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As work like McCarthy (2002: 128) notes, pre-Optimality Theory (OT) phonology was primarily concerned with representations and theories of subsegmental structure. In contrast, the role of representations and choice of structural models has received little attention in OT. Some central representational issues of the pre-OT era have, in fact, become moot in OT (McCarthy 2002: 128). Further, as work like Baković (2007) notes, even for assimilatory processes where representation played a central role in the pre-OT era, constraint interaction now carries the main explanatory burden. Indeed, relatively few studies in OT (e.g., Rose 2000; Hargus & Beavert 2006; Huffmann 2005, 2007; Morén 2006) have argued for the importance of phonological representations. This paper intends to contribute to this work by reanalyzing a set of processes related to vowel harmony in Shimakonde, a Bantu language spoken in Mozambique and Tanzania. These processes are of particular interest, as Liphola’s (2001) study argues that they are derivationally opaque and so not amenable to an OT analysis. I show that the opacity disappears given the proper choice of representations for vowel features and a metrical harmony domain.
Über das Gänsespiel, (Jeu de l’oie, Giuoco dell’Oca, Juego de la Oca, Game of the Goose,Ganzenspel, Gaasespil), ein Würfellaufspiel mit 63 Feldern, ist bereits viel geforscht und geschrieben worden. Die Forschung durch einen kleinen Mosaikstein zu bereichern und dem Jubilar dadurch eine Freude zu bereiten, ist das Ziel [des] vorliegenden Beitrages. Wie zu zeigen sein wird, hat die Druckgraphik – ein bevorzugtes Forschungsgebiet des Jubilars – bei der Ausbreitung des Spiels von seinen Anfängen an eine große Rolle gespielt. Diese in Italien oder Frankreich zu suchenden Anfänge des Gänsespiels werden in der Forschung allgemein auf die Wende vom 15. zum 16. Jahrhundert gelegt, und es herrscht Übereinstimmung darüber, dass das Spiel zunächst in Adelskreisen beheimatet war und um Geld gespielt wurde, bevor es mit Hilfe gedruckter populärer Spielbogen allmählich in andere Bevölkerungsschichten vorgedrungen ist und letztendlich in der Kinderwelt landete.
Den Menschen als Abbild Gottes aufzufassen, war mehr als nur eine theologische Richtungsentscheidung im spätantiken Europa. Sie betraf auch die Literatur. Grundsätzlicher als bisher von den Literaturgeschichten in den Blick genommen, ist die Bedeutung der christlichen Anthropologie für die europäische Literatur – das ist die These, die hier plausibilisiert werden soll. Doch nicht so, als dass diese europäische Literatur seit der Spätantike einfach christlich in ihren Themen noch in ihren Formen geworden wäre. Das ist sie sicherlich auch vielfach der Fall, man denke nur an die Durchsetzung etwa des Codex anstelle der Buchrolle, der Entfaltung neuer Gattungen wie der Legenden oder christlicher Moralvorstellung in den Büchern von Sebastian Brant bis Dostojewski. Vielmehr so, dass die europäische Literatur eine andere geworden ist, weil sie sich mit der christlichen Auffassung vom Menschen als Abbild Gottes auseinanderzusetzen hatte. Denn diese Lehre stellt die Literatur und andere Künste grundsätzlich in Frage, eben weil sie den Menschen so radikal in Frage stellt.
Im Kompilationsschrifttum der Frühen Neuzeit bildet die Tragica- und Criminalliteratur eine eigene Masse. In zahllosen Historien wird ein Schreckenspanorama ausgebreitet. Vergehen mit bösen Folgen laufen auf große Verbrechen hinaus, Lug und Betrug, Liebesverirrung und Ehebruch auf Todschlag und Mord mit spätestens hier sinnverwirrten, besessenen und getriebenen Tätern. [...] Es kommt aber eine ebenso extreme, harsche Normierung hinzu. Zur Geschichte der Tat gehört unweigerlich die Hinrichtung des Täters. Die Mordnachrichten sind damit eigentlich Exekutionsberichte. Die Texte dienen auch dem Erweis 'guter Policey', die hier Zeichen setzt für die Konsolidierung der politischen und sozialen Systeme im Prozess der Frühen Neuzeit.
Dass gerade das 16. und 17. Jahrhundert in der abendländischen Trinkkultur eine Zeit außerordentlich hohen Alkoholkonsums waren, ist hinlänglich bekannt. Die Berichte über große, oft tagelange Trinkgelage sind Legion und die „Tischzuchten“ des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts wissen vom Zutrinken, vom Bescheid Geben, vom Weiterreichen des Bechers detaillierte Einzelheiten der Trinksitten zu berichten. Das Trinken mit einer Hand galt lange noch als verpönt, aber die Regularien waren oft recht kompliziert – Festgelage waren vom Willkommensgruß über die zahlreichen auszusprechenden Toasts an adeligen Tafeln ebenso wie in Zunftstuben häufig strengen Normen unterworfen, während die ländliche Kirmes ebenfalls den exzessiven Alkoholgenuss, aber weniger strenge Regeln kannte. Auch häusliche Feste und Wirtshausbesuche endeten nicht selten im Vollrausch der Beteiligten. Und der Verlauf derartiger Szenarien nahm bei dem hohen Alkoholkonsum oft bizarre Formen an – das Trinken bis
zur Trunkenheit, ja Bewusstlosigkeit war in allen sozialen Schichten und auch bei beiden Geschlechtern zu finden. Doch die Stimmen zur Mäßigung waren nicht erst seit Erasmus von
Rotterdam und mit den Reformatoren immer lauter geworden. Der Siegeszug der großen Ernüchterer Kaffee, Tee und Schokolade, der die Trinkkultur revolutionieren sollte, hatte aber erst zaghaft begonnen. Dass im 17. Jahrhundert, einer Zeit des noch immer sehr hohen Alkoholkonsums, eine so elegante und hohe Konzentration erfordernde Handgeste wie die hier in Frage stehende verbreitet gewesen sein soll, überrascht denn doch und ist einer näheren Betrachtung wert. Da nur dieser spezielle Aspekt interessiert, werden keine ausführlichen Bildbeschreibungen und Gesamtinterpretationen geboten. Die Erforschung der Gesten und Gebärden und der Körpersprache in der Frühen Neuzeit hat in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten große Fortschritte gemacht. War schon mit Norbert Elias der Übergang vom „unordentlichen Leib“ zum zivilisierten und disziplinierten „geordneten Körper“ in zahlreichen Einzelheiten zu beobachten und mit Mary Douglas der Körper und die Körpersprache als Symbol für soziale Beziehungen zu interpretieren, so ist das Feld der nonverbalen Kommunikation inzwischen reich bestellt.
In un'intervista rilasciata in piena maturità a ricordo degli anni di gioventù, Bloch concentra la sua attenzione sulle rilessioni antimilitaristiche contenute in 'Spirito dell'utopia' (1918 e 1923). soprattutto riformula quella questione che – proposta con veemenza nella Introduzione (dal titolo Intenzione) del suo libro – attraversa come un ilo sotterraneo tutta la sua produzione giovanile: "dove deve essere rintracciata l'origine di quella cecità che ha portato al crimine della guerra? perché il popolo dei poeti e dei pensatori ha imboccato il vicolo cieco del primo conlitto mondiale?".
La vis polemica di Bloch nei confronti dello storico colpo di tuono emerge dai passi iniziali di 'Spirito dell’utopia', uno studio che – come segnala l'"avvertenza" del 1936 – è stato "sviscerato e realizzato di note contro la guerra". È soprattutto a un intenso brano della "Intenzione" che bloch affida la sua denuncia della barbarie della prima conflagrazione bellica, inquadrandola in uno 'Zeitgeist' di generale immiserimento economico e morale.
Glottal marking of vowel-initial German words by glottalization and glottal stop insertion were investigated in dependence on speech rate, word type (content vs. function words), word accent, phrasal position and the following vowel. The analysed material consisted of speeches of Konrad Adenauer, Thomas Mann and Richard von Weizsäcker. The investigation shows that not only the left boundary of accented syllables (including phrasal stress boundary) and lexical words favour glottal stops/glottalization, but also that the segmental level appears to have a strong impact on these insertion processes. Specifically, the results show that low vowels in contrast to non-low ones favour glottal stops/glottalization even before non-accented syllables and functional words.
This paper tests three current theories of the phonology-syntax interface – Truckenbrodt (1995), Pak (2008) and Cheng & Downing (2007, 2009) – on the prosody of relative clauses in Chewa. Relative clauses, especially restrictive relative clauses, provide an ideal data set for comparing these theories, as they each make distinct predictions about the optimal phrasing. We show that the asymmetrical phase-edge based approach developed to account for similar Zulu prosodic phrasing by Cheng & Downing also best accounts for the Chewa data.
In Nłeʔkepmxcin, consonant-heavy inventories, lengthy obstruent clusters and widespread glottalization can make potential F0 cues to prosodic phrase boundaries (e.g. boundary tones or declination reset) difficult to observe phonetically. In this paper, I explore a test that exploits one behaviour of phrasefinal consonant clusters to test for prosodic phrasing in Nłeʔkepmxcin clauses. Final /t/ of the 1pl marker kt is aspirated when phrase-final, but not phraseinternally. Use of this test suggests that Thompson Salish speakers parse verbs, arguments and adjuncts into separate phonological phrases. However, complex verbal predicates and complex noun phrases are parsed as single phonological phrases. Implications are discussed, especially in regards to findings that (absence of) pitch accent is not employed to signal the informational categories of Focus and Givenness, even though Nłeʔkepmxcin is a stress language.
The aim of this paper is to try to explain how the Tooro system, which phonologically lacks tone, has come into being, by examining comparatively the tone system of each language itself and also by closely looking at the differences which exist among the Haya, Ankole and Nyoro systems (Kiga data insufficient) in order to look for phonetic reasons of the tone changes.
"The documentation of... descriptive generalizations is sometimes clearer and more accessible when expressed in terms of a detailed formal reconstruction, but only in the rare and happy case that the formalism fits the data so well that the resulting account is clearer and easier to understand than the list of categories of facts that it encodes.... [If not], subsequent scholars must often struggle to decode a description in an out-of-date formal framework so as to work back to... the facts.... which they can re-formalize in a new way. Having experienced this struggle often ourselves, we have decided to accommodate our successors by providing them directly with a plainer account." (Akinlabi & Liberman 2000:24)
This questionnaire is intended as an aid to eliciting different relative clause types – restrictive, non-restrictive, free, cleft. We have taken care to include examples where the head plays a variety of grammatical functions in the relative clause (subject, object, indirect object, possessor, adjunct). We have also taken care to include examples where the relative clause is in different positions in the sentence: initial, medial and extraposed. The questionnaire is intended as a guide, only, as every language will have its own set of possibilities and complications. At the end of the questionnaire is a checklist, as well as some illustrative examples in English and Swahili of the basic relative clause types. While we had Bantu languages in mind in devising the questionnaire, we hope it could also be useful to linguists with an interest in other languages.
In this paper I investigate the usage of the adverb and particle 'so' in spontaneous speech (interviews) collected from 21 speakers of the urban multi-ethnolectal youth language Kiezdeutsch. Speakers from the neighborhoods Kreuzberg and Wedding in Berlin are ranging in age from 14 to 18. The 1454 tokens of so available in the corpus (about 5 hours of speech) were classified into 10 different categories; some were structurally defined while others were defined along dimensions of meaning. Our current results indicate that there are differential usages patterns depending on the speaker's gender and age for some of these categories. Further, it appears that some patterns that have been attributed grammatical meaning may not appear frequently enough to establish a separate meaningful grammatical category. Rather, most instances of this kind of use of so appear to have a hedging function, indicating speakers' non-commitance to a specific circumstance.
This paper deals with the possessive constructions — either connective or relative — in Mbochi (C25), a Bantu language spoken in Congo-Brazzaville. In Mbochi, as in most languages of the same group (C20), the underlying /CV-/ form of nominal prefixes never surfaces as such but is targeted by two main processes: consonantal dissimilation and vowel elision. Both processes are in complementary distribution and the alternations triggered by them may explain the surface forms of both connective and relative constructions. In order to provide the necessary background for the study of Mbochi relative clauses, the three subject markers of Mbochi are introduced and the main verbal suffixes are also discussed. Thereafter, a detailed presentation and analysis of the relative constructions is given. Finally, we discuss the prosody of these constructions, showing that relative clauses in Mbochi have no particular tonal markers and we propose a model involving superimposed boundary tones to account for their intonation.
Cet article propose une réflexion sur la manière dont la langue bàsàa (Bantu A 43 parlée au Cameroun) exprime la relativisation. En l’absence d’une classe grammaticale de pronoms relatifs la langue utilise la classe des démonstratifs. La stratégie démonstrative mise en place peut selon les cas, associer la classe des locatifs pour déterminer les degrés de définitude. La langue distingue également les relatives restrictives des relatives non-restrictives qui sont soit descriptives, soit emphatiques. Du point de vue prosodique, la fin de la relative en bàsàa coïncide avec une finale de Groupe Intonatif.
We focus in this paper on two prosodic phenomena in Chimwiini: vowel length and accent (or High tone). Vowel length is determined in part by a lexical distinction between long and short vowels, and also by various morphophonemic processes that derive long vowels. Accent is penult in the default case, but final under certain morphosyntactic conditions. In order to account for the distribution of vowel length and the location of accents in a Chimwiini sentence, it is necessary to segment sentences into a sequence of phonological phrases. This paper examines the phonological phrasing of both canonical relative clauses and what we refer to as "pseudo-relative" clauses. An account of relative clause phrasing is of critical importance in Chimwiini due to the extensive use of pseudo-relatives in the language. Close examination of the pseudo-relatives reveals that their phrasing is not exactly the same as the phrasing of canonical relative clauses.
Símákonde is an Eastern Bantu language (P23) spoken by immigrant Mozambican communities in Zanzibar and on the Tanzanian mainland. Like other Makonde dialects and other Eastern and Southern Bantu languages (Hyman 2009), it has lost the historical Proto-Bantu vowel length contrast and now has a regular phrase-final stress rule, which causes a predictable bimoraic lengthening of the penultimate syllable of every Prosodic Phrase. The study of the prosody / syntax interface in Símákonde Relative Clauses requires to take into account the following elements: the relationship between the head and the relative verb, the conjoint / disjoint verbal distinction and the various phrasing patterns of Noun Phrases. Within Símákonde noun phrases, depending on the nature of the modifier, three different phrasing situations are observed: a modifier or modifiers may (i) be required to phrase with the head noun, (ii) be required to phrase separately, or (iii) optionally phrase with the head noun.
This paper examines locative relatives in Durban Zulu. We show that locative relatives differ from nominal relatives crucially in prosodic phrasing as well as in resumptive pronoun marking. We propose that the best way to account for locative relatives in Zulu is to resort to the old style adjunction analysis of relative clauses, with an empty operator. The system we propose assumes that such an adjunction analysis co-exists with a head-raising analysis, which accounts for the nominal relative clauses.
Símákonde is an Eastern Bantu language (P23) spoken by immigrant Mozambican communities in Zanzibar and on the Tanzanian mainland. Like other Makonde dialects and other Eastern and Southern Bantu languages (Hyman 2009), it has lost the historical Proto-Bantu vowel length contrast and now has a regular phrase-final stress rule, which causes a predictable bimoraic lengthening of the penultimate syllable of every Prosodic Phrase. The study of the prosody / syntax interface in Símákonde Relative Clauses requires to take into account the following elements: the relationship between the head and the relative verb, the conjoint / disjoint verbal distinction and the various phrasing patterns of Noun Phrases. Within Símákonde noun phrases, depending on the nature of the modifier, three different phrasing situations are observed: a modifier or modifiers may (i) be required to phrase with the head noun, (ii) be required to phrase separately, or (iii) optionally phrase with the head noun.
The morpho-syntax of relative clauses in Sotho-Tswana is relatively well-described in the literature. Prosodic characteristics, such as tone, have received far less attention in the existing descriptions. After reviewing the basic morpho-syntactic and semantic features of relative clauses in Tswana, the current paper sets out to present and discuss prosodic aspects. These comprise tone specifications of relative clause markers such as the demonstrative pronoun that acts as the relative pronoun, relative agreement concords and the relative suffix. Further prosodic aspects dealt with in the current article are tone alternations at the juncture of relative pronoun and head noun, and finally the tone patterns of the finite verbs in the relative clause. The article aims at providing the descriptive basis from which to arrive at generalizations concerning the prosodic phrasing of relative clauses in Tswana.
Relative clauses in Haya
(2010)
This paper gives an overview of the morphology and syntax of Haya relative clause constructions. It extends previous work on this topic (Duranti, 1977) by incorporating data from a number of different dialects and by introducing new data on locative relative clauses. The dialects discussed in addition to the Kihanja data from Byarushengo et al. (1977) include Kiziba, Muleba and Bugabo dialects. Nyambo data taken from Rugemalira (2005) is also compared to Haya in places. The focus of the discussion is on the grammaticality of pronominal elements attached to the verb that refer back to the relativized entity with different types of relativized constituents in Haya. It is shown that there are differences between subjects, objects and locatives in terms of this kind of morphology inside the relative clause, as well as differences between these kinds of morphemes and resumptive pronouns.
Introduction
(2010)
The papers in this volume were originally presented at the Bantu Relative Clause workshop held in Paris on 8-9 January 2010, which was organized by the French-German cooperative project on the Phonology/Syntax Interface in Bantu Languages (BANTU PSYN). This project, which is funded by the ANR and the DFG, comprises three research teams, based in Berlin, Paris and Lyon. [...] This range of expertise is essential to realizing the goals of our project. Because Bantu languages have a rich phrasal phonology, they have played a central role in the development of theories of the phonology-syntax interface ever since the seminal work from the 1970s on Chimwiini (Kisseberth & Abasheikh 1974) and Haya (Byarushengo et al. 1976). Indeed, half the papers in Inkelas & Zec’s (1990) collection of papers on the phonology-syntax interface deal with Bantu languages. They have naturally played an important role in current debates comparing indirect and direct reference theories of the phonology-syntax interface. Indirect reference theories (e.g., Nespor & Vogel 1986; Selkirk 1986, 1995, 2000, 2009; Kanerva 1990; Truckenbrodt 1995, 1999, 2005, 2007) propose that phonology is not directly conditioned by syntactic information. Rather, the interface is mediated by phrasal prosodic constituents like Phonological Phrase and Intonation Phrase, which need not match any syntactic constituent. In contrast, direct reference theories (e.g., Kaisse 1985; Odden 1995, 1996; Pak 2008; Seidl 2001) argue that phrasal prosodic constituents are superfluous, as phonology can – indeed, must – refer directly to syntactic structure.
This study examines articulatory and acoustic inter-speaker variability in the production of the German vowels /i/, /u/ and /a/. Our subjects are 3 monozygotic twin pairs (2 female and 1 male pair) and 2 dizygotic female twin pairs. All of them were born, raised and are still living in Berlin and see their twin brother or sister regularly. We assume that monozygotic twins that are genetically identical and share the same physiology should be more similar in their articulation than dizygotic twins but that the shared time and social environment of twins, regardless of their genetic similarity, also plays a crucial role in the acoustic similarity of twins. Articulatory measurements were made with EMA (Electromagnetic Articulography) and the target positions of the produced vowels were analyzed. Additionally, the formants F1-F4 of each vowel were measured and compared within the twin pairs. Our data seems to point out the importance of a shared environment and the strong influence of learning over the anatomical identity of the monozygotic twins regarding the production of vowels. But, additional results suggest (1) the impact of physiology on the production of a vowel following a velar consonant and (2) the interaction of physiology and stress in inter-speaker variability.
The present study, based on a typological survey of ca. 70 languages, offers a systematization of consonantal insertions by classifying them into three main types: grammatical, phonetic, and prosodic insertions. The three epenthesis types essentially differ from each other in terms of preferred sounds, domains of application, the role of segmental context, their occurrence cross-linguistically, the extent of variation and phonetic explication.
The present investigation is significantly different from other analyses of consonantal epentheses in the sense that it neither invokes markedness nor diachronic state of the processes under discussion. Instead, it considers the different nature of the epenthetic segments by referring to the representational levels and/or domains which are relevant for their appearance.
This paper employs empirical methods to examine verbs such as seem, for which the traditional raising to subject analysis relates pairs of sentences which differ by taking an infinitival or sentential complement. A corpus-driven investigation of the verbs seem and appear demonstrates that information structure and evidentiality both play a determinate role in the choice between infinitival or sentential complementation. The second half of the paper builds upon the corpus results and examines the implications for the standard claims concerning these constructions. First, pairs of sentences related by the subject-to-subject raising analysis of verbs are often viewed as equivalent. New evidence from indefinite generic subjects shows that whether an indefinite generic subject occurs in the infinitival or sentential complement construction leads to truth-conditional differences. Further implications are explored for the claim that subjects of the infinitival variant may take narrow-scope: once various confounds are controlled for, the subject of the infinitival construction is shown to most naturally take wide-scope.
This study examines intraoral pressure for English and German stops in bilabial and alveolar place of articulation. Our subjects are two speakers of American English and three speakers of German. VOICING is the main phonological contrast under evaluation in both word initial and word final position. For initial stops, a few of the pressure characteristics showed differences between English and German, but on the whole the results point to similar production strategies at both places of articulation in the two different languages. Analysis of the pressure trajectory differences between VOICING categories in initial position raises questions about articulatory differences. In the initial closing gesture, time from start of gesture to closure is roughly equivalent for both categories, but the pressure change is significantly smaller on average for VOICED stops. Final stops, however, present a more complicated picture. German final stops are neutralized to a presumed VOICELESS phonological state. English final /p/ is broadly similar to German /p/, but English /t/ often shows no pressure increase at all which is at odds with the conventional account of phonation termination via pressure increase and loss of pressure differential. The results raise the question of whether the German final stops should be considered VOICELESS or some intermediate form, at least as compared to English final stops.
Wie kann eLearning in einer Bildungseinrichtung wie einer Hochschule, Schule oder einem Unternehmen erfolgreich verbreitet werden? Welche mediendidaktischen eLearning-Ansätze passen zu der jeweiligen Einrichtung, ihrer Lernkultur, ihren Dozierenden, Lerngruppen und neuen Zielgruppen, und wie kann hierzu ein strategischer Ansatz entwickelt werden? Dieser Beitrag gibt Impulse aus der Perspetive der Organisationsentwicklung, wie eLearning durch geeignete Qualifizierungs-, Support- und Anreizstrukturen und den Aufbau einer vor allem auch horizontal vernetzten Community in Bildungseinrichtungen verbreitet und verankert werden kann. Dabei werden verschiedene eLearning-Formen ebenso berücksichtigt wie Lehrstile und -präferenzen und gerade dem Kompetenzerwerb von Lehrenden kommt eine sehr wichtige Rolle zu.
studiumdigitale, die zentrale eLearning-Einrichtung der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, hat im Rahmen ihrer Beratungs- und Supporttätigkeit in den letzten Jahren zunehmend standardisierte Instrumente und Prozesse zur Einführung von eLearning entwickelt. Diese Instrumente werden inzwischen nicht nur im Hochschulkontext, sondern auch bei Unternehmen und Bildungseinrichtungen eingesetzt. Im Kontext von Kooperationsprojekten und Beratungen wendet studiumdigitale das in der Hochschule schon etablierte Vorgehensmodell AKUE auch außerhalb der Universität ein und entwickelt gemeinsam mit Partnern eLearning-Angebote oder begleitet Firmen und Bildungseinrichtungen bei der Einführung von eLearning durch Organisationsentwicklungsprojekte.
In vielen Metaphern ist das Leben als Zielbereich enthalten. In einer idiombezogenen kognitivlinguistischen Untersuchung wurden diejenigen Ausgangsbereiche gesucht, auf die bei der Konzeptualisierung des Lebens zurückgegriffen wird, wenn deutsche metaphorische Idiome verwendet werden. Die metaphorischen Lebens-Idiome wurden dabei aus zwei verschiedenen Datenquellen, aus Wörterbüchern und aus dem Mannheimer IDS-Korpus gesammelt, mit Rücksicht auf die Problematik der introspektiven bzw. korpuslinguistischen Methoden (Kispál 2010). Als Ergebnis dieser Untersuchung ist eine Liste von 152 metaphorischen Lebens-Idiomen sowie eine Liste von 20 konzeptuellen Metaphern aufgestellt worden. Die metaphorischen Lebens-Idiome sind durch eine mehrfache Motiviertheit geprägt. Die Motiviertheit mehrerer Idiome kann dabei u. a. durch konzeptuelle Metaphern aufgezeigt werden, die die Konzeptualisierung des Lebens als Zyklus darstellen.
The aim of this introductory article [to the volume of the same title], firstly, is to recapitulate the basic principles of Bakhtin’s initial theory as formulated in “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel: Notes toward a Historical Poetics” (henceforth FTC) and “The Bildungsroman and its Significance in the History of Realism (Toward a Historic Typology of the Novel)” (henceforth BSHR). Subsequently, we present some relevant elaborations of Bakhtin’s initial concept and a number of applications of chronotopic analysis, closing our state of the art by outlining two perspectives for further investigation. Some of the issues which we touch upon receive more detailed treatment in other contributions to this volume. Others may offer perspectives for future Bakhtin scholarship.
The present essay outlines a project, which aims to catalogue and tap the potential of medieval German manuscripts in the collections of both church and secular libraries and archives in Romania. The project complements current efforts to catalogue and explore medieval German manuscripts in Eastern European countries. At the same time, the project prepares the ground for a regionally oriented literary history of Transylvania. Here, too, the aim is to build on current trends in medieval German studies in particular. Instead of a concept of literary history based almost exclusively on individual authors and their work, these trends advocate a literary historiography that turns to regional factors and manuscript transmission in describing literary activity in a particular area.
In letzter Zeit wird in Bezug auf alte Bücher und Büchersammlungen immer häufiger der Blick auf die Rezeptionsgeschichte geworfen, sei es für Biografien, wenn ermittelt werden soll, welche Bücher die porträtierte Person besessen und genutzt hat, oder sei es für kulturgeschichtliche Arbeiten, wenn gefragt wird, wer zu welcher Zeit welche Lektüre betrieb. Auch die Fragen, welche Informationen über Bücher wann und wohin verbreitet wurden und welche Auswirkungen dies in Politik, Wirtschaft und Kunst hatte, scheinen zunehmend interessanter. Große Datensammlungen zu Rezeption und Provenienzgeschichte sind indes noch selten. Deshalb ist es angebracht, den Blick in Bibliotheken mit großen Altbestandsteilen zu werfen. Beispielhaft soll im Folgenden die "Sammlung Frankfurter Drucke" der Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg in Frankfurt am Main (UB Ffm) betrachtet werden. Es soll geklärt werden, wie häufig Lese- oder andere Benutzungsspuren in Frankfurter Drucken des 16. Jahrhunderts zu finden sind. Außerdem soll versucht werden, einige der frühen Besitzer dieser Drucke zu identifizieren.
"Nur die oberflächlichen Eigenschaften dauern", so Oskar Wilde in seinen 'Sätzen und Lehren zum Gebrauch der Jugend': "Des Menschen tieferes Wesen ist bald entlarvt". Ausgehend von der These, dass der Poetik Jelineks ein "Lob der Oberfläche" eingeschrieben ist, möchte ich im folgenden die Rolle der Mode beleuchten, und zwar nicht nur als Oberflächenphänomen, sondern auch als Übergangsphänomen, das an der Schwelle zwischen Oberfläche und Tiefe in Erscheinung tritt.
Unsere Ausgangsthese ist, dass sich die unterschiedlichen methodischen Zuspitzungen und Richtungswechsel, die die Philologie seit ihrer disziplinären Ausdifferenzierung im 19. Jahrhundert erlebt hat, als Parametrisierung des Verhältnisses von Konjektur und Krux beschreiben lassen. Anders gewendet: Konjektur und Krux markieren die Grenzen eines epistemischen Bezirks, der von unterschiedlichen philologischen Methodenpolitiken konfiguriert wird. Die sich daraus ergebende "disziplinäre Matrix" an Verfahrensweisen, die den Anspruch erheben, 'Methode' zu sein, hat insofern politischen Charakter als die Entscheidung für bzw. gegen eine bestimmte Verfahrensweise implizit oder explizit ein Interesse verfolgt, das in aller Regel über das Anliegen einer bloßen Textrekonstruktion entschieden hinausreicht: Es geht darum, die Bedingungen festzulegen, unter denen eine philologische Aussage als 'wissenschaftlich qualifiziert' gelten darf.
Wir möchten im folgenden den Versuch unternehmen, das zu skizzieren, was wir die 'philologische Frage' nennen. Darunter verstehen wir die Frage nach dem epistemischen Status philologischer Theorie und der daraus resultierenden Praxis: Auf welche philologischen Traditionen und theoretischen Prämissen nehmen die hier versammelten Texte Bezug, in welchem Kontext stehen sie? Auf welche Ziele wird die philologische Tätigkeit hin ausgerichtet – wie wird das 'Erkenntnisinteresse' der Philologie definiert? Welches Autorschaftskonzept und welches Textverständnis werden zugrunde gelegt? Der Ausgangspunkt all dieser Fragen ist die etymologische Bedeutung des Begriffs „philologia“, gefasst als 'Liebe zum Wort'. Der Philologe ist demgemäß ein Wort-Liebhaber. Doch was heißt hier 'Liebe'? Und was ist überhaupt ein Wort?
Politeness has become a key qualification in intercultural competence and didactics. The paper presents parts of an empirical research of the development and shaping of verbal politeness in critical incidents investigating the way German and Turkish students of the German language deal with criticism and complimenting. The findings show that Turkish students of German as a foreign language avoid direct criticism and prefer manners considered to be polite in German. Complimenting is an expression of their own positive feelings and acts as “messages about oneself”, whereas the German students prefer “meritorious praise” referring to merits. The discriminating effects of migration within the Turkish students are smaller than expected perhaps because of the increase of transcultural knowledge. This should give new ideas for the didactics of politeness.
In terms of their functions and issues, the use of selection posters is possible in language teaching. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the didactic potential of selection posters in German language teaching. Because of this reason, with this study, it is tried to show that the selection posters can be dealt with as materials in the courses in German Language teaching, which can be used parallel to the needs and interests. Accordingly, the alternative ways or approaches are tried to be made concrete throughout the courses. Consequently, the selection posters constitutes a wide range in German language teaching in terms of local culture, vocabulary knowledge, the processes of linguistic studies, visualization, authenticity, actuality, and spoken and written studies.
Speakers of Russian from the former Soviet Union and speakers of Turkish form the two biggest groups of immigrants in Germany. There is a number of surveys, that focus on early second language acquisition of kindergarten and primary school children in these ethnic groups. In this article, I will discuss differences and similarities of the second language acquisition process, that Russian and Turkish speaking children go through. I will compare not only the interlingual development (pronunciation, lexicon, syntax and morphology) but also the sociocultural context. For this purpose the data of my case studies will be contrasted with the other research results.
After giving an overview of the implementation of Business German in the curricula of German Departments outside of Germany and showing which place Business German has taken within these departments today, this article focuses on the teaching goals and contents as well as on the competences that ought to be achieved by the students in the German Department at Istanbul University in order to explain which chances and opportunities this study field opens up to students of German language and literature.
The article addresses the growing importance of corpus-based research in the field of German foreign language acquisition. German corpora in general and learner corpora in particular are briefly introduced. A short overview of existing German learner corpora is followed by a detailed description of the error-annotated learner corpus Falko, a learner corpus of advanced learner German, which is accessible via internet (without any prior registration) and free of charge. Finally, a short example analysis demonstrates some of the functionalities of Falko. The aim of the article is to encourage researchers to employ corpora as helpful tools in their own work.
Islamophobia has arisen following to the event on 11 of September 2001 in Christian world. Remembering first reaction, all “Muslim” world was accused and new “Crusades” were on agenda. Concept and concept pairs of “Muslim Radicalism” “Muslim Terror” “Radical/Extreme Islam” “Radicalism” “Islamic” in pressor media after September 11 attacks and first shock. The aim was to differentiate “Islam” and terrorist who lost their identity via İslam. Representatives of the muslim world declared that these terrorist never represented Islam in any manner. The declaration was mutual and right. Despite mutual constructive efforts, due to discussion appeared after attacks, disintergration and polarization occured among believers of two monotheistic religions. In my opinion, regardless of place of birth, poets and writers who are philosopher, have specific issues national and local or world issues which they share, communicate and have information exchange on. Two main means of communication are philosophy and literature. The aim of the current paper is to discuss philosophic information included in “Avicenna and the Aristotelic Left” (Suhrkamp Verl.) by Ernst Bloch who lived in Tübingen released in 1963 and philosophic foundations of literature theory by Bertolt Brecht. My aim is to hope to declare that (Far) East and West have more in common compared to differences within limits of time and place given.
Mediengestützter Deutschunterricht im türkischen universitären Bereich : eine Bestandsaufnahme
(2010)
A trend in nature of a permanent increase towards multimedia lifestyle has arisen in all stratas of the society. Thus, rather than using written course-books, publishing houses prefer to encourage use of multimedia which are dependent to course-book or which are independent of course-book and language learners prefer to learn with multimedia. Thus it is encouraged that courses are supported in that manner. This study aims to examine scope and limits of computer aided German teaching which is flourishing as a foreign language within Turkey university education recently. This study has been applied in preparatory classes of departments which provide four-year education. Results of a survey on use of multimedia dependent on course-book or independent of course-book within courses within Turkey university education has been given within scope of this study. Evidences on competence of German teachers and learners in use of multimedia has been given and have been visualized through use of graphics. Problems of multimedia aided German courses and solutions offers will be submitted.
The paper sketches out the framework of a transcultural model of language learning and teaching. In doing so it illuminates linguistic, psycholinguistic, hermeneutical und didactic aspects of the complex field of language learning rather than limiting itself to discussing mere methodological phenomena. The paper argues that the language learning and teaching profession can only advance by taking transcultural concepts of language acquisition, of linguistic systems, of language processing and of media use into account and by integrating them into a coherent system of language didactics.
Over the last years history has become an important issue in ‚Germanturkish’ literature. The question is which possibilities are created to take part in the history of a country under the conditions of migration. Analysing historical writing in Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s novel “The Bridge of the Golden Horn”, this article concentrates on three aspects: First, the description of places in Berlin from a migrant’s viewpoint. Second, to discover Berlin as the entrance into German pre-wall-falling-history. Third, the narrator as a brilliant describer of German society in an everyday life microcosmos.
This paper aims to determine and classify by syntactic criteria, the functions of reflexivity (reflexive pronoun kendi) in Turkish, in contrast to German.
Reflexivity in Turkish can be expressed by synthetic elements such as affixes, but also by an analytical element – the reflexive pronoun kendi. And in German it is formed by the reflexive pronoun sich. The reflexive pronoun sich in German used both in anaphorical and lexical functions, which can be distinguished from each other by certain criteria.
Short stories of Siegfried Lenz, one of the most recognized Germanwriting authors of the post-war and contemporary literature, are the primary subject of the scientific article titled “The social aspect of Lenz in his short stories”. In this context, an attempt is made to analyze characters with the purpose of revealing the modern world whereby he handles the problems of modern world and modern human. In his short stories, Lenz presents a social world where certain behavioral and mental patterns are formed. In other words, the objective of this scientific article should be to conduct a thematic discussion in respect of the content of the short stories of Lenz. From this perspective, the central questions asked by the above mentioned scientific article may be formulated as follows: Could the short stories of Lenz be structured by adding one on the top of other, or are these short stories any expressions or presentations of different aspects of social life which cannot be combined with each other?
„Football“, „soccer“ in British terms, is the most famous sport of the world. The history of the football goes back to the ancient times. In this article, the football terms used in Germany and Turkey are handled together with the historical development of football. Various differences and similarities between these terms and their features are also demonstrated.