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Zugehörigkeit im Sozialstaat
(2015)
Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der aktuell kontrovers diskutierten Frage des Zugangs von Ausländern – insbesondere von Unionsbürgern – zu staatlichen Sozialleistungen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt hierbei auf dem Grundsicherungsrecht, namentlich auf der Regelung des § 7 Abs. 1 S. 2 Nr. 2 SGB II, wonach arbeitssuchende Unionsbürger von Leistungen zur Grundsicherung ausgeschlossen werden. Unter Berücksichtigung der unionsrechtlichen Grundlagen wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit sich der Leistungsausschluss für Unionsbürger und Ausländer in die dem Sozialleistungsrecht zugrundeliegende Konzeption der Territorialität (§ 30 Abs. 1 SGB I) einfügt. Es wird sich zeigen, dass Leistungsausschlüsse für diese Personengruppen im Grundsicherungsrecht als Konkretisierung des Territorialitätsgrundsatzes zu begreifen sind. Von der Annahme ausgehend, dass der "gewöhnliche Aufenthalt" im Sinne des § 30 SGB I also Dreh- und Angelpunkt für die sozialrechtliche Zugehörigkeit ist, soll die grundsätzliche Frage des Verhältnisses von Sozial- und Aufenthaltsrecht beleuchtet werden. Konkret formuliert geht es zum einen um die Frage, ob es für den Zugang zum Sozialleistungssystem eines rechtmäßigen Aufenthalts bedarf. Dass dies – anders als von einigen Sozialgerichten unter Berufung auf einschlägige Rechtsprechung des EuGH teilweise angenommen – zu verneinen ist, gilt zu zeigen. Zum anderen soll untersucht werden, ob und inwieweit gesetzlich geregelte Anforderungen an den Integrationsgrad von Ausländern für die sozialrechtliche Zugehörigkeit zulässig sind.
Für Arbeitswege charakteristisch sind eine räumliche und zeitliche Konzentration in Richtung Arbeitsplatzzentren und zu Tagesrandzeiten sowie ein überdurchschnittlich hoher Anteil des motorisierten Individualverkehrs an der Verkehrsmittelnutzung. So tragen Arbeitswege bedeutend zur zyklischen Belastung der Verkehrsinfrastruktur sowie zu städtischen Verkehrs- und Umweltproblemen bei. Da die Verkehrsmittelnutzung vor allem auch auf Arbeitswegen unter stabilen Rahmenbedingungen außerdem in hohem Maße routinisiert abläuft, kommt sogenannten Umbruchsereignissen in Mobilitätsbiographien eine zentrale Bedeutung hinsichtlich einer Reflexion des Mobilitätsverhaltens zu. Aufgrund dessen wird in dieser Arbeit zum einen untersucht, inwiefern überregionale Wohnumzüge (zwischen Bremen, Hamburg und dem Ruhrgebiet) zu einer Veränderung der Verkehrsmittelnutzung auf Arbeitswegen beitragen. Darauf aufbauend wird mittels multivariaten binär-logistischen Regressionsmodellen untersucht, welche Bedeutung veränderte raumstrukturelle Rahmenbedingungen sowie a priori vorhandene Verkehrsmittelpräferenzen für diese Veränderungen haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zum einen, dass es im Anschluss an Wohnumzüge zu einer signifikanten Veränderung der Verkehrsmittelnutzung auf Arbeitswegen in Form von einer Anpassung dessen an die mobilitätsbezogenen Rahmenbedingungen des Zielortes des Wohnumzugs kommt. Anhand der multivariaten Regressionsmodelle kann darüber hinaus ein signifikanter Einfluss raumstruktur- und präferenzbezogener Faktoren auf die Veränderung der Verkehrsmittelnutzung auf Arbeitswegen nachgewiesen werden. Da sich der Einfluss dieser Faktoren je nach Verkehrsmittel zum Teil sehr unterschiedlich gestaltet, werden aus diesen Ergebnissen abschließend verkehrsmittelspezifische Maßnahmen, z.B. zur Gestaltung eines (betrieblichen) Mobilitätsmanagements, abgeleitet.
This paper investigates whether exchanging the Social Security delayed retirement credit, currently paid as an increase in lifetime annuity benefits, for a lump sum would induce later claiming and additional work. We show that people would voluntarily claim about half a year later if the lump sum were paid for claiming any time after the Early Retirement Age, and about two-thirds of a year later if the lump sum were paid only for those claiming after their Full Retirement Age. Overall, people will work one-third to one-half of the additional months, compared to the status quo. Those who would currently claim at the youngest ages are likely to be most responsive to the offer of a lump sum benefit.
We consider the continuous-time portfolio optimization problem of an investor with constant relative risk aversion who maximizes expected utility of terminal wealth. The risky asset follows a jump-diffusion model with a diffusion state variable. We propose an approximation method that replaces the jumps by a diffusion and solve the resulting problem analytically. Furthermore, we provide explicit bounds on the true optimal strategy and the relative wealth equivalent loss that do not rely on quantities known only in the true model. We apply our method to a calibrated affine model. Our findings are threefold: Jumps matter more, i.e. our approximation is less accurate, if (i) the expected jump size or (ii) the jump intensity is large. Fixing the average impact of jumps, we find that (iii) rare, but severe jumps matter more than frequent, but small jumps.
Das Bundesverfassungsgericht sieht sich wegen seiner Entscheidungen, insbesondere zur europäischen Integration sowie zur rechtlichen Gleichstellung der Ehe mit der eingetragenen Lebenspartnerschaft, in jüngster Zeit mit zunehmender Kritik aus den Reihen der politischen Akteure konfrontiert. Die Rechtskolumne stellt diese Kritik in einen historischen Kontext und zeigt, dass inhaltliche Konflikte zwischen dem Gericht und der Politik ein wiederkehrendes Phänomen darstellen. Daran anschließend werden in der Diskussion stehende Maßnahmen zur Begrenzung des gerichtlichen Einflusses analysiert, die sich aber im Ergebnis als wenig erfolgversprechend bzw. aufgrund ihrer negativen strukturellen Auswirkungen als nicht tragfähig erweisen.
Rain- and floodwater harvesting (RFWH) technologies and water reuse are ideal and generalpurpose technologies to improve water security and to contribute to climate adaptation – in particular for semi-arid regions. These technologies are part of a multi-resources mix within an integrated water resources management (IWRM). They create capacities to buffer water fluctuations and alleviate water scarcity. In this way, they reduce the pressure on existing resources, and can stimulate local economies. However, in order to be sustainable, these technologies need to be adapted to the local context – through suitable design, adapted operation requirements, and a back-up by training users and operators accordingly.
Wasserbedarfsprognosen sind für Wasserversorger eine wichtige Entscheidungsgrundlage für zukünftige Maßnahmen in der wirtschaftlichen und technischen Betriebsführung sowie beim Ressourcenmanagement. In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten sanken in Deutschland die spezifischen Wasserbedarfe aufgrund von Technik- und Verhaltensinnovationen. Für Regionen mit Wirtschafts- und Bevölkerungswachstum ist aber das Zusammenspiel dieser für den zukünftigen Bedarf konträren Entwicklungen von besonderem Interesse. Auch die Metropolregion Hamburg ist von diesen Entwicklungen betroffen.
Im Auftrag des Wasserversorgers HAMBURG WASSER aktualisierte das ISOE (Forschungsschwerpunkt Wasserressourcen und Landnutzung) in Kooperation mit dem ifo Institut München seine mittel- und langfristige Wasserbedarfsprognose aus dem Jahr 2007 für das Versorgungsgebiet des Auftraggebers. In einem innovativen Konzept wurden dafür Forschungsmethoden aus Natur-, Wirtschafts-, Planungs- und Sozialwissenschaften kombiniert. Mit dem gewählten transdisziplinären Forschungsmodus war das Projekt darauf angelegt, im laufenden Forschungsprozess gemeinsam mit den wissenschaftlichen und außerwissenschaftlichen Projektpartnern das Prognosekonzept weiterzuentwickeln. Der vorliegende Studientext basiert auf dem Projektbericht an HAMBURG WASSER und fasst Prognosekonzept, Modellentwicklung, Prognoseergebnissen und Schlussfolgerungen zusammen.
Von Februar bis Juni 2015 hat die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) die Notfall-Liquiditätshilfen (emergency liquidity assistance, ELA) für griechische Banken von 50 auf etwa 90 Milliarden Euro ausgeweitet. Dies hat zu einer Diskussion unter Wissenschaftlern, Politikern und Praktikern geführt, ob diese Liquiditätshilfen rechtmäßig sind. Es wurde der Vorwurf erhoben, die EZB trage bewusst zu einer Konkursverschleppung der bereits insolventen griechischen Banken bei.
Wir nehmen diesen Vorwurf zum Anlass, die Grundsätze des ELA-Programms genauer zu betrachten und die Frage zu diskutieren, ob das Programm in der aktuellen Situation rechtmäßig war. Zunächst beschreiben wir hierfür aus finanzwirtschaftlicher Perspektive die komplexe Beziehung zwischen der Europäischen Union, der EZB und den griechischen Banken. Dabei gehen wir insbesondere auf die wirtschaftspolitischen Grundsätze einer Währungsunion mit einer unvollständigen Fiskalunion (oder Haushaltskonsolidierung) ein. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysieren wir dann die Entscheidung der EZB, weiterhin Liquiditätshilfen an griechische Banken bereitzustellen. Wir kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass das Vorgehen der EZB nicht als Konkursverschleppung zu bezeichnen ist.
Das Verhältnis von Zwangsvollstreckungs- und Verfassungsrecht ist nicht nur in Deutschland ein aktuelles Thema in der zivilprozessualen, verfassungsrechtlichen und (verfahrens-) rechtspolitischen Diskussion, wie die vorliegende Themenwahl der o.g. Jahrestagung der International Association of Procedural Law (IAPL) belegt. Ein Ausschnitt aus dieser Gesamtthematik ist Gegenstand dieses Nationalberichts aus der Perspektive des deutschen (Verfahrens-) Rechts, der unter dem Generalhema „Verfassung, Grundrechte und Vollstreckungsrecht“ insbesondere das „Spannungsverhältnis“ der kollidierenden Grundrechte von Vollstreckungsschuldner und -gläubiger behandelt.
Since the 1970s, the overarching view in the literature has been that a Phillips curve relationship did not exist in Ireland prior to the 1979 exchange rate break with Sterling. It was argued that, as a small open economy, prices were determined externally. To test this relationship, we study the determination of inflation between 1926 and 2012, a longer sample period than any previously used. We find that the difference between unemployment and the NAIRU is a significant determinant of inflation both in the full sample and in the subsamples spanning the periods before and after the Sterling parity link.
Some observers have conjectured that oil supply shocks in the United States and in other countries are behind the plunge in the price of oil since June 2014. Others have suggested that a major shock to oil price expectations occurred when in late November 2014 OPEC announced that it would maintain current production levels despite the steady increase in non-OPEC oil production. Both conjectures are perfectly reasonable ex ante, yet we provide quantitative evidence that neither explanation appears supported by the data. We show that more than half of the decline in the price of oil was predictable in real time as of June 2014 and therefore must have reflected the cumulative effects of earlier oil demand and supply shocks. Among the shocks that occurred after June 2014, the most influential shock resembles a negative shock to the demand for oil associated with a weakening economy in December 2014. In contrast, there is no evidence of any large positive oil supply shocks between June and December. We conclude that the difference in the evolution of the price of oil, which declined by 44% over this period, compared with other commodity prices, which on average only declined by about 5%-15%, reflects oil-market specific developments that took place prior to June 2014.
There is a large, but yet growing debate about the need to complement the European monetary union with a stronger fiscal union. This paper reviews the potential trade-offs between effectiveness, moral hazard problems, and permanent redistribution. In particular, we contribute to the question of how member states may be willing to enter into a stronger fiscal union if the evolution of this union may imply large redistribution under incomplete contracting. We discuss clawback mechanisms that have been suggested in the literature, but conclude that clawbacks are undesirable, as they would essentially destroy the insurance value of a fiscal union. Instead, we propose that a clearly defined exit option as a guarantee against involuntary redistribution can make entry into a stronger fiscal union less risky and hence more attractive for member states.
A premise of the capabilities perspective in strategy is that firm-specific capabilities allow some firms to be unusually adept at exploiting growth opportunities. Since few firms have the capacity to internally generate the quantity or variety of strategic resources needed to exploit growth opportunities, the ability to externally acquire complementary resources is critical to the acquisition of competitive advantage. However, the external sourcing of resources exposes the firm’s strategic resources to risks of expropriation. We argue this threat gives capable firms incentive to use internally generated strategic resources to pursue growth opportunities before turning to external sources. A pecking order theory of strategic resource deployment is implied. Data from a 22-year sample of cross-border investment partnership decisions made by U.S.-based venture capital firms lend support to our theory.
The banking system is highly interconnected and these connections can be conveniently represented as an interbank network. This survey presents a systematic overview of the recent advances in the theoretical literature on interbank networks. We assess our current understanding of the structure of interbank networks, of how network characteristics affect contagion in the banking system and of how banks form connections when faced with the possibility of contagion and systemic risk. In particular, we highlight how the theoretical literature on interbank networks offers a coherent way of studying interconnections, contagion processes and systemic risk, while emphasizing at the same time the challenges that must be addressed before general results on the link between the structure of the interbank network and financial stability can be established. The survey concludes with a discussion of the policy relevance of interbank network models with a special focus on macroprudential policies and monetary policy.
In light of the failed negotiations with Greece, Jan Krahnen argues that an effective reform agenda for Greece can only be designed by the elected government. Fundamental reforms will take time to take full effect and euro area member states will, in the meantime, have to offer Greece a basic level of economic security.
Krahnen demands that policy makers and the professional public involved view the Greek crisis as an opportunity to take the next necessary steps to formulate a reform agenda for the European Monetary Union. A community of supranational and non-party researchers and intellectuals could take the initiative and in a structured process develop a trustworthy and realistic concept that drafts the next big step towards a political union of Europe, including elements of a fiscal union.
In the ‘age of transnationalization’, spatial mobility is highly valued as a resource and accordingly ‘sedentariness’ is often symbolically devalued. Migration between Poland and Germany (mainly from Poland to Germany) has a century-long tradition. Not only has it yielded the emergence of a dense transnational social space, but is also considered as a re-enactor of cultural traits and symbolic meanings. Spatial mobility is tied to notions of social mobility and to projects of life-making. Since legal restrictions for Polish migrants seeking to work and settle in Germany have vanished, the quest for ‘normalcy’ has enhanced and pressures towards even more migration have increased. I argue that symbolic meanings of mobility are decisive for hierarchies in transnational social spaces. I have put main emphasize on families’ practices of caring for and caring about each other: the first being more a physical or material activity, while the latter is a more symbolic and emotional one. The interviews reveal that people draw multiple differentiations between migrant populations in terms of their migration reasons as well as between the mobile and the immobile. Those differentiations are embedded in the distinct feature of the transnational social space between Poland and Germany with assumed differences in terms of ‘modernity’. At the end the symbolic meanings of mobility also help explain the puzzle of why the emigration rates from Poland are constantly high, although Poland is a comparatively wealthy country.
Regulatory failures, which came to the fore after the financial crisis of 2007-2009, lead to the question of why some activities by financial institutions were not regulated prior to the crisis of 2007, even though regulators knew about certain dangers to financial stability? The repo-market, although centrally involved in the last crisis, still awaits stringent regulation. At the same time, the regulatory cycle seems to come to an end, boding ill for future crises which will be amplified by this market. In this situation, NGOs are needed to make regulators act upon their knowledge and to tighten their regulations.
The paper discusses an additional reform proposal for enhancing Social Security solvency which reframes the existing debate in a different light. In our research, we focus on incentives to prolong working years and to delay benefits claiming as a way of sustaining Social Security. Specifically, we analyze how the offer of a budget-neutral, actuarially fair lump sum payment - instead of the current delayed retirement credit – would encourage people to delay claiming their OASI benefits and work longer. The results of our research will be useful for policymakers, namely in (1) measuring who would delay claiming benefits if offered a lump sum instead of higher annuity payments, (2) examining how long they would wait, and (3) how much longer, if at all, they would continue working in the interim.
In this paper, we examine how the institutional design affects the outcome of bank bailout decisions. In the German savings bank sector, distress events can be resolved by local politicians or a state-level association. We show that decisions by local politicians with close links to the bank are distorted by personal considerations: While distress events per se are not related to the electoral cycle, the probability of local politicians injecting taxpayers’ money into a bank in distress is 30 percent lower in the year directly preceding an election. Using the electoral cycle as an instrument, we show that banks that are bailed out by local politicians experience less restructuring and perform considerably worse than banks that are supported by the savings bank association. Our findings illustrate that larger distance between banks and decision makers reduces distortions in the decision making process, which has implications for the design of bank regulation and supervision.
In its meeting on 6 September 2012, the Governing Council of the ECB took decisions on a number of technical features regarding the Eurosystem’s outright transactions in secondary sovereign bond markets (OMT). This decision was challenged in the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC) by a number of constitutional complaints and other petitions. In its seminal judgment of 14 January 2014, the German court expressed serious doubts on the compatibility of the ECB’s decision with the European Union law.
It admitted the complaints and petitions even though actual purchases had not been executed and the control of acts of an organ of the EU in principle is not the task of the GFCC. As justification for this procedure the court resorted to its judicature on a reserved “ultra vires” control and the defense of the “constitutional identiy” of Germany. In the end, however, the court referred the case pursuant to Article 267 TFEU to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for preliminary rulings on several questions of EU law. In substance, the German court assessed OMT as an act of economic policy which is not covered by the competences of the ECB. Furthermore, it judged OMT as a – by EU primary law – prohibited monetary financing of sovereign debt. The defense of the ECB (disruption of monetary policy transmission mechanism) was dismissed without closer scrutiny as being “irrelevant”. Finally the court opened, however, a way for a compromise by an interpretation of OMT in conformity with EU law under preconditions, specified in detail.
Procedure and findings of this judgment were harshly criticized by many economists but also by the majority of legal scholars. This criticism is largely convincing in view of the admissibility of the complaints. Even if the “ultra vires” control is in conformity with prior decisions of court it is in this judgment expanded further without compelling reasons. It is also questionable whether the standing of the complaining parties had to be accepted and whether the referral to the ECJ was indicated. The arguments of the court are, however, conclusive in respect of the transgression of competences by the ECB and – to somewhat lesser extent – in respect of the monetary debt financing. The dismissal of the defense as “irrelevant” is absolutey persuasive.