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Interkulturelle Kompetenz
(2006)
Die Kommunikation zwischen den Menschen wird durch die Beherrschung der Sprache des Anderen ermöglicht und erleichtert. Ob sich aber die Partner wirklich verstehen, im Sinne wechselseitige Wünsche, Erwartungen, Ziele und vor allem ihre Wertvorstellungen, Normen und Verhaltensregeln so aufnehmen und interpretieren zu können, wie der Partner selbst es sieht und versteht, wird keine Garantie geleistet.
U ovome radu autor će, na osnovu vlastitih istraživanja, pokušati dati sumaran prikaz akcenatskih svojstava govora otoka Iža, smještenog u zadarskom arhipelagu. Namjera mu je smjestiti iški govor i akcenatski sustav među drugim čakavskim otočkim govorima, dati fonetski i fonološki opis pojedinih akcenata i potkrijepiti ih primjerima koje je čuo od iških govornika i, konačno, pokušati utvrditi fonološki status čakavskog akuta u iškome govoru. Budući da su istraživanja bila ograničenoga karaktera, ovaj rad nije zamišljen kao konačan opis, već kao polažišna točka za buduća istraživanja koja je potrebno izvršiti na osnovu kojih će se moći napraviti što iscrpniji i potpuniji opis iškoga govora i akcenatskoga sustava.
Im Jahr 2010 erschien eine aufschlussreiche Publikation, die die über 200-jährige Tradition der Aufnahme fach- und sondersprachlicher Lexik in deutsche Bedeutungswörterbücher dokumentieren will. Die Autorin der Publikation, Undine Kramer, äußert sich dazu wie folgt: "Die Kodifikation der Lexik spezieller Tätigkeitsbereiche – Adelung (1774) spricht von "Kunstwörtern aus allen Lebensarten, Künsten und Wissenschaften", Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (1999) "von Begriffen aus Fach- und Sondersprachen" – hat wie ihre explizite Kennzeichnung durch diatechnische Angaben in der deutschen Lexikografie eine lange und ungebrochene Tradition.“ (Kramer 2012: 314).
Die Geometrie und ihre Sprache im 16. Jahrhundert am Beispiel der deutschen volkssprachlichen Werke
(2013)
Der mathematischen Wissenschaft Geometrie kam schon in der Antike eine wichtige Stelle zuteil. Die Pythagoreer (6. Jahrhundert v. Chr.) erklärten sie zu einer der vier grundlegenden Disziplinen: Arithmetik, Astronomie, Harmonielehre (Musik) und Geometrie (mathemata). Grammatik, Rhetorik, Dialektik und die vier genannten Disziplinen galten als der weltliche Wissensstoff und wurden im Mittelalter als die sieben Freien Künste (Septem artes liberales) bezeichnet und an den ersten Universitäten gelehrt. (Vgl. Taegert 2008: 13−14). "Wissenschaftssprache war im Mittelalter Latein, so dass Mathematik in lateinischer Sprache gelehrt und notiert wurde. Die Beschäftigung mit ihr war naturgemäß auf einen sehr eng umgrenzten Personenkreis beschränkt. Alltagsrelevante praktische Anwendungen der Mathematik standen hier, wie beispielweise bei der sogenannten "Klostermathematik", nicht im Vordergrund, vielmehr wurde diese Wissenschaft als eine den Geist und das schließende Denken schulende Tätigkeit angesehen." (Schuppener 2003: 40)...
We discuss gapless colour superconductivity for neutral quark matter in β equilibrium at zero as well as at nonzero temperature. Basic properties of gapless superconductors are reviewed. The current progress and the remaining problems in the understanding of the phase diagram of strange quark matter are discussed.
The article focuses on suffixoids based on titles of nobility and ecclesiastical titles. As an example, the study analyzes a total of 14 suffixoids with regard to the relation between the base word and the suffixoid. For this purpose, the author created a corpus of 200 tokens from online sources covering a 10-year period. The study presents suffixoids as active word-formation elements used as a result of linguistic expressivity and creativity. Moreover, it suggests an increasing tendency towards their use. This linguistic study can be seen as a new impetus to further investigations, especially in the field of translation studies – e.g. in the comparison of German and Czech with regard to this topic, which remains an uncharted field with no accurate studies yet available.
The article presents an interdisciplinary project that is focussed on an important cultural monument, namely a fortified hilltop settlement in the cadastre of Hradiště near Pilsen. This fortification is attested by five phases, which correspond to the main epochs of the erection of west Bohemian ramparts during the time span from the turn of the early to the Middle Bronze Age until the early medieval period. Geophysical prospection and trial excavations conducted there in 2012 and 2013 revealed important and new information on the stratigraphy and natural environment of the site. The project is particularly directed towards collaboration between archaeology and scientific studies. Geophysical and geochemical aspects of archaeological contexts, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological finds as well as geological composition of the materials from the fortification were analysed. Special attention was given to the problematic of the so-called vitrified walls (Schlackenwälle) associated with this site.
Recombinant DNA technology is an essential area of life engineering. The main aim of research in this field is to experimentally explore the possibilities of repairing damaged human DNA, healing or enhancing future human bodies. Based on ethnographic research in a Czech biochemical laboratory, the article explores biotechnological corporealities and their specific ontology through dealings with bio-objects, the bodywork of scientists. Using the complementary concepts of utopia and heterotopia, the text addresses the situation of bodies and bio-objects in a laboratory. Embodied utopias are analyzed as material semiotic phenomena that are embodied by scientists in their visions and emotions and that are related to potential bodies and to future, not-yet-actualized embodiments. As a counterpart to this, the text explores embodied heterotopias, which are always the other spaces, like biotechnological bio-objects that are simulated in computers or stored in special solutions.
Nakon uvodnih napomena o gornjomeđimurskome naselju Dragoslavec Breg (s osobitim osvrtom na povijest njegova imena, neslužbeni etnik i kretanje broja stanovnika), u radu se na osnovi terenskim i arhivskim istraživanjem prikupljene građe analizira antroponimijski sustav toga naselja. Pokazuju se značajke osobnih imena (njihova službena i neslužbena uporaba te učestalost), prezimena njegovih stanovnika (učestalost, podrijetlo, značenje i tvorbena struktura) kao i njihovi obiteljski nadimci (motivacija i tvorbene značajke).
V prispevku je predstavljeno slovensko narečno besedje za pomen ‘sinova žena’ v Slovenskem lingvističnem atlasu (SLA) v primerjavi s kajkavskim narečnim besedjem za ta pomen, zbranim za Hrvaški jezikovni atlas (HJA). Narečno gradivo, zbrano za ta dva temeljna nacionalna dialektološka projekta je namreč zanimivo tudi za raziskovanje slovensko-hrvaškega jezikovnega stika, saj zlasti v Pomurju in Medžimurju, v Posotelju, Beli krajini, na Kostelskem in v Gorskem kotarju ter v Istri jezika in njuna obmejna narečja bolj postopoma prehajajo eden v drugega in imajo zato mnoge skupne značilnosti tako na fonološki in morfološki kot tudi na leksikalni ravnini. Na primeru narečnega gradiva za vprašanji SLA-V614 snaha in HJA-V548 snaha, nevjesta je skupaj z morfonološko analizo in kartografskim prikazom prostorske razširjenosti narečnih leksemov predstavljen tudi način komentiranja narečnega gradiva v SLA.
We performed a survey of grassland communities in the Ukrainian Carpathians with the aim of: (1) syntaxonomically classifying the meso- and subxerophilous grassland vegetation; (2) analysing the main gradients in their species composition; (3) estimating the effect of selected environmental factors on grassland species composition; (4) assessing the species richness of vascular plants and bryophytes in relation to the measured environmental variables. We collected 46 phytosociological relevés during the growing seasons of 2010 and 2011. Species composition and species richness were studied at two spatial scales (1 m² and 16 m²) in relation to soil parameters (soil depth, pH (KCl), content of P, K, Mg, N and C), management regime (mowing, grazing, ploughing in the past and burning), and other factors (altitude, litter cover, open soil, inclination, solar radiation and animal excrement). Seven grassland types were distinguished belonging to 3 classes and 4 alliances, namely the Nardetea strictae including the Violion caninae (mesic pastures at altitudes of 400–600 m mostly on moderate slopes) and the Nardo strictae-Agrostion tenuis (grasslands on moderate slopes at altitudes of 700–900 m usually managed by mowing and grazing the aftermath); the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, including the Arrhenatherion elatioris (submontane grasslands originated mostly on former fields after their abandonment in the past) and the Cynosurion cristati (intensive pastures); and the Festuco-Brometea including the Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati (abandoned grasslands dominated by Brachypodium pinnatum and Inula salicina). Detrended correspondence analysis indicated that the major compositional turnover was related to altitude and soil reaction. A canonical correspondence analysis confirmed that altitude had the strongest effect on species composition in the analysed dataset, followed by management treatments (former ploughing, grazing intensity). For vascular plant species richness, regression tree analysis identified grazing intensity as the most important predictor at the 1 m² scale. At the 16 m² scale, soil humus content was evaluated as the most important predictor of vascular plant species richness, followed by litter cover and grazing intensity. The number of bryophytes was not determined by the studied environmental factors at either of the two spatial scales. Although the number of analysed relevés in this study was limited, our results significantly contribute to the understanding of submontane grasslands in the Ukrainian Carpathians.
A long-term systematic survey of grassland communities was performed in the Biele Karpaty Mts. in Slovakia. The main aims of the research were i) syntaxonomical classification of meso- and subxerophilous grassland vegetation, ii) analysis of the main gradients in species composition, iii) evaluation of the effect of environmental factors on species composition of grasslands. The data set included 342 phytosociological relevés of grasslands recorded between 1991 and 1999. For the classification of relevés to associations, the expert system for identification of grassland vegetation of Slovakia was used. The main environmental gradients of species composition were analysed by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). For the ecological interpretation of ordination axes Ellenberg indicator values were used. The relationship between species composition and environmental factors (geology, pedology, climate, topography, management) was analysed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The expert system identified (according to association definitions) 220 phytosociological relevés (64% of the whole data set). Grassland communities were classified within seven associations belonging to four alliances and three classes: Festuco-Brometea: Bromion erecti and Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati; Molinio- Arrhenatheretea: Arrhenatherion; Nardetea strictae: Violion caninae. The results of the DCA support our assumption that the main environmental gradient in species compositions of grasslands is related to moisture and soil reaction (content of CaCO3 in the soil). The results of the direct gradient analysis (CCA) show that all 23 environmental variables explained 16.15% of the variability of the species data. The most important factors affecting the data variation were precipitation and geological bedrock.
U radu se analizira uloga deiktičkih obilježivača (markera) u generičkom strukturiranju diskursa. Najprije se podsjeća da u postojećim tipologijama žanrova diskursa prisutnost deiktičkih obilježivača i drugih tragova subjektivnosti predstavlja važan kriterij za razgraničenje žanrova koji koegzistiraju u određenom društveno-povijesnom okviru unutar određenog tipa diskursa i za deskripciju uvjeta njihove diversifikacije. Zatim se, na primjeru diskursa medijske informacije na čije generičko strukturiranje utječu različite strategije objektivizacije, nastoji pokazati da primjena tog kriterija dobiva svoj puni smisao tek u kombinaciji s kriterijima koji se odnose na tekstualna i situacijska obilježja relevantna za generičko strukturiranje diskursa, a to su, s jedne strane, komunikacijski ciljevi sudionika u interakciji i specifične diskurzivne aktivnosti koje oblikuju relacijski profil tekstualnih struktura i, s druge strane, složenost interakcijskog okvira i stupanj heterogenosti deiktičkih i polifonijskih struktura.
U radu se analizira uloga jednog tipa referencijalnih izraza – anaforičkih izraza – u diskurzivnom oblikovanju odabranog medijsko-znanstvenog događaja (“uskrsnuće” bakterije Deinococcus radiodurans). Predlaže se transverzalna analiza anaforičkih izraza utemeljena na modularnom pristupu kompleksnosti organizacije diskursa i na dinamičnoj koncepciji anaforičke referencije, shvaćene kao segment šireg procesa konceptualnog strukturiranja svijeta diskursa i usuglašavanja mentalnih predodžbi sudionika u interakciji.
Die gesellschaftliche Wende 1989 hatte u. a. einen grundsätzlichen Umbau der bisherigen Verlagslandschaft in der Slowakei zur Folge. Wenn die Lage davor und danach verglichen wird, erscheinen markante Unterschiede, die neben anderen herausgegebenen Büchern auch die Übersetzungen aus der deutschsprachigen Literatur betreffen.
Am 16. April 2019 starb unser hervorragender Kollege und Freund, Literaturwissenschaftler, Hochschulpädagoge und Literaturübersetzer, Dr. habil. Milan Žitný, PhD. Der Absolvent des Studiums der Germanistik und Nordistik an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Comenius-Universität Bratislava begann seine wissenschaftliche Laufbahn als Mitarbeiter des Instituts für Weltsprachen und Literatur an der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Hier promovierte er mit einer Dissertation über junge nonkonformistische DDR-Lyrik.
Predmet ovog rada su kajkavizmi u Tkonskom zborniku – glagoljskom rukopisu koji je početkom 16. stoljeća pisan na frankopanskim posjedima. Utvrđeno je da su u tom rukopisu prisutni kajkavizmi na svim razinama: fonološkoj, morfološkoj, leksičkoj i sintaktičkoj. Najviše je kajkavizama na leksičkoj razini, a oni se mogu podijeliti u dvije skupine: 1. zajednički čakavsko- kajkavski sloj, npr. betegь, gdo, nigdar, hiniti, hud, kaštigati, lotar itd.; 2. kajkavski sloj, npr. fajtati, gorup, nekoteri, pokrivača, škoda, špotati, tanac itd. Prva je kategorija leksema interpolirana u gotovo svim dijelovima CTk, a druga je najčešća u Cvetu od kreposti i Muci. Tkonski zbornik čuva jedno ogromno leksičko bogatstvo, a pri usporedbi pojedinih leksema s onima u hrvatskoglagoljskim misalima i brevijarima, zaključeno je da su neki od njih potvrđeni i ranije, npr. betegь, kaštigati, praviti, gorup, tanac itd. To je potvrda o kontinuitetu hrvatskoglagoljske književnosti. Interpolacija kajkavizama nije ujednačena u svim dijelovima zbornika, kajkavske su intervencije najčešće u Cvetu od kreposti (f. 67 – 85) i u Muci Spasitelja našega (f. 109 – 161). Na temelju provedenog istraživanja može se zaključiti da je Tkonski zbornik rukopis sastavljen iz različitih dijelova, koji nisu nastali u istom razdoblju, ni na istom mjestu. Budući da kajkavizme u pojedinim dijelovima nalazimo na svim razinama (Cvet od kreposti i Muka), može se pretpostaviti da su oni nastali u sjevernom području, tj. bliže kajkavskom.
Cilj je ovoga rada opis zamjeničke deklinacije u jednom hrvatskoglagoljskom rukopisu, Akademijinu brevijaru iz 14. stoljeća, i potom usporedba sa stanjem u kanonskim starocrkvenoslavenskim rukopisima, zatim u hrvatskoglagoljskim fragmentima i liturgijskim rukopisima, u zbornicima, i na koncu u tiskanim brevijarima. Nadalje se na temelju proučene i izložene građe pokušava odgovoriti na pitanje postoji li razlika, i u kojoj mjeri, kod zamjeničkih oblika između prvoga (Psaltira) i drugoga dijela brevijara (Komunala), kao što je to već ustanovljeno za neke jezične razine, odnosno koliko je u drugome dijelu prisutan utjecaj narodnoga piščeva govora.
Die Arbeit enthält Untersuchungsergebnisse über die Unkrautvegetation in Südost-Slowenien, die nach unseren Feststellungen relativ gut entwickelt ist. Die Bestände wurden in 5 Assoziationen und eine Basalgesellschaft unterteilt. Allerdings war festzustellen, dass die Vielfalt bei den niedrigen Syntaxa gering ist, was auf den Rückgang extremer Standorte (Ausgleich des trophischen Nievaus) zurückzuführen ist. Vor allem wurden Typische Subassoziationen gefunden.
Při vyjadřování a popisu emocí zaujímají frazémy mezi jazykovými prostředky ojedinělé postavení. Ĉlánek nastiňuje dŧvody k tomuto tvrzení: Prostřednictvím frazémŧ jsou emoce vyjadřovány jednak díky silné expresivní sloţce frazeologického významu, jednak i díky samotnému (expresivnímu) uţití frazému v textu. Některé frazémy rovněţ mohou emoce oznaĉovat (popisovat, tematizovat), resp. k nim svým významem odkazovat (sich die Augen ausweinen können → smutek, zoufalství). Pro ilustraci výše uvedených úvah byla vybrána formálně i sémanticky omezená skupina frazémŧ – verbální frazémy obsahující somatické substantivum. Zvláštní roli tzv. somatických frazémŧ v problematice verbální artikulace a popisu emocí lze vysvětlit jejich frazeologickou aktivitou, vysokou symboliĉností některých somatických komponentŧ (Herz) a především tím, jak odráţejí úzkou interakci mezi emocemi a tělesnými stavy (einen Kloß im Hals haben), resp. jak verbalizují nonverbální projevy mimiky a gestiky (den Kopf hängen lassen).
Rezension zu Jesenšek, Vida/Dobrovolskij, Dmitrij (Hgg.) (2014): Phraseologie und Kultur. Phraseology and Culture. Bielsko-Biała/Budapest/Kansas/Maribor/Praha: Verlag der Philosophischen Fakultät Maribor, ISBN 978–961–6930–04–8, 597 S.
Der vorliegende Band (sowie drei andere Tagungsbände, die Phraseodidaktik, Phraseographie und Phraseme in Korpora wie auch die vergleichende Phraseologie fokussieren) geht auf die Tagung der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Phraseologie zurück, die im August 2012 in Maribor stattgefunden hat.
[Rezension zu:] Melanija Fabčič (Hg.): Phraseologie im interlingualen und interkulturellen Kontakt
(2015)
Rezension zu Fabčič, Melanija/Fiedler, Sabine/Szerszunowicz, Joanna (Hgg.) (2013): Phraseologie im interlingualen und interkulturellen Kontakt. Phraseology in Interlingual and Intercultural Contact. Bielsko-Biała/Budapest/Kansas/Maribor/Praha: Verlag der Philosophischen Fakultät Maribor, ISBN 978-961-6930-03-1, 333 S.
Die Tagung der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Phraseologie, die im August 2012 in Maribor stattfand und unter dem Motto "Phraseologie und Kultur" stand, brachte vier Tagungsbände her. Die Beiträge des vorliegenden Bandes, die eine Auswahl von Vorträgen der Sektion "'Nosce te ipsum' - Phraseologie im interlingualen und interkulturellen Kontakt" repräsentieren, beschäftigen sich vorrangig mit Fragen zum phraseologischen Sprachvergleich sowie mit Fragen der Entlehnung und Übersetzung von Phrasemen.
Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden vor dem Hintergrund der bisherigen germanistischen und bohemistischen Phraseologieforschung und in Anlehnung an die Herangehensweise von PIIRAINEN (2001) bzw. DOBROVOĽSKIJ/PIIRAINEN (2009) einige Phraseme benannt, die eine Art verstärktes Potenzial für eine geschlechtsbedingte Restriktion aufweisen. Die Überlegungen zu der Auswahl dieser Phraseme, ihrer phraseographischen Verarbeitung, der Ermittlung erforderlicher Angaben zur Geschlechtsmarkierung und einem eventuellen interlingualen phraseologischen Vergleich werden an verbalen Phrasemen mit Substantivkomponenten aus dem semantischen Bereich der Somatismen illustriert.
A new phylogenetic hypothesis is proposed for the relationships among the species within the genus Docosia Winnertz, 1863, based on a combined analysis of five DNA markers (28S, ITS2, COI, COII and CytB). Five new species are described, Docosia anatolica Ševčík sp. nov. from Turkey, D. japonica Kurina sp. nov. from Japan, D. peloponnensis Ševčík sp. nov. from Greece, D. svanetica Kurina sp. nov. from Caucasus and D. polyspina Kurina sp. nov. from the Russian Far East. New country records of the following species are presented: D. diutina Plassmann, 1996 (Turkey), D. flavicoxa Strobl, 1900 (Georgia), D. gilvipes (Haliday in Walker, 1856) (Georgia), D. kerkini Kurina & Ševčík, 2011 (Bulgaria), D. moravica Landrock, 1916 (Georgia), D. pannonica Lastovka & Ševčík 2006 (Georgia) and D. rameli Kurina & Ševčík, 2011 (Slovakia).
The spitting spider Scytodes fusca Walckenaer, 1837 is recorded for the first time in Central Europe from both Germany and Slovakia. The species was found in two localities, within the Botanical Garden in Bratislava (Slovakia), specifically from a heated greenhouse with high humidity, and the "Tropical Islands", a tropical holiday resort in Krausnick (Germany). It seems that this Pantropical species has probably been introduced here along with imported plants. A description of diagnostic characters, as well as figures, is given.
Carinostoma elegans new to the Slovakian harvestmen fauna (Opiliones, Dyspnoi, Nemastomatidae)
(2014)
A new genus and species of small harvestman was found for the first time in Slovakia – Carinostoma elegans (Sorensen, 1894). One male and two females were collected in the Mlyňany arboretum of the Slovak Academy of Science (western Slovakia). Descriptions and photographs of both sexes of C. elegans are provided. Additional comments, and a map of distribution of all species of this genus, are provided.
Die bisherige mangelhafte Berücksichtigung der substantivierten Infinitive in zweisprachigen Wörterbüchern Deutsch-Tschechisch kontrastiert mit deren oft hoher Vorkommenshäufigkeit sowie mit den Anforderungen, die an moderne Übersetzungswörterbücher seitens ihrer Benutzer gestellt werden, u. a. auch im Bereich der Darstellung der Kollokabilität und Erfassung der Synonymie bzw. Wortbildungskonkurrenz. Die Aufnahme und Darstellung der Infinitivkonvertate im entstehenden Großen Akademischen Wörterbuch Deutsch-Tschechisch wird in diesem Beitrag aus einer Corpus-Driven-Position behandelt.
U članku je riječ o sklonidbi i naglasku imenica srednjega roda o-sklonidbe u mjesnom govoru sela Jevšček pokraj Livka (općina Kobarid, Slovenija), koji pripada nadiškomu dijalektu slovenskoga, i to sa sinkronijskoga i dijakronijskoga aspekta. S aspekta jezikoslovnoga opisa prikazani su nastavci i njihova distribucija s obzirom na osnovu te naglasni tipovi i njihove paradigme. U jezičnopovijesnome dijelu određuje se povijesni izvod pojedinih nastavaka i naglasnih tipova. Opisani oblici i naglasni sustav postavljaju se u širi slovenski i slavenski kontekst.
Introduction: This study reports about antenatal characteristics of Roma minority population. The study was designed to investigate data about health behaviours known to be associated with reproductive outcomes of Roma women that have very good living conditions and relatively high resource availability.
Methods: A retrospective study included 204 Roma and 408 non-Roma hospitalised singleton births that occurred in the Maternity Ward of the General Hospital Virovitica in the period from 1991 to 2010. Data about women’s age, marital status, smoking, reproductive health (abortions, delivery), antenatal care, perinatal complications and gestational age were taken from hospital records and analysed.
Results: Roma women were averagely more than three years younger than non-Roma women, only 10.8% were married. Smoking was more frequent. The average number of births of Roma and non-Roma women was similar, averagely two children per woman. The rate of induced abortions in the Roma women was higher, while the frequency of spontaneous abortions was equal. Inadequate antenatal care of Roma women was associated with two times higher incidence of perinatal complications. A higher frequency of deliveries at home without professional assistance in Roma pregnancy resulted in lower perinatal outcomes. It was confirmed that Roma mothers give birth earlier (38+6 vs. 39+4 weeks) and have a higher incidence of premature births (9.3% vs. 2.2%).
Conclusions: In the comparison of antenatal parameters between the two researched groups, poorer prenatal outcomes in the Roma population were found, despite full integration and considerable improvement in living standards of this ethnic Roma population.
Standard biorelevant media reflect the average gastrointestinal (GI) physiology in healthy volunteers. The use of biorelevant media in in vitro experiments has become an important strategy to predict drug behaviour in vivo and is often combined with in silico tools in order to simulate drug plasma profiles over time. In addition to the healthy population, the effects of disease state or co-administration of other drugs on plasma profiles must be considered to assure drug efficacy and safety. Thus, there is a need for a more accurate representation of the human GI physiology when it is altered by disease or co-administered drugs in in vitro dissolution experiments.
This thesis focused on the development of biorelevant media and dissolution tests reflecting GI physiology in circumstances where the gastric pH is elevated. Diseases linked to an elevated gastric pH are hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria, but these days treatment with acid-reducing agents (ARAs) is the single greatest cause of elevation in gastric pH. pH-dependent drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with ARAs are frequent, as the ARAs are used in a number of diseases using a variety of drugs. As the drugs currently on the market are often poorly soluble and ionisable, their dissolution is highly dependent on the pH of the GI tract, especially the gastric pH.
The thesis research consisted of several steps. In the first step, physiological changes in the human GI tract during the therapy with ARAs were identified. Parameters of the standard biorelevant gastric medium FaSSGF were adjusted to the identified changes to reflect the impact of ARA co-administration on the gastric physiology. The media aim to assess the potential extent of the ARA impact on gastric physiology by introducing biorelevant media pairs, ARA pH 4 and pH 6 media, of which one reflects a lesser, and the other a stronger impact of ARAs.
In the second step these ARA media were implemented in in vitro dissolution set-ups.
The dissolution of poorly soluble ionisable drugs was assessed using one-stage, two-stage and transfer model set-ups, as well as using a more evolved in vitro system TIM-1. Comparison of results from dissolution set-ups using the standard, low pH, gastric biorelevant medium FaSSGF (pH 1.6 or 2), and the same set-ups using ARA pH 4 and pH 6 media, shows a decrease in dissolution rate and extent for weakly basic compounds PSWB 001 and dipyridamole, and an increase in rate and extent of dissolution for the weakly acidic compound raltegravir potassium, when the gastric pH is elevated. Due to different physicochemical properties, the extent of the impact of physiological changes during ARA therapy (when either ARA pH 4 or pH 6 medium is selected) on dissolution varied among the model drugs. Thus, the bracketing approach, which considers a range of the possible ARA co-administration impact on drug dissolution, was confirmed to be best practice in assessing the impact of ARAs.
In the third step, dissolution data from in vitro experiments with ARA media was implemented into in silico models. The predictions using various in silico model approaches in Simcyp™ Simulator (minimal and full PBPK model, dissolution input using DRM and DLM) successfully bracketed in vivo data on drug administration during ARA therapy and correctly predicted an overall decrease in plasma concentration for the two model weakly basic compounds and an increase in plasma concertation for the model weakly acidic compound.
In all assessed scenarios, the ARA methods proved to be an essential part of evaluating and predicting the impact of ARAs on drug pharmacokinetics, and appropriately predicted the extent of a possible impact of ARAs on the drug plasma profiles. Thus, the ARA biorelevant media and dissolution tests were demonstrated to be valuable tools reflecting administration of drugs when the gastric pH is elevated and able to predict the impact of ARA therapy on drug administration.
The ability to evaluate the impact of human (patho) physioloy on drug behaviour in the gastrointestinal tract is of great importance, as the GI conditions play a significant role in drug release and absorption. Thus, there is great interest on the part of the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies to develop best practices in this field, especially for pH-dependent DDIs. The media and dissolution tests developed in this thesis are biorelevant methods appropriate for evaluation of the impact of elevated gastric pH on drug efficacy and safety. Such methods, used as a risk assessment tool, in connection with evaluation of the efficacy window and potential toxicity, may help to increase confidence about decisions as to whether a pH-effect will occur and whether it is relevant or not, prior to conducting clinical studies. They may also enable changes in inclusion/exclusion criteria during recruiting for large-scale efficacy trials. In fact, the biopharmaceutic approach to drug development is becoming standard practice on a number of fronts, including metabolic DDIs, renal and hepatic insufficiency, powering decision-making process and possibly even waiving certain types of clinical studies.
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Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der deutschsprachigen Migrationsliteratur und mit ihrem Platz in der heutigen literarischen Szene. Es wird die Frage gestellt, warum diese Literatur aus ihrer früher eher peripheren Stelle (hinsichtlich des Interesses der LeserInnen und der Literaturwissenschaft) ins Zentrum verschoben wurde. Das Hauptanliegen des Beitrags ist jedoch die literarische Analyse dreier Werke von zwei aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion stammenden, auf Deutsch schreibenden Schriftstellerinnen (Olga Grjasnowa und Lena Gorelik) in Bezug auf die ausgewählten spezifischen thematischen Schwerpunkte, die durch oder infolge Migration (der Hauptfiguren oder auch der SchriftstellerInnen selbst) entstanden waren.
The Hultschin (Hlučín) region - now part of the Czech Republic - was annexed to the former Czechoslovakia in 1920. Throughout the centuries, its turbulent history has been shaped by various conflicting power interests, which have influenced the co-existence of the Czech and German communities which historically lived alongside each other. The Polish and Jewish communities had a relatively minor influence over the culture of this polylingual region, but the large German minority played a significant role. The influence of German language, culture and customs was not only visible in the political and economic life of the local population; it was also reflected in the various clubs and associations that were active in the region.
Smutek jako jedna ze základních emocí podstatně ovlivňuje ţivot jedince. Emoce pŧsobí na budoucí jednání ĉlověka ve spoleĉnosti a mají vliv na vnímání okolního světa a jeho utváření. Někdo, kdo je smutný, hodnotí své okolí spíše kriticky a toto negativní nazírání světa se pak odráţí v jeho postojích. Jedním z autorŧ, který reflektuje ve svém díle smutné záţitky z dětství, je rakouský spisovatel Thomas Bernhard. Ve svém románu "Ein Kind" líĉí emocionální izolaci a traumatické záţitky nechtěného dítěte.
Man könnte fast von einer Euphorie der kurzen Formen sprechen. Auch wenn das Aufkommen der Kurzprosa im weitesten Sinn sicher ein Phänomen der modernen Literatur immer noch bleibt, erreichte diese Form doch in der Deutschschweizer Literatur eine besondere Ausprägung. Ihre Entwicklung ist hier mit einer eigenen, aber auf keinen Fall geschlossenen Tradition verbunden, die sich im ungleich starken Maß von den Gattungen Roman und Lyrik unterscheidet.
Setkání se smrtí je jedním z témat, která jsou těsně spjata s literární tvorbou od jejich počátků. V sedmdesátých letech 20. století sděluje řada švýcarských spisovatelů otevřeně své privátní zážitky v autobiografických dílech, ve kterých nemá zůstat nic zatajeno, tedy ani hrůza nemoci a smrti.
Na konci osmdesátých a na počátku devadesátých let se hlásí o slovo mladá, zcela jinak orientovaná generace autorů. Pro jejich literaturu není typickým znakem jen odraz vnitřního světa, nýbrž i pokus spojit osobní život s veřejným zájmem. Jedním z představitelů této generace je Thomas Hürlimann. Švýcarská společnost a podmínky demokracie mu poskytují témata, která zpracovává ve stále nových variacích. V románu "Der grosse Kater" se prolínají dvě roviny. Veřejná, ve které jsou odhaleny praktiky politických šíbrů, a soukromá, která líčí bezmocnost rodiny, jež je nucena bezmocně přihlížet umírání dítěte. Obě roviny se setkávají ve styčném bodě, kterým je smrt. Smrt ovlivňuje rozhodující měrou životní osudy protagonistů a určuje jejich budoucí směřování.
Postmoderne Merkmale in der Schweizer Literatur am Beispiel Zoë Jennys Roman 'Das Blütenstaubzimmer'
(2009)
Postmodernì literatura se vyznačuje pluralitou moņnostì, charakteristickou pro dìla vznikajìcì na přelomu 21. stoletì. Jejich autoři usilujì o originalitu a individualitu své tvorby, coņ platì i pro ńvýcarské spisovatele. Představitelka nejmladńì generace spisovatelů Zoe Jenny lìčì v autobiograficky zabarvené románové prvotině 'Das Blütrenstaubzimmer' bolestné zránì mladé hrdinky. Do jejìho literárnìho ztvárněnì se promìtajì jednotlivé znaky postmodernì literatury, z nichņ některé jsou podrobněji analyzovány.
Das Hultschiner Ländchen ist heute ein Teil der Tschechischen Republik, in dem seit Jahrhunderten die mährischen/tschechischen, deutschen und polnischen sprachlichen und kulturellen Bevölkerungsgruppen zusammenlebten, wobei der deutsche Aspekt eine bestimmende Rolle spielte. In dieser Region wurde der vielseitig begabte Max Ring geboren, der als Arzt, Schriftsteller, Dramatiker und Journalist in Oberschlesien und vor allem in Berlin tätig war. In seinem autobiografischen Werk 'Erinnerungen' schildert Ring seine Kinderjahre im national und religiös liberalen Milieu des Heimatdorfes und die sozialen Verhältnisse im industriellen Oberschlesien genauso wie das Leben der Boheme in den Berliner literarischen Gesellschaften.
The early 20th century is associated with many terrible events in Europe's wartime history. The loss of historical awareness and the attempt to reconcile oneself with the wartime past is the subject of many novels. The theme of alienation and deracination as a result of the horrors of war is treated by W. G. Sebald in his novel 'Austerlitz'. The hero of the novel, having experienced the horrors of the Holocaust, is condemned to a lifetime of remembering, which uncovers terrible secrets that were never meant to be revealed.
During the last two decades of the 20th century writers gradually returned to traditional narrative methods, though their works were creatively enriched by the incorporation of new tendencies. The results of these efforts show traces of literary postmodernism. One of the representatives of German-language postmodern literature is Sten Nadolny, whose oeuvre is typified by its openness to the plurality and diversity of the world. His novel "Ein Gott der Frechheit" revives ancient gods and mythological figures, revealing the mysteries of old legends; this is viewed as a background to the self-destructive disorientation of contemporary society.