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The neutron sensitivity of the C6D6 detector setup used at n_TOF facility for capture measurements has been studied by means of detailed GEANT4 simulations. A realistic software replica of the entire n_TOF experimental hall, including the neutron beam line, sample, detector supports and the walls of the experimental area has been implemented in the simulations. The simulations have been analyzed in the same manner as experimental data, in particular by applying the Pulse Height Weighting Technique. The simulations have been validated against a measurement of the neutron background performed with a natC sample, showing an excellent agreement above 1 keV. At lower energies, an additional component in the measured natC yield has been discovered, which prevents the use of natC data for neutron background estimates at neutron energies below a few hundred eV. The origin and time structure of the neutron background have been derived from the simulations. Examples of the neutron background for two different samples are demonstrating the important role of accurate simulations of the neutron background in capture cross-section measurements.
Die slowakische Übersetzung des Kleinen Katechismus Doktor Martin Luthers erschien 1581 (im Weiteren: Bartfelder Katechismus 1581) in der ostslowakischen Stadt Bardejov/Bartfeld in der Verlagsdruckerei von David Guttgesell. Es handelt sich um das erste gedruckte slowakische Buch, das als ein wertvolles Zeugnis des kulturellen und geistigen Erbes der Slowaken betrachtet wird. Es ist umso wertvoller, als dass von der gesamten Auflage bloß ein einziges, beschädigtes Exemplar erhalten wurde, welches in der Slowakischen Nationalen Bibliothek in Martin aufbewahrt wird...
Sprache als ein Bestandteil des biologisch-kognitiven Einklangs angeborener menschlicher Fähigkeiten wird in kognitiv-linguistischer Leseart nicht als ein vom Menschen unabhängiges, abstraktes sowie autonomes System betrachtet. Sprache ist mit Bedeutung demzufolge als Verknüpfung von verschiedenen Wissensaspekten in der menschlichen Kognition verankert. Die bestimmten Spielarten der kognitiven Linguistik, die Sprache als Teil der menschlichen Kognition begreift, versuchen, besonders den Einfluss der menschlichen Wahrnehmungsprozesse auf Sprache und sprachliche Strukturen zu analysieren...
U ovome radu autor će, na osnovu vlastitih istraživanja, pokušati dati sumaran prikaz akcenatskih svojstava govora otoka Iža, smještenog u zadarskom arhipelagu. Namjera mu je smjestiti iški govor i akcenatski sustav među drugim čakavskim otočkim govorima, dati fonetski i fonološki opis pojedinih akcenata i potkrijepiti ih primjerima koje je čuo od iških govornika i, konačno, pokušati utvrditi fonološki status čakavskog akuta u iškome govoru. Budući da su istraživanja bila ograničenoga karaktera, ovaj rad nije zamišljen kao konačan opis, već kao polažišna točka za buduća istraživanja koja je potrebno izvršiti na osnovu kojih će se moći napraviti što iscrpniji i potpuniji opis iškoga govora i akcenatskoga sustava.
The spitting spider Scytodes fusca Walckenaer, 1837 is recorded for the first time in Central Europe from both Germany and Slovakia. The species was found in two localities, within the Botanical Garden in Bratislava (Slovakia), specifically from a heated greenhouse with high humidity, and the "Tropical Islands", a tropical holiday resort in Krausnick (Germany). It seems that this Pantropical species has probably been introduced here along with imported plants. A description of diagnostic characters, as well as figures, is given.
Carinostoma elegans new to the Slovakian harvestmen fauna (Opiliones, Dyspnoi, Nemastomatidae)
(2014)
A new genus and species of small harvestman was found for the first time in Slovakia – Carinostoma elegans (Sorensen, 1894). One male and two females were collected in the Mlyňany arboretum of the Slovak Academy of Science (western Slovakia). Descriptions and photographs of both sexes of C. elegans are provided. Additional comments, and a map of distribution of all species of this genus, are provided.
U članku je riječ o sklonidbi i naglasku imenica srednjega roda o-sklonidbe u mjesnom govoru sela Jevšček pokraj Livka (općina Kobarid, Slovenija), koji pripada nadiškomu dijalektu slovenskoga, i to sa sinkronijskoga i dijakronijskoga aspekta. S aspekta jezikoslovnoga opisa prikazani su nastavci i njihova distribucija s obzirom na osnovu te naglasni tipovi i njihove paradigme. U jezičnopovijesnome dijelu određuje se povijesni izvod pojedinih nastavaka i naglasnih tipova. Opisani oblici i naglasni sustav postavljaju se u širi slovenski i slavenski kontekst.
U članku se analiziraju pojedina značenja perceptivnih glagola vidjeti i gledati u hrvatskome jeziku te njihova vidska obilježja. Glagol vidjeti u značenjima fizičke percepcije funkcionira u rečenici kao svršeni i kao nesvršeni glagol. Glagol gledati u značenju fizičke percepcije u rečenici funkcionira kao prototipni nesvršeni glagol, dok njegov svršeni parnjak pogledati funkcionira kao prototipni i kao neprototipni svršeni glagol, ovisno o značenju.
U hrvatski su jezik tijekom povijesti ulazile riječi ponajviše iz zemljopisno najbližih jezika, najčešće i službenih ili glavnih jezika nekadašnjih zajedničkih država. Nedvojbeno je velik utjecaj imao i latinski jezik jer je bio temelj nadgradnje hrvatskoga književnog i standardnog jezika te sredstvo očuvanja identiteta hrvatske nacije i hrvatskoga jezika. Ruski jezik ne pripada teritorijalno bliskim jezicima, a nema ni spomenutu vrijednost latinskoga jezika. Njegov je utjecaj na hrvatski jezik kulturološki: kroz književnost te nacionalnu i društvenu politiku. Rusizmi u hrvatski jezik ulaze tijekom triju razdoblja: 1. razdoblje ilirskoga pokreta (uz izravni utjecaj B. Šuleka), 2. razdoblje poslijeratne Jugoslavije i Sovjetskoga Saveza (sovjetizmi), 3. razdoblje nakon raspada socijalističkih država i oblikovanja demokratskih i samostalnih zemalja – Republike Hrvatske i Ruske Federacije. U posljednjemu razdoblju gotovo je dokinuta upotreba sovjetizama, no aktivirali su se drugi rusizmi. Rječnik stranih riječi Bratoljuba Klaića kulturno je dobro hrvatskoga jezika te je ujedno i pokazatelj utjecaja političkih i kulturoloških čimbenika na razvoj hrvatskoga jezika. Kroz Rječnik se tako može pratiti i sudbina rusizama u hrvatskome jeziku. Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati položaj i opis rusizama u hrvatskome jeziku kroz odabrana izdanja Rječnika.
U uvodu rada diferenciraju se morfološka (i „pravomorfološka”) i pravopisna norma, pri čemu se govori i o svojevrsnome paradoksu pravopisne norme. Metodom komparativne i kontrastivne analize u središnjem se dijelu rada raščlanjuju neki relevantni morfološki aspekti koji sudjeluju u definiranju pravopisnih načela i pravopisnih pravila. Cilj je rada osvješćivanje teorijsko-metodoloških aspekata kojima se naznačuju vidovi svojevrsna preklapanja morfologije i pravopisa, i to kroz prizmu hrvatske pravopisne norme, ali i norme nekih slavenskih jezika. U skladu s tim u zaključku se progovara o povezanosti pravopisne norme s morfološkom normom, odnosno kako posebnosti morfološke norme postaju pitanje pravopisne norme.
Bu makalede Şebnem İşigüzel ve Elfriede Jelinek'in kitaplarından yola çıkılarak annelerin anne – kız arasındaki ilişkinin niteliklerini nasıl ve ne yönde etkiledikleri karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Her iki tarafın da dişil bir kimliğe sahip olmasına rağmen, annelerin baskın otoriteleri ile bu ilişkiye şiddeti dahil etmeleri sonucu bunun kendi kızları, dolayısı ile kadın bedeni ve iç dünyası üzerindeki yansımaları ve algılanışları kitaplardan alınan alıntılarla örneklendirilmiştir. Bu örneklendirme her iki kitabın romanların ana teması, figürlerin özellikleri, belirli imgeler ile yazarın üslup özellikleri gibi başlıklar rehberliğinde gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Dil öğretiminde geleneksel öğretmen merkezli ve dilbilgisi ağırlıklı metotlardan gitgide uzaklaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada işitsel ve görsel araçlardan biri olarak tiyatronun ders dışı sosyal aktivite olarak kullanımı ve öğrenimi hızlandırıcı etkisi incelenmiştir.
Bu amaç ile Akdeniz Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu tarafından Türkiye Burslusu 43 farklı ülkeden 70 öğrenciye (Tablo1) 30 Eylül 2013-27 Haziran 2014 tarihleri arasında verilen Türkçe eğitimi programı kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilere 960 saat Türkçe eğitimi verilmesinin yanı sıra haftada 2 saatten az olmamak üzere sosyal aktivite adı altında ek çalışmalara (koro, dans, tiyatro vs.) yönlendirilmişlerdir.
Bu çalışmada, hedef dilin öğretilmesinde tiyatro tekniğinin/ çalışmalarının öğrencinin hedef dildeki performansına etkisini belirlemek amacıyla ön test-son test kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel araştırma deseni kullanılmıştır.
Çalışma sonunda; Konuşma becerisi açısından bakıldığında Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe'nin Öğretilmesi (YDT) konusunda Akdeniz Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu bünyesinde ders dışında ‒ sosyal etkinlik olarak ‒ uygulanmakta olan Tiyatro Çalışmalarının öğrencilerin dil edinme performanslarına etkisinin olumlu olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Bununla beraber, üç alt bulgu da tespit edilmiştir: Konuşma becerisi açısından bakıldığında tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılığın olduğu sınav sonuçlarının analizi ile ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, Yeterlik sınav sonucu değerlendirildiğinde tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılığın da tespiti yapılmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, "Motivasyon açısından bakıldığında, tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılık var mıdır?" alt hipotezi de tiyatro çalışmalarının öğrenci motivasyonunu arttırdığı belirlenmiştir.
Bu bağlamda, her hafta hazırlanan öğrenci gelişim raporu ile öğrencinin dil gelişimi, motivasyonu ve öğrencinin ilgi alanları (müzik, dans, drama vs.) danışman öğretim elemanları tarafından değerlendirilmesi uygulamalarına gelecek akademik yıllarda da devam edilmesi kurumca kararlaştırılmıştır.
Croatian negative indefinite expressions, or the so-called ni-words, are complex forms made by adding the prefix ni- to simple forms of indefinite pronouns. The Croatian standard norm prescribes that in prepositional phrases involving negative idefinite pronouns (the so-called ni-pronouns), the negative element ni should be separated from the pronoun and put in front of the preposition. However, in everyday communication one may often notice the use of the word order P + negative indefinite pronoun, and this word order has also made its way into newspapers and other media. This paper attempts to determine whether there is a significant difference in meaning between the order ni + P + indefinite pronoun and the order P + negative indefinite pronoun to account for such a change in language. We also analyze the frequency of use of these two different word orders in the Croatian National Corpus, examining eleven most frequent prepositions and six simple indefinite pronouns.
U radu se ukratko prikazuje Klaićev opis bizovačkoga govora i podjela donjopodravskih govora na dva međusobno ponešto različita tipa: valpovački akcenatski tip govora – okolica Bizovca do Donjega Miholjca – i šaptinovački akcenatski tip – od Donjega Miholjca prema Virovitici. Obilježja bizovačkoga govora uspoređuju se s govorom Podravskih Podgajaca.
The term culture of knowledge has become a commonplace today and is circulating with a confusing diversity of meanings throughout various disciplines and fields, like Cultural Studies, Science Studies, History of Science, Epistemology, Sociology and History of Knowledge. This paper investigates the origins of the term culture of knowledge and discusses its various meanings, applications, and misconceptions in Cultural Theory, History of Science, Historical Epistemology and History of Knowledge. Finally, Ludwik Fleck's theory of thought-styles is proposed as an ideal model for describing specific cultures of knowledge.
BACKGROUND: Transient episodes of ischemia in a remote organ or tissue (remote ischemic preconditioning, RIPC) can attenuate myocardial injury. Myocardial damage is associated with tissue remodeling and the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2/9) are crucially involved in these events. Here we investigated the effects of RIPC on the activities of heart tissue MMP-2/9 and their correlation with serum concentrations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a marker for myocardial damage.
METHODS: In cardiosurgical patients with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) RIPC was induced by four 5 minute cycles of upper limb ischemia/reperfusion. Cardiac tissue was obtained before as well as after CPB and serum cTnT concentrations were measured. Tissue derived from control patients (N = 17) with high cTnT concentrations (≥0.32 ng/ml) and RIPC patients (N = 18) with low cTnT (≤0.32 ng/ml) was subjected to gelatin zymography to quantify MMP-2/9 activities.
RESULTS: In cardiac biopsies obtained before CPB, activities of MMP-2/9 were attenuated in the RIPC group (MMP-2: Control, 1.13 ± 0.13 a.u.; RIPC, 0.71 ± 0.12 a.u.; P < 0.05. MMP-9: Control, 1.50 ± 0.16 a.u.; RIPC, 0.87 ± 0.14 a.u.; P < 0.01), while activities of the pro-MMPs were not altered (P > 0.05). In cardiac biopsies taken after CPB activities of pro- and active MMP-2/9 were not different between the groups (P > 0.05). Spearman's rank tests showed that MMP-2/9 activities in cardiac tissue obtained before CPB were positively correlated with postoperative cTnT serum levels (MMP-2, P = 0.016; MMP-9, P = 0.015).
CONCLUSIONS: Activities of MMP-2/9 in cardiac tissue obtained before CPB are attenuated by RIPC and are positively correlated with serum concentrations of cTnT. MMPs may represent potential targets for RIPC mediated cardioprotection.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00877305.
Die großen Dichter der Römer haben in der abendländischen - und nicht zuletzt in der deutschen - Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts ein äußerst produktives Nachleben genossen. In seinem 'Tod des Vergil' (1945) befasst sich Hermann Broch einfühlsam mit Leben und Werk des Dichters der Äneis. In Christoph Ransmayrs 'Die letzte Welt' (1988) tritt Ovid als Person nie in Erscheinung, aber die Forschungen des Romanhelden enthüllen das problematische Verhältnis von Fiktion und Wirklichkeit im Leben Ovids während seines Exils im fernen Tomis und in den Erzählungen seiner Metamorphosen. Günter Grass' Roman örtlich betäubt (1969) bietet unter anderem eine einsichtsvolle Analyse der Bedeutung Senecas als Seismograph für jeweils drei Generationen von Deutschen der Bundesrepublik. Und Lukrez?
Titus Lucretius Carus (circa 94-54 v.Chr.), der in der Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur als epischer Dichter neben, ja manchmal sogar über Vergil gestellt wird und vor allem als wichtigster Befürworter des Epikureismus im Rom des ersten Jahrhunderts v.Chr. galt, spielt in der Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts kaum noch eine Rolle. Wenn auch die atomistischen und vermeintlich antireligiösen Lehren seines 'De Rerum Natura' während des christlichen Mittelalters abgelehnt wurden, schätzten ihn sogar seine Gegner als einen großen Sprachkünstler. Nach seiner Wiederentdeckung in der Renaissance wurde er zunehmend als Philosoph und Naturwissenschaftler geschätzt. Aber nachdem sein Einfluss im 19. Jahrhundert bei vielen Dichtern noch hochstand, wurde sein Name danach immer seltener erwähnt. Seit der wichtigen Vortragsreihe George Santayanas über Lucretius, Dante und Goethe - Three Philosophical Poets (1910) - haben sich zwar immer wieder akademische Philosophen mit seinem Denken befasst; aber die einzige ausführliche Studie über Lukrez und die Moderne kann nur wenige literarische Beispiele heranziehen: neben den Italienern Italo Calvino und Primo Levi und dem Österreicher Raoul Schrott, die im Vorübergehen erwähnt werden, werden nur einige anglo-amerikanische Dichter zitiert, die sich aber nie ausführlich mit Lukrez oder seinem Werk beschäftigen. In einer wichtigen deutschen Forschung zur Antikerezeption wird nach Goethe nur noch Heinrich Mann erwähnt, in dessen Roman 'Die Vollendung des Königs Henri Quatre' (1938) Zitate aus mehreren lateinischen Dichtern, einschließlich Lukrez, vorkommen.
Warum dieses Schweigen?
Nach einer Einführung zu den griechischen Literatursprachen zwischen dem 8. und 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. geht dieser Beitrag den verschiedenen Formen und Funktionen der Verwendung von Dialekten und "foreigner talk" im griechischen Drama des 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. nach. Dabei lassen sich große Unterschiede für die Gattungen Tragödie und Komödie feststellen: Durch die Dosierung der lyrischen Partien der Tragödie werden diese von den in Attisch gehaltenen Dialogpartien unterschieden und ihnen wird eine herausgehobene, erhabene Bedeutung zugewiesen, die nicht allzu viel Fremdheit ausstrahlen soll. Dialekte und "foreigner talk" in der Komödie dagegen markieren Fremdheit und können vielfältige Funktionen erfüllen – vom Verweis auf sprachlichen Realismus bis hin zu kritischen, komischen oder parodistischen Zwecken.
Reduction and deletion processes occur regularly in conversational speech. A segment that is affected by such reduction and deletion processes in many Germanic languages (e.g., Dutch, English, German) is /t/. There are similarities concerning the factors that influence the likelihood of final /t/ to get deleted, such as segmental context. However, speakers of different languages differ with respect to the acoustic cues they leave in the speech signal when they delete final /t/. German speakers usually lengthen a preceding /s/ when they delete final /t/. This article investigates to what extent German listeners are able to reconstruct /t/ when they are presented with fragments of words where final /t/ has been deleted. It aims also at investigating whether the strategies that are used by German depend on the length of /s/, and therefore whether listeners are using language-specific cues. Results of a forced-choice segment detection task suggest that listeners are able to reconstruct deleted final /t/ in about 45% of the times. The length of /s/ plays some role in the reconstruction, however, it does not explain the behavior of German listeners completely.
Halting biological invasions in Europe : from data to decisions ; a message from NEOBIOTA 2012
(2014)
The NEOBIOTA conferences initiated by the European Group on Biological Invasions represents a forum for exchange of ideas and discussion of topics related to biological invasions as well as an interface between science, application and policies (Kowarik and Starfinger 2009). The 7th NEOBIOTA conference (http://neobiota2012.blogspot.com.es/), held in Pontevedra (Spain) from 12–14 September 2012, brought together 288 participants (ecologists, conservationists, representatives of governmental agencies and stake-holders), from 24 European countries and 9 non-European ones (namely, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, New Zealand, South Africa, United States and Venezuela).
Zur Flora von Deutschland gehören sieben Arten der Wintergrüngewächse, die alle auch in Sachsen-Anhalt heimisch sind: Dolden-Winterlieb (Chimaphila umbellata [L.] BARTON), Einblütiges Wintergrün (Moneses uniflora [L.] A. GRAY), Birngrün (Orthilia secunda [L.] HOUSE), Grünblütiges Wintergrün (Pyrola chlorantha SW.), Mittleres Wintergrün (Pyrola media SW.), Kleines Wintergrün (Pyrola minor L.) und Rundblättriges Wintergrün (Pyrola rotundifolia L.). Im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrages steht nur die aktuelle Verbreitung im Bundesland mit Bezug auf MTB-Q4, und zwar bezogen auf zwei Perioden von jeweils 10 Jahren: Nachweise im MTB-Q4 von 2005 bis 2014, sowie Nachweise im MTB-Q4 von 1995 bis 2004.
This dataset represents a registry of species that are not native but recorded to live in the wild of at least one of the four countries that comprise the Two Seas Area, i.e. Great Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. For each of the 6,661 species, subspecies and hybrids listed, we provide detailed information on its status in each country, taxonomic affiliation and environment inhabited. The data were collected by review of 36 web- and print-based sources over an eight-month period. Further systematic scanning of three of the most relevant scientific journals, i.e. Neobiota, Aquatic Invasions and BioInvasions Records, recovered 19 additional relevant publications from which information was included in the registry. As a result, the registry will serve as a basis for developing effective, cross-boundary strategies to manage and control non-native species, which can have severe ecological and economic impacts. The registry can further be used as a general reference for both scientists and practitioners, as well as a tool to assess reliability and comprehensiveness of other well-known databases such as the DAISIE portal.
Plexins are widely expressed transmembrane proteins that mediate the cellular effects of semaphorins. The molecular mechanisms of plexin-mediated signal transduction are still poorly understood. Here we show that signalling via B-family plexins leading to the activation of the small GTPase RhoA requires activation of the IκB kinase (IKK)-complex. In contrast, plexin-B-dependent regulation of R-Ras activity is not affected by IKK activity. This regulation of plexin signalling depends on the kinase activity of the IKK-complex, but is independent of NF-κB activation. We confirm that the IKK-complex is active in tumour cells and osteoblasts, and we demonstrate that plexin-B-dependent tumour cell invasiveness and regulation of osteoblast differentiation require an active IKK-complex. This study identifies a novel, NF-κB-independent function of the IKK-complex and shows that IKK directs plexin-B signalling to the activation of RhoA.
Justice, not development : Sen and the hegemonic framework for ameliorating global inequality
(2014)
Starting from the merits of Sen's "Development as freedom", the article also explores its shortcomings. It argues that they are related to an uncritical adoption of the discourse of "development", which is the hegemonic framework for ameliorating global inequality today. This discourse implies certain limitations of thought and action, and the article points out three areas where urgent questions of global justice have been largely ignored by development theory and policy as a consequence. Struggles for justice on a global scale, this is the conclusion, should not take the detour of "development".
The investigated haloarchaeal species, Halobacterium salinarum, Haloferax mediterranei, and H. volcanii, have all been shown to be polyploid. They contain several replicons that have independent copy number regulation, and most have a higher copy number during exponential growth phase than in stationary phase. The possible evolutionary advantages of polyploidy for haloarchaea, most of which have experimental support for at least one species, are discussed. These advantages include a low mutation rate and high resistance toward X-ray irradiation and desiccation, which depend on homologous recombination. For H. volcanii, it has been shown that gene conversion operates in the absence of selection, which leads to the equalization of genome copies. On the other hand, selective forces might lead to heterozygous cells, which have been verified in the laboratory. Additional advantages of polyploidy are survival over geological times in halite deposits as well as at extreme conditions on earth and at simulated Mars conditions. Recently, it was found that H. volcanii uses genomic DNA as genetic material and as a storage polymer for phosphate. In the absence of phosphate, H. volcanii dramatically decreases its genome copy number, thereby enabling cell multiplication, but diminishing the genetic advantages of polyploidy. Stable storage of phosphate is proposed as an alternative driving force for the emergence of DNA in early evolution. Several additional potential advantages of polyploidy are discussed that have not been addressed experimentally for haloarchaea. An outlook summarizes selected current trends and possible future developments.
Haloferax volcanii uses extracellular DNA as a source for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous. However, it can also grow to a limited extend in the absence of added phosphorous, indicating that it contains an intracellular phosphate storage molecule. As Hfx. volcanii is polyploid, it was investigated whether DNA might be used as storage polymer, in addition to its role as genetic material. It could be verified that during phosphate starvation cells multiply by distributing as well as by degrading their chromosomes. In contrast, the number of ribosomes stayed constant, revealing that ribosomes are distributed to descendant cells, but not degraded. These results suggest that the phosphate of phosphate-containing biomolecules (other than DNA and RNA) originates from that stored in DNA, not in rRNA. Adding phosphate to chromosome depleted cells rapidly restores polyploidy. Quantification of desiccation survival of cells with different ploidy levels showed that under phosphate starvation Hfx. volcanii diminishes genetic advantages of polyploidy in favor of cell multiplication. The consequences of the usage of genomic DNA as phosphate storage polymer are discussed as well as the hypothesis that DNA might have initially evolved in evolution as a storage polymer, and the various genetic benefits evolved later.
Ist von Polyglossie oder Multilingualität die Rede, so kann damit Verschiedenes gemeint sein: Erstens die literarische Mehrsprachigkeit einzelner Autoren oder Kulturgemeinschaften, die in verschiedenen Sprachen kommunizieren und Texte verfassen – ohne dass ein und derselbe "Text" notwendig mehrsprachig sein muss. Dabei handelt es sich um ein traditionsreiches Phänomen: Man denke nur an das jahrhundertelange Nebeneinander von Volkssprache und Latein in mehreren europäischen Kulturen zwischen Spätantike und Früher Neuzeit, an das Französische als Konversationssprache unter Adligen und Gebildeten bis ins 19. Jahrhundert hinein, an die Konkurrenz von indigenen und offiziellen Sprachen in kolonialen Kontexten sowie an Regionen und Nationen wie die Schweiz, Belgien und Kanada, in denen bis heute mehrere Sprachen gleichberechtigt oder aber qua Trennung von Schrift- und Umgangssprache in Gebrauch sind. Zählt man auch dialektale Varianten dazu, so gibt es wohl keine monolingualen Nationen und auch keine monolingualen Nationalliteraturen. Neben solchen regionalspezifischen und sprachpolitischen Konstellationen gibt es außerdem verschiedenste individualbiographische, aus denen mehrsprachige Autoren hervorgehen, die in mehreren Sprachen schreiben und publizieren – diese Sprachen aber nicht unbedingt in einem Text vermischen.
Philologe im "Kriegseinsatz" : der Frankfurter Germanist Julius Petersen und der Erste Weltkrieg
(2014)
Vorlesungen für Studenten und Bildungsangebote für Bürger – wie lässt sich dieser Anspruch der jungen Stiftungsuniversität auch in Zeiten des Krieges realisieren, wenn Professoren wie Studenten ins Feld ziehen müssen? Das Beispiel des Germanisten Julius Petersen zeigt, welche Anstrengungen zwischen 1914 und 1918 unternommen wurden, um "Volksbildung" und "Vaterländischen Unterricht" zu ermöglichen. Dazu gehörten Vorträge an der Front ebenso wie Bürgervorlesungen in der Heimat.
The paper discusses the problem of the possible relation between psychoanalytic concepts and social critique in the perspective of Adorno's social thought. The title refers to Adorno's idea that psyche as individual spontaneity has now lost the weight it used to have in the liberal era. As a brief introductory remark, I clarify the status of theory for Adorno, i.e., the circularity between interpretation and description as grounded by the nature of the social object itself. Then I analyse his core idea of “social objectivity” as an impersonal mechanism which is at the same time produced by men and reified, heteronomous for them, and I argue that, for Adorno, the discontinuity existing between individual and society prevents an immediate shift of psychoanalytic concepts to the social world: the example of fascism clearly proves that the determining social forces today, while instrumentally exploiting deep psychical materials, are not themselves psychological. In the final part, I show how, for Adorno, psychology and sociology nevertheless need to be mediated with each other, while avoiding the superficial synthesis the so-called “revised psychoanalysis” aims to, and I point out some similarities between psychoanalytic practice and social critique as conceived by him.
A survey of spiders of the genus Scytodes Latreille, 1804 in Iran resulted in six species occurring in this country: Scytodes fusca Walckenaer, 1837, S. strandi Spassky, 1941, S. thoracica (Latreille, 1802), S. univittata Simon, 1882 and – recorded for the first time – S. arwa Rheims, Brescovit & van Harten, 2006 and S. makeda Rheims, Brescovit & van Harten, 2006. Illustrations of the newly recorded species and a key to all known Iranian species are presented.
Cryo-electron tomography provides a snapshot of the cellular proteome. With template matching, the spatial positions of various macromolecular complexes within their native cellular context can be detected. However, the growing awareness of the reference bias introduced by the cross-correlation based approaches, and more importantly the lack of a reliable confidence measurement in the selection of these macromolecular complexes, has restricted the use of these applications. Here we propose a heuristic, in which the reference bias is measured in real space in an analogous way to the R-free value in X-ray crystallography. We measure the reference bias within the mask used to outline the area of the template, and do not modify the template itself. The heuristic works by splitting the mask into a working and a testing area in a volume ratio of 9:1. While the working area is used during the calculation of the cross-correlation function, the information from both areas is explored to calculate the M-free score. We show using artificial data, that the M-free score gives a reliable measure for the reference bias. The heuristic can be applied in template matching and in sub-tomogram averaging. We further test the applicability of the heuristic in tomograms of purified macromolecules, and tomograms of whole Mycoplasma cells.
The compulsive habit of cars
(2014)
The car dependence of people living in contemporary cities is a major concern for policy makers, who often find it difficult to persuade people into more sustainable transport modes. By contrast, recent insights from neuroscience have shown that a broad spectrum of behaviors can become habitual and, thus, resistant to change. Here, we outline the potential of collaboration between neuroscience and human geography aiming at a better understanding of habits that determine everyday commuting routines.
Ziel: Die Evaluation der DEGUM-Mammasonografiekurse nach objektivierbaren Kriterien war Ziel dieser Arbeit. Damit sollte die Qualität der Kurse überprüft werden, um eine flächendeckende Fort- und Weiterbildung auf hohem Niveau anzubieten.
Material und Methoden: 10 Qualitätskriterien, orientierend an den Vorgaben der KBV-Ultraschallvereinbarungen wurden als Qualitätsparameter definiert. Alle Kursleiter des Arbeitskreises Mammasonografie der DEGUM wurden angeschrieben. Dabei wurden die 10 definierten Qualitätskriterien überprüft.
Ergebnisse: Alle Kurse erfüllten die Voraussetzungen bezüglich der Qualität des Kursleiters, der Kursdauer und Unterrichtseinheiten sowie der Anzahl an Kursteilnehmern pro Ultraschallgerät. In 1 von 9 Kursen wurde die Zeit der praktischen Übungen, gefordert sind 50 %, unterschritten. Die Voraussetzungen für den Abschlusskurs (200 selbst durchgeführte und dokumentierte Fälle) sind in den Kursankündigungen zum Teil nicht klar definiert. Ein strukturierter Lehrkatalog fehlt.
Schlussfolgerung: Die DEGUM-Mammasonografiekurse werden auf hohem Niveau angeboten und erfüllen zum größten Teil die Anforderungen der KBV. Trotz der hohen Qualität der DEGUM-Kurse sind Optimierungsoptionen im Bereich Kursankündigung und strukturierter Lehrkatalog möglich.
Changes in vitamin D serum levels have been associated with inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis (MS), atherosclerosis, or asthma. Genome- and transcriptome-wide studies indicate that vitamin D signaling modulates many inflammatory responses on several levels. This includes (i) the regulation of the expression of genes which generate pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenases or 5-lipoxygenase, (ii) the interference with transcription factors, such as NF-κB, which regulate the expression of inflammatory genes and (iii) the activation of signaling cascades, such as MAP kinases which mediate inflammatory responses. Vitamin D targets various tissues and cell types, a number of which belong to the immune system, such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) as well as B- and T cells, leading to individual responses of each cell type. One hallmark of these specific vitamin D effects is the cell-type specific regulation of genes involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes and the interplay between vitamin D signaling and other signaling cascades involved in inflammation. An important task in the near future will be the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses by vitamin D on the molecular level by the use of techniques such as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), ChIP-seq, and FAIRE-seq.
Recently a considerable amount of effort has been put into quantifying how interactions of the carbon and nitrogen cycle affect future terrestrial carbon sinks. Dynamic vegetation models, representing the nitrogen cycle with varying degree of complexity, have shown diverging constraints of nitrogen dynamics on future carbon sequestration. In this study, we use LPJ-GUESS, a dynamic vegetation model employing a detailed individual- and patch-based representation of vegetation dynamics, to evaluate how population dynamics and resource competition between plant functional types, combined with nitrogen dynamics, have influenced the terrestrial carbon storage in the past and to investigate how terrestrial carbon and nitrogen dynamics might change in the future (1850 to 2100; one representative "business-as-usual" climate scenario). Single-factor model experiments of CO2 fertilisation and climate change show generally similar directions of the responses of C–N interactions, compared to the C-only version of the model as documented in previous studies using other global models. Under an RCP 8.5 scenario, nitrogen limitation suppresses potential CO2 fertilisation, reducing the cumulative net ecosystem carbon uptake between 1850 and 2100 by 61%, and soil warming-induced increase in nitrogen mineralisation reduces terrestrial carbon loss by 31%. When environmental changes are considered conjointly, carbon sequestration is limited by nitrogen dynamics up to the present. However, during the 21st century, nitrogen dynamics induce a net increase in carbon sequestration, resulting in an overall larger carbon uptake of 17% over the full period. This contrasts with previous results with other global models that have shown an 8 to 37% decrease in carbon uptake relative to modern baseline conditions. Implications for the plausibility of earlier projections of future terrestrial C dynamics based on C-only models are discussed.
Recently a considerable amount of effort has been put into quantifying how interactions of the carbon and nitrogen cycle affect future terrestrial carbon sinks. Dynamic vegetation models, representing the nitrogen cycle with varying degree of complexity, have shown diverging constraints of nitrogen dynamics on future carbon sequestration. In this study, we use the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS to evaluate how population dynamics and resource competition between plant functional types, combined with nitrogen dynamics, have influenced the terrestrial carbon storage in the past and to investigate how terrestrial carbon and nitrogen dynamics might change in the future (1850 to 2100; one exemplary "business-as-usual" climate scenario). Single factor model experiments of CO2 fertilisation and climate change show generally similar directions of the responses of C–N interactions, compared to the C-only version of the model, as documented in previous studies. Under a RCP 8.5 scenario, nitrogen limitation suppresses potential CO2 fertilisation, reducing the cumulative net ecosystem carbon uptake between 1850 and 2100 by 61%, and soil warming-induced increase in nitrogen mineralisation reduces terrestrial carbon loss by 31%. When environmental changes are considered conjointly, carbon sequestration is limited by nitrogen dynamics until present. However, during the 21st century nitrogen dynamics induce a net increase in carbon sequestration, resulting in an overall larger carbon uptake of 17% over the full period. This contradicts earlier model results that showed an 8 to 37% decrease in carbon uptake, questioning the often stated assumption that projections of future terrestrial C dynamics from C-only models are too optimistic.
River corridor plants in Central Europe account for an above-average proportion of endangered species. The main objective of this study was to examine the effects of habitat fragmentation and abiotic conditions on the survival and changes in population size of four endangered, long-lived river corridor plant species (Euphorbia palustris, Pseudolysimachion longifolium, Sanguisorba officinalis, and Senecio paludosus) over the course of at least ten years. We sampled altogether 138 populations in the Weser and Elbe river systems in Northwestern Germany.
Overall, 33% of the populations went extinct during the study period. Extinction rates and changes in population size were related to initial population sizes, but not to population isolation and only marginally so to habitat quality. Large populations (> 100 individuals) had a much higher probability to survive or increase in size (to > 1000 individuals) than smaller populations. There was no general decline in population size in surviving populations, and extinction rates and changes in population size were independent of time. We therefore conclude that the high extinction rates in small populations are best explained by sudden short-term environmental events, such as changes in land use, rather than by long-term negative effects of, for example, genetic deterioration. A projection matrix for the next 117 years, however, predicted that 85% of the surveyed populations will have gone extinct. Since any establishment of new populations in the study area is unlikely owing to the lack of potential habitats and dispersal limitation, river corridor plants will probably continue to decline. Apart from preventing further habitat deterioration it will be crucial to maintain or establish an appropriate management, and to avoid sudden and adverse changes in land use.
Our focus is the identification, characterisation and functional analysis of different MLL fusions. In general, MLL fusion proteins are encoded by large cDNA cassettes that are difficult to transduce into haematopoietic stem cells. This is due to the size limitations of the packaging process of those vector-encoded RNAs into retro- or lentiviral particles. Here, we present our efforts in establishing a universal vector system to analyse different MLL fusions. The universal cloning system was embedded into the backbone of the Sleeping Beauty transposable element. This transposon has no size limitation and displays no integration preference, thereby avoiding the integration into active genes or their promoter regions. We utilised this novel system to test different MLL fusion alleles (MLL-NEBL, NEBL-MLL, MLL-LASP1, LASP1-MLL, MLL-MAML2, MAML2-MLL, MLL-SMAP1 and SMAP1-MLL) in appropriate cell lines. Stable cell lines were analysed for their growth behaviour, focus formation and colony formation capacity and ectopic Hoxa gene transcription. Our results show that only 1/4 tested direct MLL fusions, but 3/4 tested reciprocal MLL fusions exhibit oncogenic functions. From these pilot experiments, we conclude that a systematic analysis of more MLL fusions will result in a more differentiated picture about the oncogenic capacity of distinct MLL fusions.
Ebenso wie einzelne Menschen können auch ganze Nationen traumatischen Erfahrungen ausgesetzt sein. Sie werden, nicht anders als Siege, in die identitätschaffenden nationalen Gründungsmythen eingearbeitet. Das Trauma deutscher Erniedrigung, das nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg vom Trauma deutscher Täterschaft abgelöst wurde, war bis nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg, der jenes erste Trauma aktualisierte, der Dreißigjährige Krieg. Das war der längste Krieg in Deutschland, oder genauer: eine Reihe von Kriegen europäischer Großmächte auf deutschem Boden, die eine Spur der Verwüstung und Entvölkerung von der Ostsee bis in den deutschen Südwesten zogen. Dass Christenmenschen aufs barbarischste gegeneinander kämpften, erschütterte den christlichen Glauben bis in die Grundfesten.
Zum Begriff des Turnens
(2014)
Die Sportkultur war immer ein Spiegel der Gesellschaft. Sie wandelte sich mit ihr und stand immer in einem Zusammenhang mit soziokulturellen und politischen Bedingungen der Gesellschaft. Die bunte Welt von Sport und Spiel erweckt schon immer das Interesse vieler Menschen, und zwar sowohl als Zuschauer als auch als Sporttreibende...
Background: Hepatitis delta frequently leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatic decompensation. As treatment options are limited, there is a need for biomarkers to determine disease activity and to predict the risk of disease progression. We hypothesized that anti-HDV IgM could represent such a marker.
Methods: Samples of 120 HDV-infected patients recruited in an international multicenter treatment trial (HIDIT-2) were studied. Anti-HDV IgM testing was performed using ETI-DELTA-IGMK-2-assay (DiaSorin). In addition, fifty cytokines, chemokines and angiogenetic factors were measured using multiplex technology (Bio-Plex System). A second independent cohort of 78 patients was studied for the development of liver-related clinical endpoints (decompensation, HCC, liver transplantation or death; median follow up of 3.0 years, range 0.6–12).
Results: Anti-HDV IgM serum levels were negative in 18 (15%), low (OD<0.5) in 76 (63%), and high in 26 (22%) patients of the HIDIT-2 cohort. Anti-HDV IgM were significantly associated with histological inflammatory (p<0.01) and biochemical disease activity (ALT, AST p<0.01). HDV replication was independent from anti-HDV IgM, however, low HBV-DNA levels were observed in groups with higher anti-HDV IgM levels (p<0.01). While high IP-10 (CXCL10) levels were seen in greater groups of anti-HDV IgM levels, various other antiviral cytokines were negatively associated with anti-HDV IgM. Associations between anti-HDV IgM and ALT, AST, HBV-DNA were confirmed in the independent cohort. Clinical endpoints occurred in 26 anti-HDV IgM positive patients (39%) but in only one anti-HDV IgM negative individual (9%; p = 0.05).
Conclusions: Serum anti-HDV IgM is a robust, easy-to-apply and relatively cheap marker to determine disease activity in hepatitis delta which has prognostic implications. High anti-HDV IgM levels may indicate an activated interferon system but exhausted antiviral immunity.
In the present work, three different techniques are used to separate ice-nucleating particles (INP) and ice particle residuals (IPR) from non-ice-active particles: the Ice Selective Inlet (ISI) and the Ice Counterflow Virtual Impactor (Ice-CVI), which sample ice particles from mixed phase clouds and allow for the analysis of the residuals, as well as the combination of the Fast Ice Nucleus Chamber (FINCH) and the Ice Nuclei Pumped Virtual Impactor (IN-PCVI), which provides ice-activating conditions to aerosol particles and extracts the activated ones for analysis. The collected particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis to determine their size, chemical composition and mixing state. Samples were taken during January/February 2013 at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch. All INP/IPR-separating techniques had considerable abundances (median 20–70%) of contamination artifacts (ISI: Si-O spheres, probably calibration aerosol; Ice-CVI: Al-O particles; FINCH + IN-PCVI: steel particles). Also, potential measurement artifacts (soluble material) occurred (median abundance < 20%). After removal of the contamination particles, silicates and Ca-rich particles, carbonaceous material and metal oxides were the major INP/IPR particle types separated by all three techniques. Minor types include soot and Pb-bearing particles. Sea-salt and sulfates were identified by all three methods as INP/IPR. Lead was identified in less than 10% of the INP/IPR. It was mainly present as an internal mixture with other particle types, but also external lead-rich particles were found. Most samples showed a maximum of the INP/IPR size distribution at 400 nm geometric diameter. In a few cases, a second super-micron maximum was identified. Soot/carbonaceous material and metal oxides were present mainly in the submicron range. ISI and FINCH yielded silicates and Ca-rich particles mainly with diameters above 1 μm, while the Ice-CVI also sampled many submicron particles. Probably owing to the different meteorological conditions, the INP/IPR composition was highly variable on a sample to sample basis. Thus, some part of the discrepancies between the different techniques may result from the (unavoidable) non-parallel sampling. The observed differences of the particles group abundances as well as the mixing state of INP/IPR point to the need of further studies to better understand the influence of the separating techniques on the INP/IPR chemical composition.
Information theory allows us to investigate information processing in neural systems in terms of information transfer, storage and modification. Especially the measure of information transfer, transfer entropy, has seen a dramatic surge of interest in neuroscience. Estimating transfer entropy from two processes requires the observation of multiple realizations of these processes to estimate associated probability density functions. To obtain these necessary observations, available estimators typically assume stationarity of processes to allow pooling of observations over time. This assumption however, is a major obstacle to the application of these estimators in neuroscience as observed processes are often non-stationary. As a solution, Gomez-Herrero and colleagues theoretically showed that the stationarity assumption may be avoided by estimating transfer entropy from an ensemble of realizations. Such an ensemble of realizations is often readily available in neuroscience experiments in the form of experimental trials. Thus, in this work we combine the ensemble method with a recently proposed transfer entropy estimator to make transfer entropy estimation applicable to non-stationary time series. We present an efficient implementation of the approach that is suitable for the increased computational demand of the ensemble method's practical application. In particular, we use a massively parallel implementation for a graphics processing unit to handle the computationally most heavy aspects of the ensemble method for transfer entropy estimation. We test the performance and robustness of our implementation on data from numerical simulations of stochastic processes. We also demonstrate the applicability of the ensemble method to magnetoencephalographic data. While we mainly evaluate the proposed method for neuroscience data, we expect it to be applicable in a variety of fields that are concerned with the analysis of information transfer in complex biological, social, and artificial systems.
Memory Concerns, Memory Performance and Risk of Dementia in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment
(2014)
Background: Concerns about worsening memory (“memory concerns”; MC) and impairment in memory performance are both predictors of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). The relationship of both in dementia prediction at the pre-dementia disease stage, however, is not well explored. Refined understanding of the contribution of both MC and memory performance in dementia prediction is crucial for defining at-risk populations. We examined the risk of incident AD by MC and memory performance in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Methods: We analyzed data of 417 MCI patients from a longitudinal multicenter observational study. Patients were classified based on presence (n = 305) vs. absence (n = 112) of MC. Risk of incident AD was estimated with Cox Proportional-Hazards regression models.
Results: Risk of incident AD was increased by MC (HR = 2.55, 95%CI: 1.33–4.89), lower memory performance (HR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.56–0.71) and ApoE4-genotype (HR = 1.89, 95%CI: 1.18–3.02). An interaction effect between MC and memory performance was observed. The predictive power of MC was greatest for patients with very mild memory impairment and decreased with increasing memory impairment.
Conclusions: Our data suggest that the power of MC as a predictor of future dementia at the MCI stage varies with the patients' level of cognitive impairment. While MC are predictive at early stage MCI, their predictive value at more advanced stages of MCI is reduced. This suggests that loss of insight related to AD may occur at the late stage of MCI.
The article focuses on Jacob Grimm's linguistic scholarship, taking into account biographical details, Grimm's conception of law and freedom, and his morality. Examples consist of original citations from Grimm's works, primarily his "Deutsche Grammatik" and "Deutsches Wörterbuch".
Background: In this study, we examined patients who had non-progressive disease for at least 2 years after diagnosis of inoperable locoregional recurrent or metastatic breast cancer under continuous trastuzumab treatment. Our primary goal was to assess the long-term outcome of patients with durable response to trastuzumab.
Methods: 268 patients with HER2-positive inoperable locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer and non-progressive disease for at least 2 years under trastuzumab treatment were documented retrospectively or prospectively in the HER-OS registry, an online documentation tool, between December 2006 and September 2010 by 71 German oncology centers. The study end point was time to tumor progression.
Results: Overall, 47.1% of patients (95% confidence interval (CI): 39.9–54.1%) remained in remission for more than 5 years, while the median time to progression was 4.5 years (95% CI: 4.0–6.6 years). Lower age (<50 years) and good performance status (ECOG 0) at time of trastuzumab treatment initiation as well as complete remission after initial trastuzumab treatment were associated with longer time to progression. Interruption of trastuzumab therapy correlated with shorter time to progression.
Conclusions: HER2-positive patients, who initially respond to palliative treatment with trastuzumab, can achieve a long-term tumor remission of several years.
This study included 30 patients with diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 30 test subjects without RA (control group). The objective of the study was to examine both groups for the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and morphological changes of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). All individuals were examined using a systematic detailed clinical TMD examination as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The clinical TMD examination yielded significant differences between the RA patients and the control group concerning crepitus of the TMJ, and palpation tenderness of the masticatory muscles as well as the unassisted mandibular opening. The evaluation of the MRI images for the RA group showed significantly more frequent deformations of the condyle, osteophyte formations and erosions in the condylar compacta, and degenerative changes in the spongiosa. Increased intra-articular accumulation of synovial liquid and signs of inflammatory changes of the spongiosa were only found in the RA group. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between crepitus and specific osteoarthrotic changes (MRI), respectively, and between crepitus and a complete anterior disk displacement without reduction (MRI). The duration of the RA disease correlated neither with the anamnestic and clinical dysfunction index by Helkimo nor with RA-specific MRI findings.
„Leonore”, the debut novel of the writer Adolf Meschendörfer (1877-1963), is rightly considered to be proof of the modern Transylvanian spirit at the beginning of the XXth century. The novel had been released during the first year of publication (1907/08) of the periodical edited by the author himself, “Die Karpathen“, and as a volume in 1920, being repeatedly republished during the course of the century both in German and in Romanian translation. The novelty of this literary work consists in the detached vision concerning the traditionalist mentality with its obsolete conventionalism and in adopting an unusual stylistic register as compared to national prose types, Meschendörfer relying on dynamism and laconic depiction. However, the deficiencies specific to a beginner are evident, as observed by the author’s contemporaries, involving an excessive reliance on older and newer literary models, inconsistencies of the fiction and decreases concerning adequate expression.
Background: Diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases frequently coexist. In order to evaluate how thyroid disorders interfere with glycemic control, we analysed insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with thyroid disease.
Methods: Diabetes patients (n = 1.957) were retrospectively investigated. We focused on type 2 diabetes patients who had been admitted for insulin-treatment and diagnosed thyroid diseases (n = 328). Patients were divided into three groups according to thyroid disease manifestation in relation to diabetes onset: prior to (group 1), same year (group 2) and thyroid disease following diabetes (group 3).
Results: Out of all diabetes patients 27.3% had a thyroid disorder with more women (62.2%) being affected (p < 0.001). Thyroid disease was predominantly diagnosed after diabetes onset. Patients with type 2 diabetes and prior appearance of thyroid disease required insulin therapy significantly earlier (median insulin-free period: 2.5 yrs; Q1 = 0.0, Q3 = 8.25) compared to patients who had thyroid dysfunction after diabetes onset (median insulin-free period: 8.0 yrs; Q1 = 3.0, Q3 = 12.0; p < 0.001). Age at diabetes onset correlated with insulin-free period (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Thyroid disease may be a marker of a distinct metabolic trait in type 2 diabetes potentially requiring earlier insulin treatment.
Here we present a formal description of Biremis panamae Barka, Witkowski et Weisenborn sp. nov., which was isolated from the marine littoral environment of the Pacific Ocean coast of Panama. The description is based on morphology (light and electron microscopy) and the rbcL, psbC and SSU sequences of one clone of this species. The new species is included in Biremis due to its morphological features; i.e. two marginal rows of foramina, chambered striae, and girdle composed of numerous punctate copulae. The new species also possesses a striated valve face which is not seen in most known representatives of marine littoral Biremis species. In this study we also present the relationship of Biremis to other taxa using morphology, DNA sequence data and observations of auxosporulation. Our results based on these three sources point to an evolutionary relationship between Biremis, Neidium and Scoliopleura. The unusual silicified incunabular caps present in them are known otherwise only in Muelleria, which is probably related to the Neidiaceae and Scoliotropidaceae. We also discuss the relationship between Biremis and the recently described Labellicula and Olifantiella.
Der Beitrag widmet sich bedrucktem Papier, das Müll geworden ist. Dabei wird den unterschiedlichen Gründen für die Müllwerdung von Texten nachgegangen: von technischen Mängeln bis zum Makel mangelnden Publikumsinteresses. Umgekehrt geht es aber auch um die Textwerdung von Papier-Müll: eine Operation, die an der Nullstufe intertextueller Produktivität zu beobachten ist- und die die Strukturenliterarischer Wert- und Unwert-Produktion sichtbar macht.
Caspase-2 represents the most conserved member of the caspase family, which exhibits features of both initiator and effector caspases. Using ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-immunoprecipitation assay, we identified the proapoptotic caspase-2L encoding mRNA as a novel target of the ubiquitous RNA-binding protein HuR in DLD-1 colon carcinoma cells. Unexpectedly, crosslinking-RNP and RNA probe pull-down experiments revealed that HuR binds exclusively to the caspase-2-5' untranslated region (UTR) despite that the 3' UTR of the mRNA bears several adenylate- and uridylate-rich elements representing the prototypical HuR binding sites. By using RNAi-mediated loss-of-function approach, we observed that HuR regulates the mRNA and in turn the protein levels of caspase-2 in a negative manner. Silencing of HuR did not affect the stability of caspase-2 mRNA but resulted in an increased redistribution of caspase-2 transcripts from RNP particles to translational active polysomes implicating that HuR exerts a direct repressive effect on caspase-2 translation. Consistently, in vitro translation of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of an upstream caspase-2-5'UTR was strongly impaired after the addition of recombinant HuR, whereas translation of caspase-2 coding region without the 5'UTR is not affected by HuR confirming the functional role of the caspase-2-5'UTR. Functionally, an elevation in caspase-2 level by HuR knockdown correlated with an increased sensitivity of cells to apoptosis induced by staurosporine- and pore-forming toxins as implicated by their significant accumulation in the sub G1 phase and an increase in caspase-2, -3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage, respectively. Importantly, HuR knockdown cells remained insensitive toward STS-induced apoptosis if cells were additionally transfected with caspase-2-specific siRNAs. Collectively, our findings support the hypothesis that HuR by acting as an endogenous inhibitor of caspase-2-driven apoptosis may essentially contribute to the antiapoptotic program of adenocarcinoma cells by HuR.
Wassergefiltertes Infrarot A (wIRA) als spezielle Form der Wärmestrahlung mit hohem Eindringvermögen in das Gewebe bei geringer thermischer Oberflächenbelastung fördert die Heilung akuter und chronischer Wunden sowohl über thermische und temperaturabhängige als auch über nichtthermische und temperaturunabhängige Effekte. Wassergefiltertes Infrarot A steigert die Temperatur (+2,7°C in einer Gewebetiefe von 2 cm) und den Sauerstoffpartialdruck im Gewebe (+32% in einer Gewebetiefe von 2 cm) und die Gewebedurchblutung. Diese 3 Faktoren sind entscheidend für eine ausreichende Versorgung des Gewebes mit Energie und Sauerstoff und deshalb auch für Wundheilung und Infektionsabwehr. Wassergefiltertes Infrarot A hilft sowohl bei der normalen als auch bei der gestörten Wundheilung, indem es Entzündungsreaktionen und erhöhte Wundsekretion mindert, Infektionsabwehr und Regeneration fördert und Wundschmerzen lindern helfen kann. Die genannten Effekte wurden in insgesamt 7 prospektiven Studien (davon 6 randomisierten kontrollierten Studien) belegt, die meisten mit einem Evidenzgrad von Ia bzw. Ib. Die hier zusätzlich dargestellten Fallbeispiele komplizierter Wundheilungsverläufe illustrieren die belegten Wirkungen von wIRA. Nicht nur in den hier gezeigten 6 Fällen wendeten die Bestrahlungen mit wIRA komplizierte Wundheilungsverläufe zum Besseren und ermöglichten nach ganz unterschiedlich langen Gesamtdauern der Bestrahlungen (in den 6 Fällen: von 51–550 h) und nach verschieden langen Gesamtdauern der Wundpflege, meist nach Transplantation von Spalthautgittern, die Heilung der Wunden. Bei komplizierten Wundheilungsverläufen ersetzt wIRA nicht den Rat und ggf. auch die Behandlung eines erfahrenen plastischen Chirurgen und eines Chirurgen mit der Spezialisierung in septischer Chirurgie. Mit dieser Einschränkung kann wIRA als wertvolle Ergänzung der Behandlung von akuten und chronischen Wunden empfohlen werden.
The article focuses on two objectives. First it addresses current trends in the lexical development of the German language. This investigation is based on changes within the section Fernsehabend to Fernsehzuschauerin in the "Duden – Deutsches Universalwörterbuch" between 1996 and 2011. Secondly, on the basis of the given section, the article examines to what extent this dictionary reflects current vocabulary.
Introduction: Over the last years, electronic cigarettes (ECs) have become more popular, particularly in individuals who want to give up smoking tobacco. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of the different e-smoking liquids on the viability and proliferation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts.
Method and materials: For this study six test solutions with components from ECs were selected: lime-, hazelnut- and menthol-flavored liquids, nicotine, propylene glycol, and PBS as control group. The fibroblasts were incubated up to 96 h with the different liquids, and cell viability was measured by using the PrestoBlue® reagent, the ATP detection and the migration assay. Fluorescence staining was carried out to visualize cell growth and morphology. Data were statistically analyzed by two-tailed one-way ANOVA.
Results: The cell viability assay showed that the proliferation rates of the cells incubated with nicotine or the various flavored liquids of the e-cigarettes were reduced in comparison to the controls, though not all reductions were statistically significant. After an incubation of 96 h with the menthol-flavored liquid the fibroblasts were statistically significant reduced (p < 0.001). Similar results were found for the detection of ATP in fibroblasts; the incubation with menthol-flavored liquids (p < 0.001) led to a statistically significant reduction. The cell visualization tests confirmed these findings.
Conclusion: Within its limits, the present in vitro study demonstrated that menthol additives of e-smoking have a harmful effect on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. This might indicate that menthol additives should be avoided for e-cigarettes.
Objective: To analyze Mucograft (MG), a recently introduced collagen matrix, in vitro and in vivo, and compare it with BioGide (BG), a well-established collagen membrane, as control.
Material and methods: A detailed analysis of the materials surface and ultra-structure was performed. Cellular growth patterns and proliferation rates of human fibroblasts on MG and BG were analyzed in vitro. In addition, the early tissue reaction of CD-1 mouse to these materials was analyzed by means of histological and histomorphometrical analysis.
Results: MG showed a three-fold higher thickness both in dry and wet conditions, when compared to BG. The spongy surface of BG significantly differed from that of MG. Cells showed a characteristic proliferation pattern on the different materials in vitro. Fibroblasts tended to proliferate on the compact layers of both collagens, with the highest values on the compact side of BG. In vivo, at day three both materials demonstrated good tissue integration, with a mononuclear cell sheet of fibroblasts on all surfaces, however, without penetrating into the materials.
Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that MG and BG facilitate cell proliferation on both of their surfaces in vitro. In vivo, these two materials induce a comparable early tissue reaction, while serving as cell occlusive barriers.
Als Rainer Forst, Professor für politische Theorie und Philosophie an der Frankfurter Universität, 2012 den Leibniz-Preis erhielt, hieß es in der Laudatio, er führe die »philosophische Tradition der Frankfurter Schule mit Jürgen Habermas und Axel Honneth auf höchstem Niveau« fort. In diesem Jahr wird das Frankfurter Institut für Sozialforschung 90 Jahre alt, und die Anfänge der »Frankfurter Schule« liegen ungefähr 85 Jahre zurück – Anlässe genug, um zu fragen: Wie hat sich die »Frankfurter Schule« gewandelt?
Background: It is not well established how psychosocial factors like social support and depression affect health-related quality of life in multimorbid and elderly patients. We investigated whether depressive mood mediates the influence of social support on health-related quality of life.
Methods: Cross-sectional data of 3,189 multimorbid patients from the baseline assessment of the German MultiCare cohort study were used. Mediation was tested using the approach described by Baron and Kenny based on multiple linear regression, and controlling for socioeconomic variables and burden of multimorbidity.
Results: Mediation analyses confirmed that depressive mood mediates the influence of social support on health-related quality of life (Sobel's p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression showed that the influence of depressive mood (beta = -0.341, p < 0.01) on health-related quality of life is greater than the influence of multimorbidity (beta = -0.234, p < 0.01).
Conclusion: Social support influences health-related quality of life, but this association is strongly mediated by depressive mood. Depression should be taken into consideration in research on multimorbidity, and clinicians should be aware of its importance when caring for multimorbid patients.
Der folgende kleine Aufsatz lobt einen Wissenschaftler, der noch lebt: Prof. Dr. Heiko Braak. Und seine Frau, Prof. Dr. Eva Braak, die leider schon gestorben ist. Die beiden Braaks waren Hirnforscher an der Dr. Senckenbergischen Anatomie der Goethe-Universität. Da hat der Autor des Aufsatzes, Helmut Wicht, sie kennengelernt, als er selbst noch ein junger Anatom war. Und hat die Braaks, ihre Forschung, aber auch die ästhetische Attitüde, mit der vor allem Herr Braak die Sache anging, ebenso wie die Schönheit des Gehirns zu schätzen gelernt. Davon, von der Schönheit, handelt der Aufsatz.
Local active information storage as a tool to understand distributed neural information processing
(2014)
Every act of information processing can in principle be decomposed into the component operations of information storage, transfer, and modification. Yet, while this is easily done for today's digital computers, the application of these concepts to neural information processing was hampered by the lack of proper mathematical definitions of these operations on information. Recently, definitions were given for the dynamics of these information processing operations on a local scale in space and time in a distributed system, and the specific concept of local active information storage was successfully applied to the analysis and optimization of artificial neural systems. However, no attempt to measure the space-time dynamics of local active information storage in neural data has been made to date. Here we measure local active information storage on a local scale in time and space in voltage sensitive dye imaging data from area 18 of the cat. We show that storage reflects neural properties such as stimulus preferences and surprise upon unexpected stimulus change, and in area 18 reflects the abstract concept of an ongoing stimulus despite the locally random nature of this stimulus. We suggest that LAIS will be a useful quantity to test theories of cortical function, such as predictive coding.
Serial quantification of BCR–ABL1 mRNA is an important therapeutic indicator in chronic myeloid leukaemia, but there is a substantial variation in results reported by different laboratories. To improve comparability, an internationally accepted plasmid certified reference material (CRM) was developed according to ISO Guide 34:2009. Fragments of BCR–ABL1 (e14a2 mRNA fusion), BCR and GUSB transcripts were amplified and cloned into pUC18 to yield plasmid pIRMM0099. Six different linearised plasmid solutions were produced with the following copy number concentrations, assigned by digital PCR, and expanded uncertainties: 1.08±0.13 × 106, 1.08±0.11 × 105, 1.03±0.10 × 104, 1.02±0.09 × 103, 1.04±0.10 × 102 and 10.0±1.5 copies/μl. The certification of the material for the number of specific DNA fragments per plasmid, copy number concentration of the plasmid solutions and the assessment of inter-unit heterogeneity and stability were performed according to ISO Guide 35:2006. Two suitability studies performed by 63 BCR–ABL1 testing laboratories demonstrated that this set of 6 plasmid CRMs can help to standardise a number of measured transcripts of e14a2 BCR–ABL1 and three control genes (ABL1, BCR and GUSB). The set of six plasmid CRMs is distributed worldwide by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (Belgium) and its authorised distributors (https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/reference-materials/catalogue/; CRM code ERM-AD623a-f).
Synaptic dysfunction and synapse loss are key features of Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Previously, we showed an essential function of APP and APLP2 for synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Here, we used organotypic hippocampal cultures to investigate the specific role(s) of APP family members and their fragments for dendritic complexity and spine formation of principal neurons within the hippocampus. Whereas CA1 neurons from APLP1-KO or APLP2-KO mice showed normal neuronal morphology and spine density, APP-KO mice revealed a highly reduced dendritic complexity in mid-apical dendrites. Despite unaltered morphology of APLP2-KO neurons, combined APP/APLP2-DKO mutants showed an additional branching defect in proximal apical dendrites, indicating redundancy and a combined function of APP and APLP2 for dendritic architecture. Remarkably, APP-KO neurons showed a pronounced decrease in spine density and reductions in the number of mushroom spines. No further decrease in spine density, however, was detectable in APP/APLP2-DKO mice. Mechanistically, using APPsalpha-KI mice lacking transmembrane APP and expressing solely the secreted APPsalpha fragment we demonstrate that APPsalpha expression alone is sufficient to prevent the defects in spine density observed in APP-KO mice. Collectively, these studies reveal a combined role of APP and APLP2 for dendritic architecture and a unique function of secreted APPs for spine density.
The taxon Syndermata comprises the biologically interesting wheel animals (“Rotifera”: Bdelloidea + Monogononta + Seisonidea) and thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), and is central for testing superordinate phylogenetic hypotheses (Platyzoa, Gnathifera) in the metazoan tree of life. Recent analyses of syndermatan phylogeny suggested paraphyly of Eurotatoria (free-living bdelloids and monogononts) with respect to endoparasitic acanthocephalans. Data of epizoic seisonids, however, were absent, which may have affected the branching order within the syndermatan clade. Moreover, the position of Seisonidea within Syndermata should help in understanding the evolution of acanthocephalan endoparasitism. Here, we report the first phylogenomic analysis that includes all four higher-ranked groups of Syndermata. The analyzed data sets comprise new transcriptome data for Seison spec. (Seisonidea), Brachionus manjavacas (Monogononta), Adineta vaga (Bdelloidea), and Paratenuisentis ambiguus (Acanthocephala). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian trees for a total of 19 metazoan species were reconstructed from up to 410 functionally diverse proteins. The results unanimously place Monogononta basally within Syndermata, and Bdelloidea appear as the sister group to a clade comprising epizoic Seisonidea and endoparasitic Acanthocephala. Our results support monophyly of Syndermata, Hemirotifera (Bdelloidea + Seisonidea + Acanthocephala), and Pararotatoria (Seisonidea + Acanthocephala), rejecting monophyly of traditional Rotifera and Eurotatoria. This serves as an indication that early acanthocephalans lived epizoically or as ectoparasites on arthropods, before their complex lifecycle with arthropod intermediate and vertebrate definite hosts evolved.
Seven different instruments and measurement methods were used to examine the immersion freezing of bacterial ice nuclei from Snomax® (hereafter Snomax), a product containing ice active protein complexes from non-viable Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. The experimental conditions were kept as similar as possible for the different measurements. Of the participating instruments, some examined droplets which had been made from suspensions directly, and the others examined droplets activated on previously generated Snomax particles, with particle diameters of mostly a few hundred nanometers and up to a few micrometers in some cases. Data were obtained in the temperature range from −2 to −38 °C, and it was found that all ice active protein complexes were already activated above −12 °C. Droplets with different Snomax mass concentrations covering 10 orders of magnitude were examined. Some instruments had very short ice nucleation times down to below 1 s, while others had comparably slow cooling rates around 1 K min−1. Displaying data from the different instruments in terms of numbers of ice active protein complexes per dry mass of Snomax, nm, showed that within their uncertainty the data agree well with each other as well as to previously reported literature results. Two parameterizations were taken from literature for a direct comparison to our results, and these were a time dependent approach based on a contact angle distribution Niedermeier et al. (2014) and a modification of the parameterization presented in Hartmann et~al.~(2013) representing a time independent approach. The agreement between these and the measured data were good, i.e. they agreed within a temperature range of 0.6 K or equivalently a range in nm of a factor of 2. From the results presented herein, we propose that Snomax, at least when carefully shared and prepared, is a suitable material to test and compare different instruments for their accuracy of measuring immersion freezing.
Background: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and NF-κB play important roles in the inflammatory response after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (H/R). Here, the role of myeloid HIF-1α in liver hypoxia, injury, and inflammation after H/R with special regard to NF-κB activation was studied.
Methods: Mice with a conditional HIF-1α knockout (KO) in myeloid cell-line and wild-type (WT) controls were hemorrhaged for 90 min ( mm Hg) and resuscitated. Controls underwent only surgical procedures.
Results: After six hours, H/R enhanced the expression of HIF-1α-induced genes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and adrenomedullin (ADM). In KO mice, this was not observed. H/R-induced liver injury in HIF-1α KO was comparable to WT. Elevated plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels after H/R were not reduced by HIF-1α KO. Local hepatic hypoxia was not significantly reduced in HIF-1α KO compared to controls after H/R. H/R-induced NF-κB phosphorylation in liver did not significantly differ between WT and KO.
Conclusions: Here, deleting HIF-1α in myeloid cells and thereby in Kupffer cells was not protective after H/R. This data indicates that other factors, such as NF-κB, due to its upregulated phosphorylation in WT and KO mice, contrary to HIF-1α, are rather key modulators of inflammation after H/R in our model.
Background: HER2 status assessment is a prerequisite for the establishment of an appropriate treatment strategy in gastric cancer. Gastric cancers are very heterogeneous and separate evaluations of gene amplification and protein expression lead to uncertainties in localizing distinct clones and are time consuming. This study evaluates the equivalence of the novel method combining both gene and protein platforms on one slide.
Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and HER2 dual-colour silver in situ hybridization (SISH) as single methods (IHC/SISH) and gene-protein platform combining both methods on one slide (gene/protein) were performed in randomly collected 100 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma. Results of IHC/SISH were compared with gene/protein staining.
Results: 96 of 100 samples were assessable. In the gene/protein staining, pathologists were able to assess gene amplification and consequent protein expression at the single cell level. In comparison trials, gene amplification was observed in 14.6% by both, conventional SISH and gene/protein platform (agreement 100%; Kappa-coefficient κ = 1.0). Protein expression scores by IHC were 70.8% (0), 10.4% (1+), 9.4% (2+), and 9.4% (3+). Protein expression by gene/protein method were: 70.8% (0), 11.5% (1+), 7.3% (2+) and 10.4% (3+) of patients. There were complete concordances in IHC assessment of cases with score 0 (100.0%; κ = 1). High concordances are shown in score 1+ (98.96%; κ = 0.947) and 3+ (96.88%; κ = 0.825) cases and good concordances in 2+ cases (95.83%; κ = 0.728).
Conclusions: This novel combined platform has the advantage of being able to evaluate both gene and the protein status in the same cancer cell and may be of particular interest for research and patient's care.
Strong seasonal variability of hygric and thermal soil conditions are a defining environmental feature in northern Australia. However, how such changes affect the soil–atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and dinitrogen (N2) is still not well explored. By incubating intact soil cores from four sites (three savanna, one pasture) under controlled soil temperatures (ST) and soil moisture (SM) we investigated the release of the trace gas fluxes of N2O, NO and carbon dioxide (CO2). Furthermore, the release of N2 due to denitrification was measured using the helium gas flow soil core technique. Under dry pre-incubation conditions NO and N2O emissions were very low (<7.0 ± 5.0 μg NO-N m−2 h−1; <0.0 ± 1.4 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1) or in the case of N2O, even a net soil uptake was observed. Substantial NO (max: 306.5 μg N m−2 h−1) and relatively small N2O pulse emissions (max: 5.8 ± 5.0 μg N m−2 h−1) were recorded following soil wetting, but these pulses were short lived, lasting only up to 3 days. The total atmospheric loss of nitrogen was generally dominated by N2 emissions (82.4–99.3% of total N lost), although NO emissions contributed almost 43.2% to the total atmospheric nitrogen loss at 50% SM and 30 °C ST incubation settings (the contribution of N2 at these soil conditions was only 53.2%). N2O emissions were systematically higher for 3 of 12 sample locations, which indicates substantial spatial variability at site level, but on average soils acted as weak N2O sources or even sinks. By using a conservative upscale approach we estimate total annual emissions from savanna soils to average 0.12 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (N2O), 0.68 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (NO) and 6.65 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (N2). The analysis of long-term SM and ST records makes it clear that extreme soil saturation that can lead to high N2O and N2 emissions only occurs a few days per year and thus has little impact on the annual total. The potential contribution of nitrogen released due to pulse events compared to the total annual emissions was found to be of importance for NO emissions (contribution to total: 5–22%), but not for N2O emissions. Our results indicate that the total gaseous release of nitrogen from these soils is low and clearly dominated by loss in the form of inert nitrogen. Effects of seasonally varying soil temperature and moisture were detected, but were found to be low due to the small amounts of available nitrogen in the soils (total nitrogen <0.1%).
Strong seasonal variability of hygric and thermal soil conditions are a defining environmental feature in Northern Australia. However, how such changes affect the soil–atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and dinitrogen (N2) is still 5 not well explored. By incubating intact soil cores from four sites (3 savanna, 1 pasture) under controlled soil temperatures (ST) and soil moisture (SM) we investigated the release of the trace gas fluxes of N2O, NO and carbon dioxide (CO2). Furthermore, the release of N2 due to denitrification was measured using the helium gas flow soil core technique. Under dry pre-incubation conditions NO and N2O emission were very low (< 7.0± 5.0 μgNO-Nm−2 h−1; < 0.0± 1.4 μgN2O-Nm−2 h−1) or in case of N2O, even a net soil uptake was observed. Substantial NO (max: 306.5 μgNm−2 h−1) and relatively small N2O pulse emissions (max: 5.8±5.0 μgNm−2 h−1) were recorded following soil wetting, but these pulses were short-lived, lasting only up to 3 days. The total atmospheric loss of nitrogen was dominated by N2 emissions (82.4–99.3% of total N lost), although NO emissions contributed almost 43.2% at 50% SM and 30 °C ST. N2O emissions were systematically higher for 3 of 12 sample locations, which indicates substantial spatial variability at site level, but on average soils acted as weak N2O sources or even sinks. Emissions were controlled by SM and ST for N2O and CO2, ST and pH for NO, and SM and pH for N2.
Nowadays a number of endemic mosquito species are known to possess vector abilities for various diseases, as e.g. the sibling species Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium. Due to their morphological similarity, ecology, distribution and vector abilities, knowledge about these species' population structure is essential. Culicidae from 25 different sampling sites were collected from March till October 2012. All analyses were performed with aligned cox1 sequences with a total length of 658 bp. Population structure as well as distribution patterns of both species were analysed using molecular methods and different statistical tests like distance based redundancy analysis (dbDRA), analysis of molecular variances (AMOVA) or McDonald & Kreitman test and Tajima's D. Within both species, we could show a genetic variability among the cox1 fragment. The construction of haplotype networks revealed one dominating haplotype for Cx. pipiens, widely distributed within Germany and a more homogeneous pattern for Cx. torrentium. The low genetic differences within Cx. pipiens could be a result of an infection with Wolbachia which can induce a sweep through populations by passively taking the also maternally inherited mtDNA through the population, thereby reducing the mitochondrial diversity as an outcome of reproductive incompatibility. Pairwise population genetic differentiation (FST) ranged significantly from moderate to very great between populations of Cx. pipiens and Cx. torrentium. Analyses of molecular variances revealed for both species that the main genetic variability exists within the populations (Cx. pipiens [88.38%]; Cx. torrentium [66.54%]). Based on a distance based redundancy analysis geographical origin explained a small but significant part of the species' genetic variation. Overall, the results confirm that Cx. pipiens and Cx. torrentium underlie different factors regarding their mitochondrial differentiation, which could be a result of endosymbiosis, dispersal between nearly located populations or human introduction.
Im Aufsatz versucht der Autor, nach einer textgestützten Interpretation von Martial II 51, zu zeigen, wie der Epigrammatiker die Fabel des augusteischen Historikers Livius vom Magen und den Gliedern (II 32,9ff.) in eine frivole Parodie überführt und sie zu einer witzigen und grotesken Karikatur verformt – ein spöttisches Spiel mit gattungs- und literaturgeschichtlichen Elementen.
The establishment of robust HCV cell culture systems and characterization of the viral life cycle provided the molecular basis for highly innovative, successful years in HCV drug development. With the identification of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), such as NS3/4A protease inhibitors, NS5A replication complex inhibitors, nucleotide and non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors, as well as host cell targeting agents, novel therapeutic strategies were established and competitively entered clinical testing. The first-in-class NS3/4A protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir, approved in 2011, were recently outpaced by the pan-genotypic nucleotide polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir that in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin, further shortens therapy durations and also offers the first interferon-free HCV treatment option. In the challenging race towards the goal of interferon-free HCV therapies, however, several oral DAA regimens without nucleotide polymerase inhibitors that combine a NS3/4A protease inhibitor, a NS5A inhibitor and/or a non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor yielded competitive results. Second generation NS3/4A protease and NS5A inhibitors promise an improved genotypic coverage and a high resistance barrier. Results of novel DAA combination therapies without the backbone of a nucleotide polymerase inhibitor, as well as treatment strategies involving host targeting agents are reviewed herein.
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a daunting problem. It is a major public health issue for several reasons: from its prevalence (20% of total mortality in the industrialized world) to the devastating psycho-social impact on society and on the families of victims often still in their prime, and it represents a challenge for medicine, and especially for cardiology. This text summarizes the discussions and opinions of a group of investigators with a long-standing interest in this field. We addressed the occurrence of SCD in individuals apparently healthy, in patients with heart disease and mild or severe cardiac dysfunction, and in those with genetically based arrhythmic diseases. Recognizing the need for more accurate registries of the global and regional distribution of SCD in these different categories, we focused on the assessment of risk for SCD in these four groups, looking at the significance of alterations in cardiac function, of signs of electrical instability identified by ECG abnormalities or by autonomic tests, and of the progressive impact of genetic screening. Special attention was given to the identification of areas of research more or less likely to provide useful information, and thereby more or less suitable for the investment of time and of research funds.
Als eines der Hauptprobleme der Rezeption deutscher Kultur in Frankreich kann die Dichotomie von Dekontextualisierung vs. Hyperkontextualisierung bezeichnet werden, wobei man das Bild von den zwei Seiten derselben Münze benutzen könnte. Die damit verbundenen Interpretationsansätze bewirken einerseits, dass bei der Auseinandersetzung mit deutscher Literatur, Philosophie und Kunst der historische, politische und soziale Kontext oft vernachlässigt oder gar ausgeblendet wird. Bereits Heinrich Heine warnte seine französischen Zeitgenossen in seinem Buch 'De l'Allemagne' (1833) vor dieser Gefahr beim Umgang mit der deutschen Romantik. Andererseits kann man ebenso häufig beobachten, wie in Frankreich geistig-künstlerische Werke aus Deutschland auf ihre geschichtlichen Entstehungsbedingungen oder politischen Implikationen bzw. Belastungen heruntergebrochen werden. Dieses Phänomen kann natürlich verstärkt in Zeiten ideologischer und kriegerischer Auseinandersetzungen zwischen beiden Ländern beobachtet werden, vor allem während der Periode 1870–1945. Aber auch heute noch - ein halbes Jahrhundert nach dem deutschfranzösischen Freundschaftsvertrag - prägt die Epoche des Nationalsozialismus den Blick vieler Franzosen auf Deutschland und beeinflusst maßgeblich die Rezeption deutscher Literatur, Philosophie und Kunst.
Die hiermit aufgeworfene Frage ist die nach dem notwendigen bzw. angemessenen Grad von (politikgeschichtlicher) Kontextualisierung im französischen Verhältnis zur deutschen Kultur, wobei eine pauschale Beantwortung sich selbstredend als schwierig oder gar unmöglich erweist.
Baltasar Graciáns Aphorismensammlung "Oráculo manual y arte de prudencia" (1647) wird häufig als Anleitung zum taktisch klugen Agieren in einer säkularisierten Konkurrenzgesellschaft angesehen, wie es im Übrigen auch das Vorwort bekräftigt, in dem das Handbüchlein als "epítome de aciertos de vivir" apostrophiert wird. Gracián war zwar Geistlicher und Mitglied des Jesuitenordens, dennoch scheint das für den Alltagsgebrauch im Aphorismus komprimierte Wissen des Handorakels keiner transzendenten Größe verpflichtet zu sein. Nicht zuletzt mit Blick auf die Oberen der Gesellschaft Jesu hat Gracián sämtliche seiner Texte – mit Ausnahme seiner einzigen religiösen Schrift "El Comulgatorio" (1655) – unter dem Pseudonym Lorenzo Gracián veröffentlicht, was ihn allerdings nicht vor Auseinandersetzungen mit seinen Vorgesetzten bewahren sollte.
Ich möchte die verbreitete These von der Dominanz einer politisch-pragmatischen Handlungspsychologie im "Oráculo manual" im Folgenden um die jesuitische Dimension erweitern und eine Lesart vorstellen, bei der auch die dogmatischen Implikate des Textes Berücksichtigung finden. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die Verknüpfung von konzeptistischer Rhetorik und Ethik sowie die damit verbundene Frage nach dem Stellenwert von taktischer Lebensklugheit und Gottverbundenheit. Die berühmte "regla de gran maestro", die sowohl kürzeste als auch am häufigsten interpretierte Sentenz des "Oráculo manual" hat oftmals als Beleg für eine kategoriale Trennung von weltlicher Lebenspraxis und Transzendenz herhalten müssen: "Hanse de procurar los medios humanos como si no huviesse divinos, y los divinos como si no huviesse humanos. Regla de gran maestro; no ai que añadir comento."
A 48 year old patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic acne inversa underwent implantation of a LVAD system (Heartmate II, Thoratec, USA) March 2011. During 2011 and 2012 the patient was repeatedly readmitted for treatment of driveline infection with MRSA. Colonization was controlled with Linezolid and Rifampicin however reoccurred after discontinuation. In August 2012 the LVAD-system was exchanged due to pump dysfunction (HVAD, HeartWare Inc., USA). Postoperatively, the patient presented with ascites which secreted through the driveline exit. Consequently, the abdominal wall was surgically corrected to prevent exit of peritoneal fluid through the driveline, and the patient was discharged with sterile wound swabs. However 6 weeks after discharge the driveline exit wound started secreting pus showing abundant growth of multi resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). With clinical signs of increasing liver failure with regular need for paracentesis, and clinical signs of local infection, a CT scan of the abdomen was performed revealing an enrichment of contrast medium along the driveline and an abscess-like formation on the abdominal wall. Patient was admitted receiving regular dose Daptomycin and Rifampicin. The latter was discontinued after ten days. The abscess, surrounding driveline exit and abdominal wall cavity was excised and vacuum treatment initiated. Total duration of Daptomycin therapy was 3 weeks. While first week skin and wound swabs were still positive for MRSA, all samples were sterile after the second week. Inflammation was monitored by leucocyte count and IL6. The secretion of pus along the driveline ceased, the wound cavity was closed subsequently. After discharge and stop of antibiotics skin and driveline swabs remained negative for MRSA (10 weeks).
Wir führten eine Auswertung von 45 Vegetationsaufnahmen aus den beiden im Alpenraum gelegenen Schwerpunktreservaten „Totengraben“ (im FFH-Gebiet „Mangfallgebirge“) und „Wettersteinwald“ (im FFH-Gebiet „Wettersteingebirge“) durch. Ziel der Auswertung war eine operationale, staatenübergreifende Waldtypisierung auf pflanzensoziologischer, naturschutzfachlicher und standortsökologischer Basis. Auf Grundlage des bayerischen Naturwaldreservatforschungskonzeptes wurden in repräsentativen Kernflächen beider Reservate je 6 Vegetationsaufnahmen neu erhoben und zusammen mit bereits vorliegenden Daten verarbeitet. Die beiden Schwerpunktreservate repräsentieren ein Spektrum aus hochmontanen Bergmischwäldern, tiefsubalpinen Fichtenwäldern und hochsubalpinem Zirbenwald. Die Naturnähe ist v.a. nahe der alpinen Waldgrenze durch almwirtschaftliche Nutzung (Schwendung, Beweidung) reduziert und führte zur Ausbreitung von sekundären Alpenrosen-Latschengebüschen. Die Befunde ermöglichen Ableitungen für ein differenziertes Nutzungs- und Schutzkonzept außerhalb der Reservate, besonders für die umgebenden FFH-Gebiete. Die Bergmischwald- und Fichtenwald-Typen frischerer Standorte zeigen nach ihrem Standortspotenzial eine geringe Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Biomassenutzung. Außerhalb der Reservate ist für diese Typen eine multifunktionale nachhaltige Waldbewirtschaftung möglich, sofern einige kleinere Bestände mit sensiblen Reliktarten-Vorkommen als Refugien, Trittsteinbiotope und Spenderflächen ungenutzt bleiben. Die gegenüber Biomassenutzung sehr empfindlichen Karbonat-Bergmischwälder flachgründiger, mäßig trockener Standorte und die hochsubalpinen Zirbenwälder, bedürfen eines besonders schonenden „minimum intervention-“ bis hin zu einem „non-intervention management“. Typenbezogene Handlungsprioritäten können mittels des geographischen Informationssystems WINALP in die Gesamtfläche ihrer Vorkommen gebracht werden.
Ein im Jahr 2012 in Bayern verabschiedetes Naturwaldreservats-Forschungskonzept weist 26 der insgesamt 159 Reservate als Schwerpunktreservate für die künftige Dauerbeobachtung aus. 2013 wurden in vier der 26 Schwerpunktreservate erste Dauerbeobachtungsflächen eingerichtet. Alle Probeflächen liegen innerhalb von 1 ha großen Repräsentationsflächen der Schwerpunktreservate und umfassen jeweils 6 Probekreise mit einem Radius von 10 m (314 m2). Der Kreismittelpunkt wurde fest vermarkt; auf jedem der Probekreise wurde eine pflanzensoziologische Aufnahme nach Braun-Blanquet (1964) angefertigt.
Das Konzept des geplanten Langzeit-Monitorings der Waldbestände wird vorgestellt, Auswertungswege werden skizziert und an Hand der ersten in 2013 erhobenen Daten erläutert. Da die erhobenen Daten räumlich stark autokorreliert sind, wurden sie in einen für die Waldfläche Bayerns repräsentativen Referenzdatensatz eingehängt. Dieser besteht aus von Ewald (2009) für die pnV-Einstufung an 313 Probepunkten der nationalen Bodenzustandserhebung (BZE II) im 8 x 8 km Grundraster definierten Partneraufnahmen in den jeweils nächstgelegenen Naturwaldreservaten. Mittels Entzerrter Korrespondenzanalyse (DCA) wurden Aufnahme-Verteilungsmuster ermittelt. Der Referenzdatensatz ermöglichte eine objektive Waldgesellschafts-Zuordnung jeder Vegetationsaufnahme, indem die größte floristische Übereinstimmung zu einer Referenzaufnahme errechnet wurde. Die weitere Charakterisierung erfolgte anschließend über pflanzensoziologische Tabellenarbeit.
Die in je zwei Naturwaldreservaten im Hügelland Nord- und Südbayerns neu erhobenen Daten beinhalten Buchenwälder auf Kalk (Hordelymo-Fagetum) und Silikatstandorten (Galio- und Luzulo-Fagetum), Hangmischwälder (Adoxo-Aceretum) und Auwälder (Pruno-Fraxinetum, Querco-Ulmetum). Der vorherrschende Nährstoff- und Basengradient entspricht dem floristischen Hauptgefälle im gesamtbayerischen Referenzdatensatz. Ebenso wurde ein Gefälle von Wärmezeigern auf der 2. Achse in beiden Datensätzen (Referenzdatensatz und neu erhobene Daten) abgebildet. Im Falle der neu erhobenen Daten erscheint das Temperaturgefälle allerdings als Pseudo-Effekt, der durch Nadelholzanbau (mit-)verursacht ist. Die Möglichkeiten der Datenauswertung werden in den nächsten zwei Jahrzehnten sukzessive ansteigen. In dem bis 2022 vollständig erstinventarisierten Gesamtset der 26 Schwerpunkt-reservate wird künftig die Beobachtung der Dynamik innerhalb der Buchenwälder ebenso möglich sein wie im Randbereich sowie jenseits der Höhen-, Trocken- oder Nässegrenze der Buche.
Aufgrund der vielfältigen Parallelen zwischen 'Walden' und 'Un balcon en forêt' und der Dominanz von Landschafts- und Naturschilderungen im Werk beider Autoren scheint ein typologischer Vergleich der fraglichen Texte durchaus legitim, zumal diese auch in poetologischer Hinsicht konvergieren. Sowohl Thoreaus Bericht als auch Gracqs Roman weisen nämlich Merkmale des klassischen pastoralen Modus auf, für den Terry Gifford das Schema "retreat, renewal and return" (Gifford 1999, 174) in Anschlag bringt. Der Rückzug aufs Land beziehungsweise in die Natur impliziert demnach eine innere Reform des Helden, die seiner Rückkehr in die Stadt vorausgeht. Thoreau und Gracqs Protagonist Grange erfahren während ihres Aufenthalts im Wald gemäß dem pastoralen Paradigma einen äußeren und inneren Wandel, den ich als Naturalisierung bezeichne. Dieses "Zurück zur Natur" erweist sich in Wahrheit jedoch als Kulturalisierung, wie David Abram Iuzid schließt: "Becoming earth. Becoming anima!. Becoming, in this manner, fully human" (Abram 2010, 3). Dies meint nicht die Rückkehr zu einem naturnahen Lebensstil, sondern vielmehr die Schärfung unserer 'animalischen' Sinne für die phänomenale Realität, das heißt, die Wiederaufnahme des großen Dialogs mit der belebten und unbelebten Natur, um auf diese Weise zu einem höheren Menschsein zu gelangen. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, diesen manifesten Prozess entlang der dynamischen Grenze von Kultur und Natur nachzuzeichnen und zu analysieren. Der Gewinn dieser komparatistischen Lektüre wäre dann ein besseres Verständnis zweier unterschiedlicher Naturkonzepte, die - sowohl bei Thoreau als auch bei Gracq - vom Geist der Romantik durchdrungen sind.
Background: While the use of plastic materials has generated huge societal benefits, the "plastic age" comes with downsides: One issue of emerging concern is the accumulation of plastics in the aquatic environment. Here, so-called microplastics (MP), fragments smaller than 5 mm, are of special concern because they can be ingested throughout the food web more readily than larger particles. Focusing on freshwater MP, we briefly review the state of the science to identify gaps of knowledge and deduce research needs.
State of the science: Environmental scientists started investigating marine (micro)plastics in the early 2000s. Today, a wealth of studies demonstrates that MP have ubiquitously permeated the marine ecosystem, including the polar regions and the deep sea. MP ingestion has been documented for an increasing number of marine species. However, to date, only few studies investigate their biological effects. The majority of marine plastics are considered to originate from land-based sources, including surface waters. Although they may be important transport pathways of MP, data from freshwater ecosystems is scarce. So far, only few studies provide evidence for the presence of MP in rivers and lakes. Data on MP uptake by freshwater invertebrates and fish is very limited.
Knowledge gaps: While the research on marine MP is more advanced, there are immense gaps of knowledge regarding freshwater MP. Data on their abundance is fragmentary for large and absent for small surface waters. Likewise, relevant sources and the environmental fate remain to be investigated. Data on the biological effects of MP in freshwater species is completely lacking. The accumulation of other freshwater contaminants on MP is of special interest because ingestion might increase the chemical exposure. Again, data is unavailable on this important issue.
Conclusions: MP represent freshwater contaminants of emerging concern. However, to assess the environmental risk associated with MP, comprehensive data on their abundance, fate, sources, and biological effects in freshwater ecosystems are needed. Establishing such data critically depends on a collaborative effort by environmental scientists from diverse disciplines (chemistry, hydrology, ecotoxicology, etc.) and, unsurprisingly, on the allocation of sufficient public funding.
(Micro)plastics in the aquatic environment are an issue of emerging concern. However, to date, there is considerable lack of knowledge on the abundance and toxicity of plastic debris in aquatic ecosystems, especially with regard to the freshwater situation. In this editorial, we briefly discuss important aspects of the research on environmental (micro)plastics to stimulate research and call for papers.
U novoštokavskim se govorima još uvijek dobro čuvaju ostatci starih naglasnih paradigama te su terenskim istraživanjem u govoru Komazina prikupljene imenice o-osnovâ muškoga roda. U članku se iznosi trenutačno stanje i opisuju promjene koje su zahvatile sve naglasne paradigme. Potvrđena je tendencija prelaska nekih imenica iz n. p. A u n. p. B, dok u množinskim oblicima nisu zabilježene sekundarne promjene naglaska. Staro stanje, pomičnost naglaska i preskakanje na proklitiku čuva se u n. p. C, no u množini se širi nepomičan naglasak na prvome slogu. Većina imenica n. p. B mno¬žinu ujednačava prema n. p. C, dok obrnut utjecaj nije zabilježen, a na n. p. A je neznatan. Donose se primjeri koji upućuju na moguće postojanje sinkronijske n. p. D.
Unter dem Aspekt der universellen Kommodifizierung der modernisierten Herrschafts- und Geschlechterverhältnisse im Fabriksystem beschäftigt sich Mirjana Vukovic in ihrem Beitrag "Ich lasse mich nicht verhandeln gegen schnödes Geld" mit dem emanzipatorischen Lebensentwurf der Protagonistin in Louise Astons Roman "Aus dem Leben einer Frau" (1847). Johanna, Tochter eines verbitterten Pfarrers aus ärmlichen Verhältnissen, wird an den reichen Fabrikanten Oburn verheiratet, erkennt aber schließlich, dass sie lediglich als Handelsobjekt zwischen Vater und Ehemann fungieren solle. Sie verwertet die Schmuckgeschenke ihres Ehemannes, um die entmenschlicht gezeichneten Hungergestalten in Oburns Fabrik zu einem menschenwürdigen Lohn zu verhelfen. Gegen die klassische Autonomie-Ästhetik schreibe Louise Aston sich in ein Literatur- und Kunstkonzept ein, in dem die fragmentarisierte Wirklichkeit in "Form und Inhalt der Fiktion einfließen" solle; ihre Legitimation bezieht diese Auffassung aus den obsessiven Revolten, die nahezu das gesamte 19. Jahrhundert prägen. In dieser Perspektive lässt "Aus dem Leben einer Frau" sich gegen die letztlich erfolgreichen Kanonisierungsbestrebungen Fontanes als politische Geschichte weiblicher Emanzipation aus der Allmacht des Geldes lesen, die größere wissenschaftliche Beachtung verdient hätte.
Architektur und Albtraum : Erkundungen zu Horrorhäusern, Geisterstädten und metaphysischen Türmen
(2014)
Auf seiner Flucht aus dem Schreckenshaus seiner Ahnen träumt Clifford Pincheon (aus Nathaniel Hawthornes Roman The House of the Seven Gables von 1851) in der Eisenbahn von einem modernen Nomadentum, das einen vom Schicksal befreien könne: Statt sich zum "Gefangenen von Mauern, Backstein" zu machen, wird der Mensch der Zukunft "nirgends - oder besser - überall […] wohnen". Die Vision, sich vom konkreten Ort, von Geschichte zu befreien und gleichsam in der Zeit sesshaft zu werden, verwirklichte sich nicht allein in den silbernen, stromlinienförmigen Home-Trailern und Mobile Homes. Sie verwirklichte sich auf höherer Stufenleiter in den glänzend geschlossenen Spiegelglas-Türmen, die in den Machtzentren des Kapitals heute zunehmend dominieren. Die dunkel oder metallisch spiegelnden Türme wirken wie in heiliges Öl getaucht, rituell gesalbt, dabei jedoch nicht erhaben, sondern verführerisch, bezaubernd: Die fugenlos glatte, glitzernde Hülle aus Spiegelglas und Metall macht die Bauwerke zu Fetischen, phallischen Signifikanten, zu unsterblichen Ikonen einer Macht, deren innerstes Prinzip eine Ökonomie der Zeit ist. Das Kapital träumt seit je davon, sich vom irdischen Raum der Menschen zu befreien: Mit den Türmen - einer artifiziellen Raum-Enklave - gewinnt der Traum strahlend Gestalt. Hierin verdichtet sich gesellschaftlich und technologisch höchste Mobilität, erstarrt in reiner Gegenwart, der Zeitform der global players. Diese arbeiten an einem Schicksal, das jede Bindung an konkreten, irdischen Raum, an Familien und Völker, an vergangene Geschichte verloren hat. Das ist zweifellos unheimlich, doch auf ganz andere Art als das klassische Horrorhaus.
In der Debatte über die Entscheidung des EGMR zum Burka-Verbot in Frankreich läuft einiges gerade ziemlich schief. Viele Liberale – an vorderster Stelle im Verfassungsblog selbst – empören sich geradezu über die Entscheidung, während diese andererseits im Namen der Geschlechtergleichheit von Leuten verteidigt wird, die man bislang nicht gerade als deren Vorkämpfer in Erinnerung hatte. [...]
Predominant polarity in bipolar disorder and validation of the polarity index in a German sample
(2014)
Background: A large number of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) can be characterized by predominant polarity (PP), which has important implications for relapse prevention. Recently, Popovic et al. (EUR NEUROPSYCHOPHARM 22(5): 339¿346, 2012) proposed the Polarity Index (PI) as a helpful tool in the maintenance treatment of BD. As a numeric expression, it reflects the efficacy of drugs used in treatment of BD. In the present retrospective study, we aimed to validate this Index in a large and well characterized German bipolar sample.
Methods: We investigated 336 bipolar patients (BP) according to their PP and calculated the PI for each patient in order to prove if maintenance treatment differs according to their PP. Furthermore, we analysed whether PP is associated with demographic and clinical characteristics of BP.
Results: In our sample, 63.9% of patients fulfilled criteria of PP: 169 patients were classified as depressive predominant polarity (DPP), 46 patients as manic predominant polarity (MPP). The two groups differed significantly in their drug regime: Patients with DPP were more often medicated with lamotrigine and antidepressants, patients with MPP were more often treated with lithium, valproate, carbamazepine and first generation antipsychotics. However, patients with DPP and MPP did not differ significantly with respect to the PI, although they received evidence-based and guideline-driven treatment.
Conclusion: The reason for this negative finding might well be that for several drugs, which were used frequently, no PI value is available. Nevertheless we suggest PP as an important concept in the planning of BD maintenance treatment.
Jugend und Welt : zwei Jugend-Jahrbücher, herausgegeben von Rudolf Arnheim und Edith Jacobsohn
(2014)
1928 und 1929 erschienen zwei Jahrbücher für Kinder und Jugendliche unter dem Titel 'Jugend und Welt', herausgegeben von Rudolf Arnheim und, unter ihrem Geburtsnamen E. L. Schiffer, von Edith Jacobsohn; zu den Herausgebern zählte im ersten Jahrgang zudem noch Cläre With, die vor allem durch Beschreibungen ferner Länder und während der Nazi-Jahre als Schriftleiterin der Zeitschrift 'Koralle' bekannt wurde. Ausgeliefert wurden die Bücher, wie die beiden Rezensionen in der Weltbühne zeigen, offenbar schon Ende 1927 und 1928, damit sie noch in den Weihnachtsverkauf kommen konnten. Kinder- und Jugendliteratur wurden sehr lange als eine Art niedriger und dem klassischen Kanon nicht zugehörige Literatur angesehen. Fast könnte man sagen, sie sei als eine Art Gebrauchsliteratur angesehen worden, wurden die Bücher doch von den Kindern oft bemalt, wenig pfleglich behandelt und später sehr oft einfach weggeworfen. Nur selten fanden diese Bücher den Weg in eine öffentliche Bibliothek, auf dem Antiquariatsmarkt waren dagegen gut erhaltene Exemplare für Liebhaber sehr teuer - was auch für die beiden Bände 'Jugend und Welt' gilt. Dennoch überrascht es, dass sie in das außerordentlich umfangreiche Gesamtverzeichnis der deutschen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur, das Aiga Klotz 1990 bis 2000 herausgegeben hat, nicht aufgenommen wurden. Einige Texte bekannter Personen aus Literatur und Publizistik, die hier zu finden sind, wurden inzwischen nachgedruckt oder bibliographisch erfasst, die Jahrbücher selbst aber blieben unbeachtet.
Introduction: Multimorbidity is a major concern in primary care. Nevertheless, evidence of prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity, and their determinants, are scarce. The aim of this study is to systematically review studies of the prevalence, patterns and determinants of multimorbidity in primary care.
Methods: Systematic review of literature published between 1961 and 2013 and indexed in Ovid (CINAHL, PsychINFO, Medline and Embase) and Web of Knowledge. Studies were selected according to eligibility criteria of addressing prevalence, determinants, and patterns of multimorbidity and using a pretested proforma in primary care. The quality and risk of bias were assessed using STROBE criteria. Two researchers assessed the eligibility of studies for inclusion (Kappa = 0.86).
Results: We identified 39 eligible publications describing studies that included a total of 70,057,611 patients in 12 countries. The number of health conditions analysed per study ranged from 5 to 335, with multimorbidity prevalence ranging from 12.9% to 95.1%. All studies observed a significant positive association between multimorbidity and age (odds ratio [OR], 1.26 to 227.46), and lower socioeconomic status (OR, 1.20 to 1.91). Positive associations with female gender and mental disorders were also observed. The most frequent patterns of multimorbidity included osteoarthritis together with cardiovascular and/or metabolic conditions.
Conclusions: Well-established determinants of multimorbidity include age, lower socioeconomic status and gender. The most prevalent conditions shape the patterns of multimorbidity. However, the limitations of the current evidence base means that further and better designed studies are needed to inform policy, research and clinical practice, with the goal of improving health-related quality of life for patients with multimorbidity. Standardization of the definition and assessment of multimorbidity is essential in order to better understand this phenomenon, and is a necessary immediate step.
Um Wedekinds politisches Engagement und Denken am Vorabend und während des Ersten Weltkriegs zu verstehen, bedarf es zunächst einer Rückschau, denn so sehr auch individuelle politische Äußerungen sich auf ein aktuelles Tagesgeschehen beziehen, sind sie doch nicht nur allein aus diesem Kontext heraus zu verstehen.
Neurons of the mammalian neocortex are produced by proliferating cells located in the ventricular zone (VZ) lining the lateral ventricles. This is a complex and sequential process, requiring precise control of cell cycle progression, fate commitment and differentiation. We have analyzed publicly available databases from mouse and human to identify candidate genes that are potentially involved in regulating early neocortical development and neurogenesis. We used a mouse in situ hybridization dataset (The Allen Institute for Brain Science) to identify 13 genes (Cdon, Celsr1, Dbi, E2f5, Eomes, Hmgn2, Neurog2, Notch1, Pcnt, Sox3, Ssrp1, Tead2, Tgif2) with high correlation of expression in the proliferating cells of the VZ of the neocortex at early stages of development (E15.5). We generated a similar human brain network using microarray and RNA-seq data (BrainSpan Atlas) and identified 407 genes with high expression in the developing human VZ and subventricular zone (SVZ) at 8–9 post-conception weeks. Seven of the human genes were also present in the mouse VZ network. The human and mouse networks were extended using available genetic and proteomic datasets through GeneMANIA. A gene ontology search of the mouse and human networks indicated that many of the genes are involved in the cell cycle, DNA replication, mitosis and transcriptional regulation. The reported involvement of Cdon, Celsr1, Dbi, Eomes, Neurog2, Notch1, Pcnt, Sox3, Tead2, and Tgif2 in neural development or diseases resulting from the disruption of neurogenesis validates these candidate genes. Taken together, our knowledge-based discovery method has validated the involvement of many genes already known to be involved in neocortical development and extended the potential number of genes by 100's, many of which are involved in functions related to cell proliferation but others of which are potential candidates for involvement in the regulation of neocortical development.
U ovome se radu obrađuju naglasne značajke u govorima i toponimiji Zažablja i Popova. U prvome se dijelu rada iznose bitne fonološke, morfološke, sintaktičke i leksičke značajke obrađenoga područja te ga se uspoređuje s drugim štokavskim govorima. U središnjemu se dijelu rada obrađuju mjesne naglasne osobitosti, primjerice naglašivanje starih i suvremenih posuđenica, razlikovna uloga naglaska te odrazi praslavenskih naglasnih paradigma. U završnome se dijelu iznose i neke naglasne razlike u mjesnim govorima, poglavito s obzirom na narodnosnu pripadnost.
U radu se ponajprije na temelju sklonidbe jednosložnih imenica o-osnova iznose temeljne razlike u uspostavi naglasnih tipova u Klaićevim djelima Rječnik stranih riječi i Naglasni sustav standardnoga hrvatskog jezika te Školskoga rječnika hrvatskoga jezika Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje i Školske knjige. Zajednička je navedenim djelima dosljedna provedba novoštokavskih naglasnih pravila te nastojanje za usustavljivanjem naglašivanja. Razlike se odnose na odabir naglasnih tipova koji su u Klaićevim djelima utemeljeni na starijim jezičnim priručnicima i dijalektološkoj građi, a u Školskome su rječniku zasnovani na odrazima praslavenskih naglasnih paradigma. Iz rada je razvidno da bi Klaićev doprinos usustavljivanju naglašivanja u hrvatskome standardnom jeziku bio znatno veći da je njegov naglasni priručnik bio otisnut kad je nastao. U radu se navode i razlike u naglascima u suvremenim hrvatskim rječnicima koje su djelomično posljedicom nedostatka pravogovornih priručnika te selektivnoga odstupanja od novoštokavskih naglasnih pravila.
miRNA let-7e is involved in stem cell differentiation, and metalloproteinases are among its potential target genes. We hypothesized that the inhibitory action of let-7e on regulation of MMP9 expression could represent a crucial mechanism during differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). ASCs were differentiated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to promote differentiation, and the effect of let-7 silencing during differentiation was tested. Results indicate that ASCs cultured with ATRA differentiated into cells of the epithelial lineage. We found that ASCs cultured with ATRA or transfected with miRNA let-7e expressed epithelial markers such as cytokeratin-18 and early renal organogenesis markers such as Pax2, Wt1, Wnt4 and megalin. Conversely, the specific knockdown of miRNA let-7e in ASCs significantly decreased the expression of these genes, indicating its vital role during the differentiation process. Using luciferase reporter assays, we also showed that MMP9 is a direct target of miRNA let-7e. Thus, our results suggest that miRNA let-7e acts as a matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) inhibitor and differentiation inducer in ASCs.