kontext von Transidentität. Ebenso wurde im Zuge dessen eine präzise Definition des Begriffs Transidentität erarbeitet.
In der anschließenden Analyse wurden Auszüge aus diagnostischen Standardwerken der Psychologie, Gesetzestexten, medialen Fremddarstellungen transidenter Menschen und Eigendarstellungen transidenter Menschen in sozialen Netzwerken auf Inhalt, Präsentation, Lexikon und Syntax untersucht. Hierbei sollten Hinweise auf die Darstellungen transidenter Menschen in den folgenden vier gesellschaftlichen Diskursen gesucht werden: erstens der Diskurs über die medizinisch-psychologische Versorgung transidenter Menschen sowie darin enthaltene Pathologisierung; zweitens gesetzliche Regelungen sowie darin enthaltener Schutz vor Gewalttaten und Diskriminierung; drittens Gesellschaft sowie Teilhabe und Diskriminierung innerhalb dieser; und zuletzt Selbstverständnis im Kontext von aktivistischen Diskursen.
Background: As members of the Notothenioidei - the dominant fish taxon in Antarctic waters - the family Bathydraconidae includes 12 genera and 17 species. The knowledge of these species inhabiting an isolated environment is rather fragmentary, including their parasite fauna. Studies on fish hosts and their associated parasites can help gain insights into even remote ecosystems and be used to infer ecological roles in food webs; however, ecological studies on the Bathydraconidae are scarce.
Results: In this study, stomach contents and parasite fauna of the Antarctic dragonfish species Parachaenichthys charcoti (n = 47 specimens) as well as of Gerlachea australis (n = 5), Gymnodraco acuticeps (n = 9) and Racovitzia glacialis (n = 6) were examined. The parasite fauna of P. charcoti consisted of eight genera represented by 11 species, with three of them being new host records. Overall, 24 parasite genera and 26 species were found in the sampled fish, including eleven new host records.
Conclusion: Analyses revealed that the majority of the parasite species found in the different fish hosts are endemic to Antarctic waters and are characterized by a broad host range. These findings are evidence for the current lack of knowledge and the need for further parasitological studies of fish species in this unique habitat.
El libro Serve the Power(s), Serve the State, editado por los historiadores Juan Carlos Garavaglia, Michael Braddick y Christian Lamouroux en el año 2016, es una apuesta por estudiar sistemáticamente la historia del Estado y de aproximarse a nuevas y diversas lecturas historiográficas al tema, el cual ha ocupado un lugar importante en las reflexiones académicas de las últimas décadas. Esta preocupación por el Estado y su proceso de formación, no sólo ha sido objeto de reflexión desde la Historia, sino además, desde otras disciplinas como la Ciencia Política, la Sociología y la Antropología, entre otras. Así, esta publicación en la que participan quince diferentes autores, con diferentes trayectorias e intereses, surge de la Conferencia Internacional llevada a cabo en el 2011 en la Universidad Pompeu Fabra en Barcelona, la cual estuvo fundada en la reflexión sobre el Estado como problema y objeto de estudio desde una perspectiva histórica. ...
Zeitgenossen und Nachfolger Wagners griffen die von ihm selbst akzeptierte Inszenierungsstrategie als nationaler Kulturheros auf. Wagners "außerordentliche Verflechtung mit der deutschen Geschichte" war von ihm selbst beabsichtigt und vom Ehrgeiz bestimmt, "mit seinem Werk an der Nationwerdung der Deutschen im 19. Jahrhundert mitzuwirken. Dies ist ihm in einem Ausmaß gelungen, wie es bei keiner anderen Gestalt der deutschen Kulturgeschichte seit Luther festzustellen ist." Das Wagnersche Werk wie seine Selbstinszenierungen wurzeln sowohl in der europäischen Moderne als auch im spezifisch deutschen kulturell-politischen Kontext des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts. Beide Bereiche verraten allerdings eine gewisse interne Brüchigkeit, wie sie schon Adorno als Wagners Grundmerkmal diagnostiziert hatte. Er konstatierte eine den Wagnerschen künstlerisch-theatralischen und politisch-selbstrepräsentativen Gesten inhärente Tendenz zur Selbstde(kon)struktion. Nachfolgend wird diese Brüchigkeit analysiert, die sich in die Produktionsbedingungen seiner als heroische Kulturtaten konstruierten Werke eingeschrieben hat.
Obwohl mit dem "Personenkult" um Josef Stalin (1878−1953) vor allem die Inszenierungen seiner Macht und sein Führungsstil bezeichnet werden, ging der Kult um seine Person über den Rahmen des Politischen hinaus: Stalin wurde mit der Zeit zunehmend zu einer kulturstiftenden Figur, ja gar zu einem kulturellen Symbol stilisiert, das eine ganze Epoche prägte. Wenn überhaupt von einem "Gesamtkunstwerk Stalin" (Boris Groys) die Rede sein kann, dann bezeichnet dieser Begriff gleichermaßen die Epoche Stalins wie ihren Hauptprotagonisten, dessen Selbstinszenierungen als ein Kulturphänomen, ein 'Kunstwerk' der Zeit betrachtet werden können. In diesem "Gesamtkunstwerk" erscheint er sowohl als ein demiurgischer Herrscher als auch als ein prometheischer Heros - als Befreier und Kulturstifter. Der "Führer", der die sowjetischen Völker zum Siege führt, ist zugleich der "Lehrer", der lehrt was richtig und was falsch ist. [...] Er ist eine Figur der Revolution, berufen, sein Land aus dem Chaos zu führen und eine neue Ordnung herzustellen. Diese neue Ordnung reicht über das Machtpolitische hinaus ins Kulturelle: Der revolutionäre Heros ist ein Kulturstifter, dessen Mission eine prometheische Tat, und zwar die Erschaffung eines neuen Menschen ist. Die Herrscher, die als Kulturheroen inszeniert werden, sind vor allem nationale Heroen und werden mit einer Nation identifiziert, die sie vertreten. Im Falle Stalins ist dieses Modell komplizierter, denn er steht an der Spitze des Vielvölkerstaates, der sich als eine "Völkerfamilie" darstellt. Daher muss er als Heros für alle Völker der UdSSR gleichermaßen gelten. Zugleich ist er aber ein Georgier und diese Tatsache beschert seinem Geburtsland eine symbolische Sonderstellung, sie verleiht Stalin als kulturheroischer Figur gewissermaßen zwei Gesichter: das allgemeinsowjetische und das national-georgische.
Major mood disorders, which primarily include bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, are the leading cause of disability worldwide and pose a major challenge in identifying robust risk genes. Here, we present data from independent large-scale clinical data sets (including 29 557 cases and 32 056 controls) revealing brain expressed protocadherin 17 (PCDH17) as a susceptibility gene for major mood disorders. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the PCDH17 region are significantly associated with major mood disorders; subjects carrying the risk allele showed impaired cognitive abilities, increased vulnerable personality features, decreased amygdala volume and altered amygdala function as compared with non-carriers. The risk allele predicted higher transcriptional levels of PCDH17 mRNA in postmortem brain samples, which is consistent with increased gene expression in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy subjects. Further, overexpression of PCDH17 in primary cortical neurons revealed significantly decreased spine density and abnormal dendritic morphology compared with control groups, which again is consistent with the clinical observations of reduced numbers of dendritic spines in the brains of patients with major mood disorders. Given that synaptic spines are dynamic structures which regulate neuronal plasticity and have crucial roles in myriad brain functions, this study reveals a potential underlying biological mechanism of a novel risk gene for major mood disorders involved in synaptic function and related intermediate phenotypes.