Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (1984)
- Preprint (1379)
- Doctoral Thesis (597)
- Conference Proceeding (249)
- diplomthesis (100)
- Bachelor Thesis (75)
- Master's Thesis (61)
- Contribution to a Periodical (46)
- Diploma Thesis (34)
- Book (33)
Keywords
- Kollisionen schwerer Ionen (47)
- heavy ion collisions (44)
- LHC (25)
- Quark-Gluon-Plasma (25)
- Heavy Ion Experiments (20)
- BESIII (19)
- equation of state (19)
- quark-gluon plasma (19)
- Relativistic heavy-ion collisions (18)
- QCD (16)
Institute
- Physik (4653) (remove)
We demonstrate that the creation of strange matter is conceivable in the midrapidity region of heavy ion collisions at Brookhaven RHIC and CERN LHC. A finite net-baryon density, abundant (anti)strangeness production, as well as strong net-baryon and net-strangeness fluctuations, provide suitable initial conditions for the formation of strangelets or metastable exotic multistrange ( baryonic) objects. Even at very high initial entropy per baryon SyAinit ¯ 500 and low initial baryon numbers of Ainit B ¯ 30 a quark-gluon-plasma droplet can immediately charge up with strangeness and accumulate net-baryon number. PACS numbers: 25.75.Dw, 12.38.Mh, 24.85.+
We calculate the evolution of quark-gluon-plasma droplets during the hadronization in a thermodynamical model. It is speculated that cooling as well as strangeness enrichment allow for the formation of strangelets even at very high initial entropy per baryon S/Ainit H 500 and low initial baryon numbers of Ainit B H 30. It is shown that the droplet with vanishing initial chemical potential of strange quarks and a very moderate chemical potential of up/down quarks immediately charges up with strangeness. Baryon densi- ties of H 2 0 and strange chemical potentials of µs > 350 MeV are reached if strangelets are stable. The importance of net baryon and net strangeness fluctuations for the possible strangelet formation at RHIC and LHC is em- phasized. Pacs-Classif.: 25.15.tr, 12.38.Mh, 24.85.tp
We present a RQMD calculation of antiproton yields and their momentum distribution in Ne + NaF collisions at 2 GeV/u. The antiprotons can be produced below threshold due to multi-step excitations for which meson-baryon interactions play a considerable role. In this system the annihilation probability for an initially produced antiproton is predicted to be about 65%.
Measured hadron yields from relativistic nuclear collisions can be equally well understood in two physically distinct models, namely a static thermal hadronic source vs. a time-dependent, nonequilibrium hadronization o a quark-gluon plasma droplet. Due to the time-dependent particle evapora- tion o the hadronic surface in the latter approach the hadron ratios change (by factors of <H 5) in time. Final particle yields reflect time averages over the actual thermodynamic properties of the system at a certain stage of the evolution. Calculated hadron, strangelet and (anti-)cluster yields as well as freeze-out times are presented for di erent systems. Due to strangeness distillation the system moves rapidly out of the T, µq plane into the µs-sector. Classif.: 25.75.Dw, 12.38.Mh, 24.85.+p
The deconfinement transition region between hadronic matter and quark-gluon plasma is studied for finite volumes. Assuming simple model equations of state and a first order phase transition, we find that fluctuations in finite volumes hinder a sharp separation between the two phases around the critical temperature, leading to a rounding of the phase transition. For reaction volumes expected in heavy ion experiments, the softening of the equation of state is reduced considerably. This is especially true when the requirement of exact color-singletness is included in the QGP equation of state.
Measured hadron yields from relativistic nuclear collisions can be equally well understood in two physically distinct models, namely a static thermal hadronic source versus a time-dependent, non-equilibrium hadronization off a quark gluon plasma droplet. Due to the time-dependent particle evaporation off the hadronic surface in the latter approach the hadron ratios change (by factors of / 5) in time. The overall particle yields then reflect time averages over the actual thermodynamic properties of the system at a certain stage of evolution.
We study J/psi suppression in AB collisions assuming that the charmonium states evolve from small, color transparent configurations. Their interaction with nucleons and nonequilibrated, secondary hadrons is simulated using the microscopic model UrQMD. The Drell-Yan lepton pair yield and the J/psi Drell-Yan ratio are calculated as a function of the neutral transverse energy in Pb+Pb collisions at 160 GeV and found to be in reasonable agreement with existing data.
We study J/psi suppression in AB collisions assuming that the charmonium states evolve from small, color transparent configurations. Their interaction with nucleons and nonequilibrated, secondary hadrons is simulated us- ing the microscopic model UrQMD. The Drell-Yan lepton pair yield and the J/psi /Drell-Yan ratio are calculated as a function of the neutral transverse en- ergy in Pb+Pb collisions at 160 GeV and found to be in reasonable agreement with existing data.
Dissociation rates of J / psi's with comoving mesons : thermal versus nonequilibrium scenario.
(1998)
We study J/psi dissociation processes in hadronic environments. The validity of a thermal meson gas ansatz is tested by confronting it with an alternative, nonequilibrium scenario. Heavy ion collisions are simulated in the frame- work of the microscopic transport model UrQMD, taking into account the production of charmonium states through hard parton-parton interactions and subsequent rescattering with hadrons. The thermal gas and microscopic transport scenarios are shown to be very dissimilar. Estimates of J/psi survival probabilities based on thermal models of comover interactions in heavy ion collisions are therefore not reliable.
Charmonium production and absorption in heavy ion collisions is studied with the Ultrarelativisitic Quantum Molecular Dynamics model. We compare the scenario of universal and time independent color-octet dissociation cross sections with one of distinct color-singlet J/psi, psi 2 and CHIc states, evolving from small, color transparent configurations to their asymptotic sizes. The measured J/psi production cross sections in pA and AB collisions at SPS energies are consistent with both purely hadronic scenarios. The predicted rapidity dependence of J/psi suppression can be used to discriminate between the two experimentally. The importance of interactions with secondary hadrons and the applicability of thermal reaction kinetics to J/psi absorption are in- vestigated. We discuss the e ect of nuclear stopping and the role of leading hadrons. The dependence of the 2/J/psi ratio on the model assumptions and the possible influence of refeeding processes is also studied.
In this thesis, the emission of protons as well as the production of Λ hyperons, Κ0S mesons and 3ΛH hypernuclei are analyzed multi-differentially as a function of transverse momentum, rapidity and centrality. Therefore, the 3.03 billion 30 % most central Ag(1.58A GeV)+Ag events recorded by HADES are used. Furthermore, the lifetimes of Λ hyperons, Κ0S mesons and 3ΛH hypernuclei are measured. The obtained 3ΛH lifetime of (253 ± 24 ± 42) ps is compatible with the lifetime of free Λ hyperons, as predicted by theoretic calculations due to its low binding energy. Finally, also the double strange Ξ– hyperons are reconstructed. Unfortunately, the fully optimized signals lie below the confidence threshold of 5σ, which is why both an production rate and an upper production limit are estimated using averaged acceptance and efficiency corrections. Never before, 3ΛH or Ξ– were successfully reconstructed and analyzed in heavy-ion collisions at such low energies. The obtained results are compared to previous measurements and put in context with world data form different energies and collision systems.
In March 2019 the HADES experiment recorded 14 billion Ag+Ag collisions at √SNN = 2.55 GeV as a part of the FAIR phase-0 physics program. With the capabilities to measure and analyze particles forming the bulk matter, namely pions, protons and light nuclei, as well as rare probes like dilepton decays of vectormesons and strange hadrons, the HADES experiment allows to study the properties of matter at high densities in great detail. In this contribution a special focus is put on the reconstruction of weakly decaying strange hadrons.
n order to reach the desired intensities of heavy ion beams for the experiments at FAIR, SIS18 and SIS100 have to be operated with intermediate charge states. Operation with intermediate charge state heavy ions at the intensity level of about 1011 ions per cycle has never been demonstrated elsewhere and requires a dedicated upgrade program for SIS18 and a dedicated machine design for SIS100. The specific problems coming along with the intermediate charge state operation in terms of charge exchange processes at collisions with residual gas atoms, pressure bumps by ion induced desorption and corresponding beam loss appears far below the typical space charge limits. Thus, new design concepts and new technical equipment addressing these issues are developed and realized with highest priority. The upgrade program of SIS18 addressing the goal of minimum ionization beam loss and stable residual gas pressure conditions has been defined in 2005. A major part of this upgrade program has been successfully realized, with the result of a world record in accelerated number of intermediate charge state heavy ions.
Motiviert durch aktuelle atomphysikalische Fragestellungen zur Struktur und Dynamik der Materie im Bereich hochgeladener Schwerionen entstand der Bedarf zur Weiterentwicklung bestehender und zur Entwicklung neuartiger ortsauflösender Detektorsysteme. Die Untersuchung der Struktur ist hauptsächlich durch die hochauflösende spektroskopische Vermessung einzelner Energieniveaus der atomaren Hülle bestimmt und liefert grundlegende Einblicke in den atomaren Aufbau. Dabei stellen diese Resultate gerade bei schweren hochgeladenen Ionen eine exzellente Testmöglichkeit der QED in extrem starken Feldern dar. Die Dynamik der Materie zeigt sich in der Teilchendynamik (hier der Atomhülle) in extrem starken und extrem kurzen elektromagnetischen Feldern, wie sie bei Ion-Atom-Stößen auftreten. Beobachtet werden können hier vor allem Teilchen und Photonen-Polarisationsphänomene. Solche Polarisationseffekte sind jedoch nicht auf das Gebiet der atomaren Hülle beschränkt. Als ein Beispiel sei die Untersuchung laserbeschleunigter Teilchen genannt. Hier kann die Polarimetrie von Röntgenstrahlung, die durch Thomson-Streuung optischer Photonen an den zuvor auf relativistische Geschwindigkeiten beschleunigten Teilchen erzeugt wird, Aufschluß über die Natur des Beschleunigungsprozesses geben. Einblick in die lineare Polarisation der Röntgenphotonen im für unsere Arbeit interessanten Energiebereich von einigen 10 keV bis einigen 100 keV können mit Compton-Polarimetern gewonnen werden. Kommerziell sind Detektorsysteme, die eine ausreichende Granularität in Kombination mit hinreichender Detektordicke besitzen, um hohe Nachweiseffizienzen zu erreichen, jedoch nicht verfügbar. Im Rahmen der vorgelegten Arbeit, die sich mit Techniken der hochaufgelösten Röntgenspektroskopie und der Röntgenpolarimetrie an hochgeladenen Schwerionen befasst, wurden vielfältige Arbeiten an und mit orts-, zeit- und energieauflösenden planaren Ge(i)-Detektorsystemen durchgeführt. Wesentliches Ziel der Arbeit war es, ein zweidimensional ortsauflösendes planares Halbleiterdetektorsystem, das für den Einsatz im Kristallspektrometer FOCAL und als Compton-Polarimeter angepasst ist, bereitzustellen. Hierzu wurde ein 2D-µ-Streifendetektorsystem aufgebaut, das eine Ortsauflösung von 250µm, bzw. 1167µm in orthogonaler Richtung, bei einer Detektordicke von 11mm und eine Energieauflösung von etwa 2 keV für jeden einzelnen Streifen bei 60 keV Photonenenergie gewährleistet. Durch Messungen an der Synchrotronquelle ESRF, Grenoble (Frankreich), wurde die Eignung des Systems als bildgebendes Element im FOCAL Kristallspektrometer bei einer Photonenenergie von 60 keV und als Compton-Polarimeter bei einer Photonenenergie von 210 keV untersucht. Der große Vorteil in FOCAL ein ortsauflösendes Detektorsystem einzusetzen, liegt darin, dass alle interessanten Beugungswinkel simultan beobachtet werden können. Im herkömmlichen Ansatz würde man mit einer einfachen Diode und einem Kollimator den Bereich abfahren. Wegen der geringen Ereignisrate und dem hohen Untergrund ist dies jedoch nicht praktikabel. Herkömmliche Systeme wie CCD oder Gasdetektoren haben nicht die nötige Effizienz oder eine zu hohe Dunkelrate. Zur Untersuchung der für FOCAL wichtigen Eigenschaften wurden mehrere Positionen auf dem Detektor bei niedriger Energie mit einem fein kollimierten Photonenstrahl (50 x 50 µm2) gescannt. Neben der guten Energieauflösung des Detektorsystems von durchschnittlich 2.2 keV bei 60 keV, zeigen die Ergebnisse das homogene Verhalten der Detektoreffizienz, welche essentiell für den spektographischen Einsatz in FOCAL ist. Es konnten keine Hinweise auf messbare Ladungsverluste im Bereich des aktiven Detektorvolumens festgestellt werden. Ebenso konnte die Multiplizität (Anzahl der Streifen einer Detektorseite, die auf ein Ereignis reagieren), mit der ein Photon nachgewiesen wird, eindeutig mit der Strukturierung der Kontakte auf der Kristalloberfläche in Verbindung gebracht werden. Es stellte sich heraus, dass die Ereignisse der Multiplizität zwei dazu verwendet werden können um Ortsauflösungen deutlich unterhalb einer Streifenbreite zu erreichen. Diese Methode kann jedoch nur auf eine größere Anzahl von Ereignissen angewendet werden, nicht jedoch auf einzelne Ereignisse. Um das 2D-Ge(i)-µ-Streifendetektorsystem auf seine Eignung als Compton-Polarimeter zu testen, wurden Daten mit einem nahezu vollständig linear polarisierten Photonenstrahl (98% linear polarisiert) bei einer Energie von 210 keV aufgenommen. Die Daten zeigen die erwartete Dipol-ähnliche Asymmetrie im Ortsbild und dienen als Kalibrationsgrundlage zur Interpretation zukünftiger Experimente zur Polarimetrie in diesem Energiebereich. Parallel hierzu wurde an Simulationsprogrammen auf Basis der etablierten Monte Carlo Software EGS4 gearbeitet. Hiermit wurden Vorhersagen bezüglich des Nachweisverhaltens des Detektors auf linear polarisierte Röntgenstahlung gemacht. Ferner wurde für ein 4x4-Pixel-Polarimeter, das bei der ersten Bestimmung der linearen Polarisation der K-REC Strahlung von U92+ am Speichering ESR der GSI eingesetzt wurde, im Rahmen der Datenanalyse mit den auf EGS4-basierenden Programmen die Detektoreffizienz für linear polarisierte Strahlung einer bestimmten Energie simuliert. Mit diesen Simulationsergebnissen konnten die selbstentwickelten Methoden zur Korrektur der Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit eines Compton-Ereignisses als Funktion des Wechselwirkungspunkts innerhalb des Detektorkristalls und der Energie erfolgreich verifiziert werden. Die detektorbezogenen Resultate dieser Arbeit fanden ihre erste Anwendung in der FOCAL-Spektrometer Strahlzeit 2006, deren genaue Beschreibung jedoch über den Umfang dieser Arbeit hinausgeht. Ebenso flossen die Erfahrungen, die mit den Detektorsystemen, im speziellen dem 2D-Ge(i)-µ-Streifendetektor, gemacht wurden in die Realisierung eines Si(Li)-Detektors mit 32+32 Streifen zur Compton-Polarimetrie bei niedrigeren Energien (ab 60 keV) ein, der gegenwärtig in ersten Experimenten am ESR eingesetzt wird.
The focus of this thesis is on quantum Heisenberg magnets in low dimensions. We modify the method of spin-wave theory in order to address two distinct issues. In the first part we develop a variant of spin-wave theory for low-dimensional systems, where thermodynamic observables are calculated from the Gibbs free energy for fixed order parameter. We are able to go beyond linear spin-wave theory and systematically calculate two-loop correction to the free energy. We use our method to determine the low-temperature physics of Heisenberg ferromagnets in one, two and three spatial dimensions. In the second part of the thesis, we treat a two-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet in the presence of a uniform external magnetic field. We determine the low-temperature behavior of the magnetization curve within spin-wave theory by taking the absence of the spontaneous staggered magnetization into account. Additionally, we perform quantum Monte Carlo simulations and subsequently show that numerical findings are qualitatively comparable to spin-wave results. Finally, we apply our method to an experimentally motivated case of the distorted honeycomb lattice in order to determine the strength of the exchange interactions.
The QCD phase diagram at finite temperature and density has attracted considerable interest over many decades now, not least because of its relevance for a better understanding of heavy-ion collision experiments. Models provide some insight into the QCD phase structure but usually rely on various parameters. Based on renormalization group arguments, we discuss how the parameters of QCD low-energy models can be determined from the fundamental theory of the strong interaction. We particularly focus on a determination of the temperature dependence of these parameters in this work and comment on the effect of a finite quark chemical potential. We present first results and argue that our findings can be used to improve the predictive power of future model calculations.
Die transversale Betatronbewegung eines Ionenstrahls, genannt Tune, stellt neben der Strahlposition die wichtigste zu messende Strahleigenschaft für den stabilen Betrieb eines Kreisbeschleunigers dar. Die Einstellung des Tunes auf einen Arbeitspunkt unterliegt engen Grenzen, da eine Vielzahl resonanter Störungen existiert, die die Teilchenbewegung beeinflussen und somit Emittanzvergrößerung und Strahlverlust hervorrufen. Den gemessenen Tune mit hoher Auflösung in Zeit und Frequenz während der gesamten Beschleunigungsphase auszugeben ermöglicht eine Justierung der ionenoptischen Elemente der Strahlführung. Dadurch läßt sich die Teilchenzahl bis zur theoretischen Raumladungsgrenze erhöhen und darüber hinaus Teilchenverluste minimieren. Die Messungen wurden an Positionssonden (BPM) des Schwerionensynchrotrons SIS18 der "GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH" mit zwei verschiedenen Meßsystemen durchgeführt, was einen Vergleich der Systemauflösungen ermöglicht. Das Direkt Digitalisierende Meßsystem (DDM) wandelt das BPM-Elektrodensignal direkt nach der Verstärkerkette mit einer Rate von 125 MSa/s in digitale Daten um. Der Strahlschwerpunkt eines jeden Einzelbunches wird daraus mittels digitaler Prozessierung berechnet und durch Fouriertransformation dessen Frequenzspektrum bestimmt. Man erhält den fraktionalen Tune dadurch direkt im Basisband. Das am CERN entwickelte und für Parameter des SIS18 adaptierte Direct Diode Detection - System (DDD) zeigt ebenfalls den Tune im Basisband. Um den zu bearbeitenden Frequenzbereich erheblich zu reduzieren, werden bei diesem Verfahren die Bunchpeakwerte, die die Strahlschwingung enthalten, über ein RC-Element analog verzögert ausgegeben. Der erhaltene Tune kann daraus mit hoher Auflösung digitalisiert werden. In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden die Meßaufbauten, die digitale Prozessierung der BPM-Daten mittels neuer Algorithmen sowie die Auswertung und Berechnung des Tunes gezeigt. Es werden typische Tuneverläufe diskutiert und ein Arbeitsbereich definiert, bei dem stabile Tunemessungen mit S/N von 30-50 dB ohne meßbare Vergrößerung der Strahlemittanz möglich sind. Die Auflösung der Tunemessung beträgt δqy = 3.50 · 10−4 und δqx = 7.97 · 10−4 für Anregungskickwinkel im Arbeitsbereich. Darüber hinaus werden physikalische Anwendungen des Systems diskutiert, indem verschiedene Einflüsse von ionenoptischen- und Strahlparametern auf den Tuneverlauf gezeigt und ausgewertet werden.
We compute the energy spectrum of photons which originate from the quark-annihilation process ss¯→γg in quark-gluon plasma. The spectrum peaks at an energy Eγmax∼2ms∼400 MeV in the rest frame of the plasma. We expect one photon from the above process in the energy range of 2ms±0.25ms per hundred quark-gluon plasmas of a size R=3 fm and a lifetime τ=6 fm/c formed in nuclear collisions.
The accurate knowledge of the neutron-induced fission cross-sections of actinides and other isotopes involved in the nuclear fuel cycle is essential for the design of advanced nuclear systems, such as Generation-IV nuclear reactors. Such experimental data can also provide the necessary feedback for the adjustment of nuclear model parameters used in the evaluation process, resulting in the further development of nuclear fission models. In the present work, the 240Pu(n,f) cross-section was measured at CERN's n_TOF facility relative to the well-known 235U(n,f) cross section, over a wide range of neutron energies, from meV to almost MeV, using the time-of-flight technique and a set-up based on Micromegas detectors. This measurement was the first experiment to be performed at n_TOF's new experimental area (EAR-2), which offers a significantly higher neutron flux compared to the already existing experimental area (EAR-1). Preliminary results as well as the experimental procedure, including a description of the facility and the data handling and analysis, are presented.
Neutron-induced fission cross sections of isotopes involved in the nuclear fuel cycle are vital for the design and safe operation of advanced nuclear systems. Such experimental data can also provide additional constraints for the adjustment of nuclear model parameters used in the evaluation process, resulting in the further development of fission models. In the present work, the 237Np(n,f) cross section was studied at the EAR2 vertical beam-line at CERN's n_TOF facility, over a wide range of neutron energies, from meV to MeV, using the time-of-flight technique and a set-up based on Micromegas detectors, in an attempt to provide accurate experimental data. Preliminary results in the 200 keV – 14 MeV neutron energy range as well as the experimental procedure, including a description of the facility and the data handling and analysis, will be presented.
Transmembrane proteins play crucial roles in biological systems as active or passive channels and receptors. Experimentally only few structures could be determined so far. Gaining structural insights enables besides a general understanding of biological mechanisms also further processing such as in drug design. Due to the lack of experimental data, reliable theoretical predictions would be of high value. However, for the same reason, missing data, the knowledge-based class of prediction methods that is well established for soluble proteins can not be applied. The goal of predicting transmembrane protein structures with ab initio methods demands locating the free energy minimum. Main difficulties here are, first, the computational costs of explicitly calculating all involved interactions and, second, providing an algorithm that is capable of finding the minimum within an extremely complex and rugged energy landscape. We have developed promising energy functions that describe the interactions of amino acids on a residue level, reducing computational costs while still containing most information on the atomistic level. We have also found a way to describe the interaction of the residues with its surrounding in a realistic manner by distinguishing residues exposed to the environment from those buried within helices using a sphere algorithm. The sphere algorithm can also be applied for a different purpose: one can measure how densely sidechains are packed for certain helical conformations, and thereby get an estimate of the sidechain entropy. In addition, overcrowding effects can be identified which are not well-described by the energy functions due to the pairwise calculation. To determine the absolute free energy minimum, we assume the helices to be located on an equidistance grid with slightly larger distances than to be expected. Optimizing the helices on the grid provides a starting point that should enable common minimizing algorithms, gradient-based or not, to find the absolute minimum beyond the grid. To simulate the dynamics of the helices on large time scales, we split them into rigid body dynamics and internal dynamics in terms of the dihedrals. The former one is well-known with its inherent problem of numerical drift and plenty of approaches to it, among which we have chosen the quaternions to represent the rotation of the rigid bodies. The latter one requires a detailed analysis of the torque size exerted on the dihedrals caused by the forces acting on the residues.
In this thesis, we present a detailed consideration of both qualitative and quantitative properties of static spherically symmetric solutions of the Einstein equations with self-interacting scalar fields. Our focus is on solutions with naked singularities. We study the qualitative properties of the solutions of the Einstein equations with real static self-interacting $N$ scalar fields, making some assumptions on self-interaction. We provide a rigorous proof that the corresponding solutions will be regular up to $r=0$. Furthermore, we find the rigorous form of asymptotic solutions near the singularity and at spatial infinity. We construct some examples of spherical-like naked singularities at $r=r_s\neq0$ in curvature coordinates.
We analyze the stability of the previously considered solutions against odd-parity gravitational perturbations and also examine the fundamental quasi-normal modes spectra. For the general class of the self-interaction potential, we demonstrate well-posedness of the initial problem and stability for positively defined potentials. As an example, we numerically study the case of the scalar field with power-law self-interaction potential and find the fundamental quasi-normal modes frequencies. We demonstrate that they differ from the standard Schwarzschild black hole case.
We study in detail the motion of particles in the vicinity of previously considered solutions. Mainly, we are interested in considering properties of the distribution of stable circular orbits around the corresponding configurations and images of the accretion disk for a distant observer. For all cases, we find possible types of stable circular orbit distributions and domains of parameters where they are realized.
We also demonstrate that the presence of self-interaction can lead to a new type of circular orbit distributions, which is absent in the linear massless scalar field case. We build Keplerian disk images in the plane of a distant observer and demonstrate the possibility to mimic the shadows of black holes.
The topic of this thesis is the theoretical description of the hadron gas stages in heavy-ion collisions. The overall addressed question hereby is: How does the hadronic medium evolve i.e. what are the relevant microscopic reaction mechanisms and the properties of the involved degrees of freedom? The main goal is to address this question specifically for hadronic multi-particle interactions. For this goal, the hadronic transport approach SMASH is extended with stochastic rates, which allow to include detailed balance fulfilling multi-particle reactions in the approach. Three types of reactions are newly-accounted for: 3-to-1, 3-to-2 and 5-to-2 reactions. After extensive verifications of the stochastic rates approach, they are used to study the effect of multi-particle interactions, particularly in afterburner calculations.
These studies follow complementary results for the dilepton and strangeness production with only binary reactions, which show that hadronic transport approaches are capable of describing observables when employed for the entire evolution of low-energy heavy-ion collisions. This is illustrated by the agreement of dilepton and strangeness production for smaller systems with SMASH calculations. It is, in particular, possible to match the measured strangeness production of phi and Xi hadrons via additional heavy nucleon resonance decay channels. For larger systems or higher energies, hadronic transport cascade calculations with vacuum resonance properties can point to medium effects. This is demonstrated extensively for the dilepton emission in comparisons to the full set of HADES dielectron data. The dilepton invariant mass spectra are sensitive to a medium modification of the vector meson spectral function for large collision systems already at low beam energies. The sensitivity to medium modifications is mapped out in detail by comparisons to a coarse-graining approach, which employs medium-modified spectral functions and is based on the same evolution.
The theoretical foundation of stochastic rates are collision probabilities derived from the Boltzmann equation's collision term with the assumption of a constant matrix element. This derivation is presented in a comprehensive and pedagogical fashion. The derived collision probabilities are employed for a stochastic collision criterion and various detailed-balance fulfilling multi-particle reactions: the mesonic Dalitz decay back-reaction (3-to-1), the deuteron catalysis (3-to-2) and the proton-antiproton annihilation back-reaction (5-to-2). The introduced stochastic rates approach is extensively verified by studies of the numerical stability and comparisons to previous results and analytic expectations. The stochastic rates results agree perfectly with the respective analytic results.
Physically, multi-particle reactions are demonstrated to be significant for different observables, most notably the yield of the partaking particles, even in the late dilute stage of heavy-ion reactions. They lead to a faster equilibration of the system than equivalent binary multi-step treatments. The difference in equilibration consequently influences the yield in afterburner calculations. Interestingly, the interpretation of results is not dependent on employing multi-particle or multi-step treatments, which a posteriori validates the latter.
As the first test case of multi-particle reactions in heavy-ion reactions, the mesonic 3-to-1 Dalitz decay is found to be dominated by the omega Dalitz decay back-reaction. While the effect on the medium is found to be negligible overall, the regeneration is found to be sizable: up to a quarter of Dalitz decays are regenerated.
Non-equilibrium rescattering effects are shown to be relevant for late collision stages for two particle species: deuteron and protons. In both cases, the relevant rescatterings involve multiple particles.
The deuteron pion and nucleon catalysis reactions equilibrate quickly in the afterburner stage at intermediate energies. The constant formation and destruction keeps the yield constant and microscopically explains the "snowballs in hell"-paradox. The yield is also generated with no d present at early times, which explains why coalescence models can also match the multiplicity.
New is the study of the 5-body back-reaction of proton-antiproton annihilations. This work marks the first realization of microscopic 5-body reactions in a transport approach to fulfill detailed balance for such reactions. A sizable regeneration due to the back-reaction of up to half of the proton-antiproton pairs lost due to annihilations is found. Consequently, both annihilation and regeneration in the late non-equilibrium stage are shown to have a significant effect on the p yield.
The reactions of diluted aqueous solutions of SO2 resp. HSO3-ions with MnO4-or Ce4+ ions in the pH range 1-4 produce chemiluminescence in the spectral region of 450-600 nm. Measurements of the time course of the light emission and their simulation on an analog computer led to a reaction scheme in which a recombination product of primarily formed HSO3 radicals -of a lifetime of about 1 second -appears as precursor of electronically excited SO2 molecules. The participation of singlet oxygen can be excluded because at least the reaction with Ce4+ ions proceeds also in the absence of oxygen.
The elliptic flow for Lambda hyperons and K0s mesons was measured by the NA49 experiment in semicentral Pb+Pb collisions at 158A GeV. The standard method of correlating particles with an event plane has been used. Measurements of v2 near mid-rapidity are reported as a function of centrality, rapidity and transverse momentum. Elliptic flow of Lambda and K0s particles increases both with the impact parameter and with the transverse momentum. It is compared with v2 for pions and protons as well as with various model predictions. The NA49 results are compared with data from NA45/CERES and STAR experiments.
Im HADES-Detektorsystem werden Vieldraht-Driftkammern zur Spurrekonstruktion verwendet. Für eine genaue Untersuchung des Driftzeitverhaltens innerhalb der Driftzellen wird ein ortsempfindliches Referenzdetektorsystem benötigt. Hierfür wurden Silizium-Mikrostreifen-Detektoren mit einer Ortsauflösung im Bereich kleiner als 10 mikrom eingesetzt. Diese wurden zu einem Strahlteleskop zusammengebaut, mit dem die Teilchentrajektorie zwischen zwei Referenz-Meßunkten bestimmt werden kann. Probleme bereitete die Vielfachstreuung in den einzelnen Komponenten des Teleskop-Aufbaus, die den geradlinigen Teilchendurchgang zwischen den beiden Ortsmessungen beeinflußte. Dies wurde durch Messung mit Teilchen höherer Steifigkeit ausgeglichen. Die Silizium-mü-Streifen-Detektoren zeigten ein gutes Signal-zu-Untergrund Verhalten und wiesen eine sehr gute Effizienz auf. Die Bestimmung des Teilchendurchgangsortes durch den Driftkammer-Prototyp 0 ermöglichte die Messung der Driftgeschwindigkeit. Auch das Driftzeitverhalten in Abhängigkeit vom Ort des Teilchendurchgangs konnte genau untersucht werden.
The electron-positron pairs observed in heavy-ion collisions at Gesellschaft für Schwerionen-forschung Darmstadt mbH have been interpreted as the decay products of yet unknown particles with masses around 1.8 MeV. The negative results of resonant Bhabha scattering experiments, however, do not support such an interpretation. Therefore we focus on a more complex decay scenario, where the e+e- lines result from a two-collision process. We discuss the induced decay of a metastable 1++ state into e+e- pairs. For most realizations of a 1++ state such a decay in leading order can only take place in the Coulomb field of a target atom. This fact has the attractive consequence that for such a state the Bhabha bounds are no longer valid. However, the absolute value of the e+e- production cross section turns out to be unacceptably small.
Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly-interacting Hadrons (SMASH) is a new hadronic transport approach designed to describe the non-equilibrium evolution of heavy-ion collisions. The production of strange particles in such systems is enhanced compared to elementary reactions (Blume and Markert 2011), providing an interesting signal to study. Two different strangeness production mechanisms are discussed: one based on resonances and another using forced canonical thermalization. Comparisons to experimental data from elementary collisions are shown.
We present results on hadronic resonance production in high energy nuclear collisions from the UrQMD hybrid model. In particular we are interested in the effect of the final hadronic stage on the properties of resonances observable at RHIC and LHC experiments. We investigate weather these observable properties can be used to pinpoint the transition energy density from the QGP phase to the hadronic phase.
We apply a coupled transport-hydrodynamics model to discuss the production of multi-strange meta-stable objects in Pb + Pb reactions at the FAIR facility. In addition to making predictions for yields of these particles we are able to calculate particle dependent rapidity and momentum distributions. We argue that the FAIR energy regime is the optimal place to search for multi-strange baryonic object (due to the high baryon density, favoring a distillation of strangeness). Additionally, we show results for strangeness and baryon density fluctuations. Using the UrQMD model we calculate the strangeness separation in phase space which might lead to an enhanced production of MEMOs compared to models that assume global thermalization.
Results on proton and Λ flow, calculated with the UrQMD model that incorporates different realistic density dependent equations of state, are presented. It is shown that the proton and hyperon flow shows sensitivity to the equation of state and especially to the appearance of a phase transition at densities below 4n0. Even though qualitatively hyperons and protons exhibit the same beam energy dependence of the flow, the quantitative results are different. In this context it is suggested that the hyperon measurements can be used to study the density dependence of the hyperon interaction in high density QCD matter.
The coordinate and momentum space configurations of the net baryon number in heavy ion collisions that undergo spinodal decomposition, due to a first-order phase transition, are investigated using state-of-the-art machine-learning methods. Coordinate space clumping, which appears in the spinodal decomposition, leaves strong characteristic imprints on the spatial net density distribution in nearly every event which can be detected by modern machine learning techniques. On the other hand, the corresponding features in the momentum distributions cannot clearly be detected, by the same machine learning methods, in individual events. Only a small subset of events can be systematically differ- entiated if only the momentum space information is available. This is due to the strong similarity of the two event classes, with and without spinodal decomposition. In such sce- narios, conventional event-averaged observables like the baryon number cumulants signal a spinodal non-equilibrium phase transition. Indeed the third-order cumulant, the skewness, does exhibit a peak at the beam energy (Elab = 3–4 A GeV), where the transient hot and dense system created in the heavy ion collision reaches the first-order phase transition.
We show how repulsive interactions of deconfined quarks as well as confined hadrons have an influence on the baryon number susceptibilities and the curvature of the chiral pseudo-critical line in effective models of QCD. We discuss implications and constraints for the vector interaction strength from comparisons to lattice QCD and comment on earlier constraints, extracted from the curvature of the transition line of QCD and compact star observables. Our results clearly point to a strong vector repulsion in the hadronic phase and near-zero repulsion in the deconfined phase.
We study the correlation between the distributions of the net-charge, net-kaon, net-baryon and net-proton number at hadronization and after the final hadronic decoupling by simulating ultra relativistic heavy ion collisions with the hybrid version of the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model. We find that due to the hadronic rescattering these distributions are not strongly correlated. The calculated change of the correlation, during the hadronic expansion stage, does not support the recent paradigm, namely that the measured final moments of the experimentally observed distributions do give directly the values of those distributions at earlier times, when the system had been closer to the QCD crossover.
The effect of nuclear interactions on measurable net-proton number fluctuations in heavy ion collisions at the SIS18/GSI accelerator is investigated. The state of the art UrQMD model including interaction potentials is employed. It is found that the nuclear forces enhance the baryon number cumulants, as predicted from grand canonical thermodynamical models. The effect however is smeared out for proton number fluctuations due to iso-spin randomization and global baryon number conservation, which decreases the cumulant ratios. For a rapidity acceptance window larger than Δy > 0.4 the effects of global baryon number conservation dominate and all cumulant ratios are significantly smaller than 1.
The aim of this work is to develop an effective equation of state for QCD, having the correct asymptotic degrees of freedom, to be used as input for dynamical studies of heavy ion collisions. We present an approach for modeling an EoS that respects the symmetries underlying QCD, and includes the correct asymptotic degrees of freedom, i.e. quarks and gluons at high temperature and hadrons in the low-temperature limit. We achieve this by including quarks degrees of freedom and the thermal contribution of the Polyakov loop in a hadronic chiral sigma-omega model. The hadronic part of the model is a nonlinear realization of an sigma-omega model. As the fundamental symmetries of QCD should also be present in its hadronic states such an approach is widely used to describe hadron properties below and around Tc. The quarks are introduced as thermal quasi particles, coupling to the Polyakov loop, while the dynamics of the Polyakov loop are controlled by a potential term which is fitted to reproduce pure gauge lattice data. In this model the sigma field serves a the order parameter for chiral restoration and the Polyakov loop as order parameter for deconfinement. The hadrons are suppressed at high densities by excluded volume corrections. As a next step, we introduce our new HQ model equation of state in a microscopic+macroscopic hybrid approach to heavy ion collisions. This hybrid approach is based on the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) transport approach with an intermediate hydrodynamical evolution for the hot and dense stage of the collision. The present implementation allows to compare pure microscopic transport calculations with hydrodynamic calculations using exactly the same initial conditions and freeze-out procedure. The effects of the change in the underlying dynamics - ideal fluid dynamics vs. non-equilibrium transport theory - are explored. The final pion and proton multiplicities are lower in the hybrid model calculation due to the isentropic hydrodynamic expansion while the yields for strange particles are enhanced due to the local equilibrium in the hydrodynamic evolution. The elliptic and directed flow are shown to be not sensitive to changes in the EoS while the smaller mean free path in the hydrodynamic evolution reflects directly in higher flow results which are consistent with the experimental data. This finding indicates qualitatively that physical mechanisms like viscosity and other non equilibrium effects play an essentially more important role than the EoS when bulk observables like flow are investigated. In the last chapter, results for the thermal production of MEMOs in nucleus-nucleus collisions from a combined micro+macro approach are presented. Multiplicities, rapidity and transverse momentum spectra are predicted for Pb+Pb interaction at different beam energies. The presented excitation functions for various MEMO multiplicities show a clear maximum at the upper FAIR energy regime making this facility the ideal place to study the production of these exotic forms of multistrange objects.
We discuss the effects of the final hadronic state, in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions, on hadronic resonance properties and measurable production rates. In particular we will compare our results with recent ALICE data on resonance production. We show that the hadronic phase of the system evolution has a considerable impact on the measured resonance ratios and pT spectra. We also discuss some of the remaining uncertainties in the model and how they may be addressed in future studies.
Spinodal crumbling
(2013)
Extending a previously developed two-phase equation of state, we simulate head-on relativistic lead-lead collisions with fluid dynamics, augmented with a finite-range term, and study the effects of the phase structure on the evolution of the baryon density. For collision energies that bring the bulk of the system into the mechanically unstable spinodal region of the phase diagram, the density irregularities are being amplified significantly. We also present results for the associated clump size distribution.
In this talk we discuss the effects of the hadronic rescattering on final state observables in high energy nuclear collisions. We do so by employing the UrQMD transport model for a realistic description of the hadronic decoupling process. The rescattering of hadrons modifies every hadronic bulk observable. For example apparent multiplicity of resonances is suppressed as compared to a chemical equilibrium freeze-out model. Stable and unstable particles change their momentum distribution by more than 30% through rescattering. The hadronic rescattering also leads to a substantial decorrelation of the conserved charge distributions. These findings show that it is all but trivial to conclude from the final state observables on the properties of the system at an earlier time where it may have been in or close to local equilibrium.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Zn-Mg-SE-Legierungen (SE = Y, Ho, Er, Dy, Tb, Gd), um Informationen über Struktur, Stabilisierung und physikalische Eigenschaften der quasikristallinen Phasen dieses Systems zu erhalten. Die Quasikristalle dieses Systems unterscheiden sich von Quasikristallen anderer Legierungen, die meist Al als Hauptkomponente enthalten. Es konnten bis zu 275 mm3 große Einkristalle der flächenzentriert ikosaedrischen Phase in den Systemen Zn-Mg-Y und Zn-Mg-Ho gezüchtet werden. Außerdem wurden MgZn2- und hexagonale A-Zn70Mg14Y16-Einkristalle hergestellt, deren Existenzbereiche im Phasendiagramm benachbart zu dem der ikosaedrischen Phase liegen. Um polykristalline Proben herzustellen, die unterschiedliche quasikristalline oder verwandte Strukturen als Hauptphase enthalten, wurden verschiedene Herstellungsverfahren getestet und verwendet. So konnte zum Beispiel erstmalig eine Probe hergestellt werden, die dekagonales ZnMgY als Hauptphase enthält. Zudem wurde eine neue kubische (R-Phase) bzw. hexagonale (M-Phase) und eine neue hochgeordnete primitiv ikosaedrische Phase im System Zn-Mg-Er entdeckt, synthetisiert und charakterisiert. Bei Untersuchungen dieser selbst gefertigten Proben konnten Erkenntnisse über magnetische Eigenschaften, elastische Konstanten, optische Leitfähigkeit, Leerstellenverteilung, Oberflächenbeschaffenheit, Diffusionsmechanismen und die Erstarrungsgeschichte der flächenzentriert ikosaedrischen Zn-Mg-SE-Quasikristalle gewonnen werden. Durch vergleichende Messungen an kristallinen Zn-Mg-SE-Legierungen lassen sich die für Quasikristalle spezifischen Effekte identifizieren. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hergestellten und charakterisierten Proben sind aktuell Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen. Mit Hilfe von Beugungsexperimenten konnte gezeigt werden, dass die kubische R-Phase strukturell nahe mit der ikosaedrischen Phase im System Zn-Mg-SE verwandt ist. Die R- Phase ist bei Raumtemperatur nicht stabil und bildet die rhomboedrische M-Phase. Es konnte ein Strukturmodell für die R-Phase entwickelt werden, in dem keine ikosaedrischen Cluster als Strukturelement verwirklicht sind. Auch in der hexagonalen A-Phase konnten solche Strukturelemente nicht gefunden werden. Die Resultate dieser Arbeit legen nahe, dass die Struktur der Zn-Mg-SE-Quasikristalle, im Gegensatz zu Quasikristallen anderer Systeme, nicht auf großen ikosaedrischen Clustern basiert. Damit ist gezeigt, dass große ikosaedrische Cluster zur Bildung von Quasikristallen nicht notwendig sind. Messungen an den Proben zeigen, dass sich dadurch auch einige der physikalischen Eigenschaften, zum Beispiel die optische Leitfähigkeit, von Quasikristallen mit Clustern unterscheiden. Keine Unterschiede konnten beim Diffusionsverhalten und bei mechanischen Eigenschaften festgestellt werden. Hier gleichen die Zn-Mg-SE-Quasikristalle anderen strukturell komplexen Legierungen oder Quasikristallen anderer Legierungssysteme.
Time resolved measurements of the biased disk effect at an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source
(1999)
First results are reported from time resolved measurements of ion currents extracted from the Frankfurt 14 GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source with pulsed biased-disk voltage. It was found that the ion currents react promptly to changes of the bias. From the experimental results it is concluded that the biased disk effect is mainly due to improvements of the extraction conditions for the source and/or an enhanced transport of ions into the extraction area. By pulsing the disk voltage, short current pulses of highly charged ions can be generated with amplitudes significantly higher than the currents obtained in continuous mode.
We investigate the phase structure of strongly interacting matter at non-vanishing isospin before the onset of pion condensation in the framework of the unquenched Polyakov–Quark-Meson model with 2+1 quark flavors. We show results for the order parameters and all relevant thermodynamic quantities. In particular, we obtain a moderate change of the pressure with isospin at vanishing baryon chemical potential, whereas the chiral condensate decreases more appreciably. We compare the effective model to recent lattice data for the decrease of the pseudo-critical temperature with the isospin chemical potential. We also demonstrate the major role played by the value of the pion mass in the curvature of the transition line, and the need for lattice results with a physical pion mass. Limitations of the model at nonzero chemical potential are also discussed.
Strangeness enhancement is discussed as a feature specific to relativistic nuclear collisions which create a fireball of strongly interacting matter at high energy density. At very high energy this is suggested to be partonic matter, but at lower energy it should consist of yet unknown hadronic degrees of freedom. The freeze-out of this high density state to a hadron gas can tell us about properties of fireball matter. The hadron gas at the instant of its formation captures conditions directly at the QCD phase boundary at top SPS and RHIC energy, chiefly the critical temperature and energy density.
A steep maximum occurs in the Wroblewski ratio between strange and non-strange quarks created in central nucleus-nucleus collisions, of about A=200, at the lower SPS energy square root s approximately equal to 7 GeV. By analyzing hadronic multiplicities within the grand canonical statistical hadronization model this maximum is shown to occur at a baryochemical potential of about 450 MeV. In comparison, recent QCD lattice calculations at finite baryochemical potential suggest a steep maximum of the light quark susceptibility, to occur at similar mu B, indicative of "critical fluctuation" expected to occur at or near the QCD critical endpoint. This endpoint hat not been firmly pinned down but should occur in the 300 MeV < mu c B < 700 MeV interval. It is argued that central collisions within the low SPS energy range should exhibit a turning point between compression/heating, and expansion/cooling at energy density, temperature and mu B close to the suspected critical point. Whereas from top SPS to RHIC energy the primordial dynamics create a turning point far above in epsilon and T, and far below in mu B. And at lower AGS energies the dynamical trajectory stays below the phase boundary. Thus, the observed sharp strangeness maximum might coincide with the critical square root s at which the dynamics settles at, or near the QCD endpoint.
A selection of recent data referring to Pb+Pb collisions at the SPS CERN energy of 158 GeV per nucleon is presented which might describe the state of highly excited strongly interacting matter both above and below the deconfinement to hadronization (phase) transition predicted by lattice QCD. A tentative picture emerges in which a partonic state is indeed formed in central Pb+Pb collisions which hadronizes at about T = 185 MeV, and expands its volume more than tenfold, cooling to about 120 MeV before hadronic collisions cease. We suggest further that all SPS collisions, from central S+S onward, reach that partonic phase, the maximum energy density increasing with more massive collision systems.
Hadronic yields and yield ratios observed in Pb+Pb collisions at the SPS energy of 158 GeV per nucleon are known to resemble a thermal equilibrium population at T=180 +/- 10 MeV, also observed in elementary e+ + e- to hadron data at LEP. We argue that this is the universal consequence of the QCD parton to hadron phase transition populating the maximum entropy state. This state is shown to survive the hadronic rescattering and expansion phase, freezing in right after hadronization due to the very rapid longitudinal and transverse expansion that is inferred from Bose-Einstein pion correlation analysis of central Pb+Pb collisions.
With new data available from the SPS, at 40 and 80 GeV/A, I review the systematics of bulk hadron multiplicities, with prime focus on strangeness production. The classical concept of strangeness enhancement in central AA collisions is reviewed, in view of the statistical hadronization model which suggests to understand strangeness enhancement to arise chiefly in the transition from the canonical to the grand canonical version of that model. I. e. enhancement results from the fading away of canonical suppression. The model also captures the striking strangeness maximum observed in the vicinity of sqrt s approx 8 GeV. A puzzle remains in the understanding of apparent grand canonical order at the lower SPS, and at AGS energies.