Refine
Year of publication
- 2012 (2663) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (1050)
- Part of Periodical (406)
- Book (235)
- Part of a Book (184)
- Conference Proceeding (165)
- Doctoral Thesis (164)
- Report (133)
- Review (125)
- Working Paper (87)
- Contribution to a Periodical (40)
Language
- German (1366)
- English (1195)
- Portuguese (44)
- French (18)
- Multiple languages (16)
- Spanish (11)
- Italian (8)
- Croatian (2)
- dut (1)
- Norwegian Bokmål (1)
Keywords
- Literatur (56)
- Deutsch (53)
- Rilke, Rainer Maria (27)
- Lyrik (18)
- Begriffsgeschichte <Fach> (17)
- Freud, Sigmund (17)
- Rezension (17)
- Übersetzung (17)
- Deutschland (16)
- Pasolini, Pier Paolo (16)
Institute
- Medizin (269)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (151)
- Präsidium (148)
- Rechtswissenschaft (143)
- Physik (117)
- Biowissenschaften (93)
- Biochemie und Chemie (88)
- Exzellenzcluster Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen (82)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (75)
- Geschichtswissenschaften (66)
The increase in the volume of litigation verified since the 1990’s, having the Brazilian society as context, made the judiciary open itself to new technologies which facilitate the access to justice, as well as to a faster resolution of the demands. However, the intense insertion of technical rationalization in the process and decision operations by the judiciary, during the last years, led to a legalization supported by presuppositions of technical-instrumental regulation. According to the goal policy established by the CNJ, the annoyance of the instrumental rationality is present “with respect to purposes”, which demands, more and more, a mere fulfillment of previously instituted goals from the law operators. The matter is to know if the implementation of new technologies to solve the growing litigation coming from the complexity of societies is enough to adjust the Law to a post-conventional platform. If the social complexity implies resources coming from new technologies, it’s not certain that such technologies, on their own, satisfactorily answer a judicial model which, seen under the eyes of the post- conventional legitimacy and regulation, is adequate to complex societies. This illustrates that a judicial model, able to deal with the social plurality, must take into account not only the rules of instrumental rationality, but also the fundamental issues of communicative rationality. This current work intends to evaluate if the applicability of the instrumental rationality in the judiciary equally allows the law to extent the useful conditions of the communicative rationality to the consensual formation of will and opinion in the Democratic State of Law.
Civil Society became an important theme in the recent discussion of political or social theory. Civil Society is playing a substantial role for the legislation process. We can find it especially in the activities of international NGO. It gives a new aspect of the relationship between state and society, and legal philosophically speaking, of validity of law. Activities of Civil Society are socially recognized and their support systems are gradually institutionalized also domestic in Japan. But Japanese NPO has its own weak point, which arises from the political structure of our society.
Scientific and technical achievements can cause deep changes in spheres of morals and law. I am going to discuss some philosophical conclusions which follow from two significant ideas of contemporary civilization. First of them is a thesis about indistinguishability of natural from artificial, and the second one is an opportunity of creation of artificial human.
The first thesis is a consequence of the principle of relativity of physical reality to conditions and a way of observation, on which both interpretations of quantum theory and Einstein’s theories of relativity are based. I show that the given principle deprives us of objective criteria to distinguish natural from artificial, freedom from necessity, freedom from violence.
Today power of technique is directed not only on the external world, but also on a person. Due to information technology, and biotechnology an opportunity of creation of artificial and controlled individual increases. So human loses many features of a person and transforms to a part of a collective super individual subject. In modern time a search of the transcendental basis of law and power leads to impersonal human and recognition of super individuality.
Traditional belief about natural rights will disappear. There is necessity of revision of such concept as right of freedom. Liberal belief about freedom as a condition of human existence is changing. Prospects of technical development make justified R. Dworkin's reflections about superiority of right of equality in comparison with right of freedom.
The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 declares Brazil as a Democratic State of Law. This formally democratic legal status has been facing difficulties when it comes to its material implementation. Brazilian legal procedures are still greatly influenced by the catholic heritage from Portugal in the times of colonization, translated in the present times into a strong moral set of dogmas that still reflects upon the legal production and interpretation in the country. Recently in Brazil, a debate brought to the Supremo Tribunal Federal, the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court, has evidenced the struggle between Ethics and Morality in the country’s legal scenario. The focus of the discussion was the possibility of abortion of anencephalic fetuses (in Brazil, abortion in considered a crime against life). In order to properly ground its decision, the Court invited scientists, doctors, members of feminist movements and representatives of certain religions to a public dialogue, in which both scientific-technical and purely moral-religious arguments were presented. Although these procedures encouraged and promoted a democratic and pluralistic legal debate, it seems like the crucial point of the discussion were not taken into account: the scientific character of Law. This is the object of the present manuscript: in order to ensure an intersubjective construction and application of Law, this must be perceived as an Applied Social Science and judges, lawyers, legislators and all other legal actors must proceed in a scientific way. To illustrate the theme, the specific case of abortion of anencephalic fetuses will be mentioned through the text.
The very idea of the European Convention on Human Rights is to bring the laws of contracting states into line with fundamental human rights principles. Where the Convention is not explicit, the Court should never rule restrictively so as to reduce the scope of a general right. In the case of homeschooling, the Convention sets forth the general principle that “the state shall respect the right of parents to ensure such education and teaching in conformity with their own religious and philosophical convictions.” It must not, therefore, allow a contracting state to eliminate a means of achieving this desired by parents—unless the state can show that the means in question is ineffective.
I will discuss issues which can be seen as taken strictly from the science fiction literature. Nonetheless, I would like to demonstrate that those issues not so far from now will have a big influence on the ethical discourse and also the law and social philosophy. The first part aims at clarifying concept of “cyborg” and “cyborgization”. I will consider only meanings coined for scientific or philosophical purposes. I will also indicate two experiments, which bring to life “the first cyborg” – term in which the head-scientist of these experiments used to describe his effects. In the second part I will show ideas of transhumanists in the context of technological achievements mentioned earlier. I will concentrate on the human enhancement idea, underling majority of transhumanist’s branches. I will try to demonstrate that it is realistic concept. In the third part I will shift my attention to some of consequences which flow from “cyborgisation” and human enhancements mentioned in prior parts. I will present two rights seen by transhumanist’s philosophers as able to become human rights in the near future. In these frames I will consider the “morphological freedom” and the “cognitive liberty”. At the end, in the fourth part I will summarize my considerations about the influence of semi-fictitious technologies. I will try to bring on an unambiguous conclusion that aforesaid issues could in the nearest future become very substantial for every area of the theory and policy of law.
In his new book, R. Dworkin advocates the unity of values thesis. He wants to circumscribe morality as a proper epistemological domain which is methodologically different from scientific inquiry. The epistemological independence of morality is supposed to be a consequence of the irreducible fact/value dichotomy. This paper sustains that unity of values thesis is methodologically correct; all moral reasoning must be a constructive interpretation of its meaning. However, that author fails to recognize that not every axiological interpretation implies moral consequences. From H. Putnam’s pragmatic realism, this paper intends to demonstrate that much of scientific inquiry relies on values interpretation, and that this kind of reasoning is morally neutral. Finally, it should be clear that epistemological choices in legal positivism – e.g. the decision on which aspects of social interaction are theoretically relevant – should not disturb the soundness of its argument nor should it be read as if it had moral implications. This paper concludes that positivist theories cannot be ruled out. Since the choice between descriptive and interpretative models requires a circular justification, legal theory is itself an activity governed by epistemic values interpretation. Likewise natural sciences, it can only be understood from an internal perspective. Accordingly, inclusive positivism holds the advantage of being more consilient than interpretivism, which is arguably parochial.
A discussion regarding the complex relationship that exists between the concepts of efficiency and justice goes a long way back and raises several relevant arguments. One of them, and it must be rejected in advance, is that justice is in the realm of public law, while efficiency in that of private law. Is it unacceptable that the balance between public and private law leads to the belief of a divided legal system; one system, one set of laws, one legal system. Legislators and judges are responsible for determining a balance and no theory can postulate that the balance will always be found with a simple cut between public and private law to distinguish when the criterion should be justice or when it should be efficiency. It is reductionist to confine the discussion to single goals of efficiency and justice, when human dignity and human rights should also be considered when one is discussing law. Moreover, a discussion limited to only the concepts of justice and efficiency, relies on a belief that the terms are mutually exclusive. Posner has said that the economic analysis of law has limits and philosophy of law plays an extremely important role in this discourse, which must be interdisciplinary. There can be no goal other than the realization of human rights and there can be no justice if not shared by all of mankind.
The author will deal with the relationship between law and technology from the viewpoint of technology security standard. One of the relationships can be found in that law has been providing a security level of technology. They have been saying that law would often follow technology. Law is too slow to adapt the changing technology through the advancement of technology. Above all, information technology has an electronic rapidity and a legislation technology has a paper one. There might be a big estrangement between law and technology. However, law must provide a security standard of technology. The standard must be based on a relative security level. The relative level would premise on the ordinary, lawful and ethical use of technology. Most technology has been opened to the public without any technology impact assessment. Technology would have some defect, which the producers have overlooked. As a result, the users might often meet with the accidents caused on the defects.
Then law should provide a technology security standard to exclude the defects from the users’ viewpoint as secure as possible. The security standard must be reflected on the architecture standard of technology. The architecture standard may be a yardstick whether the creators can evade the responsibility for the accidents.
The standard would also premise on the ordinary, lawful and ethical use of technology. The ordinary use means that the users should use normally technology within the extent of the architecture standard. The ethical use means that the users should use technology being conscious of the defects in order to avoid accidents.
The relative security level may be the sum of the architecture standard and the ethical use of technology.
In information society, legal norm communications have been never established in certain fields for a long time. That is, a few legal norms have never obeyed in the fields. Above all, legal norms which relate to data protection, information contents and information security, would often infringed. Most violation would be conducted by using information technologies. Information technologies would often be used in these infringing incidents. It can be said that these infringing incidents would have never been conducted without information technology. These infringing incidents include hacking actions, personal data abuse, personal information disclosure, unauthorized access, infringing copyrights, infringing privacy rights, and so on. A way of preventing those infringements is to raise the level of punishment against the violators. But, it will prove to be disappointing. Furthermore, it would be an ex post facto measure to the last. It would be needed to invent an ex ante measure, if it is possible. As the ex ante measure, the author proposes a fusion of law and information technology. An information technology will lead people to a lawful deed when they conduct actions in using computers and networks. They say that information technology cures information technology. After all, the fusion will aim at realizing laws, and it will contribute to recover a social justice.
Vor Kurzem hat das koreanische Höchstgericht den lebensverkürzenden Behandlungsabbruch durch die Entnahme des Beatmungsgeräts als zulässig befunden. Dafür sollen zwei Voraussetzungen erfüllt sein; 1) der Eintritt des irreversiblen Todesprozesses, 2) der ernstliche mutmaßliche Wille des Patienten. Dabei sind auch die folgenden abweichenden Meinungen vertreten. Sie gehen davon aus, dass im betreffenden Fall der nahe Todesvorgang noch nicht eingetreten ist. Darüber hinaus darf die Selbstbestimmung des Patienten nur in der negativen Weise vollzogen und keinesfalls in positiver Weise, denn dies würde den Selbstmord bedeuten. Außerdem ist der mutmaßliche Wille der Patientin von ihrem hypothetischen zu unterscheiden. Allerdings könnte der Behandlungsabbruch unabhängig vom Willen des Patienten ohne Rekurs auf die Selbstbestimmung des Patienten genehmigt werden, wenn auf die immanenten Schranken des ärztlichen Auftrags abgestellt werden. In der Sterbehilfe steht die Unverfügbarkeit des Lebens im Gegensatz zu der Selbstbestimmung des Patienten. Dabei zeigt sich aber, dass der Schutz des Lebens angesichts der Tötung im Krieg oder in der Notwehrlage nur ein relativer ist. Genauso lässt sich das Recht des Patienten nicht als das auf das eigene Leben, sondern lediglich als das auf den natürlichen Tod verstehen. Im vorliegenden Fall kommt es in rechtlicher Hinsicht auf sog. Passive Sterbehilfe an. Wenn hier der in Kürze bevorstehende Todeseintritt und die mutmaßliche Einwilligung der Patienten nicht abzulehnen ist, soll der Behandlungsabbruch rechtfertigt werden. Allerdings darf der einseitige Behandlungsabbruch nicht bewilligt werden und zwar vor allem deshalb, weil das Selbstbestimmungsrecht des Patienten vernachlässigt werden kann.
The use of most if not all technologies is accompanied by negative side effects, While we may profit from today’s technologies, it is most often future generations who bear most risks. Risk analysis therefore becomes a delicate issue, because future risks often cannot be assigned a meaningful occurance probability. This paper argues that technology assessement most often deal with uncertainty and ignorance rather than risk when we include future generations into our ethical, political or juridal thinking. This has serious implications as probabilistic decision approaches are not applicable anymore. I contend that a virtue ethical approach in which dianoetic virtues play a central role may supplement a welfare based ethics in order to overcome the difficulties in dealing with uncertainty and ignorance in technology assessement.
Der religiöse Pluralismus innerhalb der multikulturellen Gesellschaft erfordert vom Staat das Bemühen, die wechselseitige Achtung nicht nur zwischen Personen mit unterschiedlichen religiösen Glaubensüberzeugungen, sondern auch zwischen Glaubenden und Nicht-Glaubenden sicherzustellen. In diesem Kontext wird es für die vom Staat übernommene Funktion entscheidend sein, rechtzeitig zu beurteilen, ob er eine aktive und positive Rolle als eine Institution spielt, welche dafür sorgt, dass die Religionsfreiheit der Einzelnen und der Gruppen geachtet wird. Im Vorliegenden werden einige Gefahren und Bedrohungen für die Religionsfreiheit in der heutigen Gesellschaft analysiert und eine kritische Betrachtung als Antwort auf diese Krisensituation vorgelegt. Konkret werden die folgenden Punkte erörtert: 1. Der Glaube, daß die Religion nicht mit den Werten einer modernen, liberalen Gesellschaft zu vereinbaren ist. 2. Die Konfessionalisierung des Staates. 3. Der Missbrauch der staatlichen Macht, um die Präferenzen der Bürger durch absichtliche Änderungen im sozialen Kontext zu beeinflussen. 4. Die unnötigen Behinderungen und Beschränkung des Rechts auf Verweigerung aus Gewissengründen, die von einem falschen Verständnisses desselben herrühren. 5. Die Verherrlichung eines falsch verstandenen, radikalen Individualismus. 6. Ein Verständnis des Grundsatzes der Nichtdiskriminierung als ,,Gleichgültigkeit gegenüber den Unterschieden“.
Technocracy is usually opposed to democracy. Here, another perspective is taken: technocracy is countered with the rule of law. In trying to understand the contemporary dynamics of the rule of law, two main types of legal systems (in a broad sense) have to be distinguished: firstly, the legal norm, studied by the science of law; secondly, the scientific laws (which includes the legalities of the different sciences and communities). They both contain normative prescriptions. But their differ in their subjects‘ source: while legal norms are the will’s expression of the normative authority, technical prescriptions can be derived from scientific laws, which are grounded over the commonly supposed objectivity of the scientific knowledge about reality. They both impose sanctions too, but in the legal norm they refer to what is established by the norm itself, while in the scientific legality they consist in the reward or the punishment derived from the efficacy or inefficacy to reach the end pursued by the action. The way of legitimation also differs: while legal norms have to have followed the formal procedures and must not have contravened any fundamental right, technical norms‘ validity depend on its theoretical foundations or on its efficacy. Nowadays, scientific knowledge has become and important feature in policy-making. Contradictions can arise between these legal systems. These conflicts are specially grave when the recognition or exercise of fundamental rights is instrumentally used, or when they are violated in order to increase the policies‘ efficacy. A political system is technocratic, when, in case of contradiction, the scientific law finally prevails.
Adaptation of wild-type p53 expressing UKF-NB-3 cancer cells to the murine double minute 2 inhibitor nutlin-3 causes de novo p53 mutations at high frequency (13/20) and multi-drug resistance. Here, we show that the same cells respond very differently when adapted to RITA, a drug that, like nutlin-3, also disrupts the p53/Mdm2 interaction. All of the 11 UKF-NB-3 sub-lines adapted to RITA that we established retained functional wild-type p53 although RITA induced a substantial p53 response. Moreover, all RITA-adapted cell lines remained sensitive to nutlin-3, whereas only five out of 10 nutlin-3-adapted cell lines retained their sensitivity to RITA. In addition, repeated adaptation of the RITA-adapted sub-line UKF-NB-3rRITA10 μM to nutlin-3 resulted in p53 mutations. The RITA-adapted UKF-NB-3 sub-lines displayed no or less pronounced resistance to vincristine, cisplatin, and irradiation than nutlin-3-adapted UKF-NB-3 sub-lines. Furthermore, adaptation to RITA was associated with fewer changes at the expression level of antiapoptotic factors than observed with adaptation to nutlin-3. Transcriptomic analyses indicated the RITA-adapted sub-lines to be more similar at the gene expression level to the parental UKF-NB-3 cells than nutlin-3-adapted UKF-NB-3 sub-lines, which correlates with the observed chemotherapy and irradiation sensitivity phenotypes. In conclusion, RITA-adapted cells retain functional p53, remain sensitive to nutlin-3, and display a less pronounced resistance phenotype than nutlin-3-adapted cells.
Poster presentation: Calcium plays a pivotal role in relaying electrical signals of the cell to subcellular compartments, such as the nucleus. Since this one ion type is used by the cell for many processes a neuron needs to establish finely tuned calcium pathways in order to be able to differentiate multiple tasks, [1-3].
While it is known that neurons can actively change their shape upon neuronal activity, [4-7], we here present novel findings of activity-regulated nuclear morphology, [8,9]. With the help of an experimental and computational modeling approach, we show that hippocampal neurons can change the previously spherical shape of their nuclei to complex and infolded morphologies. This morphology regulation is demonstrated to be regulated by NMDA-receptor gated calcium, while synaptic and extra-synaptic NMDA-receptors elicit opposing effects on nuclear morphology, [8].
The structural alterations of the cell nucleus have significant effects on nuclear calcium dynamics. Compartmentalization of the nucleus, due to membrane infoldings, changes calcium frequencies, amplitudes and spatial distributions, [8,10]. Since these parameters have been shown to control downstream events towards gene transcription, [11,12], the results elucidate the cellular control of nuclear function with the help of morphology modulation. With respect to processes downstream of calcium, we show that histone H3 phosphorylation is closely linked to nuclear morphology. Investigating the nuclear morphologies of hippocampal neurons, two major classes were identified [9,10]. One class contains non-infolded nuclei that have the function of calcium signal integrators, while the other class contains highly infolded nuclei, which function as frequency detectors of nuclear calcium, [10].
Extending this interdisciplinary approach of investigating structure/function relationships in neurons, the effects of cellular morphology – as well as the morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles – on neuronal calcium signals is currently being investigated. This endeavor makes use of highly detailed, three-dimensional models of neuronal calcium dynamics, including the three-dimensional morphology of the cell and its organelles.
Urban health is potentially affected by particle emissions. The potential toxicity of nanoparticles is heavily debated and there is an enormous global increase in research activity in this field. In this respect, it is commonly accepted that nanoparticles may also be generated in processes occurring while driving vehicles. So far, a variety of studies addressed traffic-related particulate matter emissions, but only few studies focused on potential nanoparticles. Therefore, the present study analyzed the literature with regard to nanoparticles and cars. It can be stated that, to date, only a limited amount of research has been conducted in this area and more studies are needed to 1) address kind and sources of nanoparticles within automobiles and to 2) analyse whether there are health effects caused by these nanoparticles.
Bicycle traumata are very common and especially neurologic complications lead to disability and death in all stages of the life. This review assembles the most recent findings concerning research in the field of bicycle traumata combined with the factor of bicycle helmet use. The area of bicycle trauma research is by nature multidisciplinary and relevant not only for physicians but also for experts with educational, engineering, judicial, rehabilitative or public health functions. Due to this plurality of global publications and special subjects, short time reviews help to detect recent research directions and provide also information from neighbour disciplines for researchers. It can be stated that to date, that although a huge amount of research has been conducted in this area more studies are needed to evaluate and improve special conditions and needs in different regions, ages, nationalities and to create successful prevention programs of severe head and face injuries while cycling. Focus was explicit the bicycle helmet use, wherefore sledding, ski and snowboard studies were excluded and only one study concerning electric bicycles remained due to similar motion structures within this review. The considered studies were all published between January 2010 and August 2011 and were identified via the online databases Medline PubMed and ISI Web of Science.
Increasing evidence about the central nervous representation of pain in the brain suggests that the operculo-insular cortex is a crucial part of the pain matrix. The pain-specificity of a brain region may be tested by administering nociceptive stimuli while controlling for unspecific activations by administering non-nociceptive stimuli. We applied this paradigm to nasal chemosensation, delivering trigeminal or olfactory stimuli, to verify the pain-specificity of the operculo-insular cortex. In detail, brain activations due to intranasal stimulation induced by non-nociceptive olfactory stimuli of hydrogen sulfide (5 ppm) or vanillin (0.8 ppm) were used to mask brain activations due to somatosensory, clearly nociceptive trigeminal stimulations with gaseous carbon dioxide (75% v/v). Functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) images were recorded from 12 healthy volunteers in a 3T head scanner during stimulus administration using an event-related design. We found that significantly more activations following nociceptive than non-nociceptive stimuli were localized bilaterally in two restricted clusters in the brain containing the primary and secondary somatosensory areas and the insular cortices consistent with the operculo-insular cortex. However, these activations completely disappeared when eliminating activations associated with the administration of olfactory stimuli, which were small but measurable. While the present experiments verify that the operculo-insular cortex plays a role in the processing of nociceptive input, they also show that it is not a pain-exclusive brain region and allow, in the experimental context, for the interpretation that the operculo-insular cortex splay a major role in the detection of and responding to salient events, whether or not these events are nociceptive or painful.
Lights, Camera, Action : zur Synthese von Film und Drama im interkulturellen Englischunterricht
(2012)
In Folge der Globalisierung und der stetig fortschreitenden digitalen Vernetzung ist die Welt zu einem überschaubaren, gar intimen, Ort geworden, in dem Individuen unterschiedlicher Kulturen, trotz enormer geographischer Distanzen, mittels eines breiten Angebots elektronischer Medien, regelmäßig miteinander in Kontakt treten. Die interkulturell-mediale Kommunikation und Interaktion hat sich als ein wesentliches Charakteristikum des modernen Lebens etabliert. Wir leben in einer „„mediatized„ world, a social and cultural environment which is permeated by the media […]“ (Voigts-Virchow 2005: 5). Der Großteil der Weltbevölkerung ist heute online. Die Menschen korrespondieren via Emails und Skype, verbringen ihre Freizeit in Chatrooms, schließen Freundschaften mit Fremden auf Facebook, twittern ihren Lebensalltag, sehen sich Videos auf YouTube an, frönen der ungesühnten Internetpiraterie mit FileSharing, richten sich auf MySpace häuslich im Internet ein, konstruieren ihren eigenen Webcontent und reisen mit Google Maps virtuell um den Globus. In der multikulturellen und –medialen Welt kann folglich ein jeder zum Kosmopolit werden, ohne je das eigene Haus verlassen zu müssen. Kinder und Jugendliche im Besonderen nutzen die Medien, um mit Altersgenossen aus anderen Ländern zu kommunizieren, neue Interessen zu entdecken, Geschichten auszutauschen und Erfahrungen zu teilen. Sie verfügen in dieser Hinsicht über eine „virtuelle Autonomie“ (Porcher 2006: 190-191), die es ihnen ermöglicht sich in einen interkulturellen Diskurs einzuschalten.
Angesichts dieser medialen und kulturellen Pluralisierung werden die bildungspolitischen und pädagogischen Forderungen nach der Ausbildung von medienspezifischen und interkulturellen Kompetenzen immer dringlicher (vgl. Kessler & Küppers 2008: 3/Frederking et al. 2008: 69). Medien- und Kulturkompetenz gelten nicht nur als Grundlage für eine gesunde Entwicklung und professionellen Erfolg, sondern werden vielmehr als Fundament eines friedlichen und intakten internationalen Zusammenlebens in Form eines toleranten und respektvollen interkulturellen Dialogs erachtet (vgl. Sercu et al. 2005). Wurden in diesem Zusammenhang in der Schule anfänglich noch die affektiven und reflexiven Fähigkeiten der Schüler verstärkt in den Fokus genommen, vornehmlich um eine Abkehr vom Ethnozentrismus durch die Bewusstmachung der eigenen kulturellenDeterminiertheit zu bewirken, hat sich im Rahmen der überschwänglichen Mediennutzung und dem Anstieg direkter und indirekter interkultureller Begegnungen1 das Bildungsethos herausgebildet Schüler2 zum praktischen Umgang mit medialer und kultureller Vielfalt zu befähigen, kurzum ihre Handlungskompetenzen zu entwickeln. Im fachdidaktischen Diskurs der Fremdsprachenbildung wird in diesem Fall generell von der Vorbereitung auf den Ernstfall gesprochen. Die Schüler sollen dazu ausgebildet werden mit Mitgliedern einer fremden Kultur kompetent interagieren zu können. Im Idealfall sollen sie sogar fähig sein als Mediatoren zwischen Individuen mit unterschiedlich kulturell geprägten Sicht- und Verhaltensweisen zu vermitteln (vgl. Fechler 2008).
Ich schließe mich der allgemeinen Auffassung an, dass das Konzept einer interkulturellen Handlungskompetenz eine enorme Bedeutsamkeit mit Blick auf ein multikulturelles, globales Gemeinschaftsleben aufweist, besonders im Kontext einer dominanten Medienpräsenz. Kinder und Jugendliche werden heutzutage regelmäßig mit interkulturellen Handlungssituationen konfrontiert, sei es nun in Form eines Chats, einer Forumsdiskussion oder eines Filmabends. In dieser Hinsicht stellt die Förderung substanzieller Medien- und Kulturkompetenzen das vorrangigste Ziel im Schulunterricht dar. Hier stellt sich nun die Frage ob traditionelle Unterrichtsmodelle den externen soziokulturellen Entwicklungen Rechnung tragen können. Ich persönlich vertrete die These, dass medienspezifische und interkulturelle Kompetenzen nur über den Gebrauch von Unterrichtsinstrumenten, die sich an der Lebenswelt und an den Interessen der Schüler orientieren, d.h. zeitgemäß und ansprechend sind, überzeugend und einprägsam vermittelt werden können. Das Lehrwerk ist zweifellos ein wirksames Unterrichtsmedium, entspricht aber nicht mehr dem Zeitgeist. Es müssen daher neue, innovative und anregende Lehr- und Lernmittel erschlossen werden, welche sich allerdings auch für den regelmäßigen Unterrichtseinsatz eignen und nicht nur gelegentlich als didaktische Bonbons Verwendung finden. Aus dem weiten Reservoir der neuen Medien erscheint mir in dieser Beziehung der Film als das geeignetste Medium. Es ist sowohl unterrichtspraktikabel als auch schülerrelevant. Zudem verfügt es über ein hohes interkulturelles Potenzial. Ähnlich verhält es sich auch mit der Dramapädagogik, deren motivierende und interkulturell förderliche Effekte ich selbst bereits in mehreren selbst geleiteten Unterrichtsstunden und einem Studienseminar an der Goethe UniversitätFrankfurt erfahren habe. Sowohl beim Film als auch bei der Dramapädagogik handelt es sich um zwar fachdidaktisch grundierte, doch um in der Praxis marginalisierte Unterrichtsmittel. Ich bin der Meinung, dass es an der Zeit ist Film und Drama3 im Mainstream des Unterrichts zu etablieren.
Dementsprechend hat die vorliegende Arbeit4 zum Ziel das interkulturelle Potenzial des Mediums Film und der Dramapädagogik auszuloten und einen Ansatz aufzuzeigen wie über die Synthese filmischer und dramatischer Stil- und Unterrichtsmittel die interkulturelle kommunikative Kompetenz bzw. die interkulturelle Handlungs- und Mediationskompetenz in Verbindung mit medienspezifischen Fertigkeiten im Englischunterricht gefördert werden kann.5 Einem derartigen Unterfangen muss meiner Ansicht nach zuallererst eine Auseinandersetzung mit den integralen Bestandteilen der Filmdidaktik und der Dramapädagogik vorausgehen. Bevor ich mich damit jedoch ausführlicher befasse, möchte ich zuerst den kontextuellen Rahmen der Arbeit skizzieren (Kapitel 1). Anschließend werde ich im zweiten und dritten Kapitel eine Bestandsaufnahme von Film und Drama vornehmen und die wesentlichen didaktisch-methodischen Elemente beider Konzepte im Hinblick auf den interkulturellen Schwerpunkt der Arbeit diskutieren. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit soll hier dem Konzept der Critical Incidents zukommen. Beim Film soll außerdem noch ein kurzer Einblick in die technischen Spezifika des Mediums gegeben und deren Verwertbarkeit im interkulturellen Englischunterricht deutlich gemacht werden.
In Kapitel 4 soll anschließend die Synthese von Film und Drama im interkulturellen Englischunterricht en détail thematisiert werden. Hierfür möchte ich zuerst das Konzept der interkulturellen kommunikativen Kompetenz (kurz IKK) vorstellen. In der Folge werde ich nach einer Auflistung wesentlicher Schnittpunkte von Film und Drama meinUnterrichtsschema über die Erstellung konkreter Kompetenzmodelle theoretisch fundieren und an expliziten Filmbeispielen belegen. Hier soll ebenfalls das Feld der Medienkompetenz eröffnet und in Beziehung mit der IKK gesetzt werden. Mit der Formulierung der filmdramatischen Methode wird schließlich der Übergang zum praktischen Teil vorbereitet (Kapitel 5). Hier werde ich das von mir konzipierte Unterrichtsmodell illustrieren und mit Blick auf Umsetzungsproblematiken und curriculare Richtlinien kritisch reflektieren. Im finalen Kapitel werde ich abschließend Bilanz ziehen, die wesentlichen Resultate der Arbeit resümieren und einen Ausblick vornehmen, der die Grenzen und Perspektiven der Arbeit erörtert.