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With the demographic explosion of young people in major African cities, we are witnessing the emergence of youth languages and new speech forms. In search of well-being, these young people, plagued by poverty, social injustice, unemployment and idleness, invent linguistic codes that allow them to find themselves. The linguistic and sociolinguistic description of these youth languages is the object of this volume. The contributions inform on the statutes and functions of the youth languages of Africa, their forms and structures, their representations, and envisage perspectives and prospective didactics.
In 2005, a United Nations study reported that half of the world's languages (estimated at 6,000) would disappear by the end of this century. A third of these endangered languages are in Africa where, according to the same study, nearly 250 languages have disappeared in the last century. Language is the heart, identity, storage system for the collective and unique memory and experience of every culture, people, including their natural habitat. Loss of language means loss of the ability to retain and pass on not just a belief system but also invaluable knowledge to future generations. This English-Lekongho/Lekongho-English Dictionary is a modest first attempt to minimize the envisaged sad phenomenon of language loss. Nkongho-Mbo people speak Lekongho, one of the five variants of the Mbo language of the Mbo ethnic group of Cameroon, with their ancestral home in the Kupe Muanenguba Administrative Area of the South-west Region. With this book, the authors' fervent hope is that there will no longer surface any justification to continue to refrain from speaking Lekongho on a daily basis. This effort will help to regionalize, nationalize and internationalize the Lekongho language since Nkongho people are spread all over the country, Africa and the world.
It's been ten years since open data first broke onto the global stage. Over the past decade, thousands of programmes and projects around the world have worked to open data and use it to address a myriad of social and economic challenges. Meanwhile, issues related to data rights and privacy have moved to the centre of public and political discourse. As the open data movement enters a new phase in its evolution, shifting to target real-world problems and embed open data thinking into other existing or emerging communities of practice, big questions still remain. How will open data initiatives respond to new concerns about privacy, inclusion, and artificial intelligence? And what can we learn from the last decade in order to deliver impact where it is most needed? The State of Open Data brings together over 60 authors from around the world to address these questions and to take stock of the real progress made to date across sectors and around the world, uncovering the issues that will shape the future of open data in the years to come.
Namibias main liberation movement, the South West Africa Peoples Organisation (SWAPO), relied heavily on outside support for its armed struggle against South Africas occupation of what it called South West Africa. While East Germanys solidarity with Namibias struggle for national self-determination has received attention, little research has been done on West Germanys policy towards Namibia, which must be seen against the backdrop of inter-German rivalry. The impact of the wider realities of the Cold War on Namibias rocky path to independence leaves ample room for research and new interpretations. In West Germany and Namibias Path to Independence, 1969-1990: Foreign Policy and Rivalry with East Germany, Thorsten Kern shows that German division played a vital role in West Germanys position towards Namibia during the Cold War. West German foreign policy towards Namibia, at the height of the Namibian liberation struggle, is investigated and discussed against the backdrop of rivalry with East Germany. The two states deeply diverging policies, characterised in this context by competition for infuence over SWAPO, were strongly affected by the Cold War rivalry between the capitalist West and the communist East. Yet ultimately the dynamics of rapprochement helped to bring about Namibias independence. This book is based upon a doctoral dissertation presented to the University of Cape Town in 2016. Kern conducted research in the National Archives of Namibia and in German archives and his work draws on interviews with contemporary witnesses.
News footage of disease in Africa is a familiar sight. Yet these outbreaks are often presented out of context, with no reference to the conditions that have triggered them. MISTRAs new book, Epidemics and the Health of African Nations, aims to redress that. Researchers and practitioners from within the continent explore why Africa is so vulnerable to disease, and show how this vulnerability is closely linked to political and economic factors. They demonstrate how these same factors determine the way epidemics are treated. Authors extract lessons from case studies in different parts of Africa; challenge conventional frameworks about disease to argue for a syndemics approach that takes into account the interrelationship between disease and political and socio-economic contexts; explore challenges of Africas future. They argue that a well-functioning health system is at the core of a countrys capacity to counter an epidemic. This volume brings African experts together to probe possible solutions to the continents heavy burden of disease. The insights offered will be helpful in devising policy for the control of disease and the combatting of epidemics in Africa.
Exile and the disruptioon of the exilic period are prominent features in scholarly reconstructions of what influenced the shaping of biblical books and the development of theological thinking. The Babylonian golah community, as an exilic community, is credited by a growing number of scholars with influencing large parts of the Hebrew Bible. This study addresses the question whether the redactions show signs of an exilic mindset (first generation exiles) or are better understood as a reflection of a diaspora mindset (second/third and subsequent generations). This study also reviews all known archaeological diaspora findings from Mesopotamia in the pre-Hellenistic period (aided by insights from Elephantine) in order to build an as comprehensive as possible picture of Jewish diaspora life in Mesopotamia.
In the Linguistic Paradise is the second volume in the Nigerian Linguists Festschrift Series. The motivating force behind the establishment of the Festschrift Series is to honour outstanding scholars who have excelled in the study of languages and linguistics in Nigeria. This volume is dedicated to Professor E. Nolue Emenanjo, a celebrated linguist and a pioneer professor of Igbo Linguistics. The book is organised in five sections, as follows: Language, History and Society; Literature, Stylistics and Pragmatics; Applied Linguistics; Formal Linguistics; and Tributes. There are 15 papers in the first section the majority address the perennial problem of language choice in Nigeria. Section two contains 10 papers focusing on literature, stylistics and pragmatics. Section three contains 17 papers a sizeable number of which focus on language teaching and learning, two are on lexicography, while others are on language engineering. Section three contains 16 papers focusing on the core areas of linguistics. In section four a biographical profile of Professor E. Nolue Emenanjo and list of publications is presented, while Nwadike examines the contributions of Emenanjo in Igbo Studies.
The emergent so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution is regarded by some as a panacea for bringing about development to Africans. This book dismisses this flawed reasoning. Surfacing how investors are actually looting and plundering Africa; how the industrial internet of things, the gig economies, digital economies and cryptocurrencies breach African political and economic sovereignty, the book pioneers what can be called anticipatory economics which anticipate the future of economies. It is argued that the future of Africans does not necessarily require degrowth, postgrowth, postdevelopment, postcapitalism or sharing/solidarity economies: it requires attention to age-old questions about African ownership and control of their resources. Investors have to invest in ensuring that Africans own and control their resources. Further, it is pointed out that the historical imperial structural creation of forced labour is increasingly morphing into what we call the structural creation of forced leisure which is no less lethal for Africans. Because both the structural creation of forced labour and the structural creation of forced leisure are undergirded by transnational neo-imperial plunder, theft, robbery, looting and dispossession of Africans, this book goes beyond the simplistic arguments that Euro-America developed due to the industrial revolutions.
Violence in its various proportions, genres and manifestations has had an enduring historical legacy the world over. However, works speaking to approaches aimed at mitigating violence characteristic of Africa are very limited. As some scholars have noted, Africans have experienced cycles of violence since the pre-colonial epoch, such that overt violence has become banalised on the African continent. This has had the effect of generating complex results, legacies and perennial emotional wounds that call for healing, reconciliation, justice and positive peace. Yet, in the absence of systematic and critical approaches to the study of violence on the continent, discourses on violence would hardly challenge the global matrices of violence that threaten peace and development in Africa. This volume is a contribution in the direction of such urgently needed systematic and critical approaches. It interrogates, from different angles and with inspiration from a multidisciplinary perspective, the contentious production and resilience of violence in Africa. It calls for a paradigm shift an alternative approach that forges and merges African customary dispute resolution and Western systems of dispute resolution towards a framework of positive peace, holistic restoration, sustainable development and equity. The book is a welcome contribution to students and practitioners in security studies, African studies, development studies, global studies, policy studies, and political science.
Kenyas nationalism during the colonial period was marked by two main characteristics that feature in this book. First, the struggle for independence that was mainly characterized by the claim for land that had been taken away by the colonizers. Second was the struggle for autonomy and self-determination, mainly through political resistance. The authors in this book analyse historical trajectories of Kenya's nationalism trends while highlighting the role of political leaders, large as well as small ethnic groups, perennial conflicts, community as well as religious leaders, among others. The discussions demonstrate that quest for a national identity that is inclusive at all levels whether politically, economically, religiously and ethnically has marked Kenya's struggle for nationalism, sometimes leading to violence, especially during election periods, national unity through political coalitions and reconciliation, as well as institutional reforms. In conclusion, the authors demonstrate that while Kenya is gradually advancing towards national cohesion, there are still many challenges yet to be surmounted.
Die Anforderungen an die Beschäftigten unterliegen einem steten Wandel. Dazu tragen einerseits Anpassungen der Betriebe an neue technische Möglichkeiten bei. Veränderte Wettbewerbsbedingungen andererseits, aber auch sich wandelnde Anforderungen an die Betriebe als Arbeitgeber, prägen darüber hinaus die Entwicklungen. Verändern sich die Wettbewerbsbedingungen, stellt sich die Frage, inwiefern die Betriebe den dabei entstehenden Bedarf an Arbeitskräften decken können. Neben internen Anpassungsleistungen stellt die Verfügbarkeit von Arbeitskräften auf dem betriebsexternen Arbeitsmarkt einen wichtigen Faktor dar. Dabei spielt für den Erhalt der wirtschaftlichen Leistungsfähigkeit neben der Anzahl auch die Qualität der Arbeitskräfte eine wichtige Rolle. Die Daten des IAB-Betriebspanels zeigen für Hessen, dass sich die Chancen der verschiedenen Beschäftigtengruppen bislang kaum verändert haben. Mit einem Anteil von zwei Dritteln an allen Beschäftigten überwog auch im Jahr 2018 weiterhin der Anteil qualifiziert Beschäftigter. Zudem gab es für Un- und Angelernte nach wie vor relativ gute Beschäftigungs- perspektiven in den Betrieben Hessens. Bei Innovationstätigkeit der Betriebe fiel der Anteil an Arbeitsplätzen für Tätigkeiten mit Hochschulabschluss in den Betrieben allerdings doppelt so groß aus wie in den nicht-innovativen Betrieben.
Im Vergleich zum Vorjahr ist der Anteil der sozial- versicherungspflichtigen Arbeitsplätze gewachsen. Neben Vollzeitjobs hat sich in den Betrieben Hessens Beschäftigung in Teilzeit als festes Format etabliert. Durchschnittlich vier von fünf Betrieben ermöglichten im Jahr 2018 Teilzeitarbeitsverhältnisse, manche Branchen lagen sogar darüber. Die Teilzeitquote, d. h. der Anteil aller Teilzeitbeschäftigten an der Gesamtbeschäftigung, war im Vergleich zum Vorjahr gestiegen und hat damit maßgeblich zur weiteren Verbreitung sogenannter atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse beigetragen. Durch das seit dem 1. Januar 2019 geltende Rückkehrrecht von befristeter Teilzeit auf die vorherige Arbeitszeit, die sog. Brückenteilzeit, ist zu erwarten, dass zukünftig noch mehr Beschäftigte zumindest zeitweise in Teilzeit tätig sein werden. Frauen waren deutlich häufiger in Teilzeit vertreten als Männer. Ebenfalls häufiger als Männer waren Frauen zudem befristet beschäftigt, wenngleich hier der Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern nicht ganz so stark ausfiel. Beide Beschäftigungsverhältnisse charakterisieren sich dabei nicht nur durch geringere Verdienstmöglichkeiten, sondern können sich darüber hinaus negativ auf die Karriereaussichten und die allgemeine Lebensplanung auswirken. Während vor knapp zehn Jahren noch fast jede vierte Befristung mit einer Eignungsfeststellung begründet wurde, hat sich dieser Anteil bis ins Jahr 2018 um knapp zwei Drittel erhöht. Zeitlich bedingter Personalbedarf oder die Möglichkeit relativ kurzfristig Personal frei zu setzen, spielte in den Betrieben hingegen nur noch eine untergeordnete Rolle. Die Gruppe der seit 2015 nach Deutschland Geflüchteten ist in vielerlei Hinsicht heterogen: Die Geflüchteten unterscheiden sich nicht nur bzgl. Herkunftsland und Fluchtursache, sondern auch hinsichtlich ihrer Qualifikation, Arbeitserfahrung und Sprachkenntnisse. An eine schnelle funktionale Integration Geflüchteter in den Arbeitsmarkt ist u. a. die Hoffnung geknüpft, dass sich die Interaktion und der kulturelle Austausch förderlich auf den Spracherwerb und die zivil- gesellschaftliche Integration auswirkt. Die Daten des IAB-Betriebspanels zeigen, dass die Gruppe der Geflüchteten vermehrt im hessischen Arbeitsmarkt ankommt: Die Anzahl der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse Geflüchteter hatte sich im Ver- gleich zum Vorjahr verdoppelt. Allerdings ist angesichts des großen Beschäftigtenanteils in Einfacharbeit, wie er im Jahr 2017 erhoben wurde, davon auszugehen, dass ein Großteil des vorhandenen Bildungspotenzials der Geflüchteten nicht genutzt wird. Gleichzeitig zeigt sich, dass die Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften insgesamt, sowie nach Fachkräften im Besonderen, auch im Jahr 2018 ungebrochen hoch war. Mehr als ein Drittel der Betriebe verzeichnete im ersten Halbjahr 2018 Neueinstellungen, bei insgesamt hoher Personaldynamik. Dabei wurden über die Hälfte der insgesamt 216 tausend Neueinstellungen für qualifizierte Stellen vorgenommen (54 Prozent). Ein Viertel der einstellenden Betriebe konnte auf diesem Weg seinen Personal- bedarf vollständig decken, weitere zehn Prozent hätten gerne weitere Beschäftigte eingestellt. Zudem war nicht jeder Betrieb bei der Rekrutierung von neuen Beschäftigten erfolgreich. Ungedeckten Bedarf hatten darüber hinaus auch Betriebe, die keine Einstellungen realisieren konnten. Zum Stichtag der Befragung waren 30 Prozent mehr Stellen auf allen Tätigkeitsniveaus offen als noch im Vorjahr. In drei von vier Fällen wurden Beschäftigte für qualifizierte Tätigkeiten gesucht.