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The amount of proton stopping in central Pb+Pb collisions from 20–160 A GeV as well as hyperon and antihyperon rapidity distributions are calculated within the UrQMD model in comparison to experimental data at 40, 80, and 160 A GeV taken recently from the NA49 collaboration. Furthermore, the amount of baryon stopping at 160A GeV for Pb+Pb collisions is studied as a function of centrality in comparison to the NA49 data. We find that the strange baryon yield is reasonably described for central collisions, however, the rapidity distributions are somewhat more narrow than the data. Moreover, the experimental antihyperon rapidity distributions at 40, 80, and 160 A GeV are underestimated by up to factors of 3—depending on the annihilation cross section employed—which might be addressed to missing multimeson fusion channels in the UrQMD model. Pacs-Nr.: 25.75.2q, 24.10.Jv, 24.10.Lx
The lightest supersymmetric particle, most likely the lightest neutralino, is one of the most prominent particle candidates for cold dark matter (CDM). We show that the primordial spectrum of density fluctuations in neutralino CDM has a sharp cut-off, induced by two different damping mechanisms. During the kinetic decoupling of neutralinos, non-equilibrium processes constitute viscosity effects, which damp or even absorb density perturbations in CDM. After the last scattering of neutralinos, free streaming induces neutralino flows from overdense to underdense regions of space. Both damping mechanisms together define a minimal mass scale for perturbations in neutralino CDM, before the inhomogeneities enter the non- linear epoch of structure formation. We find that the very first gravitationally bound neutralino clouds ought to have masses above 10-6M , which is six orders of magnitude above the mass of possible axion miniclusters.
We study properties of compact stars with the deconfinement phase transition in their interiors. The equation of state of cold baryon-rich matter is constructed by combining a relativistic mean-field model for the hadronic phase and the MIT Bag model for the deconfined phase. In a narrow parameter range two sequences of compact stars (twin stars), which differ by the size of the quark core, have been found. We demonstrate the possibility of a rapid transition between the twin stars with the energy release of about 10 ^52 ergs. This transition should be accompanied by the prompt neutrino burst and the delayed gamma-ray burst.
A novel mechanism of H0 and strangelet production in hadronic interactions within the Gribov-Regge approach is presented. In contrast to traditional distillation approaches, here the production of multiple (strange) quark bags does not require large baryon densities or a QGP. The production cross section increases with center of mass energy. Rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of the H 0 are predicted for pp collisions at E_lab = 160 AGeV (SPS) and \sqrt s = 200 AGeV (RHIC). The predicted total H 0 multiplicities are of order of the Omega-baryon yield and can be accessed by the NA49 and the STAR experiments.
The production of multiple strange baryons in pp interactions is studied. Here one can directly probe the microscopic decay of color flux tubes, allowing to differentiate between different string models and a statistical description of the hadronization. To analyse the different stages of a heavy ion collision the time evolution of the elastic and inelastic collision rates in central Pb+Pb interactions are studied. The microscopic simulation supports the idea of separated phases (non-equilibrium -> chemical freeze-out -> kinetic freeze-out) in the evolution of the system. The spectra and abundances of Lambda(1520), K 0(892) and other resonances are used to study the break-up dynamics of the source between chemical and thermal freeze-out.
The STAR Collaboration reports the first observation of exclusive rho 0 photoproduction, AuAu-->AuAu rho 0, and rho 0 production accompanied by mutual nuclear Coulomb excitation, AuAu-->Au [star] Au [star] rho 0, in ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions. The rho 0 have low transverse momenta, consistent with coherent coupling to both nuclei. The cross sections at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV agree with theoretical predictions treating rho 0 production and Coulomb excitation as independent processes.
Inclusive transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons within 0.2<pT<6.0 GeV/c have been measured over a broad range of centrality for Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV. Hadron yields are suppressed at high pT in central collisions relative to peripheral collisions and to a nucleon-nucleon reference scaled for collision geometry. Peripheral collisions are not suppressed relative to the nucleon-nucleon reference. The suppression varies continuously at intermediate centralities. The results indicate significant nuclear medium effects on high-pT hadron production in heavy-ion collisions at high energy.
We report STAR results on the azimuthal anisotropy parameter v2 for strange particles K0S, Lambda , and Lambda -bar at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The value of v2 as a function of transverse momentum, pt, of the produced particle and collision centrality is presented for both particles up to pt~3.0 GeV/c. A strong pt dependence in v2 is observed up to 2.0 GeV/c. The v2 measurement is compared with hydrodynamic model calculations. The physics implications of the pt integrated v2 magnitude as a function of particle mass are also discussed.
We report the first measurement of strange ( Lambda ) and antistrange ( Lambda -bar) baryon production from sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Rapidity density and transverse mass distributions at midrapidity are presented as a function of centrality. The yield of Lambda and Lambda -bar hyperons is found to be approximately proportional to the number of negative hadrons. The production of Lambda -bar hyperons relative to negative hadrons increases very rapidly with transverse momentum. The magnitude of the increase cannot be described by existing hadronic string fragmentation models alone.
We report the first observation of K*(892)0--> pi K in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The transverse momentum spectrum of (K*0+K*0)/2 from central Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV is presented. The ratios of the K*0 yield derived from these data to the yields of negative hadrons, charged kaons, and phi mesons have been measured in central and minimum bias collisions and compared with model predictions and comparable e+e-, pp, and p-barp results. The data indicate no dramatic reduction of K*0 production in relativistic heavy ion collisions despite expected losses due to rescattering effects.
Elliptic flow holds much promise for studying the early-time thermalization attained in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions. Flow measurements also provide a means of distinguishing between hydrodynamic models and calculations which approach the low density (dilute gas) limit. Among the effects that can complicate the interpretation of elliptic flow measurements are azimuthal correlations that are unrelated to the reaction plane (nonflow correlations). Using data for Au + Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV from the STAR time projection chamber, it is found that four-particle correlation analyses can reliably separate flow and nonflow correlation signals. The latter account for on average about 15% of the observed second-harmonic azimuthal correlation, with the largest relative contribution for the most peripheral and the most central collisions. The results are also corrected for the effect of flow variations within centrality bins. This effect is negligible for all but the most central bin, where the correction to the elliptic flow is about a factor of 2. A simple new method for two-particle flow analysis based on scalar products is described. An analysis based on the distribution of the magnitude of the flow vector is also described.
We present the first measurement of midrapidity vector meson phi production in Au+Au collisions at RHIC (sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV) from the STAR detector. For the 11% highest multiplicity collisions, the slope parameter from an exponential fit to the transverse mass distribution is T=379±50(stat)±45(syst) MeV, the yield dN/dy=5.73±0.37(stat)±0.69(syst) per event, and the ratio N phi /Nh- is found to be 0.021±0.001(stat)±0.004(syst). The measured ratio N phi /Nh- and T for the phi meson at midrapidity do not change for the selected multiplicity bins.
In dieser Arbeit werden grundlegende Untersuchungen zum Verständnis der dynamischen Wechselwirkungsmechanismen atomarer Projektile mit Festkörperoberflächen vorgestellt, die zur Emission von Sekundärionen führen. Der zentrale Ansatzpunkt ist dabei die Vermessung der Dynamik über die geschwindigkeits- und winkeldifferentielle Verteilung der emittierten Sekundärionen. Dazu wurde ein neuartiges Spektrometer entwickelt, in dem jedes in einem homogenen elektrischen Feld abgelenkte Sekundärion durch seine Flugzeit (TOF) und den Auftreffort auf einen 2-dimensionalen (XY) ortsempfindlichen Detektor charakterisiert wird. Das Prinzip basiert auf dem in Gastargetexperimenten erfolgreich eingesetzten Frankfurter Meßsystem COLTRIMS (COLd Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy). Dieses System wurde weiterentwickelt und erstmalig in Frankfurt in einem Festkörperexperiment zur geschwindigkeits- und winkeldifferentiellen Spektrometrie von Sekundärionen angewendet. Ein zusätzliches Merkmal gegenüber herkömmlichen Spektrometern ist die Möglichkeit der einfachen Variation des Einfallswinkels 0p vom Projektil zum Target. Die korrekte Transformation der gemessenen Daten in eine 3-dimensionale Anfangsgeschwindigkeitsverteilung bedingt eine möglichst präzise Eichung des Spektrometers. Dazu wurde die in diesem Zusammenhang neuartige Methode des Strahlprofilmonitors entwickelt und eingesetzt. Durch die Wechselwirkung des Projektils mit einem nicht lokalisierten Gastarget erzeugt es auf seinem Weg durch das Spektrometer eine Spur aus Ionen. Die Gasionen befinden sich im Verhältnis zu den von dem Festkörper emittierten Sekundärionen nahezu in Ruhe. Daher kann über die Analyse der Projektilspur auf die zur Eichung notwendigen, aber im Experiment nicht direkt zugänglichen Parameter, wie Flugzeit (T0) und Auftreffort (x0/y0) für Teilchen mit der Geschwindigkeit v0z = v0x = v0y = 0, geschlossen werden. Die systematische Variation von Projektil- (He0/N0/Ar0, Ep = 0.2 - 2.2 MeV, 0p = 37°-78° relativ zur Oberflächennormalen) und Targeteigenschaften (Au/C/LiF/Al) erlaubt ein gezieltes Studium der dynamischen Wechselwirkung zwischen Projektilen und Festkörperoberflächen. Das untersuchte H+-Sekundärion entstammt einer Festkörperoberfläche bedeckenden quasistabilen Kontaminationsschicht, die im wesentlichen aus den Adsorbaten H2, H2O, CxHy besteht. Die gemessenen H+-Geschwindigkeitsverteilungen besitzen ein Maximum etwa bei v0 ungefähr gleich 25-35 km/s mit Ausläufern (abhängig von 0p) bis hin zu 240 km/s. Bei sinkender Projektilgeschwindigkeit zeigt die Verteilung der emittierten H+-Sekundärionen bei hohen Emissionsgeschwindigkeiten (v0 > 60 km/s) eine stark ausgeprägte Asymmetrie in der von dem einfallenden Projektil und der Oberflächennormalen definierten Ebene. Ionen werden mit einer hohen Geschwindigkeit (bis zu 140 km/s bei 0p = 45°) unter einem Winkel von ca. 90° zum Projektil, unabhängig von 0p, emittiert. Diese Asymmetrie wird durch eine binäre Kollision des Projektils mit dem Wasserstoff verursacht. Die Variation der Projektilgeschwindigkeit ist korreliert mit der deponierten Energie des Projektils im Festkörper. Daher kann in der Dynamik der Sekundärionen deutlich der Beitrag des nuklearen Anteils an der totalen Energiedeposition aufgezeigt und getrennt werden. Bei Emissionsgeschwindigkeiten v0 < 60 km/s zeigt sich eine starke Abhängigkeit von den Targeteigenschaften. Bei konstantem Einfallswinkel beobachten wir eine Verschiebung der Maxima von v0 max ungefähr gleich 26.5 km/s bei Au-, über 27.9 km/s bei Al- bis hin zu 32.5 km/s bei LiF-Targets. Es zeigt sich keine meßbare Abhängigkeit vom Einfallswinkel des Projektils bei Auund C-Targets, dagegen eine deutliche Verschiebung der Maxima hin zu größeren Geschwindigkeiten bei dem Al- (v0 max ungefähr gleich 27.5 km/s - 30 km/s) und dem LiF-Target (v0 max ungefähr gleich 32.5 km/s - 35.5 km/s) mit einer Vergrößerung von 0p. Ionen mit v0 < 30 km/s werden zum Großteil rückwärts in Richtung des einfallenden Projektils emittiert. Au und C sind gute, LiF und das mit einer Al2O3-Schicht überzogene Al dagegen schlechte elektrische Oberflächenleiter. Die Verschiebung der Verteilungen bei einem schlechten elektrischen Leiter ist ein Hinweis auf den zeitabhängigen Zerfall des Projektilspurpotentials im Festkörper. Die Zunahme der Emissionsgeschwindigkeit v0 bei Vergrößerung von 0p ist in der Vergrößerung der effektiven Targetdicke begründet und ein Hinweis auf eine targetdickenabhängige Neutralisationszeit des geladenen Spurkerns durch Elektronen des Substrats. Korrelationen im Sekundärionenemissionsprozeß bezüglich Impuls- und Energieerhaltung zwischen einem emittierten H+-Sekundärion und einem möglichen zweiten Sekundärion wurden nicht beobachtet. Über die Eichung hinaus eröffnen sich zusätzlich noch einige vielversprechende Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des Strahlprofilmonitors. Zum einen ermöglicht er a) in der Gasmassenspektrometrie eine exakte Korrektur der Ionenflugzeit unabhängig vom Ort der Ionisation und zum anderen bildet er b) eine innovative Methode zur Kartographie lokaler elektrischer Felder und c) ferner einen alternativen Zugang zur Vermessung von Projektilstreuwinkeln. Die Verwendung eines ortsempfindlichen Detektors in der „kinematischen“ Materialanalyse verbindet simultan gute Tiefenprofilauflösung mit dem Nachweis eines großen Raumwinkels zugunsten einer besseren Statistik. Die Kenntnis der Emissionscharakteristik bewährt sich zudem in der Massenanalyse in der Unterscheidung von Ionen fast identischer Massen.
The properties of two measures of charge fluctuations D-tilde and DeltaPhiq are discussed within several toy models of nuclear collisions. In particular their dependence on mean particle multiplicity, multiplicity fluctuations, and net electric charge are studied. It is shown that the measure DeltaPhiq is less sensitive to these trivial biasing effects than the originally proposed measure D-tilde. Furthermore the influence of resonance decay kinematics is analyzed and it is shown that it is likely to shadow a possible reduction of fluctuations due to QGP creation.
The transverse mass spectra of Omega, J/psi and psi' in Pb+Pb collisions at 158 AGeV are studied within a hydrodynamical model of the quark gluon plasma expansion and hadronization. The model reproduces the existing data with the common hadronization parameters: temperature T=T_H = 170 MeV and average collective transverse velocity v_T = 0.2.
Results of the production of Xi and Xi-bar hyperons in central Pb+Pb interactions at 158 GeV/c per nucleon are presented. This analysis utilises a global reconstruction procedure, which allows a measurement of 4pi integrated yields to be made for the first time. Inverse slope paramters, which are determined from an exponential fit to the transverse mass spectra, are shown. Central rapidity densities are found to be 1.49 +- 0.08 and 0.33 +- 0.04 per event per unit of rapidity for Xi and Xi-bar respectively. Yields integrated to full phase space are 4.12 +- 0.02 and 0.77 +- 0.04 for Xi and Xi-bar. The ratio of Xi-bar/Xi at mid-rapidity is 0.22 +- 0.03.
Measurements of charged pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are presented. These are compared with data at lower and higher energies as well as with results from p+p interactions. The mean pion multiplicity per wounded nucleon increases approximately linearly with s_NN^1/4 with a change of slope starting in the region 15-40 AGeV. The change from pion suppression with respect to p+p interactions, as observed at low collision energies, to pion enhancement at high energies occurs at about 40 AGeV. A non-monotonic energy dependence of the ratio of K^+ to pi^+ yields is observed, with a maximum close to 40 AGeV and an indication of a nearly constant value at higher energies.The measured dependences may be related to an increase of the entropy production and a decrease of the strangeness to entropy ratio in central Pb+Pb collisions in the low SPS energy range, which is consistent with the hypothesis that a transient state of deconfined matter is created above these energies. Other interpretations of the data are also discussed.
The transverse mass spectra of J/psi and psi' mesons and Omega hyperons produced in central Au+Au collisions at RHIC energies are discussed within a statistical model used successfully for the interpretation of the SPS results. The comparison of the presented model with the future RHIC data should serve as a further crucial test of the hypothesis of statistical production of charmonia at hadronization. Finally, in case of validity, the approach should allow to estimate the mean transverse flow velocity at the quark gluon plasma hadronization.
Experiment NA49 at the Cern SPS uses a large acceptance detector for a systematic study of particle yields and correlations in nucleus-nucleus, nucleon-nucleus and nucleon-nucleon collisions. Preliminary results for Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A*GeV beam energy are shown and compared to measurements at lower and higher energies.