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Im Rahmen dieser publikationsbasierten Dissertation wurden drei wissenschaftliche Arbeiten veröffentlicht. Als Erstautorenschaft wurde 2022 die Arbeit “Effectiveness of High-intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Therapy of Solid and Complex Benign Thyroid Nodules - A Long-term Follow up Two-center Study.” im Journal “Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes” veröffentlicht. Im Folgenden wird der Inhalt dieser Arbeit dargelegt. Ein kurzer Überblick über die Ergebnisse der anderen beiden mitpublizierten Arbeiten findet sich im Kapitel „Weitere Ergebnisse der Arbeitsgruppe“.
Durch die hohe Prävalenz benigner Schilddrüsenknoten sind deren Behandlungsalternativen von großem wissenschaftlichem Interesse. Dabei bildet die nebenwirkungsarme, minimalinvasive Thermoablation mittels high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) eine attraktive Alternative zu herkömmlichen Verfahren wie der Schilddrüsenchirurgie oder der Radioiodtherapie. Bei der HIFU-Echotherapie werden die Schilddrüsenknoten auf 80 - 90 Grad Celsius erhitzt, sodass eine irreversible Koagulationsnekrose entsteht. Um den Therapieprozess und die Indikationsstellung von HIFU bei benignen Schilddrüsenknoten zu optimieren, ist es notwendig, genaue Studien durchzuführen.
Ziel der vorliegenden bizentrischen Langzeitstudie war, die Effektivität von HIFU-Echotherapien bei benignen Schilddrüsenknoten zu evaluieren und erstmalig den Einfluss der Knotenmorphologie auf den Therapieerfolg zu untersuchen. Vor der Therapie und in regelmäßigen Intervallen nach der Therapie wurden die Größe und die Morphologie der Schilddrüsenknoten mittels Ultraschall dokumentiert. In der retrospektiven Studie wurden Daten von 58 Patienten ausgewertet. Dabei wurde die Gesamtpopulation in eine Gruppe mit soliden und in eine Gruppe mit komplexen Knoten eingeteilt. Die durchschnittliche prozentuale Volumenreduktion in jeder Gruppe wurde mit dem Wilcoxon-Signed-Rank Test statistisch analysiert.
Die Gesamtpopulation zeigte eine Volumenreduktion der zuvor abladierten Knoten von 38.86 % nach 3 Monaten (Spannweite: 4.03 % - 91.16 %, p < 0.0001, n = 25), 42.7 % nach 6 Monaten (Spannweite: 7.36 % - 93.2 %, p < 0.0001, n = 18), 62.21 % nach 9 Monaten (Spannweite: 12.88 % - 93.2 %, p = 0.0078, n = 8) und 61.42 % nach 12 Monaten (Spannweite: 39.39 % - 93.2 %, p > 0.05, n = 4). Die soliden Knoten hatten eine Volumenreduktion von 49.98 % nach 3 Monaten (Spannweite: 4.03 % - 91.16 %, p = 0.0001, n = 15), 46.40 % nach 6 Monaten (Spannweite: 7.36 % - 93.2 %, p = 0.001, n = 11), 65.77 % nach 9 Monaten (Spannweite: 39.39 % - 93.2 %, p = 0.0156, n = 7) und 63.88 % nach 12 Monaten (Spannweite: 39.39 % - 93.2%, p > 0.05, n = 2). Komplexe Knoten hatten eine Volumenreduktion von 35.2 % nach 3 Monaten (Spannweite: 5.85 % - 68.63 %, p = 0.002, n = 10), 36.89 % nach 6 Monaten (Spannweite: 12.23 % - 68.63 %, p = 0.0156, n = 7) und 63.64 % nach 12 Monaten (Spannweite: 52,38 % - 73.91 %, p > 0.05, n = 2).
In der vorliegenden bizentrischen Langzeitstudie wurde deutlich, dass HIFU-Echotherapie eine effektive Behandlungsoption benigner Schilddrüsenknoten ist. Erstmalig gezeigt wurde der Trend, dass solide Knoten besser auf HIFU-Echotherapie ansprechen als komplexe Knoten.
Anhand der gewonnenen Ergebnisse und der neuen Erkenntnisse zum Einfluss der Knotenmorphologie auf die HIFU-Echotherapie benigner Schilddrüsenknoten kann HIFU als Therapieoption besser bewertet werden. Eine differenziertere Indikationsstellung in Bezug auf solide und komplexe Knoten wird ermöglicht und die HIFU-Echotherapie kann gegen andere thermoablative Verfahren abgewogen werden.
Highlights
• An airport can result in high particle concentrations in a distant residential area.
• The particle size distribution indicated the airport as the main source of particles.
• Lower air traffic during the COVID-19 pandemic lead to lower particle concentrations.
• The particle concentration showed high temporal variations.
Abstract
Exposure to ultrafine particles has a significant influence on human health. In regions with large commercial airports, air traffic and ground operations can represent a potential particle source. The particle number concentration was measured in a low-traffic residential area about 7 km from Frankfurt Airport with a Condensation Particle Counter in a long-term study. In addition, the particle number size distribution was determined using a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer.
The particle number concentrations showed high variations over the entire measuring period and even within a single day. A maximum 24 h-mean of 24,120 cm−3 was detected. Very high particle number concentrations were in particular measured when the wind came from the direction of the airport. In this case, the particle number size distribution showed a maximum in the particle size range between 5 and 15 nm. Particles produced by combustion in jet engines typically have this size range and a high potential to be deposited in the alveoli. During a period with high air traffic volume, significantly higher particle number concentrations could be measured than during a period with low air traffic volume, as in the COVID-19 pandemic.
A large commercial airport thus has the potential to lead to a high particle number concentration even in a distant residential area. Due to the high particle number concentrations, the critical particle size, and strong concentration fluctuations, long-term measurements are essential for a realistic exposure analysis.
Highlights
• Since there is only a low level of evidence, it is difficult to agree on state-of-the-art standards or to provide recommendations and guidelines.
• The value of combining several monitoring devices for dual or triple guidance must be challenged.
• The principle of fascial plane blocks is suitable to avoid traumatic needle-to-nerve contact. However, local toxicity must be regarded as a possible mechanism for nerve injuries.
• Block procedures might be conducted during sedation or general anesthesia when considering the individual patients' clinical situations and the expertise of the anesthesiologist.
• The quality of ultrasound equipment and education provided by the corresponding anesthesia department is highly relevant
• Mexican and German populations of L. sericata differ in their development times.
• Mexican L. sericata had a shorter development time at 20°C than German flies.
• At 30 °C, German L. sericata pupariated and eclosed earlier than the Mexican flies.
• Differences in study design make the comparison of developmental studies difficult.
Abstract
The cosmopolitan blow fly Lucilia sericata is often used in forensic case work for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). For this, the age of immature specimens developing on the dead body is calculated by measuring the time taken to reach the sampled developmental stage at a given temperature. To test whether regional developmental data of L. sericata is valid on a global scale, the time taken to reach different developmental stages was compared between a population from Mexico and one from Germany at two different constant temperatures.
The German population of L. sericata was collected in Frankfurt/Main, while the Mexican population originated near Oaxaca de Juarez and was transported to Germany in the larval stage. Only the F1 generation was used to avoid adaption of the Mexican flies. Eggs were immediately placed at 20 °C and 30 °C. Five times 30 freshly eclosed larvae per replicate (n = 5) were then transferred to a cup of minced meat in separate containers. The larvae were checked every 8 h for migration, pupariation or emergence of adult flies. The time at which the first individual and 50 % of the specimens per container entered each of these stages, was recorded.
Significant differences in the time of development between the two populations were observed at both temperatures. At 20 °C, the first specimens of the Mexican population reached all developmental stages a little (< 1 day to < 2 days) earlier than the German L. sericata. At 30 °C, the Mexican flies also reached the post-feeding stage slightly earlier (0.2 days). However, at 30 °C, the German flies started pupariation significantly earlier (after 5 days) than the Mexican flies (6.9 days) and the adults from Germany also emerged earlier (10.5 days compared to 13.1 days). The same pattern was observed when looking at 50 % of the total number of specimens per container. A comparison with previously published developmental studies was difficult as the experimental design varied widely between studies. However, the results were within the range of most studies. Our study has shown that age estimation can vary widely depending on the population on which the reference data used for the calculations are based. This highlights the importance of using local and population-specific developmental data for estimating the age of blow flies in case work.
Marjan van den Akker, Gesundheitswissenschaftlerin und Epidemiologin : Goethe, Deine Forscher
(2024)
Highlights
• Out of the six edible pumpkin seeds found in Cameroonian C. sativus showed most potent anti-proliferative effects on prostate cells.
• Its oil conserved almost all the effects of raw seeds and prevented benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
• It exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activities in rat with BPH.
Abstract
Pumpkin seeds are claimed to treat prostate tumour/cancer. The in vitro (ability to inhibit cell growth through MTT assay) and in vivo (ability to prevent testosterone-induced BPH in rats at the doses of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW) of six edible pumpkin seeds found in Cameroonian were assessed. The endpoints were cell growth arrest, prostate mass and volume, prostatic epithelium height, prostatic proteins, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and inflammatory cytokines. In vitro, C. sativus seeds exhibited the most potent antiproliferative effects on DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells and its oil conserved almost all the effects of raw seeds. Further, it prevented the increased of prostate relative mass and volume, prostate epithelium height, PSA and testosterone dose-dependently compared to normal rats. This effect is thought to be mediated through antiandrogenic, estrogenic and anti-inflammatory activities, evidenced by a decreased in IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα level. Overall, this results justify its traditional use.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a heritable mental illness with complex etiology. While the largest published genome-wide association study identified 64 BD risk loci, the causal SNPs and genes within these loci remain unknown. We applied a suite of statistical and functional fine-mapping methods to these loci, and prioritized 22 likely causal SNPs for BD. We mapped these SNPs to genes, and investigated their likely functional consequences by integrating variant annotations, brain cell-type epigenomic annotations, brain quantitative trait loci, and results from rare variant exome sequencing in BD. Convergent lines of evidence supported the roles of SCN2A, TRANK1, DCLK3, INSYN2B, SYNE1, THSD7A, CACNA1B, TUBBP5, PLCB3, PRDX5, KCNK4, AP001453.3, TRPT1, FKBP2, DNAJC4, RASGRP1, FURIN, FES, YWHAE, DPH1, GSDMB, MED24, THRA, EEF1A2, and KCNQ2 in BD. These represent promising candidates for functional experiments to understand biological mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Additionally, we demonstrated that fine-mapping effect sizes can improve performance and transferability of BD polygenic risk scores across ancestrally diverse populations, and present a high-throughput fine-mapping pipeline (https://github.com/mkoromina/SAFFARI).
Beyond well-established difficulties with working memory in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), evidence is emerging that other memory processes may also be affected. We investigated, first, which memory processes show differences in adults and adolescents with ADHD in comparison to control participants, focusing on working and short-term memory, initial learning, interference, delayed and recognition memory. Second, we investigated whether ADHD severity, co-occurring depressive symptoms, IQ and physical fitness are associated with the memory performance in the individuals with ADHD.
We assessed 205 participants with ADHD (mean age 25.8 years, SD 7.99) and 50 control participants (mean age 21.1 years, SD 5.07) on cognitive tasks including the digit span forward (DSF) and backward (DSB), the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and the vocabulary and matrix reasoning subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Participants with ADHD were additionally assessed on ADHD severity, depression symptoms and cardiorespiratory fitness. A series of regressions were run, with sensitivity analyses performed when variables were skewed.
ADHD-control comparisons were significant for DSF, DSB, delayed and recognition memory, with people with ADHD performing less well than the control participants. The result for recognition memory was no longer significant in sensitivity analysis. Memory performance was not associated with greater ADHD or depression symptoms severity. IQ was positively associated with all memory variables except DSF. Cardiorespiratory fitness was negatively associated with the majority of RAVLT variables.
Individuals with ADHD showed difficulties with working memory, short-term memory and delayed memory, as well as a potential difficulty with recognition memory, despite preserved initial learning.
Highlights
• High resolution profile of C. pipiens' sugar diet has been obtained using UHPLC-MS.
• Artificial feeding using ornamental plants provides similar sugar profiles as observed in field collected mosquitoes.
• Metabolomic profiling found secondary metabolites and pollutants of anthropogenic use.
Abstract: Culex pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) mosquitoes search plant sources of sugars to cope with the energetic demand of various physiological processes. The crop as part of the digestive system is devoted to the storage of sugar-based meal obtained from various nectars sources. The profiling of sugars and metabolites in the Culex pipiens’ crop is scarce, and only few studies used Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), which provides broad detection for biomonitoring environmental substances and even contaminants in the sugar diet of mosquitoes populations.
Therefore, sugar and metabolite profiling were performed on crops obtained from mosquitoes exposed to plant nectar under laboratory or natural conditions by Ultra High-Performance LC-MS (UHPLC-MS). This method allowed us a precise quantitative and qualitative identification of sugar diet and associated environmental compounds in the crop of the mosquito C. pipiens. Under laboratory condition, mosquitoes were allowed to feed on either glucose solution, commercially-available flowers or field collected flowers. In addition, we collected mosquitoes from the field to compare those crop metabolomes with metabolome patterns occurring after nectar feeding in the lab.
The sugar quantities and quality obtained from the crops of mosquitoes collected in the field were similar to those crops obtained from mosquitoes that fed on commercially-available flowers and from field collected flowers with a limit of detection of 10 μg/L for sucrose, glucose and sucrose. Next to sugar compounds, we identified 2 types of amino acids, 12 natural products, and 9 pesticides.
Next to the diversity of sugar compounds, we could confirm that secondary metabolites and environmental pollutants are typically up taken from floral nectar sources by C. pipiens. The in-depth knowledge on mosquito–plant interactions may inspire the development and further optimization of mosquito trap systems and arboviral surveillance systems.
The lipid content of skin plays a determinant role in its barrier function with a particularly important role attributed to linoleic acid and its derivatives. Here we explored the consequences of interfering with the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) on skin homeostasis. sEH; which converts fatty acid epoxides generated by cytochrome P450 enzymes to their corresponding diols, was largely restricted to the epidermis which was enriched in sEH-generated diols. Global deletion of the sEH increased levels of epoxides, including the linoleic acid-derived epoxide; 12,13-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-EpOME), and increased basal keratinocyte proliferation. sEH deletion (sEH-/- mice) resulted in thicker differentiated spinous and corneocyte layers compared to wild-type mice, a hyperkeratosis phenotype that was reproduced in wild-type mice treated with a sEH inhibitor. sEH deletion made the skin sensitive to inflammation and sEH-/- mice developed thicker imiquimod-induced psoriasis plaques than the control group and were more prone to inflammation triggered by mechanical stress with pronounced infiltration and activation of neutrophils as well as vascular leak and increased 12,13-EpOME and leukotriene (LT) B4 levels. Topical treatment of LTB4 antagonist after stripping successfully inhibited inflammation and neutrophil infiltration both in wild type and sEH-/- skin. While 12,13-EpoME had no effect on the trans-endothelial migration of neutrophils, like LTB4, it effectively induced neutrophil adhesion and activation. These observations indicate that while the increased accumulation of neutrophils in sEH-deficient skin could be attributed to the increase in LTB4 levels, both 12,13-EpOME and LTB4 contribute to neutrophil activation. Our observations identify a protective role of the sEH in the skin and should be taken into account when designing future clinical trials with sEH inhibitors.
Evidence-based and comprehensible health information is a key element of evidence-based medicine and public health. The goal is informed decision-making based on realistic estimations of health risks and accurate expectations about benefits and harms of interventions. In Germany, standards of evidence-based risk information were poorly followed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frequently, public information was biased, fragmentary and misleading. Pandemic-related threat scenarios induced emotional distress and unnecessary anxiety. A systematic and comprehensive evaluation of the pandemic measures is crucial, but still pending in Germany. A critical analysis of risk communication by experts, politicians and the media during the pandemic should be a key element of the evaluation process. Evaluation of decision making and media reporting during the pandemic should improve preparedness for future crises.
There has been a growing awareness of the need for scientific research to focus on somatic and mental comorbidities in recent years due to the emerging evidence showing their substantial overlap at numerous levels. In this special issue, initiated by members of the EU-funded PRIME consortium (“Prevention and Remediation of Insulin Multimorbidity in Europe; www.prime-study.eu), the focus is on the comorbidities of metabolic disturbances, especially related to insulin signalling dysregulation and mental and neurological disorders. Thus, while obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are commonly known to be insulin-related disorders, the last decades have shown that neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, as well as neurodevelopment disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also fall into this category. The special issue draws together a series of basic and clinical review articles that describe the current knowledge and future perspectives regarding insulin comorbidities across a multidisciplinary group of experts
We provide in this paper a comprehensive comparison of various transfer learning strategies and deep learning architectures for computer-aided classification of adult-type diffuse gliomas. We evaluate the generalizability of out-of-domain ImageNet representations for a target domain of histopathological images, and study the impact of in-domain adaptation using self-supervised and multi-task learning approaches for pretraining the models using the medium-to-large scale datasets of histopathological images. A semi-supervised learning approach is furthermore proposed, where the fine-tuned models are utilized to predict the labels of unannotated regions of the whole slide images (WSI). The models are subsequently retrained using the ground-truth labels and weak labels determined in the previous step, providing superior performance in comparison to standard in-domain transfer learning with balanced accuracy of 96.91% and F1-score 97.07%, and minimizing the pathologist's efforts for annotation. Finally, we provide a visualization tool working at WSI level which generates heatmaps that highlight tumor areas; thus, providing insights to pathologists concerning the most informative parts of the WSI.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical post-transcriptional regulators in many biological processes. They act by guiding RNA-induced silencing complexes to miRNA response elements (MREs) in target mRNAs, inducing translational inhibition and/or mRNA degradation. Functional MREs are expected to predominantly occur in the 3’ untranslated region and involve perfect base-pairing of the miRNA seed. Here, we generate a high-resolution map of miR-181a/b-1 (miR-181) MREs to define the targeting rules of miR-181 in developing murine T-cells. By combining a multi-omics approach with computational high-resolution analyses, we uncover novel miR-181 targets and demonstrate that miR-181 acts predominantly through RNA destabilization. Importantly, we discover an alternative seed match and identify a distinct set of targets with repeat elements in the coding sequence which are targeted by miR-181 and mediate translational inhibition. In conclusion, deep profiling of MREs in primary cells is critical to expand physiologically relevant targetomes and establish context-dependent miRNA targeting rules.
Key Points:
* Deep profiling identifies novel targets of miR-181 associated with global gene regulation.
* miR-181 MREs in repeat elements in the coding sequence act through translational inhibition.
* High-resolution analysis reveals an alternative seed match in functional MREs.
Highlights
• Deletion of SPPL3 promotes resistance of malignant B cells to NK cell cytotoxicity
• Loss of SPPL3 blocks ligand binding to NK receptors via increased N-glycosylation
• B3GNT2 deletion reduces LacNAc addition and restores SPPL3-KO cell sensitivity to NK cells
• SPPL3-deficient cells are enriched in tetra-antennary N-glycans with LacNAc elongations
Summary
Natural killer (NK) cells are primary defenders against cancer precursors, but cancer cells can persist by evading immune surveillance. To investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying this evasion, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR screen using B lymphoblastoid cells. SPPL3, a peptidase that cleaves glycosyltransferases in the Golgi, emerges as a top hit facilitating evasion from NK cytotoxicity. SPPL3-deleted cells accumulate glycosyltransferases and complex N-glycans, disrupting not only binding of ligands to NK receptors but also binding of rituximab, a CD20 antibody approved for treating B cell cancers. Notably, inhibiting N-glycan maturation restores receptor binding and sensitivity to NK cells. A secondary CRISPR screen in SPPL3-deficient cells identifies B3GNT2, a transferase-mediating poly-LacNAc extension, as crucial for resistance. Mass spectrometry confirms enrichment of N-glycans bearing poly-LacNAc upon SPPL3 loss. Collectively, our study shows the essential role of SPPL3 and poly-LacNAc in cancer immune evasion, suggesting a promising target for cancer treatment.
PET probes targeting fibroblasts are frequently used for varying applications in oncology. In recent years, the clinical spectrum has been expanded towards cardiovascular medicine, e.g., after myocardial infarction, in aortic stenosis or as a non-invasive read-out of atherosclerosis. We herein provide a brief overview of the current status of this PET radiotracer in the context of cardiovascular disease, including translational and clinical evidence. In addition, we will also briefly discuss future applications, e.g., the use of fibroblast-targeting PET to investigate bilateral organ function along the cardiorenal axis.
Lifestyle factors—such as diet, physical activity (PA), smoking, and alcohol consumption—have a significant impact on mortality as well as healthcare costs. Moreover, they play a crucial role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). There also seems to be a link between lifestyle behaviours and insulin resistance, which is often a precursor of DM2. This study uses an enhanced Healthy Living Index (HLI) integrating accelerometric data and an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to explore differences in lifestyle between insulin-sensitive (IS) and insulin-resistant (IR) individuals. Moreover, it explores the association between lifestyle behaviours and inflammation. Analysing data from 99 participants of the mPRIME study (57 women and 42 men; mean age 49.8 years), we calculated HLI scores—ranging from 0 to 4— based on adherence to specific low-risk lifestyle behaviours, including non-smoking, adhering to a healthy diet, maximally moderate alcohol consumption, and meeting World Health Organization (WHO) PA guidelines. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using a Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were used as a proxy for inflammation. Lifestyle behaviours, represented by HLI scores, were significantly different between IS and IR individuals (U = 1529.0; p = 0.023). The difference in the HLI score between IR and IS individuals was mainly driven by lower adherence to PA recommendations in the IR group. Moreover, reduced PA was linked to increased CRP levels in the IR group (r = −0.368, p = 0.014). Our findings suggest that enhancing PA, especially among individuals with impaired insulin resistance, holds significant promise as a preventive strategy.
The ICH M13A draft bioequivalence guideline allows the exclusion of very low plasma profiles from the statistical evaluation in exceptional cases, i.e., if such phenomenon occurs due to non-compliance of subjects (not swallowing the product). Moreover, the draft ICH guideline requests additional bioequivalence studies for medicinal products with pH-dependent solubility after concomitant administration of gastric pH modifying preparations, e.g., proton pump inhibitors. Both regulations are scientifically sound, however, would need further specification. Main problem in this context is that compounds with very low solubility and slow intrinsic dissolution in the intestinal environment will cause significant bioavailability problems if their solid oral dosage forms are emptied from the stomach undisintegrated. Also very low plasma profiles may result under these circumstances. Such cases can occur accidentally and are not resultant of non-compliance. Thus, limitation for one case per study only as suggested in the guideline is not justified.
• Mexican and German populations of L. sericata differ in their development times.
• Mexican L. sericata had a shorter development time at 20°C than German flies.
• At 30 °C, German L. sericata pupariated and eclosed earlier than the Mexican flies.
• Differences in study design make the comparison of developmental studies difficult.
Abstract
The cosmopolitan blow fly Lucilia sericata is often used in forensic case work for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). For this, the age of immature specimens developing on the dead body is calculated by measuring the time taken to reach the sampled developmental stage at a given temperature. To test whether regional developmental data of L. sericata is valid on a global scale, the time taken to reach different developmental stages was compared between a population from Mexico and one from Germany at two different constant temperatures.
The German population of L. sericata was collected in Frankfurt/Main, while the Mexican population originated near Oaxaca de Juarez and was transported to Germany in the larval stage. Only the F1 generation was used to avoid adaption of the Mexican flies. Eggs were immediately placed at 20 °C and 30 °C. Five times 30 freshly eclosed larvae per replicate (n = 5) were then transferred to a cup of minced meat in separate containers. The larvae were checked every 8 h for migration, pupariation or emergence of adult flies. The time at which the first individual and 50 % of the specimens per container entered each of these stages, was recorded.
Significant differences in the time of development between the two populations were observed at both temperatures. At 20 °C, the first specimens of the Mexican population reached all developmental stages a little (< 1 day to < 2 days) earlier than the German L. sericata. At 30 °C, the Mexican flies also reached the post-feeding stage slightly earlier (0.2 days). However, at 30 °C, the German flies started pupariation significantly earlier (after 5 days) than the Mexican flies (6.9 days) and the adults from Germany also emerged earlier (10.5 days compared to 13.1 days). The same pattern was observed when looking at 50 % of the total number of specimens per container. A comparison with previously published developmental studies was difficult as the experimental design varied widely between studies. However, the results were within the range of most studies. Our study has shown that age estimation can vary widely depending on the population on which the reference data used for the calculations are based. This highlights the importance of using local and population-specific developmental data for estimating the age of blow flies in case work.
Highlights
• NCoR1 is the most highly expressed endothelial corepressor.
• Loss of NCoR1 promotes angiogenic function in endothelial cells.
• Loss of NCoR1 promotes a tip cell position during angiogenic sprouting.
Abstract
Corepressors negatively regulate gene expression by chromatin compaction. Targeted regulation of gene expression could provide a means to control endothelial cell phenotype. We hypothesize that by targeting corepressor proteins, endothelial angiogenic function can be improved. To study this, the expression and function of nuclear corepressors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and in murine organ culture was studied. RNA-seq revealed that nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1), silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT) and repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) are the highest expressed corepressors in HUVECs. Knockout and knockdown strategies demonstrated that the depletion of NCoR1 increased the angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells, whereas depletion of SMRT or REST did not. Interestingly, the effect was VEGF signaling independent. NCoR1 depletion significantly upregulated angiogenesis-associated genes, especially tip cell genes, including ESM1, DLL4 and NOTCH4, as observed by RNA- and ATAC-seq. Confrontation assays comparing cells with and without NCoR1-deficiency revealed that loss of NCoR1 promotes a tip-cell position during spheroid sprouting. Moreover, a proximity ligation assay identified NCoR1 as a direct binding partner of the Notch-signaling-related transcription factor RBPJk. Luciferase assays showed that siRNA-mediated knockdown of NCOR1 promotes RBPJk activity. Furthermore, NCoR1 depletion prompts upregulation of several elements in the Notch signaling cascade. Downregulation of NOTCH4, but not NOTCH1, prevented the positive effect of NCOR1 knockdown on spheroid outgrowth. Collectively, these data indicate that decreasing NCOR1 expression is an attractive approach to promote angiogenic function.
Highlights
• TAM polarization induces CP RNA.
• CP RNA expression is regulated by HIF-2 and STAT1.
• CP RNA is transferred from TAMs to HT1080 cells.
• CP RNA is translated by HT1080 cells and protects from ferroptosis.
• Co-cultured HT1080 cells decrease iron and lipid peroxidation.
Abstract
Solid tumors are characterized by hypoxic areas, which are prone for macrophage infiltration. Once infiltrated, macrophages polarize to tumor associated macrophages (TAM) to support tumor progression. Therefore, the crosstalk between TAMs and tumor cells is of current interest for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. These may comprise induction of an iron- and lipid peroxidation-dependent form of cell death, known as ferroptosis. To study the macrophage - tumor cell crosstalk we polarized primary human macrophages towards a TAM-like phenotype, co-cultured them with HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, and analyzed the tumor cell response to ferroptosis induction. In TAMs the expression of ceruloplasmin mRNA increased, which was driven by hypoxia inducible factor 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Subsequently, ceruloplasmin mRNA was transferred from TAMs to HT1080 cells via extracellular vesicles. In tumor cells, mRNA was translated into protein to protect HT1080 cells from RSL3-induced ferroptosis. Mechanistically this was based on reduced iron abundance and lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, in naïve macrophages also hypoxia induced ceruloplasmin under hypoxia and a co-culture of HT1080 cells with hypoxic macrophages recapitulated the protective effect observed in TAM co-cultures. In conclusion, TAMs provoke tumor cells to release iron and thereby protect them from lipid peroxidation/ferroptosis.
Highlights
• CD62p + exosomes were significantly increased in septic polytrauma-patients, while CD40+, as well as CD49e + exosomes were diminished.
• Exosomal IL-6 concentration in septic patients reflects the systemic IL-6.
• Exosomal IL-10 concentration seemed to be constant in patients and healthy controls.
• Decrease of miR-21 in exosomes was associated with the development of sepsis, while exosomal miR-93, miR-155 and miR-92a were not specifically altered.
Abstract
Sepsis as a severe systemic inflammation leads oftentimes to organ dysfunction and subsequently to death. In polytrauma patients, septic complications represent with 45% the predominant cause of late death and are responsible for extremely high costs in the healthcare system. Therefore, clinicians have to detect as early as possible the begin of sepsis to improve the patient's outcome. One new promising diagnostic tool to diagnose septic complications in polytraumatized patients are exosomes.
Plasma samples from polytraumatized patients (Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16) which developed sepsis (n = 10) and without sepsis (n = 10), were collected at emergency room (ER), 24h and 5 days after trauma. The EVs subpopulations were investigated by a bead-based multiplex flow cytometry measurement of surface epitopes and were compared with plasma EVs from healthy controls (n = 10). Moreover, exosomal cytokine concentrations were measured via high-sensitive ELISA and were correlated with systemic concentrations. For miRNA cargo analysis, we analysed the miRNAs miR-1298-5p, miR-1262, miR-125b-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-93-5p, miR-155-5p and miR-21-5p and compared their exosomal concentrations by means of RT-qPCR.
CD62p + exosomes were significantly increased in septic polytrauma-patients (p ≤ 0.05), while CD40+exosomes, as well as CD49e + exosomes were diminished (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, we observed that the exosomal IL-6 concentration reflects the systemic IL-6 concentration (r2 = 0.63) and did not significantly alter between patients with and without sepsis. The exosomal IL-10 concentration seemed to be constant in all patients and healthy controls. We observed that a decrease of miR-21-5p in exosomes was associated with the development of sepsis (p ≤ 0.05), while exosomal miR-93-5p, miR-155-5p and miR-92a-3p were not specifically altered in septic patients.
Taken together, the present study in polytraumatized patients demonstrated that the development of sepsis is associated with an increase of CD62p + exosomes. Furthermore, the exosomal cargo was changed in septic patients: miR-21-5p was diminished.
Highlights
• Currently, China has the most publications, ahead of the USA and European countries.
• Research focuses are strictly separated into ecological and material science topics.
• Russia and Ukraine are among the frontrunners with a clear focus on materials science.
• The focus in PFAS research is shifting toward ecological issues.
• A national imbalance can be observed that leaves the low economies behind.
Abstract
The European Commission's current efforts to launch the largest proposal to restrict per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in history reflect the dire global plight of PFAS accumulation in the environment and their health impacts. While there are existing studies on PFAS research, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis that both covers the entire research period and provides deep insights into global research patterns, incentives, and barriers based on various parameters. We have been able to demonstrate the increasing interest in PFAS research, although citation numbers are declining prematurely. Policy regulations based on proving and establishing the toxicity of PFASs have stimulated research in developed countries and vice versa, with increasing emphasis on ecological aspects. China, in particular, is investing increasingly in PFAS research, but without defining or implementing regulations - with devastating effects. The separation of industrial and environmental research interests is clear, with little involvement of developing countries, even though their exposure to PFAS is devastating. It, therefore, requires increased globally networked and multidisciplinary approaches to address PFAS contamination challenges.
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has recently emerged as an exciting new drug modality. However, the strategy of developing small molecule-based protein degraders has evolved over the past two decades and has now established molecular tags that are already in clinical use, as well as chimeric molecules, PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs), based mainly on ligand systems developed for the two E3 ligases CRBN and VHL. The large size of the human E3 ligase family suggests that PROTACs can be developed by targeting a large diversity of E3 ligases, some of which have restricted expression patterns with the potential to design disease- or tissue-specific degraders. Indeed, many new E3 ligands have been published recently, confirming the druggability of E3 ligases. This review summarises recent data on E3 ligases and highlights the challenges in developing these molecules into efficient PROTACs rivalling the established degrader systems.
Background: Trauma-related guilt and shame are crucial for the development and maintenance of PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder). We developed an intervention combining cognitive techniques with loving-kindness meditations (C-METTA) that specifically target these emotions. C-METTA is an intervention of six weekly individual treatment sessions followed by a four-week practice phase.
Objective: This study examined C-METTA in a proof-of-concept study within a randomized wait-list controlled trial.
Method: We randomly assigned 32 trauma-exposed patients with a DSM-5 diagnosis to C-METTA or a wait-list condition (WL). Primary outcomes were clinician-rated PTSD symptoms (CAPS-5) and trauma-related guilt and shame. Secondary outcomes included psychopathology, self-criticism, well-being, and self-compassion. Outcomes were assessed before the intervention phase and after the practice phase.
Results: Mixed-design analyses showed greater reductions in C-METTA versus WL in clinician-rated PTSD symptoms (d = −1.09), guilt (d = −2.85), shame (d = −2.14), psychopathology and self-criticism.
Conclusion: Our findings support positive outcomes of C-METTA and might contribute to improved care for patients with stress-related disorders. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00023470).
HIGHLIGHTS
C-METTA is an intervention that addresses trauma-related guilt and shame and combines cognitive interventions with loving-kindness meditations.
A proof-of-concept study was conducted examining C-METTA in a wait-list randomized controlled trial
C-METTA led to reductions in trauma-related guilt and shame and PTSD symptoms.
Background: Urachal cancer (UrC) is a rare disease with limited availability of representative incidence and clinical data. Although, the prevalence is accounting for less than 1% of bladder tumors, the 5-year survival rate is around only 50% for patients with resectable tumors, and even worse for patients with metastatic disease. Due to the lack of comprehensive prospective studies, our current knowledge of UrC is still limited.
Objective: The present study aimed to summarize the available registry-based studies with unselected UrC patients to evaluate its incidence and clinicopathological characteristics.
Material and methods: We conducted a systematic literature search of registry-based UrC publications on the 15th of May 2023 in 5 databases, which identified 4,748 publications. After duplicate removal and selection by 2 independent investigators, 6 publications proved to be appropriate for the final meta-analysis. Estimated incidence and clinicopathological parameters were extracted.
Results: Estimated incidence ranged between 0.022 and 0.060/ 100.000 person-years, with the highest occurrence in Japan and the lowest in Canada, while the random effect model calculated an overall incidence rate of 0.04 (95%CI: 0.03–0.05) 100.000 person-years. The median age at first diagnosis was 60 years (range: 58–64). The female to male ratio was 2:3. Lymph node or distant metastases were present in 9% and 14% of patients. The predominant tumour type was adenocarcinoma (86%) followed by urothelial carcinoma (12%) and squamous cell carcinoma (2%). The 5-year survival rate was 51.0% with 95%CI: 45.2–57.4.
Conclusions: Our study provides an up-to-date comparison of estimated incidence rates between 6 countries of 3 continents based on rigorously selected registry-based studies. The results suggest low incidence rates for UrC with considerable geographic differences. The present meta-analysis provides unbiased registry-based data on the incidence, clinicopathological parameters and survival of UrC.
Therapierefraktärer Schmerz ist ein weit verbreitetes, äußerst belastendes Leitsymptom rheumatischer Erkrankungen. Viele Betroffene weichen daher bei Versagen der Standardmedikation selbstständig auf Cannabis oder die strukturell verwandte Substanz Palmitoylethanolamid (PEA) als Add-On- oder Alternativtherapie aus, obwohl dies in Deutschland bisher nur eingeschränkt zulässig ist. Die deutsche Gesetzgebung ist diesbezüglich nicht eindeutig, weshalb Ärzt:innen in ihrer Entscheidung, Cannabis zu verschreiben, auf Leitlinien, Fallberichte und Expert:innenmeinungen zurückgreifen müssen. Dies führt zu schwierigen Einzelfallentscheidungen, da sich die derzeitige Datenlage zu Cannabis-based Medicine (CBM) bzw. PEA und Rheuma als mangelhaft darstellt und die Leitlinien dementsprechend keine klaren Empfehlungen enthalten. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die vorhandene Evidenz zusammenzufassen, zu ordnen und anhand der Hill-Kriterien den möglichen kausalen Zusammenhang zwischen der Einnahme von CBM bzw. PEA und der analgetischen Wirkung bei Rheumaschmerzen zu prüfen.
Highlights
• Artificial intelligence systems for mechanically ventilated patients are increasing.
• The clinical and financial impact of these models are often unexamined.
• We developed a generic health-economic model for artificial intelligence systems.
• This model assesses the cost-effectiveness for many different scenarios.
• The developed framework is easily adjustable to other (clinical) situations.
Abstract
Purpose: The health and economic consequences of artificial intelligence (AI) systems for mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients often remain unstudied. Early health technology assessments (HTA) can examine the potential impact of AI systems by using available data and simulations. Therefore, we developed a generic health-economic model suitable for early HTA of AI systems for mechanically ventilated patients.
Materials and methods: Our generic health-economic model simulates mechanically ventilated patients from their hospitalisation until their death. The model simulates two scenarios, care as usual and care with the AI system, and compares these scenarios to estimate their cost-effectiveness.
Results: The generic health-economic model we developed is suitable for estimating the cost-effectiveness of various AI systems. By varying input parameters and assumptions, the model can examine the cost-effectiveness of AI systems across a wide range of different clinical settings.
Conclusions: Using the proposed generic health-economic model, investors and innovators can easily assess whether implementing a certain AI system is likely to be cost-effective before an exact clinical impact is determined. The results of the early HTA can aid investors and innovators in deployment of AI systems by supporting development decisions, informing value-based pricing, clinical trial design, and selection of target patient groups.
Understanding the underlying mechanisms that link psychopathology and physical comorbidities in schizophrenia is crucial since decreased physical fitness and overweight pose major risk factors for cardio-vascular diseases and decrease the patients’ life expectancies. We hypothesize that altered reward anticipation plays an important role in this. We implemented the Monetary Incentive Delay task in a MR scanner and a fitness test battery to compare schizophrenia patients (SZ, n = 43) with sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC, n = 36) as to reward processing and their physical fitness. We found differences in reward anticipation between SZs and HCs, whereby increased activity in HCs positively correlated with overall physical condition and negatively correlated with psychopathology. On the other handy, SZs revealed stronger activity in the posterior cingulate cortex and in cerebellar regions during reward anticipation, which could be linked to decreased overall physical fitness. These findings demonstrate that a dysregulated reward system is not only responsible for the symptomatology of schizophrenia, but might also be involved in physical comorbidities which could pave the way for future lifestyle therapy interventions.
On the current psychotherapeutic situation for persons with pornography use disorder in Germany
(2023)
Background and aims: For the first time, the ICD-11 provides the diagnosis compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) that can be assigned for pornography use disorder (PUD). This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of PUD and associated consequences in Germany, to identify the psychotherapy demand among likely PUD (lPUD) cases and the treatment supply in different psychotherapeutic settings, to survey psychotherapists' level of expertise regarding PUD, and to identify predictors for psychotherapy demand.
Methods: Four studies were conducted: 1. Online study in the general population (n = 2070; m = 48.9%, f = 50.8%, d = 0.2%), 2. Survey among practicing psychotherapists (n = 983), 3. Survey of psychotherapists in psychotherapeutic outpatient clinics (n = 185), 4. Interviews with psychotherapeutic inpatient clinics (n = 28).
Results: The estimated prevalence of lPUD in the online study was 4.7% and men were 6.3 times more often affected than women. Compared to individuals without PUD, individuals with lPUD more often indicated negative consequences in performance-related areas. Among lPUD cases, 51.2% of men and 64.3% of women were interested in a specialized PUD treatment. Psychotherapists reported 1.2%–2.9% of lPUD cases among their patients. 43.2%–61.5% of psychotherapists stated to be poorly informed about PUD. Only 7% of psychotherapeutic inpatient clinics provided specific treatments to patients with PUD. While, among other factors, negative consequences attributed to lPUD were predictive for psychotherapy demand, weekly pornography consumption, subjective well-being, and religious attachment were not.
Discussion and conclusions: Although PUD occurs quite often in Germany, availability of mental health care services for PUD is poor. Specific PUD treatments are urgently needed.
Bei über der Hälfte der Patienten mit einer operationsbedürftigen MI liegt gleichzeitig eine Insuffizienz der TK vor. In den meisten Fällen handelt es sich hierbei um eine funktionelle Insuffizienz welche aus einer RV-Pathologie, bedingt durch eine Volumen- oder Druckbelastung resultiert. In der Vergangenheit bestand die Überzeugung eine konservative Behandlung der TI sei ausreichend und nach Beheben der ursächlichen Grunderkrankung sei diese selbstlimitierend. Neuere Studien konnten jedoch belegen, dass eine bestehende TI auch nach operativer Versorgung einer ursächlichen LV-pathologie keine ausreichende Rückbildungstendenz aufweist, sondern im Verlauf sogar noch progredient ist. Die persistierende TI führt zu einer deutlich erhöhten Morbidität und Mortalität. Ist eine zweizeitige Operation an der TK im Verlauf erforderlich, so ist die Früh- und Spätmortalität deutlich erhöht und die Langzeitergebnisse sind schlecht. Diese Ergebnisse haben dazu geführt, dass die Indikation zur operativen Versorgung der TI ≥ 2 zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt und weniger restriktiv gestellt wird. Jedoch weisen die aktuellen ESC/EACTS-Guidelines insbesondere hinsichtlich der Versorgung einer TI < 2 nur einen niedrigen Evidenz-Grad auf, der richtige Operationszeitpunkt bleibt weiterhin umstritten. Der Grund für eine eher zurückhaltende Einstellung ist vor allem die Angst vor einer erhöhten Morbidität und Mortalität durch den additiven Eingriff. Zudem sind kaum Studien zu einer operativen Versorgung einer TI < 2 vorhanden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher der Gewinn weiterer Erkenntnisse, dieses bis dato kaum untersuchten Patientengutes, insbesondere hinsichtlich der peri- und postoperativen Mortalität, sowie der Auswirkungen der prophylaktischen TKR im Langzeitverlauf. Im Rahmen dieser monozentrischen, prospektiven Studie wurden 264 Patienten eingeschlossen, welche sich im Zeitraum von 2009 bis 2015 einer TKR im Rahmen einer MKR an der Klinik für Thorax- Herz- und thorakaler Gefäßchirurgie des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt am Main unterzogen. Das Patientenkollektiv wurde nachfolgend in zwei Gruppen unterteilt, nach dem Schweregrad der präoperativ bestehenden TI in eine „prophylaktische” pTKR-Gruppe bei einer TI < 2 und eine „therapeutische” tTKR-Gruppe bei einer TI ≥ 2. Primärer Endpunkt war die Erfassung der Früh- und Spätmortalität. Sekundäres Endziel war die Untersuchung des postoperativen Verlaufes der TI, sowie der Verlauf der kardialen Funktion. Die 30-Tages-Mortalität betrug 12% in der pTKR-Gruppe und 17% in der tTKR-Gruppe. Der wichtigste Einflussfaktor war die EKZ-Dauer. Der Unterschied zwischen den beiden Gruppen war statistisch nicht signifikant. Im Vergleich zu anderen Studien zeigte sich eine höhere 30-Tages-Mortalität, jedoch handelte es sich bei diesen zumeist um einen isolierten Eingriff an der Mitralklappe, mit einer deutlich kürzeren EKZ. Hinsichtlich der Gesamtmortalität zeigte sich ein 1-, 5- und 7-Jahres-Überleben in der pTKR-Gruppe von 81%, 66% und 56%, sowie 65%, 52% und 41% in der tTKR-Gruppe. Die höhere Gesamtmortalität dieser Studie im Vergleich zu anderen Arbeiten ist durch das deutlich ältere und multimorbide Patientenkollektiv erklärt. Bei dem Vergleich von Patienten, welche im Rahmen dieser Studie eine prophylaktische TKR erhielten gegenüber den Patienten, bei welchen im Rahmen von Vergleichsarbeiten bewusst auf eine TKR verzichtet wurde (NTKR-Gruppe), zeigte sich ein verbessertes Langzeitüberleben der pTKR-Gruppe. Bei den Arbeiten, bei welchen kein Überlebensvorteil unserer pTKR-Gruppe, gegenüber deren NTKR-Gruppe gezeigt werden konnte, zeigten sich dennoch positive Effekte der begleitenden Klappenoperation. Die erhöhte Frühsterblichkeit dieser Arbeit ist dem Umstand geschuldet, dass durch die zur Indikationsstellung herangezogenen Risikofaktoren ein Hochrisikokollektiv selektioniert wurde, mit einer konsekutiv erhöhten Sterblichkeit auch abhängig vom Ausmass der TI. Bereits in der Vergangenheit konnte eine Verbesserung des Langzeitüberlebens durch die Durchführung einer TKR bei einer TI ≥ 2, gegenüber dem Verzicht auf diese nachgewiesen werden. Anhand des Vergleiches von anderen Arbeiten mit der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte dieser Überlebensvorteil auch für die Durchführung einer pTKR bei einer TI < 2 gezeigt werden. Zudem konnte dargelegt werden, dass es sich bei der begleitenden pTKR um eine effektive und dauerhafte Methode zur Vermeidung einer Klappeninsuffizienz handelt. Somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass auch bei Patienten mit einer TI < 2 eine additiven TKR die Entwicklung einer späten TI verhindert.
Hintergrund: Der Rettungsdienst versorgt täglich viele Patient/-innen in unterschiedlichen Umgebungen und ist damit auch potentieller Überträger nosokomialer Infektionen. Zur Händehygiene, als entscheidende Säule der Infektionsprophylaxe, liegen bislang nur wenige Daten aus dem Rettungsdienst vor.
Methoden: Prospektive multizentrische Studie mit Fragebogen zur Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzung der Compliance und beeinflussender Faktoren (abgeleitet von der WHO Perception Survey for Health-Care Workers) sowie direkte Compliance-Beobachtung nach WHO-Standard bei Rettungsdienstpersonal zweier Berufsfeuerwehren in Deutschland.
Ergebnisse: Es wurden 207 Fragebögen eingereicht und während ca. 66h Beobachtungszeit wurden 674 Händedesinfektionsgelegenheiten protokolliert. Der präventive Effekt der HH wurde allgemein von den Mitarbeitenden anerkannt. Die Selbsteinschätzung (MW: 80%) und beobachtete Compliance-Rate (38%) zeigten eine deutliche Diskrepanz und die Compliance variierte zwischen den verschiedenen Indikationen. Besonders niedrig zeigte sich die Compliance rund um die Durchführung aseptischer Tätigkeiten. Hier zeichnete sich ein geringes Risikobewusstsein für nicht sichtbare Verunreinigungen ab. Hürden für die Umsetzung der Händehygiene stellten vor allem die Vorrangigkeit anderer Maßnahmen, Unterbrechung des Arbeitsablaufes und Zeitmangel dar.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die beobachtete Compliance-Rate im Rettungsdienst lag unterhalb der innerklinischen Durchschnittswerte. Insbesondere die Compliance im Rahmen aseptischer Tätigkeiten muss dringend gesteigert werden. Dies erfordert einen multimodalen Lösungsansatz, der die Optimierung der Ausbildung, Algorithmen, Materialverfügbarkeit und Praktikabilität der Händedesinfektion im Rettungsdienst beinhaltet.
Lebensqualität, kognitive Leistung und multisensorische Integrationsleistung bei NMOSD Patienten
(2023)
Die Neuromyelitis-optica-Spektrum-Erkrankung (NMOSD) ist eine entzündliche Autoimmunerkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS), die schubweise auftritt und meist in den Anfängen aufgrund der symptomatischen Ähnlichkeit mit der Multiplen Sklerose (MS) verwechselt wird. Primär manifestiert sich die NMOSD in Form von Sehstörungen und sensomotorische Lähmungserscheinungen. Im Krankheitsverlauf treten aber auch bei einem Großteil der Patienten kognitive Defizite auf, wobei vorwiegend das Gedächtnis, die Informationsverarbeitung und die Aufmerksamkeit betroffen sind, die nicht in Routineuntersuchungen erfasst werden. Kognitive Beeinträchtigungen wurden bereits bei der MS beschrieben. Ebenso spielt eine verminderte Lebensqualität bei beiden Erkrankungen eine große Rolle. Analog zu Untersuchungen bei MS Patienten, die gezeigt haben, dass kognitive Beeinträchtigungen mitunter ursächlich für die niedrige Lebensqualität sind, wird in dieser Arbeit postuliert, dass auch bei NMOSD Patienten das Ausmaß an kognitiven Dysfunktionen mit dem Grad an Einbußen in der Lebensqualität zusammenhängt. Ferner sollen weitere Prädiktoren ermittelt werden, welche einen Einfluss auf die Lebensqualität haben, wie bereits bestätigt körperliche Einschränkungen. Es wird erwartet, dass NMOSD Patienten von einer verminderten Lebensqualität berichten, die von den schlechteren Ergebnissen in den neuropsychologischen Tests vorhergesagt werden kann.
Zur Untersuchung der Kognition wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit neben etablierten neuropsychologischen Tests auch die multisensorische Integrationsleistung mithilfe des SiFI Paradigmas angewandt, welche bereits bei MS Patienten und Patienten mit leichten kognitiven Defiziten (mild cognitive impairment; MCI) auffällige Daten lieferte und für eine Testung der globalen Kognitionsleistung genutzt werden konnte. Der Grund für den Einsatz der SiFI waren die nachgewiesenen Hirnkorrelate bei multisensorischer Integration, welche ebenfalls bereits bei kognitiver Dysfunktion festgestellt wurden, wie Atrophien, Konnektivitätsstörungen und Auffälligkeiten in der Transmission bestimmter Neurotransmitter. Ziel dieser Anwendung ist eine Implementierung der SiFI in den Klinikalltag zur erleichterten Erfassung kognitiver Defizite. Viele bekannte neuropsychologischen Tests sind entweder zu teuer, zu lang, abhängig von der sprachlichen Fähigkeit oder für die Patienten zu anstrengend. Die SiFI wäre daher eine gute Alternative als Marker kognitiver Defizite.
20 NMOSD Patienten wurden zu ihrer Lebensqualität (EQ-5D) sowie ihrem psychopathologischen Zustand (SCL-90-R) befragt und es wurde eine umfassende neuropsychologische Testung durchgeführt. Zur Diagnostik der multisensorischen Integrationsleistung wurde die SiFI Aufgabe herangezogen. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine verminderte kognitive Leistung mit mittelhohen Werten in den Fragebögen zur Lebensqualität. NMOSD Patienten nahmen die Illusion in der SiFI Aufgabe bei längeren Intervallen wahr, vergleichbar mit MS und MCI Patienten. Dies deutet auf eine verzögerte Integration sensorischer Informationen.
Angefangen mit einem Einblick über die Erkrankung und Darstellung des bisherigen Wissenschaftsstands zu den einzelnen Konstrukten und ihrer Zusammenhänge wird das Studiendesign vorgestellt und die Ergebnisse angegeben und interpretiert. Abschließend folgen eine kritische Beurteilung und Zusammenfassung der vorliegenden Daten mit Ausblick auf weitere Forschungsziele.
Background Vasoplegic syndrome is frequently observed during cardiac surgery and resembles a complication of high mortality and morbidity. There is a clinical need for therapy and prevention of vasoplegic syndrome during complex cardiac surgical procedures. Therefore, we investigated different strategies in a porcine model of vasoplegia.
Methods We evaluated new medical therapies and prophylaxis to avoid vasoplegic syndrome in a porcine model. After induction of anesthesia, cardiopulmonary bypass was established through median sternotomy and central cannulation. Prolonged aortic cross-clamping (120 min) simulated a complex surgical procedure. The influence of sevoflurane-guided anesthesia (sevoflurane group) and the administration of glibenclamide (glibenclamide group) were compared to a control group, which received standard anesthesia using propofol. Online hemodynamic assessment was performed using PiCCO® measurements. In addition, blood and tissue samples were taken to evaluate hemodynamic effects and the degree of inflammatory response.
Results Glibenclamide was able to break through early vasoplegic syndrome by raising the blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance as well as less need of norepinephrine doses. Sevoflurane reduced the occurrence of the vasoplegic syndrome in the mean of stable blood pressure and less need of norepinephrine doses.
Conclusion Glibenclamide could serve as a potent drug to reduce effects of vasoplegic syndrome. Sevoflurane anesthesia during cardiopulmonary bypass shows less occurrence of vasoplegic syndrome and therefore could be used to prevent it in high-risk patients.
Clinical Perspective; what is new?
* to our knowledge, this is the first randomized in vivo study evaluating the hemodynamic effects of glibenclamide after the onset of vasoplegic syndrome
* furthermore according to literature research, there is no study showing the effect of sevoflurane-guided anesthesia on the occurrence of a vasoplegic syndrome
Clinical Perspective; clinical implications?
to achieve better outcomes after complex cardiac surgery there is a need for optimized drug therapy and prevention of the vasoplegic syndrome
To understand the neural mechanisms underlying brain function, neuroscientists aim to quantify causal interactions between neurons, for instance by perturbing the activity of neuron A and measuring the effect on neuron B. Recently, manipulating neuron activity using light-sensitive opsins, optogenetics, has increased the specificity of neural perturbation. However, using widefield optogenetic interventions, multiple neurons are usually perturbed, producing a confound -- any of the stimulated neurons can have affected the postsynaptic neuron making it challenging to discern which neurons produced the causal effect. Here, we show how such confounds produce large biases in interpretations. We explain how confounding can be reduced by combining instrumental variables (IV) and difference in differences (DiD) techniques from econometrics. Combined, these methods can estimate (causal) effective connectivity by exploiting the weak, approximately random signal resulting from the interaction between stimulation and the absolute refractory period of the neuron. In simulated neural networks, we find that estimates using ideas from IV and DiD outperform naive techniques suggesting that methods from causal inference can be useful to disentangle neural interactions in the brain.
Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine auf datenwissenschaftlichen Methoden beruhende Analyse des aktuellen Wissens über mögliche kausale Zusammenhänge zwischen therapeutischen Morphinapplikationen mit Todesfällen dar, welche auf computergestützter Extraktion von Information aus frei verfügbaren Wissensdatenbanken und der Analyse der darin enthaltenen numerischen Information besteht. Die Relevanz der vorliegenden Analyse ergibt sich aus dem weltweit breiten Einsatz von Morphin zur Behandlung starker Schmerzen und der immer wieder vorkommenden Todesfälle während einer Morphintherapie, die regelmäßig zu Gerichtsverfahren mit den verschreibenden Ärzten als Angeklagte führen.
Morphin ist ein Opioid und zählt zu den starken Analgetika der WHO Stufe III. Bei der Applikation von Morphin kann es neben der gewünschten Analgesie auch zur Abflachung der Ventilation bis hin zum fatalen Atemstillstand kommen. In der Literatur wird die Inzidenz von Morphin-assoziierten Todesfällen mit 0,3 bis 4% angegeben. So kommt es in einigen Fällen auch zu strafrechtlichen Ermittlungen und Gerichtsverfahren mit dem Verdacht der vorsätzlichen Tötung oder sogar des Mordes. Die Frage, ob eine Morphinapplikation Ursache für den Tod eines Patienten war, ist nicht einfach zu beantworten, was mit einigen Besonderheiten von Opioid-Analgetika im Allgemeinen und von Morphin im Besonderen zusammenhängt. Für Morphin existieren z.B. keine genau definierten maximalen Dosen. Es wurden bisher lediglich Empfehlungen ausgesprochen, abhängig auch davon, ob ein Patient noch „opioid-naiv“ ist oder bereits Opioide einnimmt und damit ein Gewöhnungseffekt eingetreten ist, welcher neben der Analgesie die Gefahr des Atemstillstandes verringert. Grundsätzlich gilt immer, die Dosis so gering wie möglich und so hoch wie nötig zu halten. Die Dosis wird an die Schmerzintensität adaptiert, wobei nach keine maximal erlaubte Dosis existiert. Besonders bei terminal kranken Patienten ist die Kausalität zwischen therapeutischer Morphinapplikation und dem Tode oft fraglich, und es werden regelmäßig Gutachten eingeholt, die meistens von Rechtsmedizinern, Anästhesisten und klinischen Pharmakologen erstellt werden.
In diesen Gutachten müssen viele Faktoren, die die Wirkungen von Morphin bis hin zum letalen Ausgang beeinflussen können, diskutiert wurden, und die daher Hauptinhalt der vorliegenden Arbeit sind. Dazu gehören die verabreichten Morphindosen und die Konzentrationen von Morphin und seiner Metabolite im Blut, aber auch Charakteristika des Patienten, wie Alter, Vorerkrankungen wie z.B. Leber- oder Niereninsuffizienz, Komedikationen, oder pharmakogenetische Faktoren. Darüber hinaus spielt für die zeitliche Zuordnung einer Morphingabe mit dem Tode die verzögerte Verteilung Morphins an seinen Wirkort (das zentrale Nervensystem) eine wichtige Rolle.
Eine weitere Schwierigkeit, die sich bei Morphin-assoziierten Toden darstellt, ist die oft zur Debatte stehende verabreichte Morphindosis, die nachträglich aus den gemessenen Konzentrationen im Blut des Verstorbenen rekonstruiert werden soll, was oft nicht sicher möglich ist. Die postmortal gemessenen Konzentrationen von Morphin unterliegen relevanten Veränderungen aufgrund postmortaler Flüssigkeitsumverteilung oder des Zerfalls von Morphin, aber auch als Folge von Veränderungen während der Lagerung der Proben.
In unserer Analyse und Auswertung der vorhandenen Literatur zu diesen Themen kamen wir zu dem Ergebnis, dass es gegenwärtig praktisch sehr schwer ist, eine Morphindosis oder -konzentration sicher mit dem Tod eines Patienten in Verbindung zu bringen. Somit bleibt jeder Todesfall individuell und kontext-abhängig und erfordert die Berücksichtigung weiterer Aspekte bei der der strafrechtlichen Aufarbeitung. Zudem kamen wir zu dem Entschluss, dass angesichts dieser bereits seit langen bekannten Problemen mit Morphin und aber auch anderen Opioiden (siehe “opioid crisis” in den USA), die Entwicklung von sichereren stark wirksamen Analgetika als Ersatz für Opioide dringlich ist.
Graph data is an omnipresent way to represent information in machine learning. Especially, in neuroscience research, data from Diffusion-Tensor Imaging (DTI) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is commonly represented as graphs. Exploiting the graph structure of these modalities using graph-specific machine learning applications is currently hampered by the lack of easy-to-use software. PHOTONAI Graph aims to close the gap between domain experts of machine learning, graph experts and neuroscientists. Leveraging the rapid machine learning model development features of the Python machine learning API PHOTONAI, PHOTONAI Graph enables the design, optimization, and evaluation of reliable graph machine learning models for practitioners. As such, it provides easy access to custom graph machine learning pipelines including, hyperparameter optimization and algorithm evaluation ensuring reproducibility and valid performance estimates. Integrating established algorithms such as graph neural networks, graph embeddings and graph kernels, it allows researchers without significant coding experience to build and optimize complex graph machine learning models within a few lines of code. We showcase the versatility of this toolbox by building pipelines for both resting–state fMRI and DTI data in the hope that it will increase the adoption of graph-specific machine learning algorithms in neuroscience research.
Control of cell proliferation is critical for the lymphocyte life cycle. However, little is known on how stage-specific alterations in cell-cycle behavior drive proliferation dynamics during T-cell development. Here, we employed in vivo dual-nucleoside pulse labeling combined with determination of DNA replication over time as well as fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator mice to establish a quantitative high-resolution map of cell-cycle kinetics of thymocytes. We developed an agent-based mathematical model of T-cell developmental dynamics. To generate the capacity for proliferative bursts, cell-cycle acceleration followed a 'stretch model', characterized by simultaneous and proportional contraction of both G1 and S phase. Analysis of cell-cycle phase dynamics during regeneration showed tailored adjustments of cell-cycle phase dynamics. Taken together, our results highlight intrathymic cell-cycle regulation as an adjustable system to maintain physiologic tissue homeostasis and foster our understanding of dysregulation of the T-cell developmental program.
Neuroendokrine Tumoren (NET) sind eine seltene Krankheit mit einem breitgefächerten heterogenen Erscheinungsbild, wodurch sich die Diagnose der Tumoren aus einer Vielzahl aus Gründen häufig um Jahre verzögert (1). In dieser Arbeit analysierten wir einen großen Datensatz in einem tertiären Referenzzentrum (UKF) von 1984-2019, um die Symptomatik vor der Diagnose des Tumors sowie den Zeitraum von der Tumormanifestation bis zur Diagnose weiter zu klären. Für die deskriptiven Analysen kamen SPSS, Cox-Regression und Log-Rank-Test zur Anwendung.
Insgesamt schloss die retrospektive Studie 488 gastroenteropankreastische (GEP)-NET mit 486 Patienten ≥ 18 Jahren ein, wovon knapp mehr als die Hälfte männlich (52,9%) waren. Das mittlere Alter bei Erstdiagnose (ED) betrug 58 Jahre (477/486, 9 unbekannt). Die häufigsten Primärtumorlokalisationen stellten Pankreas (143/488 Patienten) und Dünndarm (145/488 Patienten) dar. Die Mehrheit der NET waren langsam wachsende G1-Tumoren mit einem Ki67 < 3% (155/330). Die Hälfte der Patienten entwickelten im Verlauf Fernmetastasen, wobei die meisten bereits bei der ED vorlagen und insbesondere die Leber als Metastasierungsorgan dominierte. Bei mehr als 60% der Patienten konnten Angaben zur klinischen Symptomatik vor der ED detektiert werden, wovon wiederum mehr als die Hälfte symptomatisch waren. 42% der symptomatischen Patienten zeigten NET-spezifische Symptome (Bauchschmerzen 77/128; 60,2%, Durchfall 51/128; 39,8%, Flush 19/128; 14,8%, Karzinoidsyndrom 8/128; 6,3% Tachykardie 6/128; 4,7%). In der primären bildgebenden Diagnostik dominierten konventionelle Bildgebungen wie Sonographie und Computertomographie (CT), wobei nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik eine Seltenheit darstellte. Mehr als 30% der Tumoren wurden als Zufallsbefunde im Rahmen einer bildgebenden Diagnostik oder Operation diagnostiziert. Die Mehrheit der Patienten stellte sich initial außerhalb unserer Klinik vor, nur etwa 15% wurden innerhalb unserer Klinik insbesondere in der Gastroenterologie vorstellig, wo der NET diagnostiziert wurde.
Die Phase von der Tumormanifestation bis zur ED aller NET betrug im Median 17 Tage. Das Vorhandensein von Fernmetastasen sowie Symptomen führte zu keiner signifikanten Kürzung der Phase und einer schnelleren ED des NET (Median 65,5 vs. 90 Tage, p = 0,4).
Protein post-translational modification with ubiquitin (Ub) is a versatile signal regulating almost all aspects of cell biology, and an increasing range of diseases is associated with impaired Ub modification. In this light, the Ub system offers an attractive, yet underexplored route to the development of novel targeted treatments. A promising strategy for small molecule intervention is posed by the final components of the enzymatic ubiquitination cascade, E3 ligases, as they determine the specificity of the protein ubiquitination pathway. Here, we present UbSRhodol, an autoimmolative Ub-based probe, which upon E3 processing liberates the pro-fluorescent dye, amenable to profile the E3 transthiolation activity for recombinant and in cell-extract E3 ligases. UbSRhodol enabled detection of changes in transthiolation efficacy evoked by enzyme key point mutations or conformational changes, and offers an excellent assay reagent amenable to a high-throughput screening setup allowing the identification of small molecules modulating E3 activity.
Herz- und Lungenerkrankungen sind weltweit eine der häufigsten Todesursachen. Das Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI) widmet sich der Erforschung dieser Krankheiten auf molekularer Ebene, um innovative Behandlungsmethoden für Patient*innen zu entwickeln. Als interdisziplinäres Forschungsinstitut der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen und des Max-Planck-Instituts für Herz- und Lungenforschung in Bad Nauheim ist das CPI ein einzigartiges Zentrum.
Knowledge is limited as to how prior SARS-CoV-2 infection influences cellular and humoral immunity after booster-vaccination with bivalent BA.4/5-adapted mRNA-vaccines, and whether vaccine-induced immunity correlates with subsequent infection. In this observational study, individuals with prior infection (n=64) showed higher vaccine-induced anti-spike IgG antibodies and neutralizing titers, but the relative increase was significantly higher in non-infected individuals (n=63). In general, both groups showed higher neutralizing activity towards the parental strain than towards Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. In contrast, CD4 or CD8 T-cell levels towards spike from the parental strain and the Omicron subvariants, and cytokine expression profiles were similar irrespective of prior infection. Breakthrough infections occurred more frequently among previously non-infected individuals, who had significantly lower vaccine-induced spike-specific neutralizing activity and CD4 T-cell levels. Thus, the magnitude of vaccine-induced neutralizing activity and specific CD4 T-cells after bivalent vaccination may serve as a correlate for protection in previously non-infected individuals.
Assessment of the acute effects of 2C-B vs. psilocybin on subjective experience, mood, and cognition
(2023)
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) is a hallucinogenic phenethylamine derived from mescaline. Observational and preclinical data have suggested it to be capable of producing both subjective and emotional effects on par with other classical psychedelics and entactogens. Whereas it is the most prevalently used novel serotonergic hallucinogen to date, it's acute effects and distinctions from classical progenitors have yet to be characterized in a controlled study. We assessed for the first time the immediate acute subjective, cognitive, and cardiovascular effects of 2C-B (20 mg) in comparison to psilocybin (15 mg) and placebo in a within-subjects, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 22 healthy psychedelic-experienced participants. 2C-B elicited alterations of waking consciousness of a psychedelic nature, with dysphoria, subjective impairment, auditory alterations, and affective elements of ego dissolution largest under psilocybin. Participants demonstrated equivalent psychomotor slowing and spatial memory impairments under either compound compared with placebo, as indexed by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Tower of London, and Spatial Memory Task. Neither compound produced empathogenic effects on the Multifaceted Empathy Test. 2C-B induced transient pressor effects to a similar degree as psilocybin. The duration of self-reported effects of 2C-B was shorter than that of psilocybin, largely resolving within 6 hours. Present findings support the categorization of 2C-B as a psychedelic of moderate experiential depth at doses given. Tailored dose-effect studies are needed to discern the pharmacokinetic dependency of 2C-B's experiential overlaps.
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) are the leading causes of liver disease worldwide. To identify disease-specific pathomechanisms, we analyzed the lipidome, metabolome and immune cell recruitment in livers in both diseases. Mice harboring ASH or NASH had comparable disease severities regarding mortality rate, neurological behavior, expression of fibrosis marker and albumin levels. Lipid droplet size was higher in NASH than ASH and qualitative differences in the lipidome were mainly based on incorporation of diet-specific fatty acids into triglycerides, phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines. Metabolomic analysis showed downregulated nucleoside levels in both models. Here, the corresponding uremic metabolites were only upregulated in NASH suggesting stronger cellular senescence, which was supported by lower antioxidant levels in NASH as compared to ASH. While altered urea cycle metabolites suggest increased nitric oxide synthesis in both models, in ASH, this depended on increased L-homoarginine levels indicating a cardiovascular response mechanism. Interestingly, only in NASH were the levels of tryptophan and its anti-inflammatory metabolite kynurenine upregulated. Fittingly, high-content immunohistochemistry showed a decreased macrophage recruitment and an increased polarization towards M2-like macrophages in NASH. In conclusion, with comparable disease severity in both models, higher lipid storage, oxidative stress and tryptophan/kynurenine levels were seen in NASH, leading to distinct immune responses.
During the very well attended year congresses of EANS in Barcelona and EUROSPINE in Frankfurt we proudly awarded two authors for the Best Paper in the Brain Section respectively Spine Section of Brain and Spine in the past academic year (July 2022 - June 2023).
The titles represent the wide interest and scientific value of our journal.
"The expression of metalloproteinases in the lumbar disc correlates strongly with Pfirrmann MRI grades in lumbar spinal fusion patients" by Sanjay Arapika from Copenhagen.
"Management of Cavernous Sinus Meningiomas: Consensus statement on behalf of the EANS skull base section" by Marco Corniola from the University of Rennes.
This editorial contains short commentary on both papers from our side.
Background: Developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy (D-CPT) is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents and young adults. It is unclear if therapeutic adherence and competence in D-CPT are associated with higher PTSD treatment gains.
Objective: To assess if higher therapeutic adherence and competence in D-CPT are associated with higher symptom reduction of PTSD in adolescents and young adults, while controlling for therapeutic alliance.
Participants and setting: Participants were 38 patients (aged 14–21 years; M = 17.61 years, SD = 2.42 years) of a multicenter randomized controlled trial in which the efficacy of D-CPT was compared to a waitlist with treatment advice.
Methods: Videotaped therapy sessions were rated using validated ratings scales to assess adherence and competence. Therapeutic alliance was assessed via weekly patient ratings. We used hierarchical linear modelling to assess the relationship of adherence and competence on PTSD symptoms being measured by both clinician and patient while controlling for alliance.
Results: Neither adherence nor competence were related to treatment outcomes in clinician or patient rated PTSD symptom severity. Higher alliance was associated with a lower symptom severity at 12 months posttreatment in both clinician and patient rated PTSD symptoms.
Conclusions: In this study of young adults with PTSD, who were treated with D-CPT by well-trained therapists, therapeutic adherence and competence were not related to treatment outcome. This might be explained by a lack of range in therapist adherence and competence. Therapeutic alliance had a positive effect on PTSD symptom severity.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is partly under control by vaccination. However, highly potent and safe antiviral drugs for SARS-CoV-2 are still needed to avoid development of severe COVID-19. We report the discovery of a small molecule, Z-Tyr-Ala-CHN2, which was identified in a cell-based antiviral screen. The molecule exerts sub-micromolar antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and human coronavirus 229E. Time-of-addition studies reveal that Z-Tyr-Ala-CHN2 acts at the early phase of the infection cycle, which is in line with the observation that the molecule inhibits cathepsin L. This results in antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in VeroE6, A549-hACE2, and HeLa-hACE2 cells, but not in Caco-2 cells or primary human nasal epithelial cells since the latter two cell types also permit entry via transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2). Given their cell-specific activity, cathepsin L inhibitors still need to prove their value in the clinic; nevertheless, the activity profile of Z-Tyr-Ala-CHN2 makes it an interesting tool compound for studying the biology of coronavirus entry and replication.
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains one of the most lethal malignancies, with few treatment options. NAPOLI 3 aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of NALIRIFOX versus nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine as first-line therapy for metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC).
Methods: NAPOLI 3 was a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study conducted at 187 community and academic sites in 18 countries worldwide across Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Australia. Patients with mPDAC and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score 0 or 1 were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive NALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan 50 mg/m2, oxaliplatin 60 mg/m2, leucovorin 400 mg/m2, and fluorouracil 2400 mg/m2, administered sequentially as a continuous intravenous infusion over 46 h) on days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle or nab-paclitaxel 125 mg/m2 and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2, administered intravenously, on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Balanced block randomisation was stratified by geographical region, performance status, and liver metastases, managed through an interactive web response system. The primary endpoint was overall survival in the intention-to-treat population, evaluated when at least 543 events were observed across the two treatment groups. Safety was evaluated in all patients who received at least one dose of study treatment. This completed trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04083235.
Findings: Between Feb 19, 2020 and Aug 17, 2021, 770 patients were randomly assigned (NALIRIFOX, 383; nab-paclitaxel–gemcitabine, 387; median follow-up 16·1 months [IQR 13·4–19·1]). Median overall survival was 11·1 months (95% CI 10·0–12·1) with NALIRIFOX versus 9·2 months (8·3–10·6) with nab-paclitaxel–gemcitabine (hazard ratio 0·83; 95% CI 0·70–0·99; p=0·036). Grade 3 or higher treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 322 (87%) of 370 patients receiving NALIRIFOX and 326 (86%) of 379 patients receiving nab-paclitaxel–gemcitabine; treatment-related deaths occurred in six (2%) patients in the NALIRIFOX group and eight (2%) patients in the nab-paclitaxel–gemcitabine group.
Interpretation: Our findings support use of the NALIRIFOX regimen as a possible reference regimen for first-line treatment of mPDAC.
Die Krebsstammzellforschung gelangte in den letzten Jahren vermehrt in den Fokus der Tumorforschung. Im Tumor bilden Krebsstammzellen eine kleine Population an Zellen mit Stammzelleigenschaften, wodurch sie eine große Rolle bei der Entstehung von Rezidiven, Metastasen, sowie der Entwicklung von Chemotherapieresistenzen spielen. Um eine gezielte Bekämpfung von Krebsstammzellen zu ermöglichen, müssen diese im
Tumor zunächst zuverlässig durch Krebsstammzellmarker detektiert werden können.
Gerade bei soliden pädiatrischen Tumoren, wie dem Hepatoblastom, ergeben sich hierbei Schwierigkeiten dadurch, dass im sehr heterogenen Tumorgewebe viele Zellen aufgrund der embryonalen Natur des Tumors bereits Stammzellmarker exprimieren, ohne dass es sich bei diesen Zellen um Krebsstammzellen handelt. Das Hepatoblastom ist mit 2/3 der Lebertumore des Kindes die häufigste maligne Leberneoplasie im Kindesalter.
Auch wenn es bereits Hinweise auf das Vorliegen von Krebsstammzellen im Hepatoblastom gibt, so konnten diese bisher nicht genauer durch fest definierte Krebsstammzellmarker identifiziert werden.
Um dies zu erreichen, wurden in dieser Arbeit die beiden Hepatoblastomzelllinien HuH6 und HepG2 auf die Expression der bereits bekannten Krebsstammzellmarker CD90, CD34 und CXCR4 überprüft. Zusätzlich wurde auf eine Bindung des „oval cell“ Antikörpers, OV-6, untersucht. Mittels Durchflusszytometrie-Analysen konnte eine Zellpopulation gefunden werden, welche die Oberflächenmarker CD34 und CD90 koexprimiert und gleichzeitig den OV-6 Antikörper bindet. Im nächsten Schritt wurden die Zellen auf einige Krebsstammzelleigenschaften überprüft. Zur weiteren Untersuchung dieser Subpopulation erfolgte mittels MACS (magnetic activated cell sorting) eine Anreicherung der CD90 exprimierenden Zellen. Diese wurde mittels qPCR auf die Expression der Pluripotenzmarker Oct4 und Nanog, sowie der Zytidindeaminase AID untersucht. Es konnte eine signifikant erhöhte Expression von AID und Oct4 detektiert werden. Im Gegensatz hierzu zeigte sich die Expression von EpCAM, c-myc und Albumin, welche als Kontrollgene untersucht wurden, nicht signifikant erhöht. Um auf das Metastasierungspotential der CD90 angereicherten Zellen rückzuschließen, wurde ein Migrationsassay mit angereicherten und depletierten Zellen durchgeführt. Hier wiesen die CD90 angereicherten Zellen, im Vergleich zu den depletierten Zellen eine erhöhte Migration auf. Im Tumorsphäroid-Assay war die HepG2 Zelllinie in der Lage Tumor-61 -sphäroide auszubilden. Nach der Passagierung zeigten diese eine erhöhte Expression der Krebsstammzellmarker CD90 und CD34, sowie der Pluripotenzmarker Oct4 und Nanog.
Zusammengefasst kann mit den Krebsstammzellmarkern CD90, CD34 und OV-6 eine Subpopulation im Hepatoblastom identifiziert werden, die nach unseren Analysen Krebsstammzelleigenschaften aufweisen. Mithilfe dieses Markersets können nun neue Therapieansätze auf ihre Effektivität, Krebsstammzellen gezielt zu eliminieren, getestet werden.
In a recent discussion on how to deal with data analysis issues initiated by reviewers of pain-related scientific manuscripts in the European Journal of Pain, a seemingly simple statistical issue was raised: two subsets of data in a paper had the same mean and standard deviation. A reviewer asked for a statistical test for or against the identity of the subset distributions. The authors insisted that if the mean and standard deviation were the same, this was sufficient evidence that the subsets of data were not significantly different.
This prompted a discussion among pain researchers, who are not necessarily primarily from the field of data science, a discussion of the importance of carefully examining the distribution of pain-related data in a journal whose primary audience is pain researchers seems warranted...
Objectives In this early retrospective cohort study, a total of 26 patients with SARS-CoV-2 were treated with bamlanivimab or casirivimab/imdevimab, and the reduction of the viral load associated with the developed clinical symptoms was analyzed.
Methods: Patients in the intervention groups received bamlanivimab or casirivimab/imdevimab. Patients without treatment served as control. Outcomes were assessed by clinical symptoms and change in log viral load from baseline based on the cycle threshold over a period of 18 days.
Results: Median log viral load decline was higher in both intervention groups after 3 and 6 days compared to control. However, at later time points, the decline of the viral load was more distinct in the control group. Mild symptoms of COVID-19 were observed in 6.3% of the intervention groups and in no patient of the control. No patients treated with bamlanivimab, 18.8% treated with casirivimab/imdevimab, and 14.2% in the control group developed moderate symptoms. Severe symptoms were recorded only in the control group (14.2%), including one related death.
Conclusion: Treatment with monoclonal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seems to accelerate decline of virus loads, especially in the first 6 days after administration, compared to control. This may be associated with a reduced likeliness of a severe course of COVID-19.
Das Glioblastom ist eine tödliche maligne Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems. Etablierte Therapiekonzepte resultieren in einer Fünfjahresüberlebensrate von fünf Prozent. Die derart infauste Prognose wird unter anderem bedingt durch die Heterogenität des Tumors. Insbesondere einer Population stammzellartiger Zellen wird die Verantwortung für Resistenz und Rekurrenz des Glioblastoms zugesprochen. Die genuine Plastizität des Glioblastoms mit entsprechender Fähigkeit zur Änderungen tumorweiter Expressionsprofile und Ausbildung einzigartiger funktioneller Fähigkeiten kann ohne gezielte Beeinträchtigung von stammzellartigen Zellen womöglich nicht ausreichend überwunden werden. Als Urheber kritischer Eigenschaften erscheint die erfolgreiche Elimination dieser Population innerhalb des Glioblastoms notwendig um nachhaltige Therapieerfolge zu erzielen. Mögliche Strategien der Elimination stammzellartiger Zellen setzen an Differenzierung und Ausbeutung stammzelltypischer Signalwege zur Modulation dieser Zellen an. Hierdurch sollen zentrale Fähigkeiten der Population stammzellartiger Zellen, wie Selbsterneuerung, Resistenz gegenüber Strahlen- und Chemotherapie und erneute Formation heterogener Tumore, überwunden werden.
Zentrale zelluläre Prozesse, welche zum Erhalt des stammzellartigen Zustandes dieser Zellen beitragen, sind unter anderem der Hedgehog- und Notch-Signalweg. Einer Beeinträchtigung dieser Signalwege wohnt womöglich die Fähigkeit der effektiven Modulation zentraler Eigenschaften stammzellartiger Zellen inne. Neben diesen Signalwegen gibt es eine Reihe weiterer Prozesse, welchen eine Urheberschaft an der Resistenz der Zellen zugesprochen wird. Hierzu zählt beispielweise der Prozess der Autophagie. Die Autophagie ist ein hochkonservierter zellulärer Mechanismus zur Selbsterneuerung durch Selbstdegradation fehlerhafter zellulärer Komponenten. Gleichzeitig kann die Autophagie durch eine Überaktivität zu einem spezifischen, autophagischen Zelltod beitragen. Die Modulation dieses Dualismus kann in einer Vielzahl von Tumoren, so auch im Glioblastom, das Schicksal einer tumorfördernden Autophagie in eine antitumorale Autophagie ändern.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde erstmalig eine Modulation zentraler Eigenschaften stammzellartiger Zellen durch die Beeinflussung ihrer zellulären Prozesse mittels kombinierter Therapie durch Arsentrioxid oder GANT und (-)-Gossypol gezeigt. Arsentrioxid wirkt unspezifisch unter anderem als Inhibitor von Notch- und Hedgehog-Signalweg. Diese Inhibition wurde auch in den untersuchten Zellen nachgewiesen und führte zu einer Reduktion von stammzelltypischen Markerproteinen und Fähigkeiten der Tumorgenese in -vitro und ex -vivo, sowie zur Sensitivierung gegenüber strahleninduzierten Schäden. Gegenüber einer spezifischen Hedgehog-Inhibition durch eine GANT-vermittelte Bindung an Gli-Transkriptionsfaktoren zeigten sich deutliche Vorteile der dualen Inhibition durch Arsentrioxid hinsichtlich der genannten Eigenschaften. Die Kombination der Substanzen mit dem pan-Bcl-Inhibitor (-)-Gossypol führte zu einer synergistischen Steigerung der antitumoralen Effekte. (-)-Gossypol wird in Gliomzellen insbesondere mit der Modulation der autophagischen Maschinerie und Auslösung eines autophagischen Zelltodes in Verbindung gebracht. Die Ergebnisse weisen parallele Signalweginteraktionen mit effektiver Modulation des DNA-Damage-Response-Systems durch die Reduktion des Proteins CHEK als kausalen Mechanismus des Synergismus der Substanzen aus.
Die beobachteten Änderungen der typischen Eigenschaften stammzellartiger Zellen durch die Therapie mit Arsentrioxid und (-)-Gossypol implizieren lohnende Folgeuntersuchungen zur weiteren Evaluation dieser Effekte in -vivo, um zukünftig translationale Ableitungen zu erlauben. Die Heterogenität des Glioblastoms und seine genuine Plastizität lassen sich womöglich erfolgreich durch multiple Eingriffe in unterschiedliche zelluläre Prozesse, hierunter Notch- und Hedgehog-Signaling, modulieren. Hierdurch könnten zentrale Eigenschaften des Glioblastoms eventuell effektiv verändert und Resistenz sowie Rekurrenz überwunden werden.
Im 20. Jahrhundert entwickelte sich die Kinderchirurgie aus der Allgemeinchirurgie als eigenständiges Fachgebiet, da zunehmend klar wurde, dass Kinder einer anderen Behandlung bedürfen als Erwachsene und andere Rahmenbedingungen benötigen. Während sich die Erwachsenenchirurgie danach in immer mehr Subdisziplinen aufteilte, ist die Kinderchirurgie ein generalistisches chirurgisches Fach geblieben.
Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die Entwicklung der Kinderchirurgie in Deutschland im Hinblick auf medizinische und nicht-medizinische Aspekte und die aktuelle Versorgungssituation, letzteres mit einem Vergleich der Ergebnisqualität ausgewählter angeborener Fehlbildungen im internationalen Vergleich.
Für die Analyse wurden Methoden der Versorgungsforschung angewandt. Die beinhaltete insbesondere die Nutzung von öffentlichen Statistiken und Sekundärdaten, die Statistiken der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinderchirurgie sowie die Befragung von ausgewählten Gruppen. Die Analyse bezog sich im Detail auf die Anzahl der Einrichtungen, die akademische und nicht akademische Ausrichtung der Leistungserbringer, die regionale Verteilung, die Personalentwicklung, die Verteilung von Patientinnen und Patienten zwischen den Fachgebieten und innerhalb der Kinderchirurgie und die Netzwerkbildung. Weiterhin wurde die Ergebnisqualität ausgewählter angeborener Fehlbildungen im internationalen Kontext analysiert.
Die Kinderchirurgie ist in Deutschland die Hauptdisziplin für die chirurgische Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen geworden. Sie hat eine weitgehende Flächendeckung erreicht. Die Entwicklung wurde dabei von politischen Entscheidungen beeinflusst, was am Beispiel der Stagnation der Niederlassungen und der Zunahme der kinderchirurgischen Einrichtungen nach Änderung der Perinatal-Versorgung gezeigt werden konnte. Das Spektrum der Kinderchirurgie umfasst die allgemeine Kinderchirurgie, die Neugeborenenchirurgie, Kinderurologie, Kindertraumatologie, Thoraxchirurgie, Teile der Kinderneurochirurgie, plastische Kinderchirurgie, operative Kinderonkologie und die Verbrennungsmedizin. Sie geht damit weit über die Versorgung von angeborenen Fehlbildungen hinaus, wenngleich diese im Zentrum der politischen Diskussionen stehen. Die Arbeitsbedingungen in der Kinderchirurgie haben sich in den letzten Jahren konstant geändert. Die Zahl der Kliniken hat kontinuierlich zugenommen, genauso wie die Zahl der Fachärztinnen und Fachärzte. Der Anteil an Frauen und an Teilzeitbeschäftigten stieg ebenfalls. Die Zahl der ausgeschriebenen Stellen nahm in den Jahren 2021 und 2022 deutlich zu. Die Patientenzahl in den Abteilungen nahm insbesondere seit 2017 ab.
Für die Analyse der Ergebnisqualität wurden die Krankheitsbilder Ösophagusatresie, Dünndarmatresie, Colonatresie, Bauchwanddefekte und Zwerchfellhernien gewählt. Für Kinder mit Ösophagusatresie und Bauchwanddefekten konnte aufgrund der spezifischen Prozeduren die dezentrale Versorgung für Deutschland aufgezeigt werden. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisqualität der Versorgung von angeborenen Fehlbildungen zeigte keine schlechteres Mortalität bei den operierten Kindern mit Ösophagusatresie, den Kindern mit Bauchwanddefekten, Zwerchfellhernie und Darmatresien. Die Verweildauer entsprach bei der Ösophagusatresie, den Bauchwanddefekten und Zwerchfellhernie dem internationalen Vergleich, bei den Darmatresien war sie länger. Weiterhin gab es eine vermehrte Anlage von Stomata bei den Darmatresien.
Die Auswertung der Perinatalzentren Level 1 und 2 ergab eine konstant große Anzahl von Zentren ohne Kinderchirurgie am eigenen Standort. Im Bereich der seltenen Erkrankungen zeigte die Zuordnung der Kliniken zu den verschiedenen Zentren keine durchgehende Systematik. Das Gütesiegel „Ausgezeichnet für Kinder“ hatten 26 kinderchirurgische Kliniken, das Gütesiegel „Das schwerbrandverletzte Kind“ erhielten 16 Zentren für schwerbrandverletzte Kinder, 4 Erwachsenenzentren, die auch Kinder behandelten und 6 spezialisierte Kliniken für brandverletzte Kinder.
Zusammenfassend zeigt die Arbeit die erreichte Flächendeckung der Kinderchirurgie, die teilweise durch politische Entscheidungen geprägt ist. Das Spektrum ist weiterhin generalistisch geblieben, auch wenn nicht jede Abteilung alle Anteile des Spektrums abdeckt. Die Versorgung von angeborenen Fehlbildungen erfolgt grundsätzlich dezentral.
Oral e-Poster Presentations - Booth 1: Vascular 3, September 27, 2023, 10:00 AM - 10:40 AM
Background: Despite current clinical guidelines recommending suboccipital decompressive craniectomy (SDC) in patients with space-occupying cerebellar infarction when neurological deterioration occurs, the precise definition of such deterioration remains unclear. The current study aimed at characterizing whether clinical outcomes can be predicted by the GCS score immediately prior to SDC, and whether higher GCS scores are associated with better clinical outcomes. We aimed to characterize whether clinical outcomes can be predicted by the GCS score immediately prior to SDC, and if higher GCS scores are associated with better clinical outcomes.
Methods: In a single-center, retrospective analysis of 51 patients treated with SDC for space-occupying cerebellar infarction clinical and imaging data were evaluated at the timepoints of symptom onset, hospital admission and preoperatively. Clinical outcome was measured by mRS at the last available follow-up. Preoperative GCS scores were stratified into three groups (GCS 3-8, 9-11 and 12-15). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed using clinical and radiological parameters as predictors of clinical outcome.
Results: In Cox-regression analysis using mRS of 1-2 as a positive clinical outcome we found a significant increase in the proportional hazard ratio (HR) of 6.581 [CI 1.839-36.414]; p=0.031 for GCS scores of 12-15 prior to SDC. Clinical outcomes (mRS 3-6) were associated with infarct volume above 6.0 cm3 (HR 2.473 [CI 1.209-5.057]; p=0.013), tonsillar herniation (HR: 0.279 [CI 0.083-0.933]; p=0.038), brainstem compression (HR 0.304 [CI 0.123-0.749]; p=0.010) and a preoperative GCS score of 3-8 (HR 2.386 [CI 1.160-4.906]; p=0.018).
Conclusions: SDC should be considered in patients with infarct volumes above 6.0 cm3 with GCS scores higher than previously described in the literature, as these patients may show better long-term outcome than those in which surgery is delayed until a GCS score of 11 or lower.
Behavioral and psychological syndromes such as depression and psychosis often occur along with cognitive (esp. executive) deficits in vascular cognitive disorder (VCD) in the elderly. We present the case of an 85-year-old woman with deficits in executive functions as well as a persistent and clearly circumscribed paranoid hallucinatory syndrome (most probably due to VCD) which could not be adequately treated with antipsychotic medication. The patient also suffered from severe depression (independent of psychotic symptoms). Both psychosis and depression were successfully managed in a home treatment based on Flexible Assertive Community Treatment (FACT). Interestingly, a thematic association between the delusional contents and early childhood traumata could be reconstructed, and late-onset trauma-related symptoms could be successfully treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as well. In sum, behavioral management of psychotic syndromes is possible in the absence of adequate pharmacological treatment options, and multiprofessional and person-centered home treatment may be successful in the elderly, even in severe and complex disorders.
Objectives: To analyse carbapenemases in Proteus mirabilis and assess the performance of carbapenemase detection assays.
Methods: Eighty-one clinical P. mirabilis isolates with high-level resistance at least to ampicillin (>32 mg/L) or previous detection of carbapenemases were selected and investigated by three susceptibility testing methods (microdilution, automated susceptibility testing, and disk diffusion), six phenotypic carbapenemase assays (CARBA NP, modified carbapenemase inactivation method [CIM], modified zinc-supplemented CIM, simplified CIM, faropenem, and carbapenem-containing agar), two immunochromatographic assays, and whole-genome sequencing.
Results: Carbapenemases were detected in 43 of 81 isolates (OXA-48-like [n = 13]; OXA-23 [n = 12]; OXA-58 [n = 12]; New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) [n = 2]; Verona integron–encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) [n = 2]; Imipenemase (IMP) [n = 1]; Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) [n = 1]). Carbapenemase-producing Proteus were frequently susceptible to ertapenem (26/43; 60%), meropenem (28/43; 65%), ceftazidime (33/43; 77%), and some even to piperacillin-tazobactam (9/43; 21%). Sensitivity/specificity of phenotypic tests were 30% (CI: 17–46%)/89% (CI: 75–97%) for CARBA NP, 74% (CI: 60–85%)/82% (CI: 67–91%) for faropenem, 91% (CI: 78–97%)/82% (CI: 66–92%) for simplified CIM, and 93% (CI: 81–99%)/100% (CI: 91–100%) for modified zinc-supplemented CIM. An algorithm for improved detection was developed, which demonstrated sensitivity/specificity of 100% (CI: 92–100%)/100% (CI: 91–100%) on the 81 isolates, and 100% (CI: 29–100%)/100% (CI: 96–100%) in a prospective analysis of additional 91 isolates. Interestingly, several OXA-23-producing isolates belonged to the same clonal lineage reported previously from France.
Discussion: Current susceptibility testing methods and phenotypic tests frequently fail to detect carbapenemases in P. mirabilis, which could result in inadequate antibiotic treatment. In addition, the non-inclusion of blaOXA-23/OXA-58 in many molecular carbapenemase assays further impedes their detection. Therefore, the prevalence of carbapenemases in P. mirabilis is likely underestimated. With the herein proposed algorithm, carbapenemase-producing Proteus can be easily identified.
The combination of pamapimod and pioglitazone (KIN001) has a synergetic antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic activity, which may prevent evolution toward COVID-19-associated severe respiratory failure. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2, multicenter trial, 128 non-critically ill hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 were treated with KIN001 or a placebo for 28 days. The proportion of patients alive and free of oxygen or respiratory support at the end of the therapy was lower than anticipated but not different in the two groups (KIN001 n = 19, 29%, placebo n = 21, 33%). 85 participants had at least one adverse event, with no difference in the number and distribution of events between the two groups. The clinical trial was stopped for futility, mainly due to a lower-than-expected incidence of the primary endpoint. KIN001 was safe and well-tolerated but had no significant effect on clinical outcome.
A 24-year-old patient from Cameroon presented to our hospital because of a foreign structure in her left eye. To our knowledge, for the first time, fluorescent microscopy revealed motile microfilariae, and the diagnosis of loiasis was established. Despite substantial microfilaremia, eosinophilia only unmasked after the initiation of antiparasitic therapy.
Die rechtsmedizinische Begutachtung von Knochenfunden : eine hessenweite retrospektive Studie
(2023)
Einleitung: Zufällige Funde von Knochen(fragmenten) können von großem Interesse für z. B. Strafverfolgungs- und Denkmalbehörden oder Bauträger sein. Zur Beurteilung einer etwaigen strafrechtlichen oder historischen Relevanz tragen forensisch-osteologische Untersuchungen in einem hohen Maße bei. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Überblick über die forensisch-osteologische Arbeit der beiden hessischen Institute für Rechtsmedizin geben und durch die Interpretation der Ergebnisse im (inter-)nationalen Vergleich regionale Besonderheiten und die Rolle der Rechtsmedizin bei der Begutachtung aufzeigen. Der daraus entstandene Erkenntnisgewinn soll ein Problembewusstsein schaffen sowie Fallarbeit und Lehre verbessern.
Material und Methoden: Zunächst wurden für den Zeitraum von 2005 bis 2019 die im Institut für Rechtsmedizin Gießen archivierten osteologischen Gutachten deskriptiv statistisch ausgewertet. Es wurden Daten zu Fundort, -umständen, Humanspezifität, postmortalem Intervall, Spuren von Gewalt und die Ergebnisse weiterführender Untersuchungen erhoben.
In einer zweiten Studie wurde die Auswertung auf archivierte forensisch- osteologische Gutachten des Instituts für Rechtsmedizin Frankfurt am Main ausgeweitet und der Auswertungszeitraum auf die Jahre 2011 bis einschließlich 2020 angepasst, um eine hessenweite Datengrundlage zu generieren.
Ergebnisse: In der ersten Studie wurden von den in dem 15-Jahres-Zeitraum begutachteten 172 Knochenfunden aus dem Institut für Rechtsmedizin Gießen 40 % in Wald- und Wiesengebieten aufgefunden. In 58 % enthielten die Funde menschliche Knochen, davon wurde in 32 % eine forensisch relevante Liegezeit von 50 Jahren oder weniger nicht ausgeschlossen, und 6% wiesen Zeichen perimortaler Gewalteinwirkung auf. Bei den Fällen, in denen eine Humanspezifität ausgeschlossen wurde, handelte es sich am häufigsten um Knochen von Hirsch bzw. Reh (32 %), Schwein (29 %) und Rind (14 %). In 20 % aller Fälle wurden
ergänzende DNA-Untersuchungen durchgeführt; in 62 % verlief die Typisierung humaner STR-Systeme erfolgreich und davon gelang in 41 % die Zuordnung zu einem antemortalen Profil einer vermissten Person.
In der zweiten, hessenweiten Studie, wurden 288 Knochenfunde eines 10-Jahres-Zeitraums ausgewertet. Mit 38,2 % wurden die meisten Funde in Wäldern, Wiesen und großen Parks getätigt. In 50,7 % der Fälle enthielten die Funde menschliche Knochen, davon wurde in 37,0 % eine forensisch relevante Liegezeit angenommen. Zeichen einer Gewalteinwirkung wurden in 77,4 % der Fälle mit menschlichen Knochen beschrieben, dabei handelte es sich mit 78,8 % am häufigsten um postmortale Beschädigungen, in 9,7 % um perimortale und in 11,5 % um antemortale Verletzungen. In 40,4 % der als human klassifizierten Knochenfunde wurden DNA-Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Dabei konnte in 81,3 % ein STR-Profil erstellt werden, das in 35,4% zu einer sicheren Identifizierung führte. Bei den zur Untersuchung überstellten nicht-menschlichen Knochen handelte es sich am häufigsten um Knochen vom Schwein (23,4 %), Hirsch (18,1 %), Rind (16,4 %), Reh (11,7 %) und Schaf (11,7 %).
Diskussion: Die Begutachtung von Knochen und Knochenfragmenten ist ein fester Bestandteil der rechtsmedizinischen Fallarbeit und zwingend erforderlich, um Fälle von forensischem Interesse zu identifizieren. Die makroskopische Befundung durch einen geschulten Untersucher erlaubt in der Regel bereits, Aussagen über die forensische Relevanz eines Fundes zu treffen und so die Weichen für das weitere Vorgehen zu stellen. Hilfreich bei der makroskopischen Beurteilung ist eine gute Kenntnis der regionalen Besonderheiten in dem Gebiet, in dem die Knochen gefunden wurden. Die makroskopische forensisch-osteologische Begutachtung stellt trotz der sich ständig weiterentwickelnden technischen Möglichkeiten ein unverzichtbares Werkzeug in der Bearbeitung von Knochenfunden dar. In Deutschland ist es Aufgabe der Rechtsmedizin, diese Expertise zu pflegen und vorzuhalten, mit dem Ziel, zur Aufklärung von Vermisstenfällen beizutragen und unentdeckte nichtnatürliche Todesfälle aufzuklären.
Der Einfluss von Trauma-aktiviertem platelet-rich fibrin auf mesenchymale Stammzellen in vitro
(2023)
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Wechselwirkung zwischen MSC und PRF von Traumapatienten herauszuarbeiten und zu überprüfen, ob ein therapeutischer Einsatz der Kombination von MSC und Trauma-aktiviertem PRF in Frakturen sinnvoll erscheint.
Hierfür wurden MSC mit PRF über einen Zeitraum von 24 oder 120 Stunden co-inkubiert und die metabolische Aktivität, definierte Faktoren im Überstand (IL-6, CXCL10, VEGF und IDO-2) und die Genexpression ausgewählter Faktoren (MAPK8, MAPK14, IL-6, CXCL10,IDO-1, TNFAIP6, VEGFA, RUNX2 und COL1A) in bis zu drei Messzeitpunkten überprüft. Die Versuche erfolgten vergleichend mit Traumapatienten und gesunden Probanden.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Trauma-aktiviertes PRF verglichen mit PRF von gesunden Probanden die metabolische Aktivität von MSC nach 120 Stunden erhöhen kann. Zudem stellten sich erhöhte Werte des inflammatorischen Faktors IL-6 im Überstand bei Traumapatienten nach 24 und 72 Stunden dar, welche bis zum dritten Messzeitpunkt nach 120 Stunden wieder abfielen. Ein ähnlicher Verlauf zeigte sich bei den Messwerten von VEGFA, einem Faktor, welcher eine große Rolle bei der Angiogenese spielt.
Über alle Messzeitpunkte hinweg konnten niedrigere Werte in der Genexpression von COL1A und RUNX2 im Vergleich zu den Kontrollmessungen erfasst werden.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass im Vergleich zu PRF gesunder Probanden Trauma-aktiviertes PRF die Möglichkeit besitzt, die Proliferation von MSC zu stimulieren. Außerdem wurde beobachtet, dass Trauma-aktiviertes PRF ein inflammatorisches und angiogenetisches Potenzial nach 72 Stunden besitzt, welches nach 120 Stunden allerdings wieder abfällt. Möglicherweise kann durch den Einfluss von MSC der Inflammation entgegengewirkt werden. Ein signifikantes osteogenes Potenzial des Trauma-aktivierten PRFs konnte zu keinem Messzeitpunkt nachgewiesen werden.
Inwiefern der Einsatz von MSC in Kombination mit Trauma-aktiviertem PRF die Frakturheilung verbessern kann, konnte in der vorliegenden Studie nicht eindeutig geklärt werden. Es kann allerdings davon ausgegangen werden, dass die Implantation von Trauma-aktiviertem PRF und MSC in den Defekt erst nach Verstreichen einer bestimmten Zeitperiode nach dem Trauma durchgeführt werden sollte. Die Gründe für diese Annahme sind das erhöhte proliferative und verringerte inflammatorische Potenzial im Verlauf. Eine Ursache für das Fehlen der osteogenen Differenzierung der MSC kann der kurze Messzeitraum sein.
Weitere Studien sollten folgen, um das Potenzial der Kombination von MSC und Trauma-aktiviertem PRF als therapeutisches Verfahren zu überprüfen.
Einleitung: Im Jahr 2016 wurde eine neue, individuelle Lehrform, das „Lernzentrum für ein individualisiertes medizinisches Tätigkeitstraining und Entwicklung“ („Limette“), an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster entwickelt. Das Ziel dieser Lernform ist und war es, nicht nur die theoretische Lehre, sondern vor allem die praktische Lehre und praktische Szenarien in einem geschütztem Lernumfeld in der medizinischen Lehrdidaktik in den Vordergrund zu stellen.
Die Studierenden nehmen an verschiedenen Fächern der Limette teil. In dieser Promotionsarbeit liegt der Fokus auf der Limette Patient Blood Management (PBM) und Transfusionsmedizin.
Vor Kursbeginn wird den Studierenden Zugang zu verschiedenen Vorbereitungsvideos sowie weiteren theoretischen Materialien über PBM und Transfusionsmedizin zur Verfügung gestellt. Bei der Limette durchläuft jeder Studierende sechs verschiedene Stationen. Hierbei beobachten Dozenten die Fertigkeiten und die Umsetzung der Aufgabenlösung durch halbverspiegelte Scheiben, im Umgang mit echten Blutprodukten oder die Kommunikation mit Patienten, die von Schauspielern dargestellt werden. Die Beobachtungen werden den Dozenten des Seminars, welches im Anschluss zur Nachbesprechung stattfindet, mitgeteilt. Hier teilen die Studierenden untereinander ihr Wissen, können den Dozenten Fragen stellen und werden ihnen weitere theoretisch-praktische Kenntnisse vermittelt.
Ziel der Arbeit: Die Promotionsarbeit hat die Auswertung der Selbsteinschätzungsbögen vor und nach der Limette mit anschließender Interpretation der Ergebnisse zum Ziel. Es soll eruiert werden, ob diese neue Lehrmethodik effektiv in der Umsetzung des Lehrerfolgs ist.
Methodik: Die Selbsteinschätzungsbögen hinsichtlich medizinischer Fertigkeiten und Tätigkeiten werden vor und nach der Limette von den Studierenden ausgefüllt. Die Aufgabenstellungen fokussieren sich jeweils auf medizinische Tätigkeiten, bei denen aus 13 verschiedenen Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) diejenigen hinterlegt werden, die bei dieser Aufgabe gelehrt werden. Die Differenz von post- zu prä- Selbsteinschätzung zeigt den Lehrerfolg. Die EPAs werden alle analysiert und mit Hilfe der sogenannten Cohen-Zahl interpretiert. Die Cohen Zahl ist definiert als die Differenz zwischen den Mittelwerten zweier Gruppen dividiert durch die gemeinsame Standardabweichung der beiden Populationen. Nach dem Autor Hattie wurde die Skalierung von Cohen für die Lehre angepasst und dabei folgende Einteilung definiert: d = 0,2 (klein), d = 0,4 (mittel) und d = 0,6 (groß). Alle Methoden mit d > 0,4 wurden als „Zone der gewünschten Effekte“ eingestuft.
Ergebnisse: Im Wintersemester 2021/2022 nahmen n=122 Studierende teil, von welchen n=50 beide Fragebögen komplettierten. Eine signifikante Zahl der dargestellten EPAs (50%) hat gute Ergebnisse erzielt, weist mithin einen Cohen´s Wert von d > 0,40 auf. Im Sommersemester 2022 nahmen n=99 Studierende teil, wobei nur n=29 beide Selbsterhebungsbögen komplettierten. Aufgrund des niedrigen Rücklaufs war die Zahl der ausgefüllten Selbsteinschätzungsbögen deutlich geringer und zugleich die Ergebnisse geringer ausgeprägt. In jenem Semester weist die Mehrheit der Ergebnisse einen Cohen´s d-Wert zwischen 0,15 und 0,4 auf, was als durchschnittlicher Lehrerfolg beurteilt wird.
Schlussfolgerung: Die Lehrform der Limette ist eine neue Form der praktischen Lehrvermittlung, die kontinuierlichen Anpassungen unterliegt. Eine hohe Zahl an ausgefüllten Selbsteinschätzungsbögen ist erstrebenswert, um den Lehrerfolg positiv und statistisch signifikant interpretieren zu können. Hierbei ist es nötig, die Lehre in der Limette auszuwerten und gegebenenfalls weitere Anpassungen durchzuführen.
Die Limette ist eine neue Lehrmethode mit einem guten Lehrerfolg hinsichtlich der Vermittlung praktischer Fähigkeiten und sozialer Kompetenz, welche auch an anderen Institutionen angewandt und umgesetzt werden könnte.
Herzkreislauferkrankungen führen weltweit weiterhin die Liste der häufigsten Todesursachen an. Dem frühzeitigen Erkennen kardialer Veränderungen kommt daher eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Das Erkennen subklinischer Veränderungen des Myokards mit Hilfe des myokardialen T1 Mappings und der Strain Analyse in der kardialen MRT mit der Bestimmung der Korrelation von T1 Mapping und Veränderung des myokardialen Strains war das primäre Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit. Das native T1 Mapping sollte dabei diffuse kardiale Fibrose erkennen, während die Strainparameter zur Analyse der subtilen kardialen Funktion dienten. Wenn eine vermehrte diffuse Fibrose eine Einschränkung der myokardialen Funktion bedeutet, so müssten sich das native T1 Mapping und die Strainparameter gleichsinnig verändern.
Eingeschlossen in die Untersuchung wurden Patienten, die im Rahmen ihres Klinikaufenthaltes an der Kerckhoff-Klinik Bad Nauheim ein kardiales MRT erhielten und ihre Zustimmung zur Aufnahme in das geführte Register gaben. Alle durchgeführten MRT-Untersuchungen besaßen dabei eine medizinische Indikation. Die Untersuchung umfasste eine Blutentnahme sowie die Bildakquisition und das Ausfüllen eines Fragebogens. In der anschließenden Bildauswertung wurden das native T1 Mapping, eine Featuretrackinganalyse, sowie die reguläre diagnostische Beurteilung durch einen Facharzt durchgeführt. Die Patienten wurden anschließend nach ihren Diagnosen in Gruppen eingeteilt. Ein Jahr nach ihrer Untersuchung wurden die Patienten kontaktiert und erneut befragt, um den Anteil an „major adverse cerebro- and cardiovasculare events“ (MACCE) und der Gesamtsterblichkeit am Gesamtkollektiv festzustellen.
Es zeigten sich signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen nativem T1 Mapping und den Strainparametern, ebenso wie signifikante Zusammenhänge von schwächerer Effektstärke zwischen ECV und den Strainparametern. Das erhöhte native T1 Mapping ging mit verringerten Strainparametern einher, was auf eine vermehrte Fibrose schließen lässt. In der Überlebensanalyse bezüglich des allgemeinen Überlebens zeigte sich nur das native T1 Mapping als unabhängiger Prädiktor, während bei den MACCE zusätzlich auch die Anzahl der betroffenen Segmente im „late gardolinium enhancement“ (LGE) einen unabhängigen Prädiktor darstellten. Der globale longitudinale Strain (GLS) verfehlte bezüglich der MACCE knapp das Signifikanzniveau, zeigte aber eine Tendenz zur Signifikanz.
Natives T1 Mapping und, in begrenztem Maße, möglicherweise auch der Strain haben eine besondere Rolle in der Diagnostik und können bereits früh kardiale Veränderungen detektieren. Da die erhöhten T1 Zeiten als Marker für morphologische Veränderungen mit den Strains als funktionelle Parameter korrelierten, lässt sich spekulieren, dass Fibrose eine Einschränkung der Funktion bedingt.
Hintergrund: Anämie gehört zu den häufigsten Erkrankungen weltweit und stellt daher ein zentrales globales Gesundheitsproblem dar. Etwa ein Drittel aller chirurgischen Patienten weisen präoperativ eine Anämie auf. Dies wird als unabhängiger Risikofaktor für eine erhöhte Morbidität und Mortalität sowie für das vermehrte Auftreten postoperativer Komplikationen angesehen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (World Health Organization, WHO) ein patientenzentriertes Behandlungskonzept namens Patient Blood Management (PBM) gefordert, um unter anderem Anämien frühzeitig zu diagnostizieren und einen rationalen Einsatz von Fremdblutprodukten zu fördern. Trotz der Tatsache, dass PBM vor etwa 10 Jahren eingeführt wurde, scheint Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich eine überdurchschnittlich hohe Menge an Erythrozytenkonzentrat-(EK)Einheiten pro Kopf zu transfundieren. Die Ursachen dafür sind bislang unklar und könnten möglicherweise durch eine erhöhte Anämie- Prävalenz bei chirurgischen Patienten und dem damit verbundenen erhöhten Bedarf an Transfusionen einhergehen.
Zielsetzung: Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die multizentrische Erfassung der präoperativen Anämie-Prävalenz innerhalb des Zeitraums 2007-2019 in Deutschland.
Methoden: In dieser retrospektiven, multizentrischen Beobachtungsstudie wurden alle Patienten jeden Alters, die im Monat März der Jahre 2007, 2012, 2015, 2017 und 2019 in acht teilnehmenden Krankenhäusern operiert wurden, erfasst. Patientencharakteristika und klinische Daten wurden aus den Krankenhausinformationssystemen der teilnehmenden Krankenhäuser entnommen. Primäres Ziel war die Prävalenz der Anämie bei Krankenhausaufnahme. Sekundäre Endpunkte waren der Zusammenhang zwischen Anämie und Anzahl der transfundierten EKs, Dauer des Krankenhausaufenthalts und Sterblichkeit im Krankenhaus.
Ergebnisse: Von insgesamt 30.763 Patienten konnten 23.836 Patienten aus acht Krankenhäusern in die Analyse eingeschlossen werden. Im untersuchten Zeitraum zeigte sich eine Reduktion der präoperativen Anämie-Prävalenz erwachsener Patienten von 37% auf 32,2%. Die Zahl, der mit Erythrozytenkonzentraten -5- transfundierten Patienten, ging signifikant von 16,5 % im Jahr 2007 auf 7,8 % im Jahr 2019 zurück, wobei Patienten mit präoperativer Anämie im Vergleich zu Patienten ohne Anämie sechsmal mehr EKs erhielten. Insgesamt verkürzte sich die Krankenhausverweildauer seit 2007 deutlich, zeigte jedoch eine signifikante Verlängerung bei Vorliegen einer präoperativen Anämie. Die Sterblichkeitsrate war über die Jahre hinweg konstant, dennoch signifikant höher bei anämischen Patienten. Eine multivariate Regressionsanalyse mit festen Effekten ergab, dass präoperative Anämie und EK-Transfusion Prädiktoren für die Sterblichkeitsrate waren.
Diskussion: Die Prävalenz der präoperativen Anämie lag in unserer Studienpopulation im Jahr 2019 bei 32,2 %, was der weltweiten Prävalenz entspricht. Das Implementieren von PBM-Strategien, um präoperative Anämien frühzeitig zu identifizieren und zu therapieren sowie Blutprodukte rational einzusetzen, nimmt daher weiterhin einen großen Stellenwert ein. Diese perioperativen Maßnahmen sind für alle chirurgischen Patienten von zentraler Bedeutung, da eine präoperative Anämie den Bedarf an EK-Transfusionen erhöhen, die Liegezeit verlängern und mit einer erhöhten Sterblichkeitsrate assoziiert sein kann.
Einleitung: Das Pseudoaneurysma (PSA) stellt eine der häufigsten Komplikationen nach arteriellen Punktionen dar. Dabei unterscheiden sich die Komplikationsraten kathetergestützter Verfahren bei diagnostischen Eingriffen deutlich von jenen bei therapeutischen Eingriffen. Zur Behandlung des Pseudoaneurysmas steht eine große Bandbreite an Therapieoptionen zur Verfügung, unter anderem die ultraschallgestützte Thrombininjektion (TI) sowie die Therapie mittels konventionellem Druckverband (DV). Jedoch werden venöse Thrombosen nach der Behandlung des Pseudoaneurysmas beschrieben. Der Einfluss von Antikoagulantien (AK) und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern (TAH) sowohl auf die Erfolgsraten der Pseudoaneurysmatherapie als auch die anschließende Entstehung venöser Thrombosen wurde bisher noch nicht analysiert.
Fragestellung: Die Effektivität des Druckverbands und der Thrombininjektion bei Patienten mit Pseudoaneurysma und damit assoziierten venösen Thrombosen wurde geprüft. Außerdem wurden die Auswirkungen von Antikoagulantien und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern auf die Erfolgsraten der Pseudoaneurysmatherapie und die damit assoziierten venösen Thrombosen untersucht.
Methoden: Es wurden von Januar 2010 bis Dezember 2018 insgesamt 468 Patienten mit Pseudoaneurysma untersucht, wovon 238 Patienten in die retrospektive Studie eingeschlossen wurden. Die Behandlung des Pseudoaneurysmas erfolgte mittels Thrombininjektion oder Druckverband. Nach Ablauf von 24 Stunden wurde der Therapieerfolg sonographisch kontrolliert, wobei auch auf das Neuauftreten venöser Beinvenenthrombosen geachtet wurde. Bei allen Patienten wurde die Medikation mit Antikoagulantien und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern zum Zeitpunkt der Pseudoaneurysmatherapie erhoben.
Ergebnisse: Die Thrombininjektion war dem Druckverband sowohl hinsichtlich des größeren Therapieerfolgs (TI 86% vs. DV 52%, p<0,001) als auch der geringeren Thromboseinzidenz (TI 7,7% vs. DV 21,3%, p=0,039) signifikant überlegen.
Insgesamt erlitten 40 der 238 Patienten eine neu aufgetretene venöse Thrombose der unteren Extremität. Auch bei Betrachtung des Einflusses von Antikoagulantien und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern erwies sich die 5 Thrombininjektion als dem Druckverband signifikant überlegen. Jedoch wurde bei der Thrombininjektion eine um 18% niedrigere Erfolgsrate unter Antikoagulation festgestellt (TIoAK 97% vs. TImAK 79%, p=0,22), wohingegen bei Druckverbandanlage unter Antikoagulation die Erfolgsrate nur um 6% geringer war (DVoAK 57% vs. DVmAK 51%, p=0,38). In Bezug auf die Thromboseraten nach Thrombininjektion bzw. Druckverband unter Antikoagulation oder Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede beobachtet werden.
Fazit: Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Thrombininjektion eine sichere Methode zur Behandlung des Pseudoaneurysmas darstellt und nach Ansicht der Autoren, bei vorhandener Expertise, primär angewandt werden sollte.
Denn die Thrombininjektion ist dem Druckverband in Bezug auf Erfolgs- und Thromboseraten signifikant überlegen. Antikoagulantien beeinträchtigen den Erfolg der Thrombininjektion stärker als den des Druckverbands, weshalb bei Notwendigkeit einer Pseudoaneurysmatherapie die Pausierung der Antikoagulantien im Rahmen einer patientenspezifischen Risiko-Nutzen-Abwägung in Betracht gezogen werden sollte.
Hintergrund: Die kardiale Magnetresonanztomographie (CMR) gilt als Referenzstandard für die Beurteilung der linksventrikulären Funktion und des Volumens des linken Ventrikels (LV). Neuartige Echtzeittechniken versprechen eine schnelle Bildgebung bei freier Atmung mit ähnlicher Qualität. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Genauigkeit der standardmäßigen Steady-State-Free-Precession (SSFP)-Cine-Bildgebung bei angehaltenem Atem mit der gleichen Sequenz unter Verwendung von drei Signalmittelungen, während freier Atmung sowie mit einer Compressed-Sensing (Cs)- Echtzeittechnik während der freien Atmung zur Beurteilung von LV-Volumen und Masse zu vergleichen.
Methoden: 24 Probanden wurden mit einer Standard-SSFP-Technik bei angehaltenem Atem (BH), mit derselben Technik bei freier Atmung unter Verwendung von drei durchschnittlichen Herzzyklen (SA-FB) sowie mit einem CS-Echtzeitprotokoll bei freier Atmung (CS-FB) untersucht. Verglichen wurden die Erfassungsdauer, die Genauigkeit sowie die Inter- und Intraobserver-Variabilität von LV-Funktion, Volumen und Masse.
Ergebnisse: Die Echtzeit-Bildgebung war erheblich schneller als die freie Atmung mit drei Signalmittelwerten (p<0.001). Die Korrelation zwischen dem Referenzstandard (BH) und den beiden anderen Techniken war ausgezeichnet mit einem r2 für SA-FB vs. BH zwischen 0.74 - 0.89 und einem r2 für CS-FB vs. BH zwischen 0.81 und 0.94. SA-FB ergab mittlere Fehler zwischen 5.9% und 15% für verschiedene LV-Parameter, während CS-FB zu mittleren Fehlern von 6.5%bis 13% führte. Die Inter- und Intraobserver-Variabilität war bei der Echtzeit-Bildgebung ausgezeichnet und bei der SSFP-Bildgebung (SA-FB und BH) gut.
Schlussfolgerung: Sowohl ein Standardprotokoll mit 3 Signalmittelungen, während der freien Atmung als auch die Compressed Sensing liefern genaue und reproduzierbare Messungen des LV, während die Echtzeit-Bildgebung wesentlich schneller ist.
Das Prostatakarzinom ist in Europa die häufigste Krebserkrankung des Mannes. Im metastasierten, kastrationsresistenten Zustand gibt es wenige Therapieoptionen. Als neuere Therapiemöglichkeit hat sich in den letzten Jahren die Radioligandentherapie (RLT) mit 177Lu-PSMA-617 hervorgetan. Die Myelosuppression ist allerdings ein potentiell dosis-limitierender Faktor bei der Radioligandentherapie.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, das Auftreten, den Schweregrad und die Reversibilität von hämatotoxischen Nebenwirkungen in einer großen Patientenkohorte zu unter-suchen, die sich einer RLT mit 177Lu-PSMA-617 bei metastasiertem kastrationsresistentem Prostatakarzinom (mCRPC) unterzogen. Nach deskriptiver Analyse des behandelten Patientenkollektivs erfolgte die Identifikation von prädisponierenden Faktoren für das Eintreten von hämatologischen Nebenwirkungen. Dabei wurden insbesondere der Beitrag von Vortherapien, Behandlungsaktivität, Ausmaß der Knochentumorlast sowie eine prätherapeutisch bestehende Zytopenie berücksichtigt.
Die RLT wurde bei 140 Patienten durchgeführt, die insgesamt 497 Zyklen erhielten. Eine mittlere Aktivität von 6.9±1.3 GBq 177Lu-PSMA-617 pro Zyklus wurde in einem Median von 3 Behandlungszyklen verabreicht. Die mittlere kumulative Aktivität betrug 24.6±15.9 GBq. Hämatologische Parameter wurden bei Studienbeginn, vor jeder Behandlung, 2 bis 4 Wochen danach und während der gesamten Nachbeobachtung gemessen. Die Toxizität wurde anhand der Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5.0 eingestuft.
Dabei zeigten sich signifikante (Grad ≥3) hämatologische unerwünschte Ereignisse bei 13 Patienten (9.3%). Davon 10 mit Anämie (7.1%), 5 mit Leukopenie (3.6%) und 6 mit Thrombozytopenie (4.3%). Die Hämatotoxizität war bis zu einem medianen Follow-up von 8 Monaten bei allen bis auf zwei Patienten, die innerhalb von weniger als 3 Monaten nach der RLT an einer Krankheitsprogression starben, reversibel auf Grad ≤2. Die Myelosuppression war signifikant häufiger bei Patienten mit vorbestehender Zytopenie Grad ≥2 oder hoher Knochentumorlast (disseminiert oder diffus). Eine vorangegangene taxan-basierte Chemotherapie war ebenfalls mit einer erhöhten Inzidenz signifikanter Hämatotoxizität assoziiert, während die Behandlung mit 223Ra-Dichlorid, die kumulative RLT-Behandlungsaktivität und die Aktivität pro Zyklus nicht signifikant korreliert waren.
Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen somit, dass hämatologische Nebenwirkungen nach RLT eine akzeptable Gesamtinzidenz besitzen und häufig reversibel sind. Eine hohe Knochentumorlast, eine vorangegangene taxan-basierte Chemotherapie und eine Zyto-penie vor der Behandlung vom Grad ≥2 können als Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung einer klinisch relevanten Myelosuppression angesehen werden, während die kumulative RLT-Aktivität und eine vorangegangene 223Ra-Dichlorid-Behandlung keinen signifikanten Beitrag zur Inzidenzrate zeigen. Die Fragestellung ist von unmittelbarer Relevanz, da die Erkenntnisse entscheidend für die individuelle Risikoeinschätzung von Patienten mit mCRPC bezüglich der 177Lu-PSMA-617 beitragen.
Aktivierende Mutationen der Fms-like tyrosine kinase (FLT3) treten bei 25 % der Patienten mit akuter myeloischer Leukämie (AML) auf und begünstigen die unkontrollierte Proliferation maligner Blasten. Autophagie ist ein intrazellulärer Prozess, durch den zytoplasmatische Bestandteile lysosomal abgebaut werden und fungiert als intrazellulärer Homöostase-Mechanismus unter Stress-Bedingungen.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, herauszufinden, ob FLT3-ITD+-AML-Zellen vulnerabel gegenüber Autophagie-Hemmung sind.
Hierzu wurde zunächst untersucht, wie sich FLT3-ITD-Signaling und Autophagie unter basalen Wachstumsbedingungen gegenseitig beeinflussen. In einem genetischen Modell zeigte sich, dass FLT3-ITD-transformierte wachstumsfaktorunabhängige Zellen während ihrer fortgesetzten Proliferation vermehrt Autophagie betreiben. Lysosomale Autophagie-Inhibitoren zeigten jedoch unter diesen Bedingungen keine erhöhte Wirksamkeit gegenüber FLT3-ITD-positiven Zellen. Humane FLT3-ITD-positive AML-Zellen zeigten nach genetischer Deletion von ULK1 ebenfalls nur transiente und milde Proliferationsdefizite. Unter basalen Wachstumsbedingungen zeigte sich also keine erhöhte Vulnerabilität FLT3-ITD-exprimierender Zellen gegenüber Autophagie-Inhibition.
Daraufhin wurde die Bedeutung von Autophagie während pharmakologischer Hemmung von FLT3 untersucht. FLT3-Inhibition mittels AC220, einem FLT3-spezifischer Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitor, induzierte bzw. steigerte die autophagische Aktivität ähnlich stark wie eine direkte mTOR-Inhibition. Dies ließ sich im Zellmodell therapeutisch ausnutzen: eine Kombinationsbehandlung mit AC220 und einem lysosomalen Autophagie-Inhibitor zeigte eine synergistische antiproliferative Wirkung. Dies stellt möglicherweise einen neuen rationalen Kombinationsbehandlungsansatz für die Therapie FLT3-ITD-positiver AML-Patienten dar.
Die kongenitale Zytomegalievirus Infektion (cCMV-Infektion) ist die häufigste kongenitale Infektionskrankheit weltweit und ist der häufigste Grund für angeborene nicht-genetische Hörstörungen und eine häufige Ursache neurologische Entwicklungsstörungen. Die Inzidenz der cCMV-Infektion liegt in Deutschland zwischen 0,2 % – 0,5 %. Bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen wird die Inzidenz mit 2,7 % – 11,4 % angegeben. Mit der erhöhten Inzidenz der cCMV-Infektion bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen ergibt sich für diese Kinder ebenfalls ein erhöhtes Risiko für Langzeitfolgen. Die genaue Inzidenz der cCMV-Infektion variiert je nach untersuchter Population. Für Deutschland existiert eine retrospektive Studie, welche eine Inzidenz von 2,7 % für cCMV-Infektionen bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen ermittelte. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde diese Inzidenz in einem prospektiven multizentrischem Studiendesign in Deutschland ermittelt.
Zur Ermittlung der Inzidenz der cCMV-Infektion bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen und Beurteilung der Umsetzbarkeit eines cCMV-Neugeborenen-Screenings wurde ein selektives cCMV-Neugeborenen-Screening für retroviral-exponierte Neugeborene mittels PCR-Untersuchung auf CMV aus einem Mundschleimhautabstrich innerhalb der ersten 21 Lebenstage an drei Studienstandorten innerhalb Deutschlands, Mannheim, München und Frankfurt am Main, durchgeführt. Bei positivem Ergebnis der PCR auf CMV-DNA erfolgte eine Bestätigungsdiagnostik mittels erweiterter Urin- und Blutuntersuchung auf CMV. Zur Diagnostik von cCMV-assoziierten Symptomen erfolgte eine Sonographie des Abdomens und des Schädels sowie eine ausführliche körperliche Untersuchung, eine augenärztliche Evaluation und erweiterte Testungen der Gehörfunktion. Nachuntersuchungen und Therapien wurden den betroffenen Familien außerhalb der Studie angeboten.
122 / 184 (66,3 %) HIV-exponierte Neugeborene von 111 Müttern wurden im Studienzeitraum zwischen dem 24.11.2017 und dem 31.03.2021 eingeschlossen. Eine cCMV-Infektion wurde bei einem Neugeborenen nachgewiesen, sodass die Inzidenz der cCMV-Infektion bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen in dieser Studie 0,8 % beträgt. Eine HIV-Mutter-Kind-Transmission wurde nicht detektiert. Die Seroprävalenz für CMV bei den HIV-positiven Frauen lag in diesem Kollektiv bei 96,1 %.
Das Neugeborene mit nachgewiesener cCMV-Infektion zeigte eine zerebrale Beteiligung mit ependymalen Zysten und einer thalamostriatalen Vaskulopathie und erhielt außerhalb der Studie eine zeitgerechte antivirale Therapie mit Beginn in der Neonatalper-ode. Im Verlauf zeigten sich trotz der antiviralen Therapie Entwicklungsstörungen mit autistischen Verhaltensweisen. Die cCMV-Infektion wäre ohne ein routinemäßiges Screening mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit nicht nachgewiesen worden.
Die frühzeitige Untersuchung der Probanden auf eine cCMV-Infektion hat sich in dieser Studie als vorteilhaft gezeigt, da bei Nachweis einer cCMV-Infektion zeitnah weiterführende Diagnostik und Therapien angeboten werden konnten. Auch die relativ große Anzahl an rekrutierten retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen im prospektiven Studiendesign in Zusammenarbeit mit mehreren Studienzentren in Deutschland spricht für die Validität dieser Studie. Als Limitation ist zu nennen, dass ein statistisch signifikantes Ergebnis nicht erzielt werden konnte. Aufgrund der Corona-Pandemie kam es organisationbedingt zu einer relativ hohen Anzahl an nicht eingeschlossenen Patienten. Auch die geplante Rekrutierung einer Vergleichsgruppe in Südafrika konnte aufgrund der Pandemie nicht umgesetzt werden. Falsch negative Befunde wurden im Sinne der Familie nicht mittels Goldstandardmethode überprüft, sodass eine Unterschätzung der Rate an cCMV-Infektionen möglich ist.
Insgesamt konnte diese Studie neben der Ermittlung der cCMV-Inzidenz bei retroviral-exponierten Neugeborenen in Deutschland von 0,8 % aufgezeigt werden, dass selbst symptomatische cCMV-Infektionen ohne ein systematisches cCMV-Neugeborenen-Screening nicht sicher nachgewiesen werden konnte. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein systematisches cCMV-Neugeborenen-Screening mittels Mundschleimhautabstrich in Deutschland praktikabel ist und bei den Sorgeberechtigten Akzeptanz findet. Den erhobenen Daten zur Folge könnte ein Screening aller Neugeborener oder zumindest ein risikoadaptiertes Screening auf das Vorliegen einer cCMV-Infektion dazu beitragen, dass mehr Kinder mit asymptomatischer oder unentdeckter symptomatischer cCMV-Infektion diagnostiziert werden und so eine entsprechende Behandlung ermöglicht sowie ggf. Langzeitfolgen möglichst verringert werden.
Weitere Studien zum Effekt der verfügbaren antiviralen Therapie bei cCMV-Infektionen und regelmäßiger Kontrolluntersuchungen nach stattgehabter cCMV-Infektion sind zu empfehlen, um die Auswirkungen dieser Maßnahmen auf den Krankheitsverlauf zu evaluieren.
S100A12 ist ein Entzündungsmarker, der inflammatorische Prozesse präzise anzeigt. Entzündungsprozesse mit erhöhten S100A12 Konzentrationen spielen vor allem bei Autoimmunerkrankungen wie der der rheumatischen Arthritis (RA), autoinflammatorischen Erkrankungen wie der juvenilen idiopathische Arthritis (JIA) oder weiteren Erkrankungen wie dem familiären Mittelmeerfieber (FMF) eine wichtige Rolle. Das S100A12 Protein besitzt drei verschiedene Konformationen: das Dimer, das Tetramer und das Hexamer. In verschiedenen Studien konnte gezeigt werde, dass das Hexamer an proinflammatorische Rezeptoren wie dem Toll-like Rezeptor-4 (TLR-4) und dem „receptor for the advanced glycation end products“ (RAGE) bindet und so die Produktion von weiteren Entzündungsmediatoren stimuliert. Daher besitzt die S100A12 Hexamerkonformation eine entscheidende Rolle in Entzündungsprozessen. Das Ziel bestand somit in der Selektion von Peptiden oder „single chain variable fragment“ (scFv)-Konstrukten, die exklusiv an die hexamere Konformation von S100A12 binden.
Mittels Biopanning von Peptid- und scFv-Phagen Bibliotheken konnten Peptide und scFvs selektiert werden. Die selektierten Peptide und die selektierten scFvs wurden in ELISAs weiter auf ihre Bindungseigenschaften charakterisiert. Durch Umklonierung in einen Fc-Konstrukt Vektor konnten die scFvs als vollständige scFv-Fc-Konstrukte exprimiert werden. Die Bindung der selektierten Peptide bestätigte sich als Biotin-Fusion im anschließenden ELISA. Es zeigte sich eine sehr hohe Bindungsspezifität der Peptide und der produzierten scFv-Fc-Konstrukte an das S100A12 Hexamer.
Mit den selektierten Liganden ist es gelungen einen Test zu entwickeln: an Streptavidin immobilisierte Peptide binden spezifisch das S100A12 Hexamer aus dem Testmedium und mittels selektiertem scFv-Fc-Konstrukten lassen sich die gebundenen S100A12 Proteine detektieren. Ein Detektionsantikörper ermöglichte die Visualisierung der gebundenen scFv-Fc-Konstrukte mittels Farbreaktion. Das S100A12 Hexamer konnte durch den Testaufbau auch im Plasma spezifisch detekiert werden.
Dieser Test könnte es ermöglichen, die exakte Diagnose und vor allem das Überwachung von Patienten mit steigenden Entzündungsmarkern, wie im Rahmen der autoinflammtorischen Erkrankung JIA oder einer Erkrankung wie dem FMF, zu verbessern. Mit einem verbessertem Krankheitsmonitoring könnte ebenfalls die Therapie im frühen Stadium optimiert werden.
Zusätzlich könnte ein mögliches therapeutische Potential der S100A12 Hexamer Liganden getestet werden. Sollten die hexamerspezifischen Liganden die Interaktion von S100A12 mit ihren Rezeptoren wie TLR-4 oder RAGE blockieren, ist eine therapeutische Verwendung in der Behandlung von Autoimmun- und autoinflammatorischen Erkrankungen möglich.
Auf Grund einer hohen Inzidenz und Mortalität, welche in den nächsten Jahren voraussichtlich eine deutliche Zunahme erfahren wird, stellt die Behandlung eines HCC an alle beteiligten Fächer der Medizin, sowie an den Patienten und die Patientin, eine enorme Herausforderung dar. In der klinischen Routine hat sich die TACE, nicht nur bei Patienten im intermediären Stadium der Erkrankung, etabliert, sodass im Laufe der Erkrankung nahezu jeder zweite Patient mindestens eine TACE-Behandlung bekommt.
Der mit Radiomics betitelte, im medizinischen Bereich relativ junge, Forschungszweig beschäftigt sich mit der Idee, dass in den Schnittbildern eine für das menschliche Auge nicht sichtbare Ebene von Informationen vorliegt, welche mit den richtigen Mitteln extrahiert, relevante Daten und Informationen zur Genetik, Phänotypie und Pathophysiologie des Tumors liefern kann.
Hier greift der Ansatz dieser Arbeit an. In dieser Arbeit wird die Hypothese postuliert, dass durch die Auswertung und Integration von Lipiodolablagerungen in der Zielläsion nach der ersten durchgeführten TACE eine zuverlässigere Prognose zum Therapieansprechen und Gesamtüberleben mit Hilfe von Radiomics möglich ist, als dies klinische Scores alleine erlauben.
Dazu wurde in dieser Arbeit ein Patientenstamm von 61 Patienten untersucht. Alle Patienten litten an einem histologisch gesicherten HCC. Bei allen Patienten wurden innerhalb eines Zeitintervalls von 6 Monaten drei TACE durchgeführt mit einer nachfolgenden Verlaufskontrolle mittels kontrastmittelgestützter MRT oder CT.
In einem dezidierten, mehrstufigen Verfahren wurden aus der nativen 24 Stunden postinterventionellen CT-Kontrolle die Lipiodol anreichernden HCC-Herde segmentiert. Aus diesem segmentierten 3-D Bilddatensatz wurde eine Vielzahl von bildgebenden Biomarkern, Features, extrahiert. Die Features wurden im weiteren Prozess selektiert, redundante und nicht reproduzierbare Features wurden für das weitere Vorgehen verworfen.
Aus den vorliegenden Daten der Patienten wurden Informationen selektiert, mit welchen insgesamt 5 klinische Scores berechnet wurden, diese Scores wurden im weiteren Verfahren ebenfalls als Features angesehen.
Mehrere Machine Learning-Algorithmen wurden mit der Zielvariable: Größenregredienz des Tumors nach TACE als Folge eines annehmbaren Therapieansprechens, angelernt.
Das beste Ergebnis lieferte ein ML-Algorithmus mit einem Random Forrest Klassifikator auf der Grundlage des kombinierten, aus Radiomics-Features und klinischem Score-Features bestehendem Featuresets.
Um die initial aufgestellte Hypothese zu überprüfen wurde die Zielvariable von Größenregredienz der TL auf OS verändert. Die Performance des ML-Algorithmus in Bezug auf die neu definierte Zielvariable OS wurde hierbei mit dem C-index bewertet. Im Test-Set liegt ein C-Index von 0,67 vor. Das kombinierte Modell aus klinischem Score und Radiomics zeigt hierbei eine Überlegenheit gegenüber dem klinischen Score allein (C-Index 0,58) und dem Radiomics score (C-Index 0,60). Dies bestätigt die aufgestellte Hypothese. Das kombinierte Modell hat die Fähigkeit, anhand der Lipiodolanreicherung in der 24 Stunden postinterventionell durchgeführten CT, zur Prädiktion eines Gesamtüberlebens von HCC-Patienten nach einer TACE.
Die Patienten mit der kürzesten und längsten Überlebenszeit innerhalb der Studienpopulation dienten als Grundlage für eine Kaplan-Meier-Schätzung und Berechnung eines Risiko-Scores (siehe Abbildung 37). Dabei zeigt sich eine signifikante Differenz zwischen den Risiko-Scores. Eine Kurve dieser Art könnte zukünftig theoretisch als Schätzung zur Überprüfung der Indikation einer TACE- Wiederholung für einzelne Patienten dienen. Für eine entsprechende Generalisierbarkeit sind weiterführende Studien zur Validierung nötig. Unsere Studie liefert hier erste vielversprechende Hinweise, wobei unsere Limitationen nicht zu vernachlässigen sind, wie im Detail diskutiert.
Zusammenfassend zeigt unsere Arbeit, dass ein von uns definierter kombinierter Score, bestehend aus bildgebenden Biomarkern (Radiomics) und einem klinischen Score (m- HAP-II-Score), eine Prognose zum Gesamtüberleben nach der ersten TACE- Behandlung liefern kann. Mit Hilfe dieses kombinierten Scores war es in unserer Studienkohorte möglich abzuschätzen, ob ein Patient von weiteren TACE-Prozeduren profitieren würde. Der Behandlungsalgorithmus könnte auf dieser Basis individuell angepasst werden.
Der kombinierte Score hätte somit nicht nur das Potenzial Nebenwirkungen zu verhindern und Kosten im System einzusparen, sondern ebenfalls den Patienten potentiell individuell effektiveren Therapiealternativen zuzuführen.
The Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) as well as the T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) are rare types of malignant lymphomas. Both NLPHL and THRLBCL are frequently observed in middle-aged men with THRLBCL presenting frequently with an advanced Ann-Arbor stage with B-symptoms and associated with more aggressive courses.3 However, due to the limited number of tumor cells in the tissue of both NLPHL and THRLBCL, limited numbers of studies have been conducted on these lymphomas and current results are mainly based on general molecular genetic studies.
In order to obtain a better understanding for these disease forms as well as possible changes in their nuclear and cytoplasmatic sizes, the following study relied on the comparison of the different NLPHL forms and THRLBCL in terms of nuclear size and nuclear volume. This was carried out using both 2D and 3D analysis. During the 2D analysis of nuclear size and nuclear volume no significant differences could be presented between those groups. However, the 3D analysis of NLPHL and THRLBCL pointed out a slightly enlarged nuclear volume in THRLBCL. Furthermore, the analysis indicated a significantly increased cytoplasmatic size of THRLBCL compared to NLPHL forms. Nevertheless, differences occurred not only between the tumor cells of both disease forms, but also the T cells presented a larger nuclear volume in THRLBCL. B cells, which were considered as the control group, did not demonstrate any significant differences between the different groups. The presented results suggest an increased activity of T cells in THRLBCL, which is most likely to be interpreted as a response against the surrounding tumor cells and probably limits the proliferation of the tumor cells. Based on these results, the importance of 3D analysis is also evident due to the fact that it is clearly superior to 2D analysis. For a better understanding of both disease forms, it is therefore recommended to use the 3D technique in combination with molecular genetic analysis in future research.
The MICOS complex subunit MIC13 is essential for mitochondrial cristae organization. Mutations in MIC13 cause severe mitochondrial hepato-encephalopathy displaying defective cristae morphology and loss of the MIC10-subcomplex. Here we identified SLP2 as a novel interacting partner of MIC13 and decipher a critical role of SLP2 for MICOS assembly at distinct steps. SLP2 provides a large interaction hub for MICOS subunits and loss of SLP2 imparted YME1L-mediated proteolysis of MIC26 and drastic alterations in cristae morphology. We further identified a MIC13-specific role in stabilizing the MIC10-subcomplex via a MIC13-YME1L axis. SLP2 together with the stabilized MIC10-subcomplex promotes efficient assembly of the MIC60-subcomplex forming the MICOS-MIB complex. Consistently, super-resolution nanoscopy showed a dispersed distribution of the MIC60 in cells lacking SLP2 and MIC13. Our study reveals converging and interdependent assembly pathways for the MIC10- and MIC60-subcomplexes which are controlled in two ways, the MIC13-YME1L and the SLP2-YME1L axes, revealing mechanistic insights of these factors in cristae morphogenesis. These results will be helpful in understanding the human pathophysiology linked to mutations in MIC13 or its interaction partners.
SAMHD1 is discussed as a tumour suppressor protein, but its potential role in cancer has only been investigated in very few cancer types. Here, we performed a systematic analysis of the TCGA (adult cancer) and TARGET (paediatric cancer) databases, the results of which did not suggest that SAMHD1 should be regarded as a bona fide tumour suppressor. SAMHD1 mutations that interfere with SAMHD1 function were not associated with poor outcome, which would be expected for a tumour suppressor. High SAMHD1 tumour levels were associated with increased survival in some cancer entities and reduced survival in others. Moreover, the data suggested differences in the role of SAMHD1 between males and females and between different races. Often, there was no significant relationship between SAMHD1 levels and cancer outcome. Taken together, our results indicate that SAMHD1 may exert pro-or anti-tumourigenic effects and that SAMHD1 is involved in the oncogenic process in a minority of cancer cases. These findings seem to be in disaccord with a perception and narrative forming in the field suggesting that SAMHD1 is a tumour suppressor. A systematic literature review confirmed that most of the available scientific articles focus on a potential role of SAMHD1 as a tumour suppressor. The reasons for this remain unclear but may include confirmation bias and publication bias. Our findings emphasise that hypotheses, perceptions, and assumptions need to be continuously challenged by using all available data and evidence.
Recent advances in mathematical modelling and artificial intelligence have challenged the use of traditional regression analysis in biomedical research. This study examined artificial and cancer research data using binomial and multinomial logistic regression and compared its performance with other machine learning models such as random forests, support vector machines, Bayesian classifiers, k-nearest neighbours and repeated incremental clipping (RIPPER). The alternative models often outperformed regression in accurately classifying new cases. Logistic regression had a structural problem similar to early single-layer neural networks, which limited its ability to identify variables with high statistical significance for reliable class assignment. Therefore, regression is not always the best model for class prediction in biomedical datasets. The study emphasises the importance of validating selected models and suggests that a mixture of experts approach may be a more advanced and effective strategy for analysing biomedical datasets.
Background: Eukaryotic gene expression is controlled by cis-regulatory elements (CREs), including promoters and enhancers, which are bound by transcription factors (TFs). Differential expression of TFs and their binding affinity at putative CREs determine tissue- and developmental-specific transcriptional activity. Consolidating genomic data sets can offer further insights into the accessibility of CREs, TF activity, and, thus, gene regulation. However, the integration and analysis of multi-modal data sets are hampered by considerable technical challenges. While methods for highlighting differential TF activity from combined chromatin state data (e.g., ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, or DNase-seq) and RNA-seq data exist, they do not offer convenient usability, have limited support for large-scale data processing, and provide only minimal functionality for visually interpreting results.
Results: We developed TF-Prioritizer, an automated pipeline that prioritizes condition-specific TFs from multi-modal data and generates an interactive web report. We demonstrated its potential by identifying known TFs along with their target genes, as well as previously unreported TFs active in lactating mouse mammary glands. Additionally, we studied a variety of ENCODE data sets for cell lines K562 and MCF-7, including twelve histone modification ChIP-seq as well as ATAC-seq and DNase-seq datasets, where we observe and discuss assay-specific differences.
Conclusion: TF-Prioritizer accepts ATAC-seq, DNase-seq, or ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data as input and identifies TFs with differential activity, thus offering an understanding of genome-wide gene regulation, potential pathogenesis, and therapeutic targets in biomedical research.
The antiviral drugs tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir are considered for mpox (monkeypox) treatment despite a lack of clinical evidence. Moreover, their use is affected by toxic side-effects (brincidofovir, cidofovir), limited availability (tecovirimat), and potentially by resistance formation. Hence, additional, readily available drugs are needed. Here, therapeutic concentrations of nitroxoline, a hydroxyquinoline antibiotic with a favourable safety profile in humans, inhibited the replication of 12 mpox virus isolates from the current outbreak in primary cultures of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts and a skin explant model by interference with host cell signalling. Tecovirimat, but not nitroxoline, treatment resulted in rapid resistance development. Nitroxoline remained effective against the tecovirimat-resistant strain and increased the anti-mpox virus activity of tecovirimat and brincidofovir. Moreover, nitroxoline inhibited bacterial and viral pathogens that are often co-transmitted with mpox. In conclusion, nitroxoline is a repurposing candidate for the treatment of mpox due to both antiviral and antimicrobial activity.
Epigenetic neural glioblastoma enhances synaptic integration and predicts therapeutic vulnerability
(2023)
Neural-tumor interactions drive glioma growth as evidenced in preclinical models, but clinical validation is nascent. We present an epigenetically defined neural signature of glioblastoma that independently affects patients survival. We use reference signatures of neural cells to deconvolve tumor DNA and classify samples into low- or high-neural tumors. High-neural glioblastomas exhibit hypomethylated CpG sites and upregulation of genes associated with synaptic integration. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals high abundance of stem cell-like malignant cells classified as oligodendrocyte precursor and neural precursor cell-like in high-neural glioblastoma. High-neural glioblastoma cells engender neuron-to-glioma synapse formation in vitro and in vivo and show an unfavorable survival after xenografting. In patients, a high-neural signature associates with decreased survival as well as increased functional connectivity and can be detected via DNA analytes and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in plasma. Our study presents an epigenetically defined malignant neural signature in high-grade gliomas that is prognostically relevant.
Summer School Emergency Medicine : wichtige Praxiserfahrungen für ukrainische Medizinstudierende
(2023)
Mit viel Engagement und dank finanzieller Mittel des Goethe-Ukraine-Fonds haben Prof. Miriam Rüsseler und ihr Team vom Frankfurter Institut für Notfallmedizin und Simulationstraining (FIneST) eine Summer School Emergency Medicine ins Leben gerufen. Das Ziel: Ukrainischen Medizinstudierenden wichtige Praxiserfahrungen zu ermöglichen, die sie aufgrund des russischen Angriffskriegs nicht an ihrer Universität in der Ukraine sammeln können. Die Beteiligten vom Fachbereich Medizin begeistert vor allem die außergewöhnliche Einsatz- und Lernbereitschaft der Studierenden.
Chronisch-entzündliche Dermatosen sind in Deutschland weit verbreitet und haben einen enormen Einfluss auf die Lebensqualität der Erkrankten. Das umfassende Verständnis der molekularen Prozesse und Signalwege bildet die Basis, um mögliche Beziehungen zwischen den Hauterkrankungen aufzudecken. Der Nachweis von Ähnlichkeit und Übereinstimmung in den Signalwegen bietet die Aussicht, dass etablierte Therapien auch bei anderen Erkrankungen helfen können.
Der Zweck dieser Arbeit ist der Nachweis der Expression von IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23 und TNF-α in drei chronisch-entzündlichen Dermatosen: Acne inversa (AI), Sinus pilondalis (SP) und Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens (PCAS). Bei allen untersuchten Diagnosen handelt es sich um potentiell verwandte Erkrankungen der Haarfollikel, die durch Verlegung der Ausführungsgänge zu ausgedehnten Entzündungsreaktionen mit Bildung von Knoten, Abszessen und Fisteln führen. Bereits nachgewiesen ist, dass IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23 und TNF-α eine wichtige Rolle in der Pathogenese von Acne inversa spielen und Antikörpertherapien an einigen dieser Zielproteine spezifisch angreifen, um den Verlauf der Erkrankung zu verbessern.
Die Expression der Proteine wurde in Läsionen von Patienten mit den drei Indikationen immunhistochemisch an paraffiniertem Gewebe untersucht. Wie erwartet, zeigten sich in der überwiegenden Anzahl der Proben große entzündliche Infiltrate und hier wurde die Expression aller untersuchten Zytokine in unterschiedlicher Intensität nachgewiesen. Vielversprechend war insbesondere die Expression von IL-17A und IL-23 in SP und PCAS. Die Expression von IL-1β war insgesamt eher gering ausgeprägt; bei AI noch etwas höher als in SP und PCAS. Die Färbungen auf IL-22 zeigten sich kräftig in allen untersuchten Dermatosen. Allerdings gibt es bisher keine zugelassene Therapie zur Modulation dieses speziellen Zytokins. IL-22 scheint eine zentrale Rolle in
der Pathogenese der AI zu spielen. Mit TNF-α-Blockern wurden schon gute therapeutische Ergebnisse bei AI und PCAS erzielt. Deshalb ist der Nachweis von TNF-α in den entzündlichen Läsionen zu erwarten gewesen. Auch bei den SP-Proben fanden sich deutlich erhöhte Protein-Level, sodass auch hier eine gezielte Therapie von Vorteil sein könnte. Wegen des geringen Probenumfangs und der Methodik sind weitere gezielte Untersuchungen notwendig. Dennoch konnten viele Gemeinsamkeiten der Zytokinexpression ausgemacht werden, was vielversprechende Hinweise auf mögliche Behandlungsansätze bei AI, SP und PCAS zulässt. Diese Arbeit bietet einen ersten Blick auf den immunologischen Phänotyp der verwandten Dermatosen.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred large-scale, inter-institutional research efforts. To enable these efforts, the German Corona Consensus (GECCO) dataset has been developed previously as a harmonized, interoperable collection of the most relevant data elements for COVID-19-related patient research. As GECCO has been developed as a compact core dataset across all medical fields, the focused research within particular medical domains demanded the definition of extension modules that include those data elements that are most relevant to the research performed in these individual medical specialties.
Main body: We created GECCO extension modules for the immunization, pediatrics, and cardiology domains with respect to the pandemic requests. The data elements included in each of these modules were selected in a consensus-based process by working groups of medical experts from the respective specialty to ensure that the contents are aligned with the research needs of the specialty. The selected data elements were mapped to international standardized vocabularies and data exchange specifications were created using HL7 FHIR profiles on the appropriate resources. All steps were performed in close interdisciplinary collaboration between medical domain experts, medical information scientists and FHIR developers. The profiles and vocabulary mappings were syntactically and semantically validated in a two-stage process. In that way, we defined dataset specifications for a total number of 23 (immunization), 59 (pediatrics), and 50 (cardiology) data elements that augment the GECCO core dataset. We created and published implementation guides and example implementations as well as dataset annotations for each extension module.
Conclusions: We here present extension modules for the GECCO core dataset that contain data elements most relevant to COVID-19-related patient research in immunization, pediatrics and cardiology. These extension modules were defined in an interdisciplinary, iterative, consensus-based approach that may serve as a blueprint for the development of further dataset definitions and GECCO extension modules. The here developed GECCO extension modules provide a standardized and harmonized definition of specialty-related datasets that can help to enable inter-institutional and cross-country COVID-19 research in these specialties.
Introduction: The optimal treatment of patients with spinal infections remains a controversial topic. Within Europe, fundamentally different therapeutic concepts are found. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the outcome of patients who received surgical vs. antibiotic treatment alone for primary pyogenic spondylodiscitis in an international cohort analysis.
Materials and Methods: The retrospectively compiled databases of tertiary high-volume spine centers served as the baseline for this study. All documented cases of primary spondylodiscitis treated surgically and conservatively in the period of 2017-2022 were included and grouped according to the therapeutic concept: conservative vs. surgical treatment. Independent investigators collected the relevant clinical and radiological data. The primary endpoint of this study was mortality rate; secondary endpoints were relapse rate and persisting neurological deficit.
Results: A total of 392 patients were included in the analysis (155 females with a mean age of 68 years). Of these, 95 cases were treated conservatively (CoT) and 297 cases were treated surgically (SuT). There was no significant difference (p<0.01) related to patient’s disease characteristics: Lumbar was the main location (n=240, CoT 58/ SuT 182, p=0.97) followed by thoracic (n=70, CoT 24/ SuT 46, p=0,03) and cervical (n=47, CoT 7/ SuT 40, p=0.11) region. A multilocular spinal infection was present in 32 patients (CoT 3/ SuT 29, p=0.04). 181 cases (CoT 36/ SuT 145, p=0.06) presented with an epidural abscess. Neurological deficits were recorded in 100 cases (CoT 26/ SuT 74, p=0.63), and septic conditions in 88 cases (CoT 26/ SuT 62, p=0.19). Pre-existing conditions like Diabetes (p=0.57), renal failure (p= 0.97), hepatopathy (p= 0.15), malignoma (p=0.39) or i.v. drug abuse (p=0.93) did also not differ between the groups. The mortality rate of all conservatively treated was 24.2% (23 cases) and 6.7% (20 cases) in all surgically treated patients (p<0.001). A follow-up of ≥ 6 weeks was available in 289 cases (CoT 83, SuT 206 ). In this subset of patients relapse of infection occurred in six (7.2%) and 23 (11.2%) cases in the conservative and early surgical treatment group, respectively (p=0.69). Persisting neurological deficit was recorded in 21 (25.3%) of conservatively treated and 51 (24.8%) of surgically treated cases (p=0.92).
Conclusion: Whereas relapse rates and persisting neurological deficit were not found to differ significantly, the results of this international data analyses, with their respective limitations, clearly support the growing evidence of a significantly reduced mortality rate after surgical therapy for primary pyogenic spondylodiscitis when compared to conservative treatment regimen.
Introduction: Spondylodiscitis is the commonest form of infectious disease of the spine and harbours a high mortality rate of up to 20%. Recent demographic trends in Germany, such as an aging population, immunosuppression, and intravenous drug use, suggest that the incidence of spondylodiscitis may be on the rise. However, the exact epidemiological development of the disease remains uncertain. This study aims to analyse the burden on the tertiary healthcare system in Germany using data from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (FSOG) database.
Materials and Methods: All cases of spondylodiscitis diagnosed between 2005 and 2021 were identified from the FSOG database. The study characterised the mean duration of hospital stays, total and population-adjusted number of diagnoses made, age-stratified incidence, and outcomes of hospitalised patients.
Results: A total of 131,982 diagnoses for spondylodiscitis were identified between 2005 and 2021. The number of diagnoses for spondylodiscitis has doubled during this period, from 5.4/100,000 population in 2005 to 11/100,000 population in 2021. The highest increase in admissions was recorded for those aged 90 years and above (+1307%), 80-89 (+376%) and 70-79 (+99%). Hospital discharges to rehabilitation facilities have increased by 160%, and discharges against medical advice by 91%. On the other hand, during the analysed period, the in-hospital mortality rate has decreased by 52%.
Conclusion: The population-adjusted incidence of spondylodiscitis in Germany has more than doubled between 2005 and 2021, highlighting the clinical relevance of this disease. During the same period, in-hospital mortality dropped by half. These findings suggest the need for further investigation into optimal therapy, particularly the role and timing of surgical treatment.
Spinal Tumors / Infections (Spine Parallel Session v.3), September 27, 2023, 8:30 AM - 10:00 AM
Background: The optimal treatment of patients with spinal infections remains a controversial topic. While there is some consensus regarding the indication for surgical intervention in infections with neurologic deficit, significant deformity or progressive disease, other situations remain controversial. Within Europe, fundamentally different therapeutic concepts are found. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the outcome of patients who received surgical vs. antibiotic treatment alone for primary pyogenic spondylodiscitis in an international cohort analysis.
Methods: The retrospectively compiled databases of tertiary high-volume spine centers served as the baseline for this study. All documented cases of primary spondylodiscitis treated surgically and conservatively in the period of 2017-2022 were included and grouped according to the therapeutic concept: conservative vs. surgical treatment. Independent investigators collected the relevant clinical and radiological data. The primary endpoint of this study was mortality rate; secondary endpoints were relapse rate and persisting neurological deficit.
Results: A total of 392 patients were included in the analysis (155 females and 237 males with a mean age of 68 years). Of these, 95 cases were treated conservatively (CoT) and 297 cases were treated surgically (SuT). Most of conservatively treated patients were treated in the United Kingdom (CoT 81/ SuT 7), while most of the surgically treated cases were treated in Germany (CoT 14/ SuT 290). There was no significant difference (p<0.01) related to patient’s disease characteristics:
Lumbar was the main location (n=240, CoT 58/ SuT 182, p=0.97) followed by thoracic (n=70, CoT 24/ SuT 46, p=0,03) and cervical (n=47, CoT 7/ SuT 40, p=0.11) region. A multilocular spinal infection was present in 32 patients (CoT 3/ SuT 29, p=0.04). 181 cases (CoT 36/ SuT 145, p=0.06) presented with an epidural abscess. Neurological deficits were recorded in 100 cases (CoT 26/ SuT 74, p=0.63), and septic conditions in 88 cases (CoT 26/ SuT 62, p=0.19). Pre-existing conditions like Diabetes (CoT 20/, SuT 71, p=0.57), renal failure (CoT 19/ SuT 60, p= 0.97), hepatopathy (CoT 4/ SuT 26, p= 0.15), malignoma (CoT 9/ SuT 38, p=0.39) or i.v. drug abuse (CoT 5/, SuT 15, p=0.93) did also not differ between the groups.
The mortality rate of all conservatively treated was 24.2% (23 cases) and 6.7% (20 cases) in all surgically treated patients (p<0.001). A follow-up of ≥ 6 weeks was available in 289 cases (CoT 83, SuT 206 ). In this subset of patients relapse of infection occurred in six (7.2%) and 23 (11.2%) cases in the conservative and early surgical treatment group, respectively (p=0.69). Persisting neurological deficit was recorded in 21 (25.3%) of conservatively treated and 51 (24.8%) of surgically treated cases (p=0.92).
Conclusions: Whereas relapse rates and persisting neurological deficit were not found to differ significantly, the results of this international data analyses, with their respective limitations, clearly support the growing evidence of a significantly reduced mortality rate after surgical therapy for primary pyogenic spondylodiscitis when compared to conservative treatment regimen.
Oral e-Poster Presentations - Booth 3: Spine 2 (Tumors), September 26, 2023, 4:10 PM - 4:50 PM
Background: Spinal metastasis remains a persistent and oftentimes urgent challenge in the neurosurgical operating room. We aim to understand metastatic spread to the spinal bone on a molecular level in endothelial cells and tumor cells to facilitate improved therapeutic approaches and diagnostics.
Methods: We established a murine syngeneic spinal bone metastasis model. In vivo dissemination was first evaluated using fluorescent beads, followed by murine cancer cell lines (B16, LLC1). We investigated short-term seeding and long-term growth to identify correlations between seeding and tumor formation. EphrinB2-Eph4 interaction has been described as a crucial mediator of spinal bone metastasis. Transient (pharmacological) and permanent (genetical) ephrinB2-Eph4 interventions were performed.
Results: Dissemination of microbeads to distinct spinal segments depended on segment and particle size. Disseminated tumor cells on the contrary showed less frequent arrest in the bone and equal distribution among segments. EphrinB2 intervention changed the dissemination behavior towards the lumbar segment. Interestingly, only transient intervention retained this distribution, permanent ephrinB2 depletion on endothelial cells (efnb2iΔEC) resulted in equal dispersion of metastases. Histological staining revealed a reduction of Endomucin (Emcn) positive structures in combination with a reduction of Type H (Emcn high/CD31 high) endothelial cells in naïve efnb2iΔEC animals. In tumor tissue, these Type H endothelial cells were unaffected. However, an increase in CD31-expressing endothelial cells was observed under endothelial ephrinB2 depletion. These CD31-expressing endothelial cells have been recently described as Type E (Emcn low/CD31 high) and implicated in angiogenesis and osteogenesis.
Conclusions: We here describe a subpopulation of endothelial cells in efnb2iΔEC mice that seems to resemble pro-angiogenic and possibly pro-adhesive type E endothelial cells. Based on these finding we propose a compensatory pro-angiogenic mechanism in efnb2iΔEC mice that is highjacking pre-existing developmental pathways, which is critical for late-stage spinal metastatic growth independent of the initial seeding and extravasation of metastatic cells.
Oral e-Poster Presentations - Booth 2: Neuro-Oncology C (Imaging&Monitoring), September 27, 2023, 1:00 PM - 2:30 PM
Background: Repetitive TMS (rTMS) can be used to non-invasively map cortical language areas. Commonly, frequencies of 5-10 Hz are used to induce speech errors. We could recently show that frequencies of 30 and 50 Hz are advantageous to achieve higher reliability. However, high-frequent rTMS applied over perisylvian regions still suffer from limited tolerability. Using short-train or paired-pulse TMS (pp-TMS) might offer a good alternative to rTMS to interfere with speech production. In this study, we, therefore, compared 30 Hz rTMS to pp-TMS aiming at improved language mapping.
Methods: 13 healthy, right-handed subjects (f=6, 25-41 years) were investigated using two different rTMS protocols: (i) 30 Hz rTMS and (ii) pp-TMS. TMS protocols were applied in a pseudo-randomized order during a picture naming task (picture-to-trigger interval: 0 ms) over cortical language areas. In a subsequent study, we compared pp-TMS also to short trains of three TMS pulses and repetitive paired pulse TMS. Language errors were post-hoc analysed by two independent raters and were assigned to eight different error categories. The level of pain was assessed on a subjective 0-10 numeric rating scale (NRS). Moreover, language error distribution was analysed using a cortical parcellation system.
Results: 30 Hz rTMS evoked a significantly higher number of errors than the pp-protocol, i.e., 18 ± 12 % vs. 10 ± 7 % (p<0.05). However, pp-TMS was significantly better tolerated with a mean NRS of 2.3 ± 1.6 vs. 3.4 ± 1.5 (p<0.05, FDR-corrected). Of note, pp-TMS could induce a higher number of anomias (15 ± 15 %) than repetitive TMS protocols (4 ± 7 %; p<0.1, FDR-corrected), but less dysarthria. The cortical distribution of errors differed between the two protocols. The results of train-of-three TMS were similar to the pp-TMS protocol.
Conclusions: Due to its better tolerability, pp-TMS might offer the possibility to stimulate regions which are particularly prone to direct facial / trigeminal nerve stimulation, e.g., the inferior frontal gyrus. Moreover, pp-TMS seems advantageous for mapping patients who are comparatively susceptible to rTMS side effects and with regard to safety in general.
Leukemia cells reciprocally interact with their surrounding bone marrow microenvironment (BMM), rendering it hospitable to leukemia cell survival, for instance through the release of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). In contrast, we show here that BMM deficiency of pleckstrin homology domain family M member 1 (PLEKHM1), which serves as a hub between fusion and secretion of intracellular vesicles and is important for vesicular secretion in osteoclasts, accelerates murine BCR-ABL1+ B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) via regulation of the cargo of sEVs released by BMM-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). PLEKHM1-deficient MSCs and their sEVs carry increased amounts of syntenin and syndecan-1, resulting in a more immature B-cell phenotype and an increased number/function of leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) via focal adhesion kinase and AKT signaling in B-ALL cells. Ex vivo pretreatment of LICs with sEVs derived from PLEKHM1-deficient MSCs led to a strong trend toward acceleration of murine and human BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL. In turn, inflammatory mediators such as recombinant or B-ALL cell–derived tumor necrosis factor α or interleukin-1β condition murine and human MSCs in vitro, decreasing PLEKHM1, while increasing syntenin and syndecan-1 in MSCs, thereby perpetuating the sEV-associated circuit. Consistently, human trephine biopsies of patients with B-ALL showed a reduced percentage of PLEKHM1+ MSCs. In summary, our data reveal an important role of BMM-derived sEVs for driving specifically BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL, possibly contributing to its worse prognosis compared with BCR-ABL1− B-ALL, and suggest that secretion of inflammatory cytokines by cancer cells in general may similarly modulate the tumor microenvironment.
IL-38 is the latest discovered cytokine of the IL-1 family and has been added to the IL-36 subfamily. Since its discovery in 2001, increasing evidence suggests predominantly anti-inflammatory properties of IL-38, which are most likely exerted through three potential receptors, the IL-1 Receptor 1 (IL-1R1), IL-36 Receptor (IL-36R) and the IL-1 Receptor Accessory Protein Like 1 (IL-1RAPL1). However, to this date detailed knowledge of IL-38 functioning remains to be examined. Importantly, how IL-38 is processed, secreted from cells and the exact mechanisms of target receptor binding and intracellular signaling are not fully understood. Further, IL-38 has been associated with regulatory functions in autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and psoriasis. At the same time however, connections between B cells as indispensable part of immunity and IL-38 remain rare.
In this study we examined the influence of IL-38 in peripheral human blood B cells differentiating into antibody secreting cells using a three-step in vitro differentiation process. We first show that all potential IL-38 binding receptors are present on peripheral blood B cells on a gene expression level and remain detectable throughout B cell differentiation. Next, while B cells treated with exogenous IL-38 depict no differences in early B cell activation markers, the process of B cell differentiation revealed significant alterations in B cell phenotype created by IL-38 treatment. Predominantly on day 7 of the differentiation process, IL-38 treated B cells showed significantly reduced CD38 expression which depicts an important step in development towards plasma cells. We hypothesize that IL-38 acts antagonistically on the IL-1R1 pathway reducing Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) expression and consequently decreasing CD38 expression. Further IL-38 reduced early antibody production while increasing IgM secretion at the end stages of differentiation. Next, we repeated the differentiation assays under the influence of additional IL-21 stimulation to further enhance plasma cell development. In these experiments, the impact of IL-38 on B cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production were reduced, indicating a comparatively moderate relevance of IL-38 for B cell differentiation. We then examined how proliferation and cell death were impacted by exogenous IL-38 during B cell differentiation. IL-38 treatment alone significantly reduced B cell survival which was further augmented by IL-21 stimulation. We conclude that IL-38 and IL-21 act synergistically in promoting B cell apoptosis, also depicting an anti-inflammatory property of IL-38. Finally, using a siRNA we successfully performed an IL-38 knockdown experiment of human blood B cells reducing IL-38 expression to 44% measured on day 4 of B cell differentiation. In these experiments we observed reversed tendencies of CD38 expression compared to exogenous IL-38 treatment. Here, IL-38 knockdown cells showed increased CD38 expression indicating endogenous regulatory properties of IL-38 in B cell differentiation.
Our project, for the first time proves direct effects of IL-38 on human B cells. The results support previous research of IL-38 to act anti-inflammatory as it seems to modulate B cell differentiation, survival, and immunoglobulin production in a down-regulatory manner. These findings pave way for more detailed research on the connection between B cell homoeostasis and IL-38 function.