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Die Literaturwissenschaft hat Thomas Braschs Lyrik bisher nicht als eigenständiges Phänomen behandelt, obwohl gerade sein Gedichtband „Der schöne 27. September“ von 1980 fulminant erfolgreich war. Die wenigen Seitenblicke, welche die Forschung diesem Zyklus bisher gewidmet hat, überzeugen im Großen und Ganzen recht wenig. Daher versucht die vorliegende Untersuchung, die bedauerliche Forschungslücke zu verringern. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage nach einer dem Band möglicherweise impliziten Ästhetik. Motivik, Sprache und Form der einzelnen Texte interessieren dabei ebenso wie das Arrangement des Ganzen. Ein Glücksumstand ist es, dass diese Arbeit auch das nachgelassene Material, welches sich im Thomas-Brasch-Archiv der Akademie der Künste, Berlin befindet, nutzen konnte, so dass sich hier eine umfassende Untersuchung der Genese der Gedichte und die Analyse des Zusammenspiels dieser Texte in „Der schöne 27. September“ ergänzen.
In this paper, we introduce an extension of the XMG system (eXtensibleMeta-Grammar) in order to allow for the description of Multi-Component Tree Adjoining Grammars. In particular, we introduce the XMG formalism and its implementation, and show how the latter makes it possible to extend the system relatively easily to different target formalisms, thus opening the way towards multi-formalism.
Die Entdeckung von Johannes Rothes ‚Geistlicher Brustspange’ verdanken wir Conrad Borchling. Der Text ist in einer heute in Kopenhagen befindlichen Sammelhandschrift (...) überliefert (...). Die Tendenz zur allegorischen Summe und zur Anhäufung von Väterweisheiten [in der ‚Geistlichen Brustspange’] deutet immer auch in der Vielfalt der Bezüge auf eine das Klosterleben übersteigende Vielfalt der Lebensformen hin. Die allegorische Deutung in einer solchen Komplexität und Mannigfaltigkeit verbindet das ‚geistlich’ mit dem ‚wertlich mensche’ vor einem Horizont von zwar unterschiedlich verpflichtenden, aber im Prinzip gemeinsamen Tugenden. Der Text ist so gleichsam gegen den Willen seines Autors zu viel mehr als einer Klosterlehre geworden – zu einer ganz verschiedene Institutionen und Lebensformen verbindenden allegorischen Tugendsumme.
Intrinsic motivation, the causal mechanism for spontaneous exploration and curiosity, is a central concept in developmental psychology. It has been argued to be a crucial mechanism for open-ended cognitive development in humans, and as such has gathered a growing interest from developmental roboticists in the recent years. The goal of this paper is threefold. First, it provides a synthesis of the different approaches of intrinsic motivation in psychology. Second, by interpreting these approaches in a computational reinforcement learning framework, we argue that they are not operational and even sometimes inconsistent. Third, we set the ground for a systematic operational study of intrinsic motivation by presenting a formal typology of possible computational approaches. This typology is partly based on existing computational models, but also presents new ways of conceptualizing intrinsic motivation. We argue that this kind of computational typology might be useful for opening new avenues for research both in psychology and developmental robotics.
Varianten oder Zeichen : zur Diskussion um die Textlichkeit der Bibel von Spinoza bis Derrida
(2007)
»Die Bibel: iss für mich’n unordentliches Buch mit 50 000 Textvarianten. Alt und buntscheckig genug, Liebeslyrik, Anekdoten [...]«. Zugegeben: Arno Schmidt, in dessen 1955 erschienener Erzählung Seelandschaft mit Pocahontas sich der dem Verfasser keineswegs unähnliche Protagonist derart spöttisch äußert, mag nicht gerade der berufenste Kommentator für die Heilige Schrift sein! Allzu oft und unmissverständlich hat dieser sogenannte ›Solipsist in der Heide‹ klar gemacht, dass er sich als Atheist verstand und auch als solcher verstanden wissen wollte. Aber trotzdem: Wer der Bibel nicht glaubt, der kann sie womöglich umso unbefangener als Text wahrnehmen, kann sich eventuell umso ernsthafter mit ihrer Sprachlichkeit auseinandersetzen und Qualitäten erkennen, die über den theologischen Wahrheitsgehalt hinausreichen und doch mit der Frage nach der Wahrhaftigkeit des Schriftsinns verbunden bleiben.
We adopt Markert and Nissim (2005)’s approach of using the World Wide Web to resolve cases of coreferent bridging for German and discuss the strength and weaknesses of this approach. As the general approach of using surface patterns to get information on ontological relations between lexical items has only been tried on English, it is also interesting to see whether the approach works for German as well as it does for English and what differences between these languages need to be accounted for. We also present a novel approach for combining several patterns that yields an ensemble that outperforms the best-performing single patterns in terms of both precision and recall.
U radu se analizira uloga jednog tipa referencijalnih izraza – anaforičkih izraza – u diskurzivnom oblikovanju odabranog medijsko-znanstvenog događaja (“uskrsnuće” bakterije Deinococcus radiodurans). Predlaže se transverzalna analiza anaforičkih izraza utemeljena na modularnom pristupu kompleksnosti organizacije diskursa i na dinamičnoj koncepciji anaforičke referencije, shvaćene kao segment šireg procesa konceptualnog strukturiranja svijeta diskursa i usuglašavanja mentalnih predodžbi sudionika u interakciji.
In the area of the Modern Greek verb, phenomena which consistently appear are headmarking, many potential slots before and/or after the verb root, noun and adverb incorporation, addition of adverbial elements by means of affixes, a large inventory of bound morphemes, verbal words as minimal sentences, etc. These features relate Modern Greek to polysynthesis. The main bulk of this paper is dedicated to the comparison of affixal and incorporation patterns between Modern Greek and the polysynthetic languages Abkhaz, Cayuga, Chukchi, Mohawk, and Nahuatl. Ultimately, a typological outlook for Modern Greek is proposed.
The Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning features a shared task, in which participants train and test their learning systems on the same data sets. In 2007, as in 2006, the shared task has been devoted to dependency parsing, this year with both a multilingual track and a domain adaptation track. In this paper, we define the tasks of the different tracks and describe how the data sets were created from existing treebanks for ten languages. In addition, we characterize the different approaches of the participating systems, report the test results, and provide a first analysis of these results.
The Book as a landscape
(2007)
There is a long tradition of regarding landscapes as texts and texts as landscapes. Characterizing visually experienced nature as a text implies stressing its meaningfulness, its character as a message or an expression. According to an old metaphor that was highly esteemed in medieval Christian culture as well as in early modem science, nature itself is a divine message addressed to mankind, analogously to the holy scriptures, revealing the will of God as the superior "author" to those who are able to decipher the signs. As a consequence of the process of secularization, art gains authority over the signs of nature, and it is the artist who creates messages by composing the elements of the visual world. The idea of interpreting texts as landscapes seems less evident at the first moment; it implies the notion of texts and landscapes as artificial products which depend on an individual human subject's intentions.
Children […] growing up with highly inflected languages such as Modern Greek will frequently hear different grammatical forms of a given lexeme used in different grammatical and semantic-pragmatic contexts. In spite of the fact that the Greek noun is not as highly inflected as the verb, acquisition of nominal inflection of this inflecting-fusional language is quite complex, comprising the three categories of case, number, and gender. As is usual in this type of language, the formation of case-number forms obeys different patterns that apply to largely arbitrary classes of nominal lexemes partially based on gender. Further, frequency of the occurrence of the three gender classes and case-number forms of nouns greatly differs in spoken Greek, regarding both the types and tokens. […] [A] child learning an inflecting-fusional language like Greek must construct different inflectional patterns depending not only on parts of speech but also on subclasses within a given part of speech, such as gender classes of nouns and inflectional classes within or (exceptionally) across genders. It is therefore to be expected that the early development of case and number distinctions will apply to specific nouns and subclasses of nouns rather than the totality of Greek nouns. The two main theoretical approaches of morphological development that will be discussed in the present paper are the usage-based approach and the pre- and protomorphology approach.
Im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte haben in die Aspektologie und die ihr gewidmeten wissenschaftlichen Debatten zunehmend Versuche Einzug gehalten, die mit dem Ziel unternommen wurden und darauf ausgerichtet waren, die Lexik der Verben in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses zu rücken und in der Hoffnung darauf zu durchforsten, darin Hinweise aufzuspüren, die es gestatten, entsprechende verlässliche Rückschlüsse auf das von ihnen gezeitigte Aspektverhalten, d.h. die in dem jeweiligen Fall zutage tretende Art der der Imperfektiv-Perfektiv-Opposition zugrunde liegenden Bedeutung zu ziehen. In dem Bemühen, eine aspektuell relevante Verbklassifikation, d.h. eine solche, die sowohl über die Frage der aspektuellen Paarigkeit von Verben als auch über die semantischen Eigenschaften von Perfektivum und Imperfektivum innerhalb eines Aspektpaares Aufschluss erteilt, zu erstellen, musste man sich zunächst auf die Aufgabe zurückbesinnen, die die Sprache dem Aspekt zubedacht hat und die durch den morphologisch geschiedenen Gegensatz von Imperfektiva und Perfektiva wahrgenommen wird: die - von mir eindeutig ausschließlich in diesem Sinne so genannte - Aspektualität.
Der Dichter Paul Celan übersetzte aus sieben Sprachen ins Deutsche, weigerte sich aber zeit seines Lebens seine eigenen Gedichte zu übertragen. Zu der Frage, ob seine Lyrik überhaupt übersetzbar sei, hat er sich zudem meistens sehr skeptisch geäußert. Doch für seine Frau, die französische Künstlerin Gisèle Celan-Lestrange, verfasste er Vokabellisten und Interlinearübersetzungen zu einigen seiner Gedichte. Anhand des Briefwechsels, den die Partner fast 20 Jahre lang führten, soll die Bedeutung des Sprachwechsels im Leben und Werk Celans thematisiert werden. Denn der Wechsel zwischen dem Französischen der Briefe und dem Deutschen der Gedichte, zwischen der Sprache des Exils und der Muttersprache spiegelt zweifellos die Frage nach der individuellen und künstlerischen Identität wider. Die im Briefwechsel enthaltenen französischen Fassungen der Gedichte stellen daher einen absoluten Einzelfall dar. Der Dichter verstand diese Texte nicht als Übertragungen im vollen Sinn des Wortes, trotzdem gewähren sie dem Interpreten einen einzigartigen Einblick in die Werkstatt des Dichters. Die vergleichende Analyse der deutschen und französischen Fassung der Einzeltexte zeigt, wie die Tätigkeit des Dichters und die des Übersetzers Paul Celans zueinander beisteuerten.
This study analyzes storyline structure in three Hausa home videos; Mai Kudi (The Rich Man), Sanafahna (with time truth shall dawn) and Albashi (Salary). The study measures storyline structure in these films against a Hollywood film industry model of story writing “the Hero's Journey”. It uses narrative analysis as its analytical tool, and narrative theory as its framework. After analyzing these videos, the study found that the major elements of storyline structure in Vogler's model formed the framework of the storyline structure in Hausa home videos analyzed. However, in spite of the preponderance of these elements within the storyline structure, there are significant variations to Vogler's model. Specifically, Vogler's model has some twelve stages spread on the universal structure of storytelling, i.e. beginning, middle and end. Few of these stages were found to exist in Hausa narrative structure, perhaps due to cultural differences between Western, Indian and Hausa cultures. The study therefore recommends screenwriters and producers to be aware of the existence of standard models of scriptwriting. It also recommends more training for script writers in the Hausa film industry.
Der Begründer der Neuen Phänomenologie, Hermann Schmitz, rückt anläßlich einer Erläuterung des für ihn zentralen Begriffs der "implantierenden Situation" Goethes Gedicht Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh ... in die Nähe der Haiku-Lyrik. Das von Schmitz nur beiläufig Konstellierte erweist sich bei näherem Hinsehen als aufschlußreich für das Verständnis der Naturlyrik aus Goethes erstem Weimarer Jahrzehnt. Denn es ist in der Tat die Haiku-Tradition, an der wir unseren Blick für manche Eigenheiten der lyrischen Sprache Goethes in jener Werkphase schulen können – einer Werkphase, die ich als "vorkritisch" bezeichne, da sie noch nicht unter dem Einfluß der kritischen Philosophie Kants steht und daher noch frei ist vom didaktisierenden Zug transzendentaler Subjektivität. Der japanische Blick auf den "vorkritischen" Goethe ist nicht nur von philologischem Interesse. Er zeigt uns, sehr viel weiter reichend, die Möglichkeit eines Sprechens über Phänomene, bei dem es kein die Erfahrung begleitendes und in seine Gewalt bringendes "Ich denke" zu geben scheint. ...
Im Anschluss an Foucault könnte man sagen, dass die Funktion 'Herausgeber' darin besteht, erster Leser und zweiter Autor eines Texts zu sein, dadurch Kohärenz zu stiften und dem Text einen Rahmen zu geben. Dies geschieht durch eine Reihe editorialer Tätigkeiten: erstens das sammelnde Zusammenlesen von Manuskripten, zweitens das arrangierende Zusammenstellen der Textteile (ein Vorgang, den man auch als Zusammenschreiben bezeichnen könnte); drittens das kommentierende Dazuschreiben, das sich auf den Text als ein Gewebe von Spuren bezieht. Mit dieser kommentierenden Bezugnahme auf den Text findet eine diskursive Rahmung statt, die sich häufig als Paratext manifestiert: als Fußnote, als Überschrift, als Marginalie, als Inhaltsverzeichnis oder als Index der erwähnten Namen und behandelten Themen. Dergestalt etabliert das kommentierende Dazuschreiben des Herausgebers – und zwar gleichgültig, ob es sich um einen fiktionalen oder einen faktualen Herausgeber handelt – ein zweites Netz editorialer Indices, die vom Rande her wie mit Zeigefingern auf den Text verweisen.
Recent approaches to Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) generally fall into two classes: (1) information-intensive approaches and (2) information-poor approaches. Our hypothesis is that for memory-based learning (MBL), a reduced amount of data is more beneficial than the full range of features used in the past. Our experiments show that MBL combined with a restricted set of features and a feature selection method that minimizes the feature set leads to competitive results, outperforming all systems that participated in the SENSEVAL-3 competition on the Romanian data. Thus, with this specific method, a tightly controlled feature set improves the accuracy of the classifier, reaching 74.0% in the fine-grained and 78.7% in the coarse-grained evaluation.
U radu se analizira sintaktička funkcija participa u hrvatskome jeziku 15./16. st. jer su se otprilike u to vrijeme u sintaktičkom ustrojstvu (staro)hrvatskoga jezika događale vrlo krupne jezične promjene, koje su posljedica “departicipijalizacije” participa, tj. preobrazbe naslijeđenih participnih oblika u glagolske priloge.
Serial Killer – Super Hero
(2007)
Wohl kaum ein Filmgenre hat einen derartig konstanten Output wie der Serienmörder-Film. Als eines der ältesten Sujets morden sich Filmkiller konstant seit Paul Lenis Das Wachsfigurenkabinett (D 1924) durch die Filmgeschichte. Standen sie zunächst oft in Nebenhandlungen als unerkannte Verfolger, wie "Jack der Bauchaufschlitzer" im Wachsfigurenkabinett oder Jack the Ripper in Die Büchse der Pandora (D 1929) für den anthropomorphen Terror der urbanen Gesellschaft, so haben die Serienmörder über die Jahrzehnte ihr Schattendasein verlassen, sind zusehends ins Zentrum der Filmerzählungen gerückt und haben an Zuschauergunst damit stetig gewonnen. Heute ist der Serienmörder zum (Super-)Helden avanciert. Was mit dieser zugegeben recht zynischen Behauptung gemeint ist und wie es zur Glorifizierung von Mord und Mörder im Kino kommen konnte, versuche ich im Folgenden nachzuzeichnen.
Ich wurde gebeten, im Zusammenhang mit dieser Tagung einige zentrale Thesen aus meinem Buch "Sadiconazista – Faschismus und Sexualität im Film" (1999) vorzustellen, um etwas Licht auf ein hierzulande wenig bekanntes, nichtsdestotrotz aber international etabliertes Phänomen des exploitativen Films zu werfen. Doch zunächst ein paar einleitende Worte zum Rahmen meiner Forschung. Das Buch "Sadiconazista" ist prinzipiell ein Abhandlung über die Macht des Kinos, Mythen zu etablieren. Der titelgebende Begriff leitet sich von der Bezeichnung für italienische Pulpliteratur der sechziger Jahre ab, in der sich bereits eine Verquickung von Sexualität, Grausamkeit und Politik abzeichnet. Dieser Begriff taugt also auch zur Kennzeichnung der filmischen Spielart, die eine – zweifellos unhistorische – Gleichung zwischen nationalsozialistischer Diktatur und sexuellem Sadismus anstrebt.
U radu se iznose tzv. lažni parovi (prijatelji), leksemi u hrvatskom i rumunjskom jeziku koji zbog svoje izrazne podudarnosti navode na pogrešno prevođenje. Navode se značajke koje su dovele do takvih pojava. S obzirom na podrijetlo, najčešće je riječ o leksemima naslijeđenima iz latinskoga jezika ili kasnijim romanizmima te dakako slavenskima, kojih je u rumunjskome nezanemariv broj. Izdvojeni se leksemi razvrstavaju u tablicu koja omogućuje njihovu prozirniju usporedbu i lakše prepoznavanje.
U radu se predstavlja rukopisni rječnik Vocabolario italiano-illirico, dvojezični hrvatsko-talijanski rječnik, djelo Dubrovčanina fra Lovre Cekinića. Rukopis je nastao 40-ih godina 18. stoljeća, a danas se čuva u biblioteci Samostana Male braće u Dubrovniku. Analizira se autorova leksikografska metoda te se naznačuje leksičko bogatstvo desne, hrvatske strane.
This report arises from research carried out in Iganga and Namutumba districts in late 2006/early 2007 by the Cultural Research Centre (CRC), based in Jinja. Our research focus was to gauge the impact of using Lusoga as a medium of instruction (since 2005 in "pilot" lower primary classes) within and outside the classroom. This initiative was in response to a new set of circumstances in the education sector in Uganda, especially the introduction by Government of teaching in local languages in lower primary countrywide from February 2007. This followed an experimental period, in selected pilot districts, including Iganga, where fifteen pilot schools had been chosen: all these became part of this study.
The impact of naval sonar on beaked whales is of increasing concern. In recent years the presence of gas and fat embolism consistent with decompression sickness (DCS) has been reported through postmortem analyses on beaked whales that stranded in connection with naval sonar exercises. In the present study, we use basic principles of diving physiology to model nitrogen tension and bubble growth in several tissue compartments during normal div ng behavior and for several hypothetical dive profiles to assess the risk of DCS. Assuming that normal diving does not cause nitrogen tensions in excess of those shown to be safe for odontocetes, the modeling indicates that repetitive shallow dives, perhaps as a consequence of an extended avoidance reaction to sonar sound, can indeed pose a risk for DCS and that this risk should increase with the duration of the response. If the model is correct, then limiting the duration of sonar exposure to minimize the duration of any avoidance reaction therefore has the potential to reduce the risk of DCS.
This paper presents an LTAG analysis of reflexives like himself and reciprocals like each other. These items need to find a c-commanding antecedent from which they retrieve (part of) their own denotation and with which they syntactically agree. The relation between anaphoric item and antecendent must satisfy the following important locality conditions (Chomsky (1981)).
U članku se prikazuje razvoj miljevačkoga prezimenskoga sustava od prvih prezimena zabilježenih u matičnim knjigama potkraj 17. stoljeća do prezimena koja se javljaju tek potkraj 19. stoljeća. Utvrđuje se koja su prezimena u međuvremenu ugašena, tj. koja su nestala zbog izumiranja loze ili zamjene novim prezimenom, najčešće dotadašnjim obiteljskim nadimkom. Analiziraju se motivacijsko-strukturna svojstva današnjih miljevačkih prezimena i njihovo jezično podrijetlo.
U radu se raspravlja o leksikografskom postupku koji se primjenjuje u izradbi Rječnika hrvatskoga kajkavskoga književnog jezika pri uspostavljanju nadnatuknice i kanonskih likova za dvadesetak potvrđenih leksičkih varijanata za ‘rajnski forint’, novčanu jedinicu koja označuje kovani novac u uporabi u Hrvatskoj od 16. do 19. stoljeća. Nakon navođenja svih kontekstualnih potvrda, utvrđuje se vrijednost novčane jedinice i podrijetlo naziva, provodi se morfološka analiza leksema, određuju se kanonski likovi i njihove gramatičke odrednice te se lik rajniški uspostavlja kao najreprezentativniji gdje se donose etimologija i definicija. Dvadesetak leksičkih varijanata za naziv ‘rajnski forint’ posljedica su različitih jezičnih procesa u prihvaćanju, upotrebi i adaptaciji toga naziva u kajkavskom književnom jeziku.
U ovome se radu pokušava dati pregled mnogobrojnih i raznolikih odraza svetačkog imena Juraj u hrvatskome antroponimijskom sustavu s osobitim naglaskom na područje Zažablja (prostora između rječice Misline, istočno od Metkovića, i zapadnih granica nekadašnje Dubrovačke Republike, a danas općine Dubrovačko primorje, te prostora od Hrasna na sjeveru do Neuma na jugu) i Popova (jugozapadne Hercegovine). Na temelju odabrane literature i autorova terenskog istraživanja nastoje se iznijeti i neke izvanjezične (poglavito povijesne i sociolingvističke) činjenice koje su uzrok takvu stanju.
Autorica donosi osnovne informacije o knjizi Kinch oſzebuini i njegovu autoru, osvrće se na onimiju, antroponimiju i osobna imena osoba koje se u djelu spominju. Središnji dio rada posvećen je prezimenima zasvjedočenim u Kinchu oſzebuinome – prikazuju se tipovi identifikacijskih formula dio kojih su prezimena, ilustrira posredan način imenovanja pojedinca te promatra pojavnost prezimena iz Kincha oſzebuinog u Leksiku prezimena.
Du fait de la traite négrière qui a vu des millions d’Africains être déportés aux Amériques, les langues européennes (anglais, espagnol, français, néerlandais, portugais) des colons qui y étaient déjà installés et qui avaient un fort besoin en main-d’oeuvre africaine, ont eu à intégrer à des degrés divers de nombreux mots africains. Les chercheurs qui travaillent sur ces africanismes sont d’accord pour dire que ces mots ont deux grandes origines africaines : bantoue et non-bantoue.
Pokazatelji brojivosti
(2007)
In this paper, we will argue for a novel analysis of the auxiliary alternation in Early English, its development and subsequent loss which has broader consequences for the way that auxiliary selection is looked at cross-linguistically. We will present evidence that the choice of auxiliaries accompanying past participles in Early English differed in several significant respects from that in the familiar modern European languages. Specifically, while the construction with have became a full-fledged perfect by some time in the ME period, that with be was actually a stative resultative, which it remained until it was lost. We will show that this accounts for some otherwise surprising restrictions on the distribution of BE in Early English and allows a better understanding of the spread of HAVE through late ME and EModE. Perhaps more importantly, the Early English facts also provide insight into the genesis of the kind of auxiliary selection found in German, Dutch and Italian. Our analysis of them furthermore suggests a promising strategy for explaining cross-linguistic variation in auxiliary selection in terms of variation in the syntactico-semantic structure of the perfect. In this introductory section, we will first provide some background on the historical situation we will be discussing, then we will lay out the main claims for which we will be arguing in the paper.
Na «arte de procurar soluções», as populações locais na Guiné-Bissau respondem através de modelos variados de participação no sector da educação. As escolas populares, as escolas públicas com iniciativa de associações manjacas, as escolas de autogestão e as escolas comunitárias reflectem a diversidade de respostas das comunidades face às carências educativas não supridas pelo Estado. Os modelos de desenvolvimento participativo apresentados encontram fonte de aprendizagem no período colonial, em particular durante a luta pela independência. As decisões políticas assumidas no Congresso de Cassacá, em 1964, constituem os alicerces de experiências educativas baseadas em modelos de organização e participação da sociedade guineense, que voltarão a ser experimentadas com variáveis no período pós-independente até aos nossos dias. Na região de Bafatá, a participação das comunidades manifesta-se em 156 das 252 escolas existentes em 2006. O envolvimento da população contribui para minorar os efeitos negativos da pobreza e consequentemente para que se alcance a Educação Para Todos até 2015 cujo compromisso foi assinado pela Guiné-Bissau, na Conferência de Dacar. Na luta contra a pobreza, os factores políticos, históricos e sócio-culturais determinam a participação das populações na promoção da educação na Guiné-Bissau. A mobilização da população deve-se à ausência de resposta às suas necessidades, mas também ao aumento de prestígio que experiências educativas bem sucedidas têm granjeado quer em tabancas vizinhas quer junto de entidades externas. Este estudo pretende analisar o papel das populações no desenvolvimento da educação com destaque para as escolas comunitárias da região de Bafatá, no período de 2004 a 2006. Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento, Desenvolvimento Participativo, Educação, Escolas Comunitárias
Parni prijedlozi
(2007)
The taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of the aquatic insect order Trichoptera, caddisflies, are reviewed. The order is among the most important and diverse of all aquatic taxa. Larvae are vital participants in aquatic food webs and their presence and relative abundance are used in the biological assessment and monitoring of water quality. The species described by Linnaeus are listed. The morphology of all life history stages (adults, larvae, and pupae) is diagnosed and major features of the anatomy are illustrated. Major components of life history and biology are summarized. A discussion of phylogenetic studies within the order is presented, including higher classification of the suborders and superfamilies, based on recent literature. Synopses of each of 45 families are presented, including the taxonomic history of the family, a list of all known genera in each family, their general distribution and relative species diversity, and a short overview of family-level biological features. The order contains 600 genera, and approximately 13,000 species.
U radu se obrađuju načini tvorbe pridjeva, priloga, prijedloga, zamjenica i veznika na primjerima iz Tadijanovićeva djela „Svašta po malo“. Posebno se upozorava na tipove tvorba koji su neobični zbog značenja koje ima tvorenica, na tvorbu neuobičajenih tvorenica prema već postojećim modelima, na različite pristupe i tumačenja u određivanju tvorbenih načina te na odnos motiviranih i nemotiviranih riječi sa stajališta povijesne i suvremene tvorbe. Analizirani se primjeri uspoređuju s potvrdama iz „Rječnika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika JAZU“.
O programa de ajustamento estrutural na república da Guiné-Bissau : Uma avaliação política e ética
(2007)
Os guineenses assumiram o desenvolvimento como uma das metas a atingir e a estabilização e o ajustamento foi-lhes imposta como solução para os problemas estruturais existentes. No entanto, a forma como têm vindo a ser concebidos pelo Banco Mundial e pelo Fundo Monetário Internacional, direccionada sobretudo para a área económica, acabou por limitar o papel dos Programas de Ajustamento Estrutural (PAE) tidos como indutores do desenvolvimento, tornando-os num agregado de premissas austeras, com resultados não esperados. As propostas do FMI e do BM, tendendo para a liberalização económica e estímulo dos mercados em detrimento da intervenção estatal, traduzem-se em medidas de redução de taxas de utilização dos serviços públicos, supressão de subsídios, redimensionamento da administração pública, cortes, congelamentos salariais e privatizações. Os resultados destas reformas foram catastróficos, porquanto não só não melhoraram o défice orçamental, como os efeitos negativos das restrições orçamentais sobre o bem-estar, geraram um ambiente de promiscuidade social e o agravamento do sector informal como estratégia de sobrevivência Tendo em conta o objecto em estudo, isto é, a relação de forças que encontrámos entre o relacionamento entre os actores políticos guineenses e as Instituições Financeiras Internacionais, notámos que a ausência de comportamentos éticos também influiu nos resultados. Por um lado, o BM e o FMI, perante um Estado fragilizado, apresentaram condicionalismos à obtenção de empréstimos e ajudas, por outro lado, os actores guineenses, mesmo perante este dilema, não se coibiram do exercício da corrupção, do clientelismo e do neo-patrimonialismo, como estratégia para o enriquecimento fácil. Palavras-chave: Programas de Ajustamento Estrutural; Desenvolvimento; Boa governação; Ética e Moral.
U radu se analizira drugi cjeloviti objavljeni prijevod Svetoga pisma na hrvatski jezik, Škarićevo Sveto pismo Staroga i Novoga uvita (Beč, 1858. – 1861.); opisuju se njegove jezične osobine, utvrđuje se njegovo mjesto u dugoj hrvatskoj svetopisamskoj prevodilačkoj tradiciji te njegov utjecaj na proces standardizacije hrvatskoga jezika.
U članku se opisuje morfonologija glagolske osnove u prezentskoj paradigmi na građi hrvatsko-crkvenoslavenskih (dalje: HCS) glagola s temeljnom osnovom na -i- u kojih tom završnom -i- prethodi zubni sonant: r, l, n (tj. tipa tvori-ti, moli-ti, brani-ti). U obzir su uzeti svi glagolski leksemi tog tipa iz kartoteke Rječnika crkvenoslavenskoga jezika hrvatske redakcije: 110 li-glagola, 127 ni-glagola i 83 ri-glagola i njihovi prezentski oblici. Metoda opisa je usporedba dotičnog fragmenta HCS gramatike sa staroslavenskim stanjem kao i sa stanjem u starohrvatskim (čakavskim) govorima. U staroslavenskom jeziku u prezentskoj je paradigmi tihglagola osnova okrnjena (tj. okrnjen je sufiks -i-) i pojavljuje se u dvije varijante: palatalnoj (u 1. licu jednine), i tvrdoj (u svim ostalim oblicima). Tako u prezentu nalazimo u osnovi alternacije r ~ ŕ, l ~ ĺ i n ~ ń. U HCS tekstovima morfonološki su najinovativniji ri-glagoli. Kako je u hrvatskom depalataliziran fonem ŕ, kod ri-glagola nije sačuvan staroslavenski morfonološki model. HCS građa ne pokazuje staroslavensku alternaciju r ~ ŕ, tj. kod ri-glagola nema variranja osnove u prezentu (okrnjena osnova u svim oblicima završava nepalatalnim suglasnikom). Kod li-glagola i ni-glagola staroslavenski je morfonološki model očuvan. Međutim, u tekstovima su ipak potvrđene rijetke devijacije od tog modela. Naime, usprkos postojanju grafijskoga sredstva za označavanje palatalnosti fonema ĺ i ń ispred gramatičkog morfema 1. lica jednine -u (tj. uporaba slova ű iza l, n), neki su pisari u rijetkim slučajevima izostavljali označavanje palatalnosti, tj. pisali grafem u (molu, branu). Autorica predlaže različita moguća objašnjenja te pogreške i utvrđuje u kojoj je mjeri ta pojava ograničena na određene HCS tekstove.