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Two new species of the genus Pahamunaya Schmid (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae), P. talon sp. n. and P. spinifera sp. n., from Vietnam are described and illustrated. Examination of the holotype male of P. khoii Oláh and Johanson, in combination with an additional specimen of the same species, revealed new characters. New illustrations for this species are provided.
Two species of the genus Sisyra Burmeister (Neuroptera: Sisyridae), S. cameroonensis, n. sp., and S. gruwelli, n. sp., are described from the African Republic of Cameroon. Sisyra pallida Meinander is synonymized with Sisyra delicata Smithers, new synonymy, after comparison of the types of the former with topotypic paratypes of the latter. Type material of Sisyra nilotica Tjeder appears to be lost. Examples of Sisyra are recorded from Nigeria, Ethiopia and Uganda. A second species of the endemic African genus, Sisyborina, Monserrat, S. scitula, n. sp., is described from Cameroon, Guinea, and Zambia.
Significant new host and distribution records are presented for Hylesinus mexicanus (Wood) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), including its pest potential on cultivated olives. Hylesinus mexicanus is similar to H. fasciatus LeConte and information presented here suggests that the distinctiveness of these two species needs to be re-examined.
The chilopod, Cryptops hortensis (Donovan, 1810) (Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae), and the diplopods, Pseudospirobolellus avernus (Butler, 1876) (Spirobolida: Pseudospirobolellidae) and Oxidus gracilis (C. L. Koch, 1847) (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), are newly recorded from Saba Island, Lesser Antilles, which also harbors one additional scolopendromorph and four more chilognath millipeds. Except for the plausibly native scolopendrid centipede, Scolopendra alternans Leach, 1813, all are human introductions. Concentrated sampling is needed in the cloud/elfin forest atop Mt. Scenery, where indigenous millipeds may reside, and with extraction techniques throughout the island, to potentially document the diplopod subclass Penicillata. Nine small Caribbean islands in addition to Saba have been incorrectly reported as lacking diplopod records because publications citing them were overlooked by past authors. Works documenting myriapods from small Caribbean islands are consolidated.
Extreme economic effects globally of various populations of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) led to an in depth study of the morphology of that species as well as that of
numerous other species of whiteflies in the genus Bemisia Quaintance and Baker and other similar appearing
species. The data collected are presented here as illustrations of the puparia (fourth instar nymphal stages)
and discussions of morphology as it relates to species and generic separations within this closely knit group
of insects. A brief history of the pest outbreaks of B. tabaci is given and an overview of the important
morphological characteristics of aleyrodine whiteflies is provided. Each of the eighty illustrations is
accompanied by a discussion of the more important aspects of morphology.
A new genus and species of armored scale insect (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), Protomorgania koebelei.
Dooley and Evans, is described and illustrated from specimens collected by Albert Koebele on Pittosporum sp.
(Pittosporaceae) in Australia around the year 1900. A key to the genera of armored scale insects similar to Protomorgania
and known to occur in Australia is provided.
The taxonomic position of Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) lemuroides d’Orbigny, 1898 and Onthophagus
(Palaeonthophagus) fortigibber Reitter, 1909 is discussed (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini).
A key to the species is given. Photos of type specimens of the two taxa and significant chromatic varieties, and
drawings of aedeagi are presented.
Essentially any behavior in simple and complex animals depends on neuronal network function. Currently, the best-defined system to study neuronal circuits is the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, as the connectivity of its 302 neurons is exactly known. Individual neurons can be activated by photostimulation of Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) using blue light, allowing to directly probe the importance of a particular neuron for the respective behavioral output of the network under study. In analogy, other excitable cells can be inhibited by expressing Halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR) and subsequent illumination with yellow light. However, inhibiting C. elegans neurons using NpHR is difficult. Recently, proton pumps from various sources were established as valuable alternative hyperpolarizers. Here we show that archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch) from Halorubrum sodomense and a proton pump from the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans (Mac) can be utilized to effectively inhibit excitable cells in C. elegans. Arch is the most powerful hyperpolarizer when illuminated with yellow or green light while the action spectrum of Mac is more blue-shifted, as analyzed by light-evoked behaviors and electrophysiology. This allows these tools to be combined in various ways with ChR2 to analyze different subsets of neurons within a circuit. We exemplify this by means of the polymodal aversive sensory ASH neurons, and the downstream command interneurons to which ASH neurons signal to trigger a reversal followed by a directional turn. Photostimulating ASH and subsequently inhibiting command interneurons using two-color illumination of different body segments, allows investigating temporal aspects of signaling downstream of ASH.
Background: Valvular aortic stenosis is a common disease in the elderly, often in multimorbid patients. It is often associated with coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease. In this situation, the risk of conventional open-heart surgery is too high, and other treatment strategies have to be evaluated.
Case report: A 79-year-old female patient with severe aortic stenosis, coronary artery disease and end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease suffering from dyspnea at rest and permanently dependent on oxygen was treated in three steps. Firstly, her pulmonary infection was treated with antibiotics for 7 days. Then, the left anterior descending artery was stented (bare-metal stent). In the same session, valvuloplasty of the aortic valve was performed. She was sent to rehabilitation to improve her pulmonary condition and took clopidogrel for 4 weeks. Finally, she underwent transapical aortic valve replacement. She was released to rehabilitation on postoperative day 12.
Conclusion: A combination of modern interventional and minimally invasive surgical techniques to treat aortic stenosis and coronary heart disease can be a viable option for multimorbid patients with extremely high risk in conventional open-heart surgery.
Objective: Sensorineural hearing loss leads to the progressive degeneration of spiral ganglion cells (SGC). Next to postoperative fibrous tissue growth, which should be suppressed to assure a close nerve–electrode interaction, the density of healthy SGC is one factor that influences the efficiency of cochlear implants (CI), the choice of treatment for affected patients. Rolipram, a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, has proven neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects and might also reduce SGC degeneration and fibrosis, but it has to pass the cellular membrane to be biologically active.
Methods: Lipidic nanocapsules (LNC) can be used as biodegradable drug carriers to increase the efficacy of conventional application methods. We examined the biological effects of rolipram and LNC's core encapsulated rolipram on SGC and dendritic cell (DC) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in vitro and on SGC survival in systemically-deafened guinea pigs in vivo.
Results: Our results prove that rolipram does not have a beneficial effect on cultured SGC. Incorporation of rolipram in LNC increased the survival of SGC significantly. In the DC study, rolipram significantly inhibited TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. The rolipram-loaded LNC provided a significant cytokine inhibition as well. In vivo data do not confirm the in vitro results.
Conclusion: By transporting rolipram into the SGC cytoplasm, LNC enabled the neuroprotective effect of rolipram in vitro, but not in vivo. This might be due to dilution of test substances by perilymph or an inadequate release of rolipram based on differing in vivo and in vitro conditions. Nevertheless, based on in vitro results, proving a significantly increased neuronal survival when using LNC-rolipram compared to pure rolipram and pure LNC application, we believe that the combination of rolipram and LNC can potentially reduce neuronal degeneration and fibrosis after CI implantation. We conclude that rolipram is a promising drug that can be used in inner ear therapy and that LNC have potential as an inner ear drug-delivery system. Further experiments with modified conditions might reveal in vivo biological effects.
Bei der Information und Sensibilisierung von Eigenheimbesitzer/innen für das Thema
Energie und CO2-Einsparung im Gebäudesektor stehen bislang vor allem breitenwirksame
Instrumente zur Verfügung. Dialogische Kommunikationsangebote, die in anderen
Bereichen des Nachhaltigkeitsmarketing eingesetzt werden, sind bislang nur wenig
verbreitet.
In dem vorliegenden Arbeitspapier werden die Bausteine einer integrierten Kommunikationsstrategie
für eine energetische Gebäudesanierung beleuchtet. Nach dem Verständnis
der Autor/innen umfasst eine solche Strategie monologisches und dialogisches
Marketing, Energieberatung sowie Markenbildung. Gestützt auf konzeptionelle
Überlegungen und empirische Ergebnisse werden im ersten Teil grundlegende Ziele
und Elemente einer dialogischen Kommunikationsstrategie für eine energetische Sanierung
erläutert. Im zweiten Teil illustrieren konkrete Beispiele, wie unter anderem
eine dialogische Kommunikation für unterschiedliche Sanierungsanlässe in der Praxis
gestaltet werden kann.
Im Projekt OPTUM wurde untersucht, welche Umweltentlastungen durch Elektrofahrzeuge in Zukunft erzielt werden könnten. Hierzu wurde ein integrativer Ansatz verfolgt, der neben der fahrzeugseitigen Betrachtung auch die Interaktionen mit dem Strommarkt berücksichtigt. Im Einzelnen fanden Analysen zu den folgenden zentralen Aspekten statt: Akzeptanz und Attraktivität von Elektrofahrzeugen, Marktpotenziale für Elektrofahrzeuge, Interaktion von Elektrofahrzeugen mit dem Stromsektor, CO2-Minderungspotenziale von Elektromobilität, Ökonomische Betrachtung der Speichermedien und Ressourceneffizienz des Systems Elektromobilität. In diesem Studientext werden die Forschungsergebnisse zur Frage nach der Attraktivität und Akzeptanz von Elektroautos vorgestellt. Dabei wird auf Ergebnisse aus zwei empirischen Untersuchungen eingegangen, die in OPTUM zur Ermittlung der Attraktivität und Akzeptanz von Elektrofahrzeugen durchgeführt wurden. Bei diesen Untersuchungen handelt es sich zum einen um eine qualitative Untersuchung mittels Fokusgruppen und zum anderen um eine standardisierte Erhebung, bei der NeuwagenkäuferInnen befragt wurden. Mit der standardisierten Befragung wurde eine Conjoint-Analyse zur Fahrzeugwahl gekoppelt, bei der sich die Befragten zwischen Fahrzeugen mit Verbrennungsmotor, Plug-in-Hybrid-Antrieb und voll-elektrischem Antrieb entscheiden mussten. Die empirischen Analysen verdeutlichen, dass es ein erhebliches Akzeptanzpotenzial für die beiden Elektrofahrzeugkonzepte – Plug-in-Hybride und vollelektrische Fahrzeuge – gibt. Speziell für voll-elektrische Fahrzeuge existiert je nach Szenario und Fahrzeugklasse ein Akzeptanzpotenzial von 12 bis 25 Prozent. Des Weiteren liefern beide empirischen Erhebungen Hinweise, wie dieses Akzeptanzpotenzial ausgeschöpft oder gar vergrößert werden kann.
Wir leben in einer Welt voller Bilder. Unser Denken funktioniert in Bildern, die menschliche Kommunikation bedient sich verschiedener Sprachbilder und das mediale Zeitalter überrollt uns mit einer wahren Flut aus bewegten und unbewegten Bildern. Die Moderne greift dabei nicht nur auf den reichen Bilderschatz vergangener Jahrhunderte zurück, sondern es werden auch traditionelle Motive variiert, verändert und verworfen. Das ursprüngliche Bild wird ergänzt durch Gegenbilder und Alternativkonzepte. Letztlich ringen sie alle, Bilder und ihre Gegenbilder, um die Deutungshoheit. Die Veranstalter Corina Erk, M.A., und Christoph Naumann, M.A., eröffneten als Promovierendenvertreter der Bamberger Graduiertenschule für Literatur, Kultur und Medien den Workshop „Gegenbilder – literarisch/filmisch/fotografisch“ und stellten das anspruchsvolle Tagungsprogramm vor, das sich in fünf Sektionen gliederte. Jedes Panel näherte sich aus einer anderen Perspektive dem Themenbündel „Gegenbild“ an.
A preliminary checklist of the Cerambycidae, Disteniidae, and Vesperidae (Coleoptera) of Peru is presented. Within Cerambycidae, we record five subfamilies, 55 tribes, 345 genera and subgenera, and 714 species. Within Disteniidae, we record one tribe, six genera, and 11 species. We also record one subfamily, one tribe, one genus, and two species within Vesperidae. Four new country records are recorded: one species in the tribe Anacolini (Cerambycidae: Prioninae): Cycloprionus flavus Tippmann, 1953; and three species in the tribe Onciderini (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae): Cacostola simplex (Pascoe, 1859); Marensis simplex (Bates, 1865); Trachysomus cavigibba Martins, 1975. In addition, 161 species recorded are known only from Peru.
The Caribbean Islands (or the West Indies) are recognized as one of the leading global biodiversity hot
spots. This is based on data on species, genus, and family diversity for vascular plants and non-marine vertebrates. This
paper presents data on genus level endemicity for the most speciose (but less well publicised) group of terrestrial
animals: the beetles, with 205 genera (in 25 families) now recognized as being endemic (restricted) to the West Indies.
The predominant families with endemic genera are Cerambycidae (41), Chrysomelidae (28), Curculionidae (26), and
Staphylinidae (25). This high level of beetle generic endemicity can be extrapolated to suggest that a total of about
700 genera of all insects could be endemic to the West Indies. This far surpasses the total of 269 endemic genera of all
plants and non-marine vertebrates, and reinforces the biodiversity richness of the insect fauna of the West Indies.
The mirine plant bug Tropidosteptes forestierae, new species (Hemiptera: Miridae) is described from
Collier County, Florida, where it was found causing serious injury to an extensive ornamental hedge of Florida swampprivet, Forestiera segregata (Jacq.) Krug and Urb. (Oleaceae). Adult male and female, fifth instar, and egg are described. Color images of the adults, nymph, egg, and injury; scanning photomicrographs of selected adult structures; and illustrations of male genitalia are provided. A key to help distinguish the 16 species of Tropidosteptes known to occur in the southeastern United States is given.
We provide the first records of six species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the genus
Culicoides Latreille from Mexico: C. baueri Hoffman, C. castillae Fox, C. debilipalpis Lutz, C. iriartei Fox, C. leoni
Barbosa and C. pusilloides Wirth and Blanton. In addition, C. leopoldoi Ortiz is confirmed from Mexico, and new
records are included for 25 other species previously recorded in Mexico: C. arubae Fox and Hoffman, C. blantoni Vargas
and Wirth, C. crepuscularis Malloch, C. daedalus Macfie, C. diabolicus Hoffman, C. foxi Ortiz, C. furens (Poey), C.
gabaldoni Ortiz, C. haematopotus Malloch, C. hylas Macfie, C. insignis Lutz, C. jamaicensis Edwards, C. luteovenus
Root and Hoffman, C. neopulicaris Wirth, C. nigrigenus Wirth and Blanton, C. pampoikilus Macfie, C. panamensis
Barbosa, C. paraensis (Goeldi), C. phlebotomus (Williston), C. poikilonotus Macfie, C. pusillus Lutz, C. stigmalis Wirth,
and all three species in the C. (Monoculicoides) variipennis complex, C. variipennis (Coquillett), C. occidentalis Wirth
and Jones, and C. sonorensis Wirth and Jones.
Evidence is presented that the subspecies Chrysobothris thoracica guadeloupensis Descarpentries, 1981
(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) should be recognized at the species level. Character evidence is provided to separate C.
guadeloupensis, new status, from C. thoracica Fabricius, 1798. Both species are illustrated with habitus photographs
and images of the male genitalia.
Chalcosicya maya, new species, (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae) is described and the species
key of Blake (1951) is modified to accommodate it. This is the first known mainland species of this previously
Antillean genus. Sclerotized rods in the apical segment of the ovipositor of Chalcosicya Blake and related genera
are shown to be useful systematic characters within the eumolpine tribe Adoxini. Relationships with other genera
suggest that Chalcosicya belongs to a clade derived from ancestors with a western Tethyian distribution.
Das Ecological Research Network (Ecornet) ist online ++ Memorandum zur sozial-ökologischen Forschung: jetzt unterzeichnen ++ BMBF-Delegation besucht CuveWaters-Pilotprojekte ++ Abkommen zu Forschungszentrum in Namibia unterzeichnet ++ Neue Kooperationsmodelle zwischen Afrika und Europa ++ Artikel zu Transdisziplinarität in Ecological Economics erschienen ++ Beim Hauskauf schon ans Sanieren denken – Projekt EiMap beginnt ++ Neue Kommunikationsangebote für eine energetische Sanierung ++ Fahrradförderseminare im Projekt mobile2020 gestartet ++ Mobilitätsstile der Zukunft auf der Frankfurt Global Business Week ++ Survey zu Migration und Umweltveränderungen im Projekt micle ++ ISOE-Expertin bei der Forschungsbörse ++ Safe the date: ISOE-Tagung zum Wissenschaftsjahr im November ++ Termine ++ Publikationen
The long sought molecular function of membrane raft-associated flotillin proteins is slowly becoming resolved, partially owing to the increasing knowledge about their interaction partners. Being ubiquitously expressed and evolutionarily highly conserved, flotillins carry out important cellular functions, one of which is the regulation of signal transduction pathways. This study shows that the signaling adaptor protein fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) directly interacts both in vivo and in vitro with flotillin-1 (flot-1). FRS2 is an important docking protein of many receptor tyrosine kinases. It regulates downstream signaling by forming molecular complexes with other adaptor proteins and tyrosine phosphatases, and seems to be a critical mediator of sustained extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) activity. Flot-1 has also been implicated in the regulation of ERK activity upon EGF and FGF stimuli. Furthermore, flot-1 forms signalosomes with EGFR and the downstream components of the MAP kinase pathway. The newly discovered interaction between FRS2 and flot-1 was shown to be mediated by the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain and, to a lesser extent, the C-terminus (CT) of FRS2 and by the C-terminus of flot-1. Flot-1 coprecipitated together with FRS2 from murine tissues and cell lysates, demonstrating that this interaction also takes place in vivo. Interestingly, flot-2, which shows a high homology to flot-1 and forms stable oligomeric complexes with it, does not appear to directly interact with FRS2. Novel insights into the functional role of the interaction between flot-1 and FRS2 were provided by the results showing that depletion of flot-1 affects the cellular localization of FRS2. In hepatocytes stably depleted of flot-1, FRS2 appeared to be more soluble. Furthermore, upon pervanadate stimulation of the cells, a small fraction of FRS2 was recruited into detergent resistant membranes, but the recruitment did not take place in the absence of flot-1. Triggered by the same stimulus, a fraction of FRS2 was translocated to the nucleus independently of flot-1. Overexpression of FRS2 has previously been shown to result in increased ERK activation. However, in cells depleted of flot-1, FRS2 was not able to compensate for the compromised ERK activation after EGF or FGF stimulation. This might imply that FRS2 and flot-1 are functionally interconnected and that FRS2 resides upstream of flot-1. Taken together, the results presented here indicate that this complex may be involved in the control of signaling downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and is important for ensuring a proper signaling response. In the absence of flot-1, increased Tyr phosphorylation of FRS2 was observed. It is known that Tyr and Thr phosphorylation of FRS2 are reciprocally regulated. Since ERK is a known executor of the FRS2 Thr phosphorylation, and ERK activity was shown to be severely diminished upon flot-1 depletion, the increased Tyr phosphorylation of FRS2 was in agreement with this and might be a direct consequence of a decreased ERK activity upon flot-1 depletion. FRS2 owes its name to the major and the first described function of this protein as a substrate for FGFR. PTB domain of FRS2 was published to constitutively bind the juxtamembrane domain of FGFR. In this study, the PTB domain was mapped to be involved in the constitutive interaction with flot-1 and the competition was shown to exist between flot-1 and FGFR1 for binding to FRS2. Another novel interaction partner of FRS2 was discovered in the present study. Cbl-associated protein (CAP) is an adaptor protein with three SH3 domains and it plays a role during insulin signaling by recruiting the signaling complex to lipid rafts. CAP was previously shown to interact with flot-1 via the SoHo domain, and this interaction was found to be crucial for the lipid raft recruitment of other signaling components. Both the PTB domain and CT of FRS2 were found to mediate the interaction with CAP, whereas in CAP, the SoHo domain, together with the third SH3 domain, seems to bind to FRS2. SH3 domains mediate the assembly of specific protein complexes by binding to proline rich sequences, several of which are present in FRS2. Due to overlapping interaction domains, FRS2 and flot-1 competed for the binding to CAP. However, the interaction with neither CAP nor flot-1 was necessary for the observed nuclear translocation of FRS2. Since CAP is expressed as several tissue- and developmental stage-specific isoforms, a further aim of this study was to analyze the expression of its isoforms in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Many new isoforms were discovered here which have not been described in the literature so far. They all contain the SoHo domain and three SH3 domains, but differ among themselves by the presence and length of a proline-rich region that preceeds the SoHo domain and by a novel 20-amino acid (AA) stretch between the second and the third SH3 domain. The length of the proline-rich region turned out to be an important factor determining the strength of the interaction with FRS2. The interaction was found to be weakened by the increasing length of this region. The new isoforms possessing the 20-AA stretch are specifically expressed in murine muscular tissues, with the highest level in the heart. During adipogenesis, we observed a shift in the abundance of the isoforms, in that only the isoforms without the insertion were shown to be upregulated on mRNA level. However, during myogenesis, preferentially expressed isoforms were those with the insertion. The collected data implicate that isoforms with the 20-AA insertion might be more ubiquitous in nondifferentiated/embryonic cells and that the observed "isoform-switch" might be dependent on the cell fate and differentiation state.
In der modernen Festkörperphysik spielen elektronisch stark korrelierte Systeme mit ihrem komplexen Vielteilchenverhalten eine zentrale Rolle. Insbesondere das Wechselspiel zwischen thermischen und Quantenfluktuationen in den Ladungs- und Spinfreiheitsgraden führt zur Entstehung verschiedenster neuartiger Grundzustände.
Die vorliegende Dissertation „Ultrasonic and Magnetic Investigations in frustrated Lowdimensional Spin Systems“ beschäftigt sich mit den besonderen physikalischen Eigenschaften niedrig dimensionaler Spinsysteme. Diese Materialklasse, die auch zu den stark korrelierten Systemen zählt, wird seit vielen Jahren intensiv sowohl experimentell als auch theoretisch untersucht. Auf theoretischer Seite sind die niedrigdimensionalen Spinsysteme besonders interessant, da sie als Modellsysteme die exakte Beschreibung des Grundzustandes und des Anregungsspektrums ermöglichen. Von experimenteller Seite ist es in den letzten Jahrzehnten gelungen, verschiedenste Materialklassen niedrigdimensionaler Spinsysteme zu synthetisieren.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die grundlegenden Theorien und physikalischen Konzepte niedrigdimensionaler Spinsysteme diskutiert. Insbesondere auch die Spin-Phonon-Wechselwirkung dieser Materialien, die für die hier beobachteten elastischen Anomalien verantwortlich ist. Weiterhin wird auch das elastische Verhalten bei magnetischen Phasenübergängen beschrieben.
Da die Ultraschallexperimente einen Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bilden, wird der Versuchsaufbau zur phasenempfindlichen Detektion von Schallgeschwindigkeit und Ultraschalldämfung ausführlich beschrieben. Diese Messmethode ist ideal zur Untersuchung der Spin-Phonon Wechselwirkung geeignet.
Conceptual design of an ALICE Tier-2 centre integrated into a multi-purpose computing facility
(2012)
This thesis discusses the issues and challenges associated with the design and operation of a data analysis facility for a high-energy physics experiment at a multi-purpose computing centre. At the spotlight is a Tier-2 centre of the distributed computing model of the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. The design steps, examined in the thesis, include analysis and optimization of the I/O access patterns of the user workload, integration of the storage resources, and development of the techniques for effective system administration and operation of the facility in a shared computing environment. A number of I/O access performance issues on multiple levels of the I/O subsystem, introduced by utilization of hard disks for data storage, have been addressed by the means of exhaustive benchmarking and thorough analysis of the I/O of the user applications in the ALICE software framework. Defining the set of requirements to the storage system, describing the potential performance bottlenecks and single points of failure and examining possible ways to avoid them allows one to develop guidelines for selecting the way how to integrate the storage resources. The solution, how to preserve a specific software stack for the experiment in a shared environment, is presented along with its effects on the user workload performance. The proposal for a flexible model to deploy and operate the ALICE Tier-2 infrastructure and applications in a virtual environment through adoption of the cloud computing technology and the 'Infrastructure as Code' concept completes the thesis. Scientific software applications can be efficiently computed in a virtual environment, and there is an urgent need to adapt the infrastructure for effective usage of cloud resources.
La Reserva de la Biosfera de Chamela-Cuixmala se localiza en la costa del Pacífico del estado mexicano de Jalisco. La Reserva fue fundada en 1993 y se extiende por 13142 hectáreas. Es una de las pocas reservas en México creada para la protección de la selva tropical caducifolia (seca) y sistemas asociados. Cinco especies de ciempiés han sido registradas previamente para la Reserva: Cormocephalus impressus Porat, 1876; Dendrothereua linceci (Wood, 1867); Ectonocryptoides quadrimeropus Shelley y Mercurio, 2005; Scolopendra polymorpha (Wood, 1861) y Scolopendra viridis Say, 1821. A partir de julio de 2010 se inició con el primer estudio formal de la fauna de ciempiés en la Reserva. Después de un año de muestreos, ocho morfoespecies de ciempiés se han determinado para la Reserva: Cryptops (Haplocryptops) cf. acapulcensis Verhoeff, 1934; Cryptops sp.; Rhysida immarginata (Porat, 1876); Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus, 1758; Polycricus sp.; Sogona sp.; Orphnaeus sp.; y Straberax sp. Esta es la primera vez que Cryptops (Haplocryptops) cf. acapulcensis es encontrada en otra localidad distinta de su localidad tipo. Estudios previos han determinado el papel de los ciempiés como parte de la dieta de mamíferos y componente de la fauna del suelo.
The milliped genus Euryurus Koch, 1847, and the species, E. leachii (Gray, 1832) (Polydesmida: Euryuridae), are recorded from three sites on the northern part of Crowley’s Ridge (Cross, Lee, and Poinsett counties), Arkansas, where the only prior familial records are of Auturus evides (Bollman, 1887). Coupled with the published locality of E. leachii in Phillips Co., at the southern extremity of the Ridge, the only known occurrences of both the genus and species in Arkansas and west of the Mississippi River are in this physiographic feature. The Arkansas population is geographically peripheral but anatomically intermediate between the two recognized subspecies, E. l. leachii and E. l. fraternus Hoffman, 1978, and we do not assign it to a race. Molecular investigations seem necessary to resolve relationships in the “E. leachii complex.”
Among the four oriental genera of the tribe Helluonini, Omphra Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae), is unique for its endemism to the Indian subcontinent and aptery. High intraspecies variability in morphological characters and limited diagnostic information makes species differentiation of the genus Omphra a complicated task. The present study provides a description of a new species, Omphra drumonti n. sp. from the Western Ghats, redescriptions and a key to the species of Omphra, details of intraspecies variation, discussion of relationships between taxa and distributional patterns of the genus. Based on the distributional patterns in the Indian subcontinent and flightlessness of the genus, inability to cross the physical barrier of the Ganges–Brahmaputra delta between north and peninsular India is indicated as the reason for its absence in the northeastern Indian subcontinent and endemism to the lower Indian subcontinent.
Innerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene Teilaspekte des S1P-Signalsystems näher untersucht. Der erste Teil der Arbeit geht der Frage nach, welche Störungen das Ausschalten der S1P-Lyase in der Ca2+-Homöostase verursacht. Die Messung der zellulären Lipidkonzentrationen ergab in Sgpl1-/--MEFs einen sechsfach höherer Wert für S1P und einen doppelt so hohen Wert für Sphingosin als in den Sgpl1+/+-MEFs. [Ca2+]i wurde an Einzelzellen mit Hilfe des Proteinfarbstoffs Cameleon untersucht, wobei [Ca2+]i-Anstiege durch den SERCA-Inhibitor Thapsigargin induziert wurden. So konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl in Sgpl1+/+-MEFs als auch in Sgpl1-/--MEFs zwei verschiedene Subtypen existieren, die sich hinsichtlich Geschwindigkeit und Ausmaß des [Ca2+]i-Anstiegs unterscheiden. Die basale [Ca2+]i war im Subtyp der Sgpl1-/--MEFs mit einem schnellen und kurzen [Ca2+]i-Anstieg signifikant erhöht, während das Maximum des Thapsigargin-induzierten [Ca2+]i-Anstiegs im Subtyp der Sgpl1-/--MEFs mit einem langsamen und langen [Ca2+]i-Anstieg signifikant erhöht war. Die AUC des Zeitverlaufs nach der Stimulation mit Thapsigargin war in beiden Subtypen der Sgpl1-/--MEFs signifikant erhöht, was bedeutet, dass der Ca2+-Gehalt der Thapsigargin-sensitiven Speicher in Sgpl1-/--MEFs höher als in Wildtyp-MEFs war.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurden Aspekte der Modulation des S1P-Signalsystems durch das Sphingosin-Analogon cis-4-Methylsphingosin näher untersucht. Die Messung der Lipidkonzentrationen von cis-4-Methylsphingosin und dem Phosphorylierungsprodukt cis-4-Methyl-S1P erfolgte dabei in HEK-293-Zellen und deren Überständen mittels LC-MS/MS. Hierbei wurde erstmals cis-4-Methyl-S1P im Zellkulturüberstand nachgewiesen, was bedeutet, dass cis-4-Methylsphingosin nach der intrazellulären Phosphorylierung sezerniert werden kann. Dieser Mechanismus bildet die Grundlage dafür, dass cis-4-Methylsphingosin nicht nur intrazellulär wirken, sondern ebenso wie FTY720 als S1P-Rezeptor-Modulator fungieren kann. Der dritte und umfangreichste Teil der Arbeit befasst sich mit der Regulation der SK1 durch G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren. Um die Rolle von Gαq/11-Proteinen bei der Ansteuerung der SK1 durch G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren weiter zu analysieren, wurde zunächst die Rezeptor-induzierte Translokation der SK1 in MEFs untersucht, die sowohl in Gαq als auch in seinem Homolog Gα11 doppelt defizient waren (Gαq/11 -/--MEFs). Die SK1-Translokation war nur nach Transfektion mit Gαq möglich. Um Hinweise auf die strukturellen Erfordernisse für die SK1-Ansteuerung durch Gαq zu erhalten, wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Gαq-Mutanten auf die Translokationshalbwertszeit der SK1 untersucht. So waren alle untersuchten Mutanten in der Lage, die SK1-Translokation in Gαq/11-/--MEFs zu vermitteln. Die Expression der Gαq-W263D-Mutante führte dabei zu einer signifikant verlangsamten SK1-Translokation. Die durch Gαq-T257E-vermittelte Translokation war erst nach mehreren Minuten feststellbar. Die Abhängigkeit der SK1-Translokation von Gαq wurde auf zellulärer Ebene durch Coexpression einer katalytisch inaktiven Mutante der G-Protein gekoppelter Rezeptorkinase 2 (GRK2) als Gαq-scavenger in HEK3-Zellen nachgewiesen. Dies führte zu einer vollständigen Inhibierung der Carbachol-induzierten SK1-Translokation. Hingegen führte die Überexpression der SK1 in den M3-Rezeptor exprimierenden HEK-293-Zellen zu einer reduzierten Carbachol-induzierten Aktivierung der PLCβ. Dieser Effekt war unabhängig von der katalytischen Aktivität der SK1. Daraus lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass die SK1 mit den Effektoren GRK2 und PLCβ um gemeinsame Bindungsstellen der aktivierten G-Protein Untereinheit Gαq konkurriert. Zusätzlich wurde die direkte Interaktion zwischen Gαq und SK1 auf Proteinebene mittels optischer Thermophorese nachgewiesen. Dazu wurde die humane SK1 als N-terminal getaggtes His6-MBP-Fusionsprotein exprimiert, aufgereinigt und charakterisiert. So konnte gezeigt werden, dass die mit dem Fluoreszenzfarbstoff NT647-markierte hSK1 (hSK1*) mit dem TNF Rezeptor-assoziiertem Faktor 2 (TRAF2), nicht jedoch mit dem N-terminalen Fragment des TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator (TANK) interagierte. Sowohl inaktives Gαq als auch [AlF4]--aktiviertes Gαq interagierten mit der hSK1* mit einem vergleichbaren kD-Wert. Auch mit NT-647-markiertes Gαq interagierte mit der hSK1 sowohl in der inaktiven als auch in der [AlF4]--aktivierten Form, wohingegen es nicht mit TANK oder TRAF2 interagierte.
Insgesamt zeigen die erhaltenen Daten, dass die SK1 ein direktes Target von Gαq ist und sie an genau dieselben Gαq-Reste bindet, an die auch die klassischen Effektoren PLCβ, p63RhoGEF und GRK2 binden.
Die nicht-konventionelle Hefe P. ciferrii produziert große Mengen der tetra-acetylierten Sphingoidbase Phytosphingosin (TAPS). Sphingoidbasen sind essentielle Komponenten des stratum corneums, der multilamellaren Barriere der menschlichen Haut, und daher in der Kosmetik-Industrie von großem Interesse. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollte die biotechnologische Produktion der Sphingoidbasen Phytosphingosin, Sphinganin und Sphingosin auf molekularbiologischer Ebene in P. ciferrii charakterisiert und optimiert werden. Die Hefe P. ciferrii konnte durch Etablierung einer einfachen und hoch-effizienten Transformations-Methode auf genetischer Ebene leicht zugänglich gemacht werden. Durch Inaktivierung des für NHEJ essentiellen PcLIG4 Gens konnte die Effizienz zielgerichteter genomischer Integrationen von transformierten DNA-Konstrukten von 1 % auf 87 % erhöht werden. Die Etablierung des Cre-loxP Systems erlaubte das mehrfache Verwenden eines Selektions-Markers wodurch sukzessiv mehrere genomische Integrationen in einem Stamm ermöglicht wurden. Durch diese Errungenschaften konnte das Ziel „Optimierung der Sphingoidbasen-Produktion der nicht-konventionellen Hefe P. ciferrii“ im Folgenden erfolgreich verfolgt werden. Der initiale Schritt der Sphingoidbasen-Biosynthese ist die von der Serin-Palmitoyl-Transferase katalysierte Kondensation von L-Serin und Palmitoyl-CoA. Durch die Deletion von Genen, die am L-Serin-Katabolismus von P. ciferrii beteiligt sind (PcSHM1, PcSHM2und PcCHA1), konnte die de novo Sphingoidbasen-Biosynthese optimiert werden und führte in einem lig4? Stamm zu einer etwa dreifachen Erhöhung der TAPS-Produktion. Weitere Ansätze den (vermutlich durch L-Serin feed back regulierten) L-Serin-Biosyntheseweg bzw. die in vivo L-Serin-Verfügbarkeit zu optimieren, führten nicht zu einer gesteigerten TAPS-Produktion. Durch weitere Deletion und Überexpression von Genen des Sphingolipid-Stoffwechsels konnte die TAPS-Produktion jedoch um ein Vielfaches verbessert werden. So konnte ein Stamm konstruiert werden, der die Gene PcLCB1, PcLCB2 und PcSYR2 überexprimiert und Deletionen der Gene PcSHM1, PcSHM2, PcCHA1, PcLCB4 und PcORM12 trägt. Dieser Stamm (CSS.L4.O.L2.L1.S2) wies eine mehr als fünffach erhöhte maximale spezifische TAPS-Produktbildungsrate (q Pmax ) auf und produzierte mit 2 g * L rund siebenmal mehr TAPS als der lig4? Ausgangsstamm, weshalb ein Einsatz dieses Stammes für die industrielle TAPS-Produktion denkbar wäre. Ausgehend von einem für die TAPS- (und somit Sphingoidbasen-) Produktion optimierten Stamm sollten Stämme mit optimierter TriASa- oder TriASo-Produktion für industrielle Zwecke generiert werden. Es stellte sich allerding heraus, dass erhöhte Mengen dieser Sphingoidbasen wahrscheinlich wachstumshemmend für P. ciferrii sind, weshalb eine weitere Produktions-Optimierung nicht ohne Weiteres möglich ist. In einem Laborstamm gelang es jedoch, durch Konstruktion und anschließende Transformation eines optimierten integrativen Plasmids (trägt die Gene, die für die Produktion von Sphingosin bzw. TriASo nötig sind) eine TriASo-Produktion von bis zu 30 mg * g (BTM) zu erzielen, wobei gleichzeitig die Bildung des Nebenprodukts TriASa auf weniger als 4 mg * g (BTM)reduziert wurde. Weiterhin konnte durch Deletion von PcSCS7 in einem TriASo-Produktionsstamm die TriASa-Produktion mehr als vierfach reduziert werden. Die Bildung eines weiteren von P. ciferrii gebildeten Nebenproduktes [Tri-Acetyl-Sphingadienin (TriASd)] konnte durch Deletion des PcSLD1 Gens unterbunden werden. Nach Inaktivierung von PcSCH9 konnte eine fast 20 %ige Verbesserung der TriASo-Produktion erreicht werden. Es konnten zwei putative Acetyl-Transferasen identifiziert werden (PcAft2 und PcSli1), die an der Acetylierung von Phytosphingosin (zu TAPS), Sphinganin (zu TriASa) und Sphingosin (zu TriASo) beteiligt sind. Die Aufklärung und Optimierung dieser von PcAtf2 und PcSli1 katalysierten Schritte sind vielversprechende Ansatzpunkte die Sphingoidbasen-Produktion in P. ciferrii weiter zu optimieren.
A biodiversity inventory of the Lepidoptera of Pico Bonito National Park and vicinity, in the Department of Atlantida of northern Honduras, was initiated in 2009 to obtain baseline data. We present a revised checklist of Honduran butterfly species (updated from the initial 1967 lists), as well as the first comprehensive list of Honduran moths. Our updated list includes 550 species of Papilionoidea, 311 Hesperioidea, and 1,441 moth species.
Self-organized complexity and Coherent Infomax from the viewpoint of Jaynes’s probability theory
(2012)
This paper discusses concepts of self-organized complexity and the theory of Coherent Infomax in the light of Jaynes’s probability theory. Coherent Infomax, shows, in principle, how adaptively self-organized complexity can be preserved and improved by using probabilistic inference that is context-sensitive. It argues that neural systems do this by combining local reliability with flexible, holistic, context-sensitivity. Jaynes argued that the logic of probabilistic inference shows it to be based upon Bayesian and Maximum Entropy methods or special cases of them. He presented his probability theory as the logic of science; here it is considered as the logic of life. It is concluded that the theory of Coherent Infomax specifies a general objective for probabilistic inference, and that contextual interactions in neural systems perform functions required of the scientist within Jaynes’s theory.
The synthesis of the recently characterized depsipeptide szentiamide (1), which is produced by the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus szentirmaii, is described. Whereas no biological activity was previously identified for 1, the material derived from the efficient synthesis enabled additional bioactivity tests leading to the identification of a notable activity against insect cells and Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria.
Molecules of the title compound, C20H14O2, show approximate C s symmetry with the approximate mirror plane perpendicular to the central ring. The torsion angles about the acyclic bonds are 30.05 (15) and 30.77 (15)° in one half compared to −36.62 (14) and −18.60 (15)° in the other half of the molecule. The central aromatic ring makes dihedral angles of 47.78 (4) and 51.68 (3)° with the two terminal rings.
Objective: Betahistine is a histamine H1-receptor agonist and H3-receptor antagonist that is administered to treat Menière’s disease. Despite widespread use, its pharmacological mode of action has not been entirely elucidated. This study investigated the effect of betahistine on guinea pigs at dosages corresponding to clinically used doses for cochlear microcirculation.
Methods: Thirty healthy Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs were randomly assigned to five groups to receive betahistine dihydrochloride in a dose of 1,000 mg/kg b. w. (milligram per kilogram body weight), 0.100 mg/kg b. w., 0.010 mg/kg b. w., 0.001 mg/kg b. w. in NaCl 0.9% or NaCl 0.9% alone as placebo. Cochlear blood flow and mean arterial pressure were continuously monitored by intravital fluorescence microscopy and invasive blood pressure measurements 3 minutes before and 15 minutes after administration of betahistine.
Results: When betahistine was administered in a dose of 1.000 mg/kg b. w. cochlear blood flow was increased to a peak value of 1.340 arbitrary units (SD: 0.246; range: 0.933–1.546 arb. units) compared to baseline (p<0.05; Two Way Repeated Measures ANOVA/Bonferroni t-test). The lowest dosage of 0.001 mg/kg b. w. betahistine or NaCl 0.9% had the same effect as placebo. Nonlinear regression revealed that there was a sigmoid correlation between increase in blood flow and dosages.
Conclusions: Betahistine has a dose-dependent effect on the increase of blood flow in cochlear capillaries. The effects of the dosage range of betahistine on cochlear microcirculation corresponded well to clinically used single dosages to treat Menière’s disease. Our data suggest that the improved effects of higher doses of betahistine in the treatment of Menière’s disease might be due to a corresponding increase of cochlear blood flow.
The main goal of adequate organ preservation is to avoid further cellular metabolism during the phase of ischemia. However, modern preservation solutions do rarely achieve this target. In donor organs hypoxia and ischemia induce a broad spectrum of pathologic molecular mechanisms favoring primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after transplantation. Increased hypoxia-induced transcriptional activity leads to increased vascular permeability which in turn is the soil of a reperfusion edema and the enhancement of a pro-inflammatory response in the graft after reperfusion. We hypothesize that inhibition of the respiration chain in mitochondria and thus inhibition of the hypoxia induced mechanisms might reduce reperfusion edema and consecutively improve survival in vivo. In this study we demonstrate that the rotenoid Deguelin reduces the expression of hypoxia induced target genes, and especially VEGF-A, dose-dependently in hypoxic human lung derived cells. Furthermore, Deguelin significantly suppresses the mRNA expression of the HIF target genes VEGF-A, the pro-inflammatory CXCR4 and ICAM-1 in ischemic lungs vs. control lungs. After lung transplantation, the VEGF-A induced reperfusion-edema is significantly lower in Deguelin-treated animals than in controls. Deguelin-treated rats exhibit a significantly increased survival-rate after transplantation. Additionally, a downregulation of the pro-inflammatory molecules ICAM-1 and CXCR4 and an increase in the recruitment of immunomodulatory monocytes (CD163+ and CD68+) to the transplanted organ involving the IL4 pathway was observed. Therefore, we conclude that ischemic periods preceding reperfusion are mainly responsible for the increased vascular permeability via upregulation of VEGF. Together with this, the resulting endothelial dysfunction also enhances inflammation and consequently lung dysfunction. Deguelin significantly decreases a VEGF-A induced reperfusion edema, induces the recruitment of immunomodulatory monocytes and thus improves organ function and survival after lung transplantation by interfering with hypoxia induced signaling.
Sphingosine kinases (SK) catalyze the phosphorylation of proapoptotic sphingosine to the prosurvival factor sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), thereby promoting oncogenic processes. Breast (MDA-MB-231), lung (NCI-H358), and colon (HCT 116) carcinoma cells were transduced with shRNA to downregulate SK-1 expression or treated with a pharmacologic SK-1 inhibitor. The effects of SK-1 targeting were investigated by measuring the level of intracellular sphingosine, the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) and cell cycle regulators, and the mitotic index. Functional assays included measurement of cell proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis, and cell cycle analysis. Downregulation of SK-1 or its pharmacologic inhibition increased intracellular sphingosine and decreased PKC activity as shown by reduced phosphorylation of PKC substrates. In MDA-MB-231 cells this effect was most pronounced and reduced cell proliferation and colony formation, which could be mimicked using exogenous sphingosine or the PKC inhibitor RO 31-8220. SK-1 downregulation in MDA-MB-231 cells increased the number of cells with 4N and 8N DNA content, and similar effects were observed upon treatment with sphingosine or inhibitors of SK-1 or PKC. Examination of cell cycle regulators unveiled decreased cdc2 activity and expression of Chk1, which may compromise spindle checkpoint function and cytokinesis. Indeed, SK-1 kd cells entered mitosis but failed to divide, and in the presence of taxol also failed to sustain mitotic arrest, resulting in further increased endoreduplication and apoptosis. Our findings delineate an intriguing link between SK-1, PKC and components of the cell cycle machinery, which underlines the significance of SK-1 as a target for cancer therapy.
Race has been a term avoided in the Swedish debates, while at the same time, protections with respect to unlawful discrimination on the basis of race or ethnic origins have not been vigilantly upheld by the courts. This paper looks at the treatment of race by the Swedish legislature, as well as the treatment by the courts, specifically the Labour Court, with respect to claims of unlawful discrimination in employment on the basis of ethnic origins, against the background of Critical Race Theory. The disparities between the intent of the legislature and the outcome of the cases brought to the Swedish courts can be in least in part explained through the lens of Critical Race Theory, particularly with respect to the liberal approach taken by the courts when applying the law.
Es wird eine Verbindung zwischen dem von Antiphon entwickelten infinitesimalen Berechnungsverfahren, der Theorie Verteilungsgerechtigkeit von Aristoteles, des Hebelgesetzes, der eben radialen Figuren und der Verteilung hergestellt.
Die Problemstellung stellt sich wie folgt dar: dem Kennenlernen der Gründe, die Antiphon mutmaßen ließ, die Exhaustionsmethode als ein Mittel der Bildung des Quadratur des Kreises anzusehen, Beziehungen von grundsätzlicher und historischer Art zwischen der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit und den Hebelgesetz herzustellen, ein Model der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit, basierend auf der modernen Mathematik der Verteilung, von multipler Partizipierung zu konstruieren.
Die Zielsetzungen sind:
Die These zu erstellen, dass die Exhaustionsmethode aus der Gerichtspraxis stammt; dass das Hebelgesetz und die Theorie der Proportionen von Eudoxos Modelle der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit von Aristoteles sind; weiter soll gezeigt werden, dass die ebene Verteilung der materiellen Partikel auch ein Modell der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit ist.
Das Modell der Mehrteiligkeit der Verteilung, das vorgestellt wurde, enthält zwei Arten von Freiheitsgraden, einen für den Wert der zu verteilenden Güter an jeweils einen der Beteiligten und einen zweiter Freiheitsgrad für die verschieden Ebene zwischen den Beteiligten im Falle der Ungleichheit.
Keywords: Exhaustionsmethode, Hebelgesetz, Verteilungsgerechtigkeit, Verteilung.
In order to understand the impact of new technologies on the law through the science of law, it is essential to observe how Law researches are done. This paper pursues the following models of legal science: analytical (theory of formal rule); hermeneutics (interpretation theory) and empirical (decision theory) to appraise methodological procedures used in monograph researches in some Brazilian Law courses. This study was to detect which model of law science was used in the development of Law researches. The study was conducted, through Juris Doctors’ interviews. All of these respondents have written a monograph, which is a requirement to complete a Law course in Brazil. The main conclusions of this study were the following: 1) most of the monographs produced do not specify the methodology used for developing the work; 2) when the papers indicate the methodology used, the analytical model was prevalent. In these cases, the science of law appears as a systematization of rules for obtaining possible decisions. 3) Hermeneutic and empirical models were also used, but on a smaller scale. These researches revealed the inaccuracy of the methodological tools used to apprehend the reality. However, these strategies are significant to define the objects of study of law in the contemporary time. Answering the question about how Law researches are done in some Brazilian Law schools, this paper discusses the construction of classical models of science of law, which were taken as the theoretical framework of this work before the hypercomplex current problems.
This article considers the Brazilian Legal System and the requirements of an act performed by public administration. To do so, it presents six main chapters. The first one considers Brazilian Constitution as it regards State form, legal and judicial systems. The second chapter presents the public administration stated in the Constitution. The requirements of a public administration act are presented in the third chapter. The improbity law, which determines how public administration acts should be performed, is presented on the fourth chapter. How one of the main judicial courts of Brazil has understood this law is the topic of the fifth chapter. The sixth chapter presents a proposal of how could be Phronesis used to solve misunderstandings about improbity in the Brazilian Legal System.