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The elliptic flow of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity (|y| < 0.7) is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The particle azimuthal distribution with respect to the reaction plane can be parametrized with a Fourier expansion, where the second coefficient (v2) represents the elliptic flow. The v2 coefficient of inclusive electrons is measured in three centrality classes (0-10%, 10-20% and 20-40%) with the event plane and the scalar product methods in the transverse momentum (pT) intervals 0.5-13 GeV/c and 0.5-8 GeV/c, respectively. After subtracting the background, mainly from photon conversions and Dalitz decays of neutral mesons, a positive v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays is observed in all centrality classes, with a maximum significance of 5.9σ in the interval 2< pT < 2.5 GeV/c in semi-central collisions (20-40%). The value of v2 decreases towards more central collisions at low and intermediate pT (0.5 < pT < 3 GeV/c). The v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity is found to be similar to the one of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity (2.5 < y < 4). The results are described within uncertainties by model calculations including substantial elastic interactions of heavy quarks with an expanding strongly-interacting medium.
The elliptic flow of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity (|y| < 0.7) is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The particle azimuthal distribution with respect to the reaction plane can be parametrized with a Fourier expansion, where the second coefficient (v2) represents the elliptic flow. The v2 coefficient of inclusive electrons is measured in three centrality classes (0-10%, 10-20% and 20-40%) with the event plane and the scalar product methods in the transverse momentum (pT) intervals 0.5-13 GeV/c and 0.5-8 GeV/c, respectively. After subtracting the background, mainly from photon conversions and Dalitz decays of neutral mesons, a positive v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays is observed in all centrality classes, with a maximum significance of 5.9σ in the interval 2< pT < 2.5 GeV/c in semi-central collisions (20-40%). The value of v2 decreases towards more central collisions at low and intermediate pT (0.5 < pT < 3 GeV/c). The v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity is found to be similar to the one of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity (2.5 < y < 4). The results are described within uncertainties by model calculations including substantial elastic interactions of heavy quarks with an expanding strongly-interacting medium.
In two-particle angular correlation measurements, jets give rise to a near-side peak, formed by particles associated to a higher pT trigger particle. Measurements of these correlations as a function of pseudorapidity (Δη) and azimuthal (Δφ) differences are used to extract the centrality and pT dependence of the shape of the near-side peak in the pT range 1<pT< 8 GeV/c in Pb-Pb and pp collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV. A combined fit of the near-side peak and long-range correlations is applied to the data and the peak shape is quantified by the variance of the distributions. While the width of the peak in the Δφ direction is almost independent of centrality, a significant broadening in the Δη direction is found from peripheral to central collisions. This feature is prominent for the low pT region and vanishes above 4 GeV/c. The widths measured in peripheral collisions are equal to those in pp in the Δφ direction and above 3 GeV/c in the Δη direction. Furthermore, for the 10\% most central collisions and 1<pT,assoc< 2 GeV/c, 1<pT,trig< 3 GeV/c a departure from a Gaussian shape is found: a depletion develops around the centre of the peak. The results are compared to AMPT model simulations as well as other theoretical calculations indicating that the broadening and the development of the depletion is connected to the strength of radial and longitudinal flow.
Electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays (charm and beauty) were measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass of energy sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV. The transverse momentum (pT) differential production yields at mid-rapidity were used to calculate the nuclear modification factor RAA in the interval 3<pT<18 GeV/c. The RAA shows a strong suppression compared to binary scaling of pp collisions at the same energy (up to a factor of 4) in the 10% most central Pb-Pb collisions. There is a centrality trend of suppression, and a weaker suppression (down to a factor of 2) in semi-peripheral (50-80%) collisions is observed. The suppression of electrons in this broad pT interval indicates that both charm and beauty quarks lose energy when they traverse the hot medium formed in Pb-Pb collisions at LHC.
Particle identification is an important feature of the ALICE detector at the LHC. In particular, for particle identification via the time-of-flight technique, the precise determination of the event collision time represents an important ingredient of the quality of the measurement. In this paper, the different methods used for such a measurement in ALICE by means of the T0 and the TOF detectors are reviewed. Efficiencies, resolution and the improvement of the particle identification separation power of the methods used are presented for the different LHC colliding systems (pp , p-Pb and Pb-Pb) during the first period of data taking of LHC (Run 1).
Der angebliche Hack von etwa 900.000 Telekomroutern hat in Deutschland das Thema IT-Sicherheit wieder einmal auf die Tagesordnung gesetzt. In den folgenden Tagen kristallisierte sich heraus, dass der Ausfall der Router mit Internetkriminalität in Verbindung stand. Dabei hätte es bleiben können, aber es sollte nicht lange dauern, bis das ebenfalls immer aktuelle Reizthema Terrorismus mit den Vorfällen in Verbindung gebracht wurde: Rainer Wendt, Bundesvorsitzender der Deutschen Polizeigewerkschaft, ließ im Zuge des angeblichen Hackerangriffs folgendes verlautbaren: "Cyber-Kriminalität ist Terrorismus."
Die Gleichsetzung von Hackern mit Terroristen, die Herr Wendt in seinem Interview vornimmt, ist derart absurd und gleichzeitig symptomatisch für eine unproduktive und hysterische Debatte zu IT-Sicherheit (vulgo: Cybersicherheit) und dem vagen Begriff des Cyberterrors, dass es sinnvoll ist, sie in einen kritischen Kontext zu setzen. Dieser Beitrag betrachtet daher, ausgehend vom Ausfall der Telekomrouter, die Ereignisse und diskutiert wieso die Debatte um IT-Sicherheit in Deutschland fundamental an den eigentlichen Sicherheitsproblemen in der IT und aus Sicht der Terrorbekämpfung vorbei geht.
Das dritte E-Book des Sicherheitspolitik-Blogs ist nun erhältlich. Es basiert auf dem Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland – Herausforderungen für Politik und Gesellschaft“ und wurde von Janusz Biene und Julian Junk herausgegeben. Es ist als Druckversion zu kaufen oder kann kostenlos als PDF heruntergeladen werden.
Dies ist der 22. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. Die Beiträge der Blogserie „Salafismus in Deutschland – Herausforderungen für Politik und Gesellschaft“ beschäftigten sich pointiert mit den gesellschaftlich, politisch, wissenschaftlich und medial wichtigsten Aspekten der salafistischen Glaubenslehre, Ideologie und Bewegung. Sie betonten die vielen Schattierungen dieser sich beständig im Wandel befindlichen Phänomene, wagten den Blick über den deutschen Tellerrand hinaus und formulierten Handlungsempfehlungen für Politik, Medien, Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft. Obwohl es einige blinde Flecken vor allem in der empirischen Forschung zu Salafismus und Dschihadismus gibt (siehe unter anderem den Beitrag von Riem Spielhaus), ist es offensichtlich, dass nicht nur ein Erkenntnisproblem, sondern ein Umsetzungsproblem besteht: es gibt sehr viel grundlegendes Wissen, welches aber nicht in konkrete Handlungen übersetzt wird und oft in „Inseln des Wissens“ verharrt. Dies bezieht sich auf zweierlei: erstens auf die Gestaltung eines nur in seiner Gegenseitigkeit produktiven Wissenstransfers zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis und zweitens auf eine sinnvolle Priorisierung politischer Steuerungsmaßnahmen....
Aim: Exposure to opioids has been associated with epigenetic effects. Studies in rodents suggested a role of varying degrees of DNA methylation in the differential regulation of μ-opioid receptor expression across the brain.
Methods: In a translational investigation, using tissue acquired postmortem from 21 brain regions of former opiate addicts, representing a human cohort with chronic opioid exposure, μ-opioid receptor expression was analyzed at the level of DNA methylation, mRNA and protein.
Results & conclusion: While high or low μ-opioid receptor expression significantly correlated with local OPRM1 mRNA levels, there was no corresponding association with OPRM1 methylation status. Additional experiments in human cell lines showed that changes in DNA methylation associated with changes in μ-opioid expression were an order of magnitude greater than differences in brain. Hence, different degrees of DNA methylation associated with chronic opioid exposure are unlikely to exert a major role in the region-specificity of μ-opioid receptor expression in the human brain.
Ribosome recycling orchestrated by the ATP binding cassette (ABC) protein ABCE1 can be considered as the final—or the first—step within the cyclic process of protein synthesis, connecting translation termination and mRNA surveillance with re-initiation. An ATP-dependent tweezer-like motion of the nucleotide-binding domains in ABCE1 transfers mechanical energy to the ribosome and tears the ribosome subunits apart. The post-recycling complex (PRC) then re-initiates mRNA translation. Here, we probed the so far unknown architecture of the 1-MDa PRC (40S/30S·ABCE1) by chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry (XL-MS). Our study reveals ABCE1 bound to the translational factor-binding (GTPase) site with multiple cross-link contacts of the helix–loop–helix motif to the S24e ribosomal protein. Cross-linking of the FeS cluster domain to the ribosomal protein S12 substantiates an extreme lever-arm movement of the FeS cluster domain during ribosome recycling. We were thus able to reconstitute and structurally analyse a key complex in the translational cycle, resembling the link between translation initiation and ribosome recycling.
Reconstructions of the vegetation of Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are an enigma. Pollen-based analyses have suggested that Europe was largely covered by steppe and tundra, and forests persisted only in small refugia. Climate-vegetation model simulations on the other hand have consistently suggested that broad areas of Europe would have been suitable for forest, even in the depths of the last glaciation. Here we reconcile models with data by demonstrating that the highly mobile groups of hunter-gatherers that inhabited Europe at the LGM could have substantially reduced forest cover through the ignition of wildfires. Similar to hunter-gatherers of the more recent past, Upper Paleolithic humans were masters of the use of fire, and preferred inhabiting semi-open landscapes to facilitate foraging, hunting and travel. Incorporating human agency into a dynamic vegetation-fire model and simulating forest cover shows that even small increases in wildfire frequency over natural background levels resulted in large changes in the forested area of Europe, in part because trees were already stressed by low atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the cold, dry, and highly variable climate. Our results suggest that the impact of humans on the glacial landscape of Europe may be one of the earliest large-scale anthropogenic modifications of the earth system.
In den vergangen Jahren wurde erkannt, dass eine Quantenfeldtheorie (QFT) namens Quantenchromodynamik (QCD) die richtige Theorie der starken Wechselwirkungen ist. QCD beschreibt erfolgreich die starken Wechselwirkungen, die Quarks zu Nukleonen und Nukleonen zu Atomkernen zusammenbinden. Jedoch ist die theoretische Beschreibung vieler Phänomene der starken Wechselwirkung aufgrund des starken Kopplungsverhaltens bei niedrigen Energien schwierig. Stoßexperimente mit Schwerionen sind ein möglicher Weg, um die charakteristischen Phänomene und Eigenschaften der QCD-Materie zu untersuchen. In Stoßexperimenten mit Schwerionen werden schwere (d.h. große) Atomkerne aufeinander geschossen, beispielsweise Gold (am RHIC) oder Blei (am CERN, LHC), mit einer ultrarelativistischen Energie √s im Schwerpunktsystem. Auf diese Art ist es möglich, eine große Menge von Materie mit hoher Energiedichte hervorzubringen. Das Ziel von Schwerionenkollisionen ist die Erzeugung und Charakterisierung einer makroskopischen Phase von freien Quarks und Gluonen im lokalen thermischen Gleichgewicht. Ein solcher Aggregatzustand kann neue Informationen über das QCD-Phasendiagramm und den QCD-Phasenübergang liefern. Man nimmt an, dass ein solcher Übergang stattfand, als sich die Materie des frühen Universums von einem Plasma aus Quarks und Gluonen (QGP) in ein Gas von Hadronen umwandelte...
Given an Abelian semi-group (A, +), an A-valued curvature measure is a valuation with values in A-valued measures. If A = R, complete classifications of Hausdorff-continuous translation-invariant SO(n)-invariant valuations and curvature measures were obtained by Hadwiger and Schneider, respectively. More recently, characterisation results have been achieved for curvature measures with values in A = Sym^p R^n and A = Sym^2 Λ^q R^n for p, q ≥ 1 with varying assumptions as for their invariance properties.
In the present work, we classify all smooth translation-invariant SO(n)-covariant curvature measures with values in any SO(n)-representation in terms of certain differential forms on the sphere bundle S R^n and describe their behaviour under the globalisation map. The latter result also yields a similar classification of all continuous SO(n)-module-valued SO(n)-covariant valuations. Furthermore, a decomposition of the space of smooth translation-
invariant scalar-valued curvature measures as an SO(n)-module is obtained. As a corollary, we construct explicit bases of continuous translation-invariant scalar-valued valuations and smooth translation-invariant scalar-valued curvature measures.
Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurden jeweils ein türkischer und deutscher Gebrauchs-und Informationstext und einige Sätze von literarischen Texten mit Hilfe der Online-Übersetzungsprogramme "google translate", "Babylon", "Almanca Sözlük" und "İngilizceturkce.gen" übersetzt und überprüft, ob, wenn man die Texte in der Zielsprache mit den Ausgangstexten vergleicht, syntaktische und semantische Fehler aufträten und welche der Online-Übersetzungsprogramme beim Übersetzen zuverlässig sind.
Die Daten haben dargelegt, das bei der Sprachkombination Deutsch-Türkisch/Türkisch-Deutsch Gebrauchstexte und Informationstexte, auch wenn sie einige syntaktische und semantische Fehler beinhalten, im Ganzen und Großen in die Zielsprache richtig transferiert werden, wobei literarische Texte einen höheren Anteil an Fehlern beinhalten. Laut der Untersuchungsergebnisse sollten die übersetzten Texte zur Sicherheit immer von jemand Fachkundigem gelesen werden, da beim Übersetzen von ganzen Sätzen bzw. Textpassagen aus der türkischen Sprache ins Deutsche und umgekehrt aus der deutschen Sprache ins Türkische der Sinn nicht immer erfasst wird.
Zur Kontrolle könnten außerdem noch übersetzte Passagen mit verschiedenen Programmen stückweise mehrmals oder in eine Drittsprache z. B. ins Englische übersetzt werden. Bei feststehenden Aussagen bzw. Ausdrücken hingegen ist ein hohes Maß an Aufmerksamkeit erforderlich.
Das Buch gegen das Verschwinden ist Ulrike Almut Sandigs zweite Prosaveröffentlichung und kann mit dem Etikett lyrische Prosa versehen werden, da die Autorin bisher doch zumeist im lyrischen Bereich veröffentlicht hat. Klar und hart sind die Sätze, überlegt durchdacht die Szenen, ausgefeilt die Erzählstrukturen, die sich manchmal jedoch erst später strukturieren. Und doch findet Ulrike Almut Sandig einen Ton, der die Geschichte Die Blauen Augen Deiner Mutter in einer schwebenden Ambivalenz hält" (Schröder 2015). Sicher, man könnte all das rein realistisch lesen und daneben auch versuchen sich eine Meinung über den Gezi-Park zu bilden, als würde man eine rationale Erklärung für die Thematik finden. "Und doch sickert in die Grundfesten des Plausiblen immer wieder eine Form von Unheimlichkeit und Restunerfindlichkeit ein. Sandig torpediert Gewissheiten, die ihrer Figuren und die ihrer Leser" (ebd.). Ohne sich einem Erzählschema unterzuordnen, ist allen Texten in diesem Band eines gemeinsam: Etwas kommt abhanden, löst sich in Luft auf, verschwindet. Zurück bleiben Vereinsamte, die, wenn überhaupt, über das Erzählen xistieren.
Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of avocado, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) were collected in the State of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The study was conducted for one year, during October 2008–October 2009.
As a result of this study, 34 scale insect species in seven families (Coccidae, Diaspididae, Kerriidae, Margarodidae,
Monophlebidae, Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) were collected. Together with previous records, the number of scale insects collected on avocado in Colombia increased to 44 species and to 137 species worldwide. Species commonly collected on avocado in Colombia include Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret), Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock) (Diaspididae), Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, Coccus hesperidum L., Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell), Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, Saissetia neglecta De Lotto (Coccidae) and Ferrisia williamsi Kaydan and Gullan (Pseudococcidae). Twenty-two scale insect species are new records on avocado for Colombia of which nine species are new records worldwide, namely, Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell), Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell) (Diaspididae), Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, Saissetia neglecta De Lotto (Coccidae), Ferrisia kondoi Kaydan and Gullan, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller, Ps. landoi (Balachowsky) (Pseudococcidae), Eurhizococcus colombianus Jakubski (Margarodidae) and Austrotachardiella colombiana Kondo and Gullan (Kerriidae).
Crypticerya brasiliensis (Hempel) and Crypticerya genistae (Hempel) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae:
Iceryini) are herein reported for the fi rst time in Colombia. The above two species and Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh and Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell) are briefl y diagnosed based on the adult females. The presence of C. zeteki in Colombia is confi rmed and a key to the adult females of species of the tribe Iceryini reported in Colombia is provided.
The Bermuda grass scale Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, 1915 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) is reported for the first time in Colombia. The scale insect was collected in two localities, in northwestern and southwestern Colombia. This is the first record of the tribe Odonaspidini in Colombia. Aspects of the distribution and biology of the species are discussed. A key to separate the species of Odonaspis recorded in the Neotropical region is provided.
Der Faktor 'Sommerferien' beim Übergang von der
Vorbereitungsklasse in die Deutschlehrerausbildung
(2016)
Die Eingangssprachkenntnisse der Studierenden des Studiengangs 'Lehramt für Deutsch als Fremdsprache' an der Universität Trakya unterscheiden sich bei der Aufnahme des Fachstudiums von den Ergebnissen der Sprachstandprüfung, die am Ende der einjährigen Vorbereitungsklasse durchgeführt wird. Dieser Ausgangspunkt scheint auch für Abteilungen anderer Universitäten der Fall zu sein, die sich im gleichen Umfang befinden. Diesbezüglich ist es Ziel dieses Beitrags, den Faktor 'Sommerferien' bei diesem Übergang deskriptiv aufzudecken. Die Fragestellung, wie die Lernenden ihre Sommerferien bezüglich des Deutschlernens verbracht haben, war dabei entscheidend. Um eine Antwort darauf zu bekommen, wurden Lernende zu dem Faktor 'Sommerferien' mittels qualitativer Erhebungsmethode befragt. Die Resultate wurden mit Lernstrategien angeknüpft. Aus der Forschung resultierten zwei Ansätze: Erstens sollten einige Konzepte entwickelt werden, damit die Lernenden ihre Deutschkenntnisse während ihrer Sommerferien kontinuierlich weiterentwickeln. Zweitens sollten einige Maßnahmen getroffen werden, womit DaF_Lernende ihre gelernten Deutschkenntnisse wenigstens stabil halten können.
In the adult mammalian brain stem cells within defined neurogenic niches retain the capacity for lifelong de novo generation of neurons. The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular layer (SGL) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) have been identified as the two major sites of adult neurogenesis. Moreover, the third ventricle in the hypothalamus is emerging as a new neurogenic niche in the adult brain. Extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are involved in the control of both embryonic and adult neuro-genesis. These nucleotides act via ionotropic P2X or metabotropic P2Y receptors and studies of the adult SVZ and the DG provide strong evidence that ATP promotes progenitor cell proliferation in this stem cell rich regions. Previous studies have shown that the extracellular nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzyme NTPDase2 is highly expressed by adult neural stem and progenitor cells of the SVZ and the rostral migratory stream (RMS), the hippocampal SGL, and the third ventricle. NTPDase2 preferentially hydrolyzes extracellular nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) and, to a lower extent, diphosphates, thus modulating their effect on nearby nucleotide receptors. Deletion of the enzyme increases extracellular NTP concentrations, and might indicate roles of purinergic signaling in adult neurogenesis. As shown by enzyme histochemistry, genetic deletion of NTPDase2 essentially eliminates ATPase activity in neurogenic niches but does not affect protein expression levels and activity of other ectonucleotidases. Lack of NTPDase2 leads to expansion of the hippocampal stem cell pool as well as of the inter-mediate progenitor type-2 cells. Cell expansion is lost at around type-3 stage, paralleled by increased labeling for caspase-3, indicating increased apoptosis, and decreased levels in CREB phosphorylation in doublecortin-expressing cells, diminishing survival in this cell population. In line with increased cell death, P2Y12 receptor-expressing microglia is enriched at the hilus orientated side of the granule cell layer. These data strongly suggest that NTPDase2 functions as central homeostatic regulator of nucleotide-mediated neural progenitor cell proliferation and expansion in the adult brain by balancing extracellular nucleotide concentrations and activation of purinergic receptors.
In order to further characterize the role of purinergic signaling in adult neurogenesis, the ADP-sensitive P2Y13 receptor was identified as a potential candidate whose activation might inhibit neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the newly identified neurogenic niche at the third ventricle. Deletion of P2ry13 increased progenitor cell proliferation and long-term progenitor survival as well as new neuron formation in the hippocampal neurogenic niche. This was further paralleled by increased thickening of the granule cell layer, CREB phosphorylation, and expression of the neuronal activity marker c-Fos. Increased progenitor cell proliferation and progenitor survival persist in aged P2ry13 knockout animals. However, in the ventral dentate gyrus proliferation and expansion levels of progenitor cells did not differ significantly from the wild type. This study strongly supports the notion that extracellular nucleotides significantly contribute to the control of adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus in situ. Data in this work suggest that activation of the P2Y13 receptor dampens progenitor cell proliferation, new neuron formation, and neuronal activity. In contrast to several in vitro studies and studies in the SVZ in situ, a contribution of the ATP/ADP-sensitive P2Y1 receptor could not be confirmed in the dentate gyrus in vivo.
To unravel implications of purinergic signaling and P2Y13 receptor action in the control of adult hypothalamic neurogenesis a pilot study was performed. Mice null for P2ry13 revealed increased progenitor cell proliferation at the third ventricle as well as long-term progeny survival and new neuron formation in the hypothalamus. In contrast to results obtained in the dentate gyrus expression of the neuronal activity marker c-Fos was significantly decreased in hypothalamic nuclei, indicating increased inhibition of appetite-regulating neuronal circuits by surplus neurons in knockout animals. These data provide first evidence that extracellular nucleotide signaling contributes to the control of adult hypothalamic neurogenesis in situ. Activation of the P2Y13 receptor inhibits progenitor cell proliferation, long-term survival and neuron formation and therefore controls inhibition of appetite-regulating circuits in the adult rodent hypothalamus.
Experiment
(2016)
Das Experiment ist ein zentraler Bestandteil des neuzeitlichen Zukunftswissens, weil Zukünftigkeit ein wesentliches Element jedes Experiments darstellt. Experimente entfalten stets ihre eigenen chronotopischen Strukturen, in denen sich Planung, Organisation und Realisierung ihrer Vorhaben abspielen. Sie erstrecken sich in der Zeit, haben notwendig eine Dauer und entwerfen von der Gegenwart des Experimentators bzw. des Beobachters aus eine Vergangenheit und eine Zukunft. Während der Blick auf das Vergangene der Vergewisserung über das Vorhandene, Geleistete und Erworbene dient, ist die Perspektive auf das Zukünftige der Antriebsmotor des Unternehmens. Sie gibt den Experimenten eine Orientierung, wobei, soll die Forschung als eine explorative, nicht als eine bloß bestätigende erfolgreich sein, man nie vorher gewusst haben kann, was später einmal das Ergebnis gewesen sein wird. Die vorausliegende, von einem unvermeidbaren Nicht-Wissen geprägte Zeit spielt in Experimenten deshalb eine entscheidende Rolle, weil in ihr sich dasjenige befindet, auf welches das Verfahren zielt: das Hypothetische, das Neue. Experimenten kommt so auch eine prognostische Komponente zu: Sie blicken in eine eigene, selbstentworfene Zukunft, sie verheißen aber auch, einen effizienten Weg zum Wissen über und zur Gestaltung von Zukunft bereit zu halten.
Although the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, everolimus, has improved the outcome of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), improvement is temporary due to the development of drug resistance. Since many patients encountering resistance turn to alternative/complementary treatment options, an investigation was initiated to evaluate whether the natural compound, sulforaphane (SFN), influences growth and invasive activity of everolimus-resistant (RCCres) compared to everolimus-sensitive (RCCpar) RCC cell lines in vitro. RCC cells were exposed to different concentrations of SFN and cell growth, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, cell cycle regulating proteins, the mTOR-akt signaling axis, adhesion to human vascular endothelium and immobilized collagen, chemotactic activity, and influence on surface integrin receptor expression were investigated. SFN caused a significant reduction in both RCCres and RCCpar cell growth and proliferation, which correlated with an elevation in G2/M- and S-phase cells. SFN induced a marked decrease in the cell cycle activating proteins cdk1 and cyclin B and siRNA knock-down of cdk1 and cyclin B resulted in significantly diminished RCC cell growth. SFN also modulated adhesion and chemotaxis, which was associated with reduced expression of the integrin subtypes α5, α6, and β4. Distinct differences were seen in RCCres adhesion and chemotaxis (diminished by SFN) and RCCpar adhesion (enhanced by SFN) and chemotaxis (not influenced by SFN). Functional blocking of integrin subtypes demonstrated divergent action on RCC binding and invasion, depending on RCC cell sensitivity to everolimus. Therefore, SFN administration could hold potential for treating RCC patients with established resistance towards everolimus.
Highlights
• Cryo-EM structure of a yeast F1Fo-ATP synthase dimer
• Inhibitor-free X-ray structure of the F1 head and rotor complex
• Mechanism of ATP generation by rotary catalysis
• Structural basis of cristae formation in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Summary
We determined the structure of a complete, dimeric F1Fo-ATP synthase from yeast Yarrowia lipolytica mitochondria by a combination of cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography. The final structure resolves 58 of the 60 dimer subunits. Horizontal helices of subunit a in Fo wrap around the c-ring rotor, and a total of six vertical helices assigned to subunits a, b, f, i, and 8 span the membrane. Subunit 8 (A6L in human) is an evolutionary derivative of the bacterial b subunit. On the lumenal membrane surface, subunit f establishes direct contact between the two monomers. Comparison with a cryo-EM map of the F1Fo monomer identifies subunits e and g at the lateral dimer interface. They do not form dimer contacts but enable dimer formation by inducing.
CryoEM at IUCRJ: a new era
(2016)
"Es wäre zu wünschen, daß sich Herr Gottsched niemals mit dem Theater vermengt hätte […]. Er verstand ein wenig Französisch und fing an zu übersetzen; er ermunterte alles, was reimen und 'Oui Monsieur' verstehen konnte, gleichfalls zu übersetzen." Diese vernichtende Kritik Lessings von 1759 beeinflusst bis heute das Urteil über den einstigen "Literaturpapst" Gottsched in deutschen Literaturgeschichten. Das kann aber kein Hindernis sein, um für eine Geschichte des Übersetzens Gottscheds Verdienste als Verfasser, Herausgeber und Förderer von Übersetzungen (insbesondere aus der französischen Literatur der Aufklärung) genauer in den Blick zu nehmen.
Luise Gottscheds Übersetzungen können als wichtiger Beitrag zur Vermittlung zentraler Texte der Aufklärung und der französischen und englischen Literatur für ein deutsches Publikum betrachtet werden. Sie übersetzte literarische, philosophische, journalistische, geistes- und naturwissenschaftliche Texte aus dem Französischen und Englischen, u.a. Werke von Molière, Bayle, Voltaire, Destouches, Fénelon, Addison und Pope sowie von zahlreichen weniger bekannten Autoren und Autorinnen. Darüber hinaus verfasste sie eigene literarische Werke, insbesondere Dramen.
Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de ilköğretim kurumlarından itibaren en az bir yabancı dil öğretilmesine rağmen neden Ölçme Seçme ve Yerleştirme Merkezi (ÖSYM) tarafından hazırlanan, uygulanan ve değerlendirilen sınavlarda birçok kişinin istenilen başarıya ulaşamadığı, özellikle dört yıl yabancı dilde eğitim alan Almanca öğretmenlik lisans mezunu öğretmen adaylarının Öğretmenlik Alan Bilgisi Testinden neden istedikleri sonuçları elde edemedikleri araştırılmış, sınavlara girenlerin sınav sorularını ne ölçüde doğru cevaplandırdıkları veya sorulara cevap verirken neden hata yaptıkları sorularına cevap aranmıştır. Araştırmaya ilişkin veriler rastgele seçilen ÖSYM'nin hazırlamış olduğu sınavlardan alınan örnek sorulardan oluşturulan bir örnek sınavın Trakya Üniversitesi lisans öğrencilerine uygulanması suretiyle toplanmış, okuduğunu anlama, çeviri gibi birçok soru tipinde iyi sonuçlar elde edilmesi ancak dilbilgisine ilişkin soruların çok azının doğru cevaplandırılması sonucunda araştırma cevap şıkları arasında en az bir adet bağlaç bulunan sorular ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Bağlaçlar üzerine yapılan inceleme, ÖSYM tarafından hazırlanan ve uygulanan sınavlarda günlük yaşamda sık kullanılan bağlaçların yanı sıra çok nadir kullanılan bağlaçlara da yer verildiğini ve sorulara doğru cevap verebilmek için lisans süresince kullanılan dilbilgisi kitaplarındaki konuları tekrar etmenin yeterli olmayacağı, merkezi sınavlarda yer alan soruları doğru cevaplandırabilmek için özellikle şıklarda yer alan uygun bir kelime ile tamamlanması gereken cümlelerin anlamlarının çok iyi anlaşılması ve bunun için de çok geniş bir kelime hazinesine sahip olunması ve öte yandan bağlaçların üstlenebilecekleri tüm işlevlerini ve anlamsal ve sözdizimsel özelliklerini bilmek gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur. Ancak Almanca Öğretmenliği lisans eğitimi süresince kullanılan dilbilgisi kitapları incelendiğinde, bunlarda her bir bağlaca yer verilmediği gibi bağlaçların sunuluş biçiminde de farklılıkların olduğu ve her kaynakta bağlaçların her bir anlamsal ve sözdizimsel özelliğine yer verilmediği, bu nedenle Almanca öğretmen adaylarının sınavlarda başarılı olmak için lisans süresince aldıkları eğitimin yanı sıra mutlaka daha başka kaynaklardan da aydalanarak bireysel olarak ek çalışmalar yapmaları gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Preserving a patient’s own teeth—even in a difficult situation—is nowadays preferable to surgical intervention and therefore promotes development of suitable dental repair materials. Biodentine®, a mineral trioxide aggregate substitute, has been used to replace dentine in a bioactive and biocompatible manner in both the dental crown and the root. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of Biodentine® on pulp fibroblasts in vitro. For this study, one to five Biodentine® discs with a diameter of 5.1mm were incubated in DMEM. To obtain Biodentine® suspensions the media were collected and replaced with fresh medium every 24h for 4 days. Primary pulp cells were isolated from freshly extracted wisdom teeth of 20–23 year old patients and incubated with the Biodentine® suspensions. Proliferation, cell morphology, cell integrity and cell viability were monitored. To evaluate the effect of Biodentine® on collagen type I synthesis, the secretion of the N-terminal domain of pro-collagen type I (P1NP) and the release of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were quantified. None of the Biodentine® suspensions tested influenced cell morphology, proliferation or cell integrity. The cell viability varied slightly depending on the suspension used. However, the concentrations of P1NP of all pulp fibroblast cultures treated for 24h with the moderate to high Biodentine® concentration containing suspensions of day 1 were reduced to 5% of the control. Furthermore, a significant TGF-β1 reduction was observed after treatment with these suspensions. It could be shown that Biodentine® is biocompatible. However, dissolved particles of the moderate to high concentrated Biodentine® suspensions 24h after mixing induce a significant reduction of TGF-β1 release and reduce the secretion of collagen type I of primary pulp fibroblasts.
The nucleosynthesis of elements beyond iron is dominated by neutron captures in the s and r processes. However, 32 stable, proton-rich isotopes cannot be formed during those processes, because they are shielded from the s-process flow and r-process β-decay chains. These nuclei are attributed to the p and rp process.
For all those processes, current research in nuclear astrophysics addresses the need for more precise reaction data involving radioactive isotopes. Depending on the particular reaction, direct or inverse kinematics, forward or time-reversed direction are investigated to determine or at least to constrain the desired reaction cross sections.
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will offer unique, unprecedented opportunities to investigate many of the important reactions. The high yield of radioactive isotopes, even far away from the valley of stability, allows the investigation of isotopes involved in processes as exotic as the r or rp processes.
A complex aberrant karyotype consisting of multiple unrelated cytogenetic abnormalities is associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The European Leukemia Net classification and the UK Medical Research Council recommendation provide prognostic categories that differ in the definition of unbalanced aberrations as well as the number of single aberrations. The aim of this study on 3526 AML patients was to redefine and validate a cutoff for karyotype complexity in AML with regard to adverse prognosis. Our study demonstrated that (1) patients with a pure hyperdiploid karyotype have an adverse risk irrespective of the number of chromosomal gains, (2) patients with translocation t(9;11)(p21~22;q23) have an intermediate risk independent of the number of additional aberrations, (3) patients with greater than or equal to4 abnormalities have an adverse risk per se and (4) patients with three aberrations in the absence of abnormalities of strong influence (hyperdiploid karyotype, t(9;11)(p21~22;q23), CBF-AML, unique adverse-risk aberrations) have borderline intermediate/adverse risk with a reduced overall survival compared with patients with a normal karyotype.
Background: Patients with Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), such as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), are at increased risk for thrombosis/thromboembolism and major bleeding. Due to the morbidity and mortality of these events, antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant agents are commonly employed as primary and/or secondary prophylaxis. On the other hand, disease-related bleeding complications (i.e., from esophageal varices) are common in patients with MPN. This analysis was performed to define the frequency of such events, identify risk factors, and assess antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy in a cohort of patients with MPN.
Methods: The MPN registry of the Study Alliance Leukemia is a non-interventional prospective study including adult patients with an MPN according to WHO criteria (2008). For statistical analysis, descriptive methods and tests for significant differences as well as contingency tables were used to identify the odds of potential risk factors for vascular events.
Results: MPN subgroups significantly differed in sex distribution, age at diagnosis, blood counts, LDH levels, JAK2V617F positivity, and spleen size (length). While most thromboembolic events occurred around the time of MPN diagnosis, one third of these events occurred after that date. Splanchnic vein thrombosis was most frequent in post-PV-MF and MPN-U patients. The chance of developing a thromboembolic event was significantly elevated if patients suffered from post-PV-MF (OR 3.43; 95 % CI = 1.39–8.48) and splenomegaly (OR 1.76; 95 % CI = 1.15–2.71). Significant odds for major bleeding were previous thromboembolic events (OR = 2.71; 95 % CI = 1.36–5.40), splenomegaly (OR = 2.22; 95 % CI 1.01–4.89), and the administration of heparin (OR = 5.64; 95 % CI = 1.84–17.34). Major bleeding episodes were significantly less frequent in ET patients compared to other MPN subgroups.
Conclusions: Together, this report on an unselected "real-world" cohort of German MPN patients reveals important data on the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of thromboembolic and major bleeding complications of MPN.
Smac mimetics antagonize IAP proteins, which are highly expressed in several cancers. Recent reports indicate that Smac mimetics trigger a broad cytokine response and synergize with immune modulators to induce cell death. Here, we identify a differential requirement of TRAIL or TNFα as mediators of IFNα/Smac mimetic-induced cell death depending on the cellular context. Subtoxic concentrations of Smac mimetics cooperate with IFNα to induce cell death in various solid tumor cell lines in a highly synergistic manner as determined by combination index. Mechanistic studies show that IFNα/BV6 cotreatment promotes the formation of a caspase-8-activating complex together with the adaptor protein FADD and RIP1. Assembly of this RIP1/FADD/caspase-8 complex represents a critical event, since RIP1 silencing inhibits IFNα/BV6-induced cell death. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition of paracrine/autocrine TNFα signaling by the TNFα scavenger Enbrel rescues HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, but not A172 glioblastoma cells from IFNα/BV6-induced cell death. By comparison, A172 cells are significantly protected against IFNα/BV6 treatment by blockage of TRAIL signaling through genetic silencing of TRAIL or its cognate receptor TRAIL receptor 2 (DR5). Despite this differential requirement of TNFα and TRAIL signaling, mRNA and protein expression is increased by IFNα/BV6 cotreatment in both cell lines. Interestingly, A172 cells turn out to be resistant to exogenously added recombinant TNFα even in the presence of BV6, whereas they display a high sensitivity towards TRAIL/BV6. In contrast, BV6 efficiently sensitizes HT-29 cells to TNFα while TRAIL only had limited efficacy. This demonstrates that a differential sensitivity towards TRAIL or TNFα determines the dependency on either death receptor ligand for IFNα/Smac mimetic-induced cell death. Thus, by concomitant stimulation of both death receptor systems IFNα/Smac mimetic combination treatment is an effective strategy to induce cell death in TNFα- or TRAIL-responsive cancers.
Nine new species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) are described and illustrated from the western United States, Canada, Mexico, and Belize: Seven new species in the genus Neotrichia Morton, N. buenoi, N. chihuaha, N. contrerasi, N. maya, N. palitla, N. pinnacles, and N. sandersoni, one new species in the genus Oxyethira Eaton, O. pembertonensis, and one new species in the genus Metrichia Ross, M. mastelleri. As well, new records for N. mobilensis and Mayatrichia tuscaloosa and new illustrations of the male genitalia of Neotrichia jarochita Bueno-Soria and Mayatrichia tuscaloosa Harris and Sykora are provided.
Purpose: To analyze the protein profile of human vitreous of untreated patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO).
Methods: Sixty-eight vitreous humor (VH) samples (44 from patients with treatment naïve RVO, 24 controls with idiopathic floaters) were analyzed in this clinical-experimental study using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometer and tandem mass spectrometry. To define potential candidate protein markers of RVO, proteomic analysis was performed on RVO patients (n = 30) and compared with controls (n = 16). To determine validity of potential biomarker candidates in RVO, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was performed by using proteome data of independent RVO (n = 14) and control samples (n = 8).
Results: Ninety-four different proteins (736 tryptic peptides) could be identified. Sixteen proteins were found to be significant when comparing RVO and control samples (P = 1.43E-05 to 4.48E-02). Five proteins (Clusterin, Complement C3, Ig lambda-like polypeptide 5 (IGLL5), Opticin and Vitronectin), remained significant after using correction for multiple testing. These five proteins were also detected significant when comparing subgroups of RVO (central RVO, hemi-central RVO, branch RVO) to controls. Using independent samples ROC-Area under the curve was determined proving the validity of the results: Clusterin 0.884, Complement C3 0.955, IGLL5 1.000, Opticin 0.741, Vitronectin 0.786. In addition, validation through ELISA measurements was performed.
Conclusion: The results of the study reveal that the proteomic composition of VH differed significantly between the patients with RVO and the controls. The proteins identified may serve as potential biomarkers for pathogenesis induced by RVO.
Harpactea dufouri (Thorell, 1873) was collected in the Gavarres protected natural area in Catalonia, Spain. The specimens were compared with specimens from Mallorca, Balearic Islands,
and found to be conspecific. The female of the species is described here for the first time. The new finding proves that Harpactea dufouri occurs outside the Balearic Islands. The species, however, may be endemic to Catalonia.
NOSTRIN belongs to the family of F-BAR proteins, which are multi-domain adaptor proteins that have emerged as important regulators of membrane remodeling and actin dynamics in a variety of vital cellular processes. They have been analyzed structurally and biochemically and overexpression studies have revealed their potential in inducing membrane curvature and tubulation. Several studies have begun to decipher the function of individual proteins, but the understanding of F-BAR protein functions in vivo is still quite limited. The F-BAR protein NOSTRIN is mainly expressed in endothelial cells and has originally been described as interaction partner of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), modulating eNOS subcellular localization. The phenotypic characterization of NOSTRIN knockout mice revealed decreased nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP levels, an increase in systolic blood pressure and an impairment of the acetylcholine-induced, NO-dependent relaxation of aortic rings from mice with global as well as endothelial cell-specific knockout of the NOSTRIN gene (ECKO) . These findings implied that NOSTRIN plays a role in regulating NO production in vivo, but the underlying molecular mechanisms were unclear. Therefore, this study was aimed at addressing the mechanism causing the inhibited vasodilation specifically upon stimulation with acetylcholine in NOSTRIN KO and ECKO mice, and at exploring additional roles of NOSTRIN in the signal transduction of endothelial cells.
The major acetylcholine receptor that mediates vessel relaxation upon stimulation with acetylcholine is the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype M3 (M3R). In the present study NOSTRIN was identified as novel interaction partner of the M3R and important factor for the correct spatial distribution and functionality of the M3R. Moreover, it provides the first example of an F-BAR protein regulating a GPCR. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy analysis of isolated aortae from NOSTRIN KO and WT mice indicated that NOSTRIN was necessary for the proper subcellular localization of the M3R and targeted it to the plasma membrane. A series of pulldown experiments revealed a direct interaction of NOSTRIN with the M3R. The binding required the SH3 domain of NOSTRIN and the third intracellular loop of the M3R, which has a recognized role in receptor regulation. The interaction of NOSTRIN with the M3R was confirmed by co-localization of NOSTRIN and the M3R upon overexpression in mammalian cells. Expression levels of the M3R as well as eNOS were not affected by the loss of NOSTRIN in accordance with the finding, that NOSTRIN impacts on the acetylcholine/eNOS signaling axis through regulation of the subcellular trafficking of its binding partners.
Furthermore, there were first indications for a role of NOSTRIN in facilitating the carbachol-induced calcium response in M3R-expressing cells, suggesting that NOSTRIN might influence M3R activation. in the absence of NOSTRIN, the function of the M3R in mammalian cells overexpressing the M3R was markedly impaired, resulting in abolition of the calcium response to the M3R agonist carbachol. In accordance, the activated eNOS fraction associated with the Golgi complex was markedly reduced in aorta explants from NOSTRIN knockout and ECKO mice. Moreover, NOSTRIN knockout inhibited the carbachol-induced, activating phosphorylation of eNOS in murine aortae as well as primary mouse lung endothelial cells confirming its role as important regulator of eNOS activity in vivo.
Background: Antiangiogenic treatment of glioblastomas with Bevacizumab lacks predictive markers. Myoinositol (MI) is an organic osmolyte, with intracellular concentration changes depending on the extracellular osmolality. Since Bevacizumab markedly reduces tumor edema and influences the tumor microenvironment, we investigated whether the MI concentration in the tumor changes during therapy.
Methods: We used 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure the MI concentrations in the tumor and contralateral control tissue of 39 prospectively recruited patients with recurrent glioblastomas before and 8–12 weeks after starting therapy. 30 patients received Bevacizumab and 9 patients were treated with CCNU/VM26 as control. We performed a survival analysis to evaluate MI as a predictive biomarker for Bevacizumab therapy.
Results: MI concentrations increased significantly during Bevacizumab therapy in tumor (p < .001) and control tissue (p = .001), but not during CCNU/VM26 treatment. For the Bevacizumab cohort, higher MI concentrations in the control tissue at baseline (p = .021) and higher differences between control and tumor tissue (delta MI, p = .011) were associated with longer survival. A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a median OS of 164 days for patients with a deltaMI < 1,817 mmol/l and 275 days for patients with a deltaMI > 1,817 mmol/l. No differences were observed for the relative changes or the post treatment concentrations. Additionally calculated creatine concentrations showed no differences in between subgroups or between pre and post treatment measurements.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that recurrent glioblastoma shows a strong metabolic reaction to Bevacizumab. Further, our results support the hypothesis that MI might be a marker for early tumor cell invasion. Pre-therapeutic MI concentrations are predictive of overall survival in patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with Bevacizumab.
Background and aims: Despite the clinical importance of atherosclerosis, the origin of cells within atherosclerotic plaques is not fully understood. Due to the lack of a definitive lineage-tracing strategy, previous studies have provided controversial results about the origin of cells expressing smooth muscle and macrophage markers in atherosclerosis. We here aim to identify the origin of vascular smooth muscle (SM) cells and macrophages within atherosclerosis lesions.
Methods: We combined a genetic fate mapping approach with single cell expression analysis in a murine model of atherosclerosis.
Results: We found that 16% of CD68-positive plaque macrophage-like cells were derived from mature SM cells and not from myeloid sources, whereas 31% of αSMA-positive smooth muscle-like cells in plaques were not SM-derived. Further analysis at the single cell level showed that SM-derived CD68+ cells expressed higher levels of inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase 2 (Ptgs2, p = 0.02), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (Vcam1, p = 0.05), as well as increased mRNA levels of genes related to matrix synthesis such as Col1a2 (p = 0.01) and Fn1 (p = 0.04), than non SM-derived CD68+ cells.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate that smooth muscle cells within atherosclerotic lesions can switch to a macrophage-like phenotype characterized by higher expression of inflammatory and synthetic markers genes that may further contribute to plaque progression.
Introduction: The Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) was established for the prehospital trauma care of patients. Improved rescue times and increased coverage areas are discussed as specific advantages of HEMS. We recently found evidence that HEMS exerts beneficial effects on outcomes for severely injured patients. However, it still remains unknown which group of trauma patients might benefit most from HEMS rescue. Consequently, the unique aim of this study was to reveal which patients might benefit most from HEMS rescue.
Methods: Trauma patients (ISS ≥9) primarily treated by HEMS or ground emergency medical services (GEMS) between 2002 and 2012 were analysed using the TraumaRegister DGU. A multivariate regression analysis was used to reveal the survival benefit between different trauma populations.
Results: The study included 52 281 trauma patients. Of these, 68.8% (35 974) were rescued by GEMS and 31.2% (16 307) by HEMS. HEMS patients were more severely injured compared to GEMS patients (ISS: HEMS 24.8±13.5 vs. GEMS 21.7±18.0) and more frequently suffered traumatic shock (SBP sys <90mmHg: HEMS 18.3% vs. GEMS 14.8%). However, logistic regression analysis revealed that HEMS rescues resulted in an overall survival benefit compared to GEMS (OR 0.81, 95% CI [0.75–0.87], p<0.001, Nagelkerke's R squared 0.526, area under the ROC curve 0.922, 95% CI [0.919–0.925]). Analysis of specific subgroups demonstrated that patients aged older than 55 years (OR 0.62, 95% CI [0.50–0.77]) had the highest survival benefit after HEMS treatment. Furthermore, HEMS rescue had the most significant impact after ‘low falls’ (OR 0.68, 95% CI [0.55–0.84]) and in the case of minor severity injuries (ISS 9–15) (OR 0.66, 95% CI [0.49–0.88]).
Conclusions: In general, trauma patients benefit from HEMS rescue with in-hospital survival as the main outcome parameter. Focusing on special subgroups, middle aged and older patients, low-energy trauma, and minor severity injuries had the highest survival benefit when rescued by HEMS. Further studies are required to determine the potential reasons of this benefit.
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is an indolent lymphoma, but can transform into diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), showing a more aggressive clinical behavior. Little is known about these cases on the molecular level. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize DLBCL transformed from NLPHL (LP-DLBCL) by gene expression profiling (GEP). GEP revealed an inflammatory signature pinpointing to a specific host response. In a coculture model resembling this host response, DEV tumor cells showed an impaired growth behavior. Mechanisms involved in the reduced tumor cell proliferation included a downregulation of MYC and its target genes. Lack of MYC expression was also confirmed in 12/16 LP-DLBCL by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, CD274/PD-L1 was upregulated in DEV tumor cells after coculture with T cells or monocytes and its expression was validated in 12/19 cases of LP-DLBCL. Thereby, our data provide new insights into the pathogenesis of LP-DLBCL and an explanation for the relatively low tumor cell content. Moreover, the findings suggest that treatment of these patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors may enhance an already ongoing host response in these patients.