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Eastern boundary upwelling provides the conditions for high marine productivity in the Canary Current System off NW-Africa. Despite its considerable importance to fisheries, knowledge on this marine ecosystem is only limited. Here, parasites were used as indicators to gain insight into the host ecology and food web of two pelagic fish species, the commercially important species Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758, and Nealotus tripes Johnson, 1865. Fish specimens of T. lepturus (n = 104) and N. tripes (n = 91), sampled from the Canary Current System off the Senegalese coast and Cape Verde Islands, were examined, collecting data on their biometrics, diet and parasitisation. In this study, the first parasitological data on N. tripes are presented. T. lepturus mainly preyed on small pelagic Crustacea and the diet of N. tripes was dominated by small mesopelagic Teleostei. Both host species were infested by mostly generalist parasites. The parasite fauna of T. lepturus consisted of at least nine different species belonging to six taxonomic groups, with a less diverse fauna of ectoparasites and cestodes in comparison to studies in other coastal ecosystems (Brazil Current and Kuriosho Current). The zoonotic nematode Anisakis pegreffii occurred in 23% of the samples and could pose a risk regarding food safety. The parasite fauna of N. tripes was composed of at least thirteen species from seven different taxonomic groups. Its most common parasites were digenean ovigerous metacercariae, larval cestodes and a monogenean species (Diclidophoridae). The observed patterns of parasitisation in both host species indicate their trophic relationships and are typical for mesopredators from the subtropical epi- and mesopelagic. The parasite fauna, containing few dominant species with a high abundance, represents the typical species composition of an eastern boundary upwelling ecosystem.
Isolated complex I deficiency is a common biochemical phenotype observed in pediatric mitochondrial disease and often arises as a consequence of pathogenic variants affecting one of the ∼65 genes encoding the complex I structural subunits or assembly factors. Such genetic heterogeneity means that application of next-generation sequencing technologies to undiagnosed cohorts has been a catalyst for genetic diagnosis and gene-disease associations. We describe the clinical and molecular genetic investigations of four unrelated children who presented with neuroradiological findings and/or elevated lactate levels, highly suggestive of an underlying mitochondrial diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing identified bi-allelic variants in NDUFA6, encoding a 15 kDa LYR-motif-containing complex I subunit that forms part of the Q-module. Functional investigations using subjects’ fibroblast cell lines demonstrated complex I assembly defects, which were characterized in detail by mass-spectrometry-based complexome profiling. This confirmed a marked reduction in incorporated NDUFA6 and a concomitant reduction in other Q-module subunits, including NDUFAB1, NDUFA7, and NDUFA12. Lentiviral transduction of subjects’ fibroblasts showed normalization of complex I. These data also support supercomplex formation, whereby the ∼830 kDa complex I intermediate (consisting of the P- and Q-modules) is in complex with assembled complex III and IV holoenzymes despite lacking the N-module. Interestingly, RNA-sequencing data provided evidence that the consensus RefSeq accession number does not correspond to the predominant transcript in clinically relevant tissues, prompting revision of the NDUFA6 RefSeq transcript and highlighting not only the importance of thorough variant interpretation but also the assessment of appropriate transcripts for analysis.
The successful elimination of bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae from a host involves the coordination between different parts of the immune system. Previous studies have explored the effects of the initial pneumococcal load (bacterial dose) on different representations of innate immunity, finding that pathogenic outcomes can vary with the size of the bacterial dose. However, others yield support to the notion of dose-independent factors contributing to bacterial clearance. In this paper, we seek to provide a deeper understanding of the immune responses associated to the pneumococcus. To this end, we formulate a model that realizes an abstraction of the innate-regulatory immune host response. Stability and bifurcation analyses of the model reveal the following trichotomy of pneumococcal outcomes determined by the bifurcation parameters: (i) dose-independent clearance; (ii) dose-independent persistence; and (iii) dose-limited clearance. Bistability, where the bacteria-free equilibrium co-stabilizes with the most substantial steady-state bacterial load is the specific result behind dose-limited clearance. The trichotomy of pneumococcal outcomes here described integrates all previously observed bacterial fates into a unified framework.
A point mutation in the Ncr1 signal peptide impairs the development of innate lymphoid cell subsets
(2018)
NKp46 (CD335) is a surface receptor shared by both human and mouse natural killer (NK) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that transduces activating signals necessary to eliminate virus-infected cells and tumors. Here, we describe a spontaneous point mutation of cysteine to arginine (C14R) in the signal peptide of the NKp46 protein in congenic Ly5.1 mice and the newly generated NCRB6C14R strain. Ly5.1C14R NK cells expressed similar levels of Ncr1 mRNA as C57BL/6, but showed impaired surface NKp46 and reduced ability to control melanoma tumors in vivo. Expression of the mutant NKp46C14R in 293T cells showed that NKp46 protein trafficking to the cell surface was compromised. Although Ly5.1C14R mice had normal number of NK cells, they showed an increased number of early maturation stage NK cells. CD49a+ILC1s were also increased but these cells lacked the expression of TRAIL. ILC3s that expressed NKp46 were not detectable and were not apparent when examined by T-bet expression. Thus, the C14R mutation reveals that NKp46 is important for NK cell and ILC differentiation, maturation and function.
Weg mit den Talaren! Hoch die Doktorhüte! : vom Wandel der Zeremonialität an deutschen Universitäten
(2018)
"Unter den Talaren – Muff von 1000 Jahren": Dieser Slogan steht wie kaum ein anderer für die Aufbruchstimmung der 68er-Generation. Damit zielten die Hamburger Studenten auf das Verschweigen der NS-Vergangenheit ab, anschließend ging es aber auch den Talaren selbst an den Kragen. Seit einigen Jahren wird im zeremoniellen Raum der Universitäten vielfach experimentiert: Die Fächer bilden eine jeweils eigene Feierkultur aus – auf der Suche nach einem Übergang von der Universität in das berufliche Leben.
Die philosophische Erkenntnis in der 'Klage der Ceres' : Schillers Adaption des Proserpina-Mythos
(2018)
While Ceres behaves actively and energetically in the traditional myth, Friedrich von Schiller's poem 'Klage der Ceres' (1797) shows her within the same ancient plot but as a more emotional figure. This detailed analysis explains the poem's structure and the stylistic devices which lead to its philosophical impact. It also addresses the awareness that death is a part of life and discusses how art can help to reinvent traditional ideas.
We discuss the current developments by the European Twisted Mass Collaboration in extracting parton distribution functions from the quasi-PDF approach. We concentrate on the non-perturbative renormalization prescription recently developed by us, using the RI′ scheme. We show results for the renormalization functions of matrix elements needed for the computation of quasi-PDFs, including the conversion to the MS scheme, and for renormalized matrix elements. We discuss the systematic effects present in the Z-factors and the possible ways of addressing them in the future.
We show the first results for parton distribution functions within the proton at the physical pion mass, employing the method of quasi-distributions. In particular, we present the matrix elements for the iso-vector combination of the unpolarized, helicity and transversity quasi-distributions, obtained with Nf = 2 twisted mass cloverimproved fermions and a proton boosted with momentum = 0.83 GeV. The momentum smearing technique has been applied to improve the overlap with the proton boosted state. Moreover, we present the renormalized helicity matrix elements in the RI’ scheme, following the non-perturbative renormalization prescription recently developed by our group.
Species’ functional traits set the blueprint for pair-wise interactions in ecological networks. Yet, it is unknown to what extent the functional diversity of plant and animal communities controls network assembly along environmental gradients in real-world ecosystems. Here we address this question with a unique dataset of mutualistic bird–fruit, bird–flower and insect–flower interaction networks and associated functional traits of 200 plant and 282 animal species sampled along broad climate and land-use gradients on Mt. Kilimanjaro. We show that plant functional diversity is mainly limited by precipitation, while animal functional diversity is primarily limited by temperature. Furthermore, shifts in plant and animal functional diversity along the elevational gradient control the niche breadth and partitioning of the respective other trophic level. These findings reveal that climatic constraints on the functional diversity of either plants or animals determine the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down control in plant–animal interaction networks.
The etiology of many diseases results from the dysregulation of inflammation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the inflammatory response is essential to formulate therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. In fact, substantial research has unveiled important aspects of the inflammatory machinery, both at the cellular and molecular levels. Recently, sphingolipids (Sph) have emerged as signaling molecules that regulate many cell functions, and ample evidence emphasizes their role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. ...
The thesis deals with the analysis and modeling of point processes emerging from different experiments in neuroscience. In particular, the description and detection of different types of variability changes in point processes is of interest.
A non-stationary rate or variance of life times is a well-known problem in the description of point processes like neuronal spike trains and can affect the results of further analyses requiring stationarity. Moreover, non-stationary parameters might also contain important information themselves. The goal of the first part of the thesis is the (further) development of a technique to detect both rate and variance changes that may occur in multiple time scales separately or simultaneously. A two-step procedure building on the multiple filter test (Messer et al., 2014) is used that first tests the null hypothesis of rate homogeneity allowing for an inhomogeneous variance and that estimates change points in the rate if the null hypothesis is rejected. In the second step, the null hypothesis of variance homogeneity is tested and variance change points are estimated. Rate change points are used as input. The main idea is the comparison of estimated variances in adjacent windows of different sizes sliding over the process. To determine the rejection threshold functionals of the Brownian motion are identified as limit processes under the null of variance homogeneity. The non-parametric procedure is not restricted to the case of at most one change point. It is shown in simulation studies that the corresponding test keeps the asymptotic significance level for a wide range of parameters and that the test power is remarkable. The practical applicability of the procedure is underlined by the analysis of neuronal spike trains.
Point processes resulting from experiments on bistable perception are analyzed in the second part of the thesis. Visual illusions allowing for than more possible perception lead to unpredictable changes of perception. In the thesis data from (Schmack et al., 2015) are used. A rotating sphere with switching perceived rotation direction was presented to the participants of the study. The stimulus was presented continuously and intermittently, i.e., with short periods of „blank display“ between the presentation periods. There are remarkable differences in the response patterns between the two types of presentation. During continuous presentation the distribution of dominance times, i.e., the intervals of constant perception, is a right-skewed and unimodal distribution with a mean of about five seconds. In contrast, during intermittent presentation one observes very long, stable dominance times of more than one minute interchanging with very short, unstable dominance times of less than five seconds, i.e., an increase of variability.
The main goal of the second part is to develop a model for the response patterns to bistable perception that builds a bridge between empirical data analysis and mechanistic modeling. Thus, the model should be able to describe both the response patterns to continuous presentation and to intermittent presentation. Moreover, the model should be fittable to typically short experimental data, and the model should allow for neuronal correlates. Current approaches often use detailed assumptions and large parameter sets, which complicate parameter estimation.
First, a Hidden Markov Model is applied. Second, to allow for neuronal correlates, a Hierarchical Brownian Model (HBM) is introduced, where perception is modeled by the competition of two neuronal populations. The activity difference between these two populations is described by a Brownian motion with drift fluctuating between two borders, where each first hitting time causes a perceptual change. To model the response patterns to intermittent presentation a second layer with competing neuronal populations (coding a stable and an unstable state) is assumed. Again, the data are described very well, and the hypothesis that the relative time in the stable state is identical in a group of patients with schizophrenia and a control group is rejected. To sum up, the HBM intends to link empirical data analysis and mechanistic modeling and provides interesting new hypotheses on potential neuronal mechanisms of cognitive phenomena.
Die Tagung rief dazu auf, die Verbindlichkeit von Versprechen als allgemeines Phänomen zu untersuchen, also zu ergründen, inwiefern man unabhängig von ihrer Ausgestaltung in konkreten Rechtsordnungen oder anderen Normensystemen von einer "vor-rechtlichen" Verbindlichkeit sprechen kann. Literarische Texte aller Zeiten bis hin zu den Mythen bezeugen die Bindung an das Wort als Urerfahrung, die von jeder gesellschaftlichen Konvention unabhängig erscheint. Ebenso kennen sie aber Verrat und offenen oder verdeckten Wortbruch, deren Folgen sie thematisieren. Strukturelle Verwandtschaften einerseits und gegenseitige Beeinflussung andererseits der literarischen und der rechtlichen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Versprechen sollten untersucht werden.
The standard implementation of the HRG model has been shown to be unable to describe all the available data on QCD matter. Here we show the balance of repulsive and attractive hadronic interactions on QCD thermodynamics through observables both calculated by lattice simulations and measured in experiment. Attractive interactions are mediated by resonance formation, which are here implemented through extra states predicted by the Quark Model, while repulsive interactions are modelled by means of Excluded Volume (EV) effects. Informations on flavour dependent effective sizes are extracted. It is found that EV effects are present in lattice QCD thermodynamics, and are essential for a comprehensive description of higher order fluctuations of conserved charges.
Background: Intracerebral haemorrhage growth is associated with poor clinical outcome and is a therapeutic target for improving outcome. We aimed to determine the absolute risk and predictors of intracerebral haemorrhage growth, develop and validate prediction models, and evaluate the added value of CT angiography.
Methods: In a systematic review of OVID MEDLINE—with additional hand-searching of relevant studies' bibliographies— from Jan 1, 1970, to Dec 31, 2015, we identified observational cohorts and randomised trials with repeat scanning protocols that included at least ten patients with acute intracerebral haemorrhage. We sought individual patient-level data from corresponding authors for patients aged 18 years or older with data available from brain imaging initially done 0·5–24 h and repeated fewer than 6 days after symptom onset, who had baseline intracerebral haemorrhage volume of less than 150 mL, and did not undergo acute treatment that might reduce intracerebral haemorrhage volume. We estimated the absolute risk and predictors of the primary outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage growth (defined as >6 mL increase in intracerebral haemorrhage volume on repeat imaging) using multivariable logistic regression models in development and validation cohorts in four subgroups of patients, using a hierarchical approach: patients not taking anticoagulant therapy at intracerebral haemorrhage onset (who constituted the largest subgroup), patients taking anticoagulant therapy at intracerebral haemorrhage onset, patients from cohorts that included at least some patients taking anticoagulant therapy at intracerebral haemorrhage onset, and patients for whom both information about anticoagulant therapy at intracerebral haemorrhage onset and spot sign on acute CT angiography were known.
Findings: Of 4191 studies identified, 77 were eligible for inclusion. Overall, 36 (47%) cohorts provided data on 5435 eligible patients. 5076 of these patients were not taking anticoagulant therapy at symptom onset (median age 67 years, IQR 56–76), of whom 1009 (20%) had intracerebral haemorrhage growth. Multivariable models of patients with data on antiplatelet therapy use, data on anticoagulant therapy use, and assessment of CT angiography spot sign at symptom onset showed that time from symptom onset to baseline imaging (odds ratio 0·50, 95% CI 0·36–0·70; p<0·0001), intracerebral haemorrhage volume on baseline imaging (7·18, 4·46–11·60; p<0·0001), antiplatelet use (1·68, 1·06–2·66; p=0·026), and anticoagulant use (3·48, 1·96–6·16; p<0·0001) were independent predictors of intracerebral haemorrhage growth (C-index 0·78, 95% CI 0·75–0·82). Addition of CT angiography spot sign (odds ratio 4·46, 95% CI 2·95–6·75; p<0·0001) to the model increased the C-index by 0·05 (95% CI 0·03–0·07).
Interpretation: In this large patient-level meta-analysis, models using four or five predictors had acceptable to good discrimination. These models could inform the location and frequency of observations on patients in clinical practice, explain treatment effects in prior randomised trials, and guide the design of future trials.
Funding: UK Medical Research Council and British Heart Foundation.
Three-dimensional (3D) nanomagnetism, where spin configurations extend into the vertical direction of a substrate plane allow for more complex, hierarchical systems and the design of novel magnetic effects. As an important step towards this goal, we have recently demonstrated the direct-write fabrication of freestanding ferromagnetic 3D nano-architectures of ferromagnetic CoFe in shapes of nano-tree and nano-cube structures by means of focused electron beam induced deposition. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of the magnetic properties of these structures by local stray-field measurements using a high-resolution micro-Hall magnetometer. Measurements in a wide range of temperatures and different angles of the externally applied magnetic field with respect to the surface plane of the sensor are supported by corresponding micromagnetic simulations, which explain the overall switching behavior of in part rather complex magnetization configurations remarkably well. In particular, the simulations yield coercive and switching fields that are in good quantitative correspondence with the measured coercive and switching fields assuming a bulk metal content of 100 at % consisting of bcc Co 3 Fe. We show that thermally-unstable magnetization states can be repetitively prepared and their lifetime controlled at will, a prerequisite to realizing dynamic and thermally-active magnetic configurations if the building blocks are to be used in lattice structures.
Sömürgeciliğin farklı bakış açılarıyla sorunsallaştırıldığı postkolonyal düşünce, kimi yazarları derin bir etki altına alarak söz konusu yaklaşımlara ilişkin düşüncelerini yazınsal yapıtlarında yansıtma olarak açığa çıkmıştır. Bu yazarlardan biri olan çağdaş Alman Edebiyatının en önemli isimlerinden Uwe Timm, 1978 yılında kaleme aldığı ve 1904-1907 yılları arasında geçen sürede Almanya'nın söz konusu dönemde sömürgesi olan Güney Afrika'da yaşamakta olan yerliler ile Almanlar arasındaki mücadelenin konulaştırıldığı Morenga adlı tarihsel romanında kurguladığı Gottschalk karakterinin "Beyaz Kıta"dan "Kara Kıta"ya gelişiyle birlikte kişisel ve sosyal yaşamına ilişkin yaşadığı değişimleri gözler önüne sermiştir. Polonya asıllı İngiliz yazar Joseph Conrad ise, 1899 yılında yazdığı Karanlığın Yüreği adlı yapıtında, "Kara Kıta"ya bir iş için görevlendirilen Marlow'un kıtanın derinliklerinde beyazların yerlilere uyguladığı işkencelerle birlikte deneyimlediklerini anlatılaştırır. Bu bağlamda, postkolonyal kuram ışığında karşılaştırmalı ve metin içkin yöntemle irdelenecek olan söz konusu çalışmada öncelikle postkolonyalizmin bir kuram olarak ortaya çıkışı ve postkolonyal edebiyatın sınırlarına değinilecek, söz konusu iki yapıtta, Afrika topraklarına görevlendirilen başkahramanların kıtada kaldıkları süre boyunca geçirdiği değişim irdelenecek, bir sonuç değerlendirmesi yapılarak çalışma sonlandırılacaktır.