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Die Verbriefung des Cash Flows eines Unternehmens ist eine in Großbritannien bekannte und etablierte Form der Unternehmensfinanzierung. In Deutschland hat es bisher erst zwei Transaktionen dieser Art gegeben. Die Gründe hierfür liegen in den unterschiedlichen rechtlichen Systemen und den unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten der Darlehensbesicherung. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt die diesbezüglichen wesentlichen Unterschiede und stellt Strukturen vor, mit denen auch im deutschen Rechtskreis entsprechende Transaktionen umgesetzt werden können.
This paper proves correctness of Nöcker's method of strictness analysis, implemented in the Clean compiler, which is an effective way for strictness analysis in lazy functional languages based on their operational semantics. We improve upon the work of Clark, Hankin and Hunt did on the correctness of the abstract reduction rules. Our method fully considers the cycle detection rules, which are the main strength of Nöcker's strictness analysis. Our algorithm SAL is a reformulation of Nöcker's strictness analysis algorithm in a higher-order call-by-need lambda-calculus with case, constructors, letrec, and seq, extended by set constants like Top or Inf, denoting sets of expressions. It is also possible to define new set constants by recursive equations with a greatest fixpoint semantics. The operational semantics is a small-step semantics. Equality of expressions is defined by a contextual semantics that observes termination of expressions. Basically, SAL is a non-termination checker. The proof of its correctness and hence of Nöcker's strictness analysis is based mainly on an exact analysis of the lengths of normal order reduction sequences. The main measure being the number of 'essential' reductions in a normal order reduction sequence. Our tools and results provide new insights into call-by-need lambda-calculi, the role of sharing in functional programming languages, and into strictness analysis in general. The correctness result provides a foundation for Nöcker's strictness analysis in Clean, and also for its use in Haskell.
Artificial drainage of agricultural land, for example with ditches or drainage tubes, is used to avoid water logging and to manage high groundwater tables. Among other impacts it influences the nutrient balances by increasing leaching losses and by decreasing denitrification. To simulate terrestrial transport of nitrogen on the global scale, a digital global map of artificially drained agricultural areas was developed. The map depicts the percentage of each 5’ by 5’ grid cell that is equipped for artificial drainage. Information on artificial drainage in countries or sub-national units was mainly derived from international inventories. Distribution to grid cells was based, for most countries, on the "Global Croplands Dataset" of Ramankutty et al. (1998) and the "Digital Global Map of Irrigation Areas" of Siebert et al. (2005). For some European countries the CORINE land cover dataset was used instead of the both datasets mentioned above. Maps with outlines of artificially drained areas were available for 6 countries. The global drainage area on the map is 167 Mio hectares. For only 11 out of the 116 countries with information on artificial drainage areas, sub-national information could be taken into account. Due to this coarse spatial resolution of the data sources, we recommended to use the map of artificially drained areas only for continental to global scale assessments. This documentation describes the dataset, the data sources and the map generation, and it discusses the data uncertainty.
The Land and Water Development Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, are cooperating in the development of a global irrigation-mapping facility. This report describes an update of the Digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas for the continent of Asia. For this update, an inventory of subnational irrigation statistics for the continent was compiled. The reference year for the statistics is 2000. Adding up the irrigated areas per country as documented in the report gives a total of 188.5 million ha for the entire continent. The total number of subnational units used in the inventory is 4 428. In order to distribute the irrigation statistics per subnational unit, digital spatial data layers and printed maps were used. Irrigation maps were derived from project reports, irrigation subsector studies, and books related to irrigation and drainage. These maps were digitized and compared with satellite images of many regions. In areas without spatial information on irrigated areas, additional information was used to locate areas where irrigation is likely, such as land-cover and land-use maps that indicate agricultural areas or areas with crops that are usually grown under irrigation. Contents 1. Working Report I: Generation of a map of administrative units compatible with statistics used to update the Digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas in Asia 2. Working Report II: The inventory of subnational irrigation statistics for the Asian part of the Digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas 3. Working Report III: Geospatial information used to locate irrigated areas within the subnational units in the Asian part of the Digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas 4. Working Report IV: Update of the Digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas in Asia, Results Maps
We selectively survey, unify and extend the literature on realized volatility of financial asset returns. Rather than focusing exclusively on characterizing the properties of realized volatility, we progress by examining economically interesting functions of realized volatility, namely realized betas for equity portfolios, relating them both to their underlying realized variance and covariance parts and to underlying macroeconomic fundamentals.
Under a conventional policy rule, a central bank adjusts its policy rate linearly according to the gap between inflation and its target, and the gap between output and its potential. Under "the opportunistic approach to disinflation" a central bank controls inflation aggressively when inflation is far from its target, but concentrates more on output stabilization when inflation is close to its target, allowing supply shocks and unforeseen fluctuations in aggregate demand to move inflation within a certain band. We use stochastic simulations of a small-scale rational expectations model to contrast the behavior of output and inflation under opportunistic and linear rules. Klassifikation: E31, E52, E58, E61. July, 2005.
Im wohl spektakulärsten Wirtschaftsstrafverfahren der deutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte, dem "Mannesmann-Prozeß", ging und geht es neben Barabfindungen von Versorgungsleistungen vor allem um die Zulässigkeit von Anerkennungsprämien für ausscheidende und bereits ausgeschiedene Vorstandsmitglieder. Das Verfahren vor der Wirtschaftsstrafkammer des Landgerichts Düsseldorf war nicht nur in den Medien, sondern auch in der aktien- und strafrechtlichen Literatur mit lebhaftem Interesse verfolgt worden. Nach sechsmonatiger Hauptverhandlung endete es zwar mit Freisprüchen für alle Angeklagten, aber auch mit dem Vorwurf gewichtiger Verstöße gegen das Aktienrecht. Das Urteil der Strafkammer ist gleichfalls bereits mehrfach in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten ausführlich gewürdigt worden. Ein Ende der Diskussion ist noch nicht abzusehen, da gegen das Urteil Revision beim Bundesgerichtshof eingelegt worden ist. Die folgenden Bemerkungen befassen sich mit einem aktienrechtlichen Teilaspekt, der Zulässigkeit nachträglicher, im ursprünglichen Anstellungsvertrag eines Vorstandsmitglieds nicht vorgesehener Anerkennungsprämien.
We provide a novel benefit of "Alternative Risk Transfer" (ART) products with parametric or index triggers. When a reinsurer has private information about his client's risk, outside reinsurers will price their reinsurance offer less aggressively. Outsiders are subject to adverse selection as only a high-risk insurer might find it optimal to change reinsurers. This creates a hold-up problem that allows the incumbent to extract an information rent. An information-insensitive ART product with a parametric or index trigger is not subject to adverse selection. It can therefore be used to compete against an informed reinsurer, thereby reducing the premium that a low-risk insurer has to pay for the indemnity contract. However, ART products exhibit an interesting fate in our model as they are useful, but not used in equilibrium because of basis-risk. Klassifikation: D82, G22
This work investigates laryngeal and supralaryngeal correlates of the voicing contrast in alveolar obstruent production in German. It further studies laryngealoral co-ordination observed for such productions. Three different positions of the obstruents are taken into account: the stressed, syllable initial position, the post-stressed intervocalic position, and the post-stressed word final position. For the latter the phonological rule of final devoicing applies in German. The different positions are chosen in order to study the following hypotheses:
1. The presence/absence of glottal opening is not a consistent correlate of the voicing contrast in German.
2. Supralaryngeal correlates are also involved in the contrast.
3. Supralaryngeal correlates can compensate for the lack of distinction in laryngeal adjustment.
Including the word final position is motivated by the question whether neutralization in word final position would be complete or whether some articulatory residue of the contrast can be found.
Two experiments are carried out. The first experiment investigates glottal abduction in co-ordination with tongue-palate contact patterns by means of simultaneous recordings of transillumination, fiberoptic films and Electropalatography (EPG). The second experiment focuses on supralaryngeal correlates of alveolar stops studied by means of Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA) simultaneously with EPG. Three German native speakers participated in both recordings. Results of this study provide evidence that the first hypothesis holds true for alveolar stops when different positions are taken into account. In fricative production it is also confirmed since voiceless and voiced fricatives are most of the time realised with glottal abduction. Additionally, supralaryngeal correlates are involved in the voicing contrast under two perspectives. First, laryngeal and supralaryngeal movements are well synchronised in voiceless obstruent production, particularly in the stressed position. Second, supralaryngeal correlates occur especially in the post-stressed intervocalic position. Results are discussed with respect to the phonetics-phonology interface, to the role of timing and its possible control, to the interarticulatory co-ordination, and to stress as 'localised hyperarticulation'.
Financial markets embed expectations of central bank policy into asset prices. This paper compares two approaches that extract a probability density of market beliefs. The first is a simulatedmoments estimator for option volatilities described in Mizrach (2002); the second is a new approach developed by Haas, Mittnik and Paolella (2004a) for fat-tailed conditionally heteroskedastic time series. In an application to the 1992-93 European Exchange Rate Mechanism crises, that both the options and the underlying exchange rates provide useful information for policy makers. JEL Klassifikation: G12, G14, F31.
The paper documents lack of awareness of financial assets in the 1995 and 1998 Bank of Italy Surveys of Household Income and Wealth. It then explores the determinants of awareness, and finds that the probability that survey respondents are aware of stocks, mutual funds and investment accounts is positively correlated with education, household resources, long-term bank relations and proxies for social interaction. Lack of financial awareness has important implications for understanding the stockholding puzzle and for estimating stock market participation costs. Klassifikation: E2, D8, G1
The German corporate governance system has long been cited as the standard example of an insider-controlled and stakeholder-oriented system. We argue that despite important reforms and substantial changes of individual elements of the German corporate governance system the main characteristics of the traditional German system as a whole are still in place. However, in our opinion the changing role of the big universal banks in the governance undermines the stability of the corporate governance system in Germany. Therefore a breakdown of the traditional system leading to a control vacuum or a fundamental change to a capital market-based system could be in the offing.
In dieser Studie wurden stationsbezogene Messdaten der bodennahen Lufttemperatur, des Niederschlages und des Windes in Deutschland und zum Teil auch in Mitteleuropa für den Zeitraum 1901 bzw. 1951 bis 2000 im Hinblick auf Änderungen ihres Extremverhaltens untersucht. Hierfür wurde ein bimethodischer Ansatz gewählt. Die als Methode I bezeichnete "zeitlich gleitende Extremwertanalyse" definiert für den betrachteten (gleitenden) Zeitraum feste Schwellen. An die Zeitreihen der Schwellenüber- bzw. Unterschreitungen wurden sowohl empirische, als auch theoretische Häufigkeitsverteilungen angepasst, aus denen extremwert-theoretische Größen wie Wartezeitverteilung, Wiederkehrzeit und Risiko abgeleitet wurden. Die Methode II der "strukturorientierten Zeitreihenzerlegung" sucht, basierend auf einer zugrundegelegten theoretischen Verteilung, nach zeitabhängigen Parametern der zugehörigen Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte. Hierdurch lassen sich zeitabhängige Wahrscheinlichkeiten für das Über- bzw. Unterschreiten von Schwellen angeben. Die gleitende Analyse zeigt bei Niederschlagsmonatsdaten in ganz Deutschland für untere Schranken einen Trend zu seltenerem Auftreten von Extremereignissen. Bei oberen Schranken ist hingegen im Osten einen Trend zu seltenerem, im Westen einen Trend zu häufigerem Auftreten von Extremereignissen zu erkennen. Im Osten ergibt sich also insgesamt ein Trend zu weniger extremen Monatsniederschlagssummen, im Westen ein Trend zu höheren onatsniederschlagssummen. Bei den Niederschlagstagesdaten, bei denen nur die Untersuchung oberer Schranken sinnvoll ist, sind die Ergebnistrends denen der Niederschlagsmonatsdaten in ihrer regionalen Verteilung ähnlich. Allerdings sind die Trends hier schrankenabhängig. Insbesondere in Norddeutschland ergibt sich dabei für relativ niedrige Schranken ein Trend zu kleineren Überschreitungshäufigkeiten, für hohe Schranken hingegen ein Trend zu größeren Überschreitungshäufigkeiten. Damit ergibt sich insgesamt ein Trend zu extremeren Tagesniederschlägen. Bei den Temperaturdaten zeigen die Ergebnisse der gleitenden Analyse der Monatsdaten mit wenigen Ausnahmen ein selteneres Unterschreiten unterer Schranken (also: Kälteereignis). Dieses Verhalten ist bei den Temperaturtagesdaten sogar flächendeckend zu beobachten. Für obere Schranken (also: Hitzeereignis) ergibt sich im allgemeinen ein Trend zu häufigerem Auftreten von Extremereignissen. Allerdings ist dieser Trend nicht flächendeckend zu beobachten. Vielmehr gibt es in allen Regionen Deutschlands einzelne Stationen, bei denen ein Trend zu seltenerem Überschreiten oberer Schranken festzustellen ist. Bei der "strukturorientierten Zeitreihenzerlegung" wurden folgende Ergebnisse erzielt: Die Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichten der monatlichen und saisonalen Temperatur-Daten weisen überwiegend positive Trends im Mittelwert auf, die Streuung hat sich hier nur in Ausnahmefällen verändert. Dies führte zu teilweise deutlich gestiegenen Wahrscheinlichkeiten für besonders warme Monats- und saisonale Mittel im 20. Jh. (Ausnahme: Herbst im Datensatz 1951 bis 2000). Entsprechend sanken in diesem Zeitraum verbreitet die Wahrscheinlichkeiten für extrem kalte Monats- und saisonale Mittel. Ebenso stiegen dieWahrscheinlichkeiten für Häufigkeiten von besonders warmen Tagen (über dem 10%-Perzentil) ab 1951 in allen Jahreszeiten, besonders im Winter für die Tagesmaximum-Temperaturen. Dies korrespondiert mit einer beschleunigten Häufigkeits-Abnahme von besonders kalten Tagen in allen Jahreszeiten, besonders in Süddeutschland. Beim Niederschlag dominieren ausgeprägt jahreszeitliche Unterschiede: Im Winter findet sich sowohl ein Trend zu höheren Monats- und saisonalen Summen, als auch eine erhöhte Variabilität, was verbreitet zu einer deutlichen Zunahme von extrem hohen Niederschlagssummen in dieser Jahreszeit führt. Im Sommer hingegen wurde ein Trend zu einer verringerten Variabilität gefunden, wodurch auch extrem hohe monatliche und saisonale Niederschlagssummen in weiten Teilen Mitteleuropas in dieser Jahreszeit seltener geworden sind. Entsprechend haben Tage mit hohen (über dem 10%-Perzentil) und auch extrem hohen (über dem 5%- und 2%-Perzentil) Niederschlagssummen im Sommer verbreitet abgenommen, in den anderen Jahreszeiten (vor allem im Winter und in Westdeutschland) jedoch zugenommen. Beim Wind sind die Ergebnisse recht uneinheitlich, so dass hier eine allgemeine Charakterisierung schwer fällt. Tendenziell nehmen die Häufigkeiten extremer täglicher Windmaxima im Winter zu und im Sommer ab. Dies gilt jedoch nicht für küstennahe Stationen, wo auch im Winter oft negative Trends extremer Tagesmaxima beobachtet wurden - In Süddeutschland hingegen finden sich auch im Sommer positive Trends in den Häufigkeiten extrem starker Tagesmaxima. Jedoch sind die untersuchten Daten (Windmaxima über Beaufort 8 und mittlere monatliche Windgeschwindigkeiten) wahrscheinlich mit großen Messfehlern behaftet und zudem für die hier durchgeführten Analysen nur bedingt geeignet. Es hat sich somit gezeigt, dass das Extremverhalten von Klimaelementen, wie Temperatur und Niederschlag, im 20. Jhr. sehr starken Änderungen unterworfen war. Diese Änderungen im Extremen wiederum sind sehr stark von Änderungen des "mittleren" Zustandes dieser Klimaelemente abhängig, welcher durch statistische Charakteristika wie Mittelwert und Standardabweichung (bzw. allgemeiner Lage und Streuung) beschrieben werden kann.
It is widely believed that the ideal board in corporations is composed almost entirely of independent (outside) directors. In contrast, this paper shows that some lack of board independence can be in the interest of shareholders. This follows because a lack of board independence serves as a substitute for commitment. Boards that are dependent on the incumbent CEO adopt a less aggressive CEO replacement rule than independent boards. While this behavior is inefficient ex post, it has positive ex ante incentive effects. The model suggests that independent boards (dependent boards) are most valuable to shareholders if the problem of providing appropriate incentives to the CEO is weak (severe).
In recent years stock exchanges have been increasingly diversifying their operations into related business areas such as derivatives trading, post-trading services and software sales. This trend can be observed most notably among profit-oriented trading venues. While the pursuit for diversification is likely to be driven by the attractiveness of these investment opportunities, it is yet an open question whether certain integration activities are also efficient, both from a social welfare and from the exchanges' perspective. Academic contributions so far analyzed different business models primarily from the social welfare perspective, whereas there is only little literature considering their impact on the exchange itself. By employing a panel data set of 28 stock exchanges for the years 1999-2003 we seek to shed light on this topic by comparing the factor productivity of exchanges with different business models. Our findings suggest three conclusions: (1) Integration activity comes at the cost of increased operational complexity which in some cases outweigh the potential synergies between related activities and therefore leads to technical inefficiencies and lower productivity growth. (2) We find no evidence that vertical integration is more efficient and productive than other business models. This finding could contribute to the ongoing discussion about the merits of vertical integration from a social welfare perspective. (3) The existence of a strong in-house IT-competence seems to be beneficial to overcome.
This paper analyzes dynamic equilibrium risk sharing contracts between profit-maximizing intermediaries and a large pool of ex-ante identical agents that face idiosyncratic income uncertainty that makes them heterogeneous ex-post. In any given period, after having observed her income, the agent can walk away from the contract, while the intermediary cannot, i.e. there is one-sided commitment. We consider the extreme scenario that the agents face no costs to walking away, and can sign up with any competing intermediary without any reputational losses. We demonstrate that not only autarky, but also partial and full insurance can obtain, depending on the relative patience of agents and financial intermediaries. Insurance can be provided because in an equilibrium contract an up-front payment e.ectively locks in the agent with an intermediary. We then show that our contract economy is equivalent to a consumption-savings economy with one-period Arrow securities and a short-sale constraint, similar to Bulow and Rogo. (1989). From this equivalence and our characterization of dynamic contracts it immediately follows that without cost of switching financial intermediaries debt contracts are not sustainable, even though a risk allocation superior to autarky can be achieved. JEL Klassifikation: G22, E21, D11, D91.
Natural resources in sub-Saharan Africa suffer from a bad reputation. Oil and diamonds, particularly, have been blamed for a number of Africa’s illnesses such as poverty, corruption, dictatorship and war. This paper outlines the different areas and transmission channels of how this so-called “resource curse” is said to materialize. By assessing empirical evidence on sub-Saharan Africa it concludes that the resource curse theory fails to sufficiently explain why and how several countries have not or only partly been affected by the “curse”. Theoretically, the paper argues that whether or not natural resources are detrimental to a country’s socio-economic and political development depends on a number of contextual variables, divided into country-specific conditions and resource-specific conditions (type, degree/level of abundance and dependence, resource revenue management, involved companies etc.). Methodologically, a future research agenda needs to examine the complex interplay of these contextual variables by adding sophisticated comparative research designs, especially “small and medium N” comparisons, to the tool box which has been widely confined to the juxtaposition of “large N” and country case studies.
"In this paper, I analyse the conduct of business rules included in the Directive on Markets in Financial Instruments (MiFID) which has replaced the Investment Services Directive (ISD). These rules, in addition to being part of the regulation of investment intermediaries, operate as contractual standards in the relationships between intermediaries and their clients. While the need to harmonise similar rules is generally acknowledged, in the present paper I ask whether the Lamfalussy regulatory architecture, which governs securities lawmaking in the EU, has in some way improved regulation in this area. In section II, I examine the general aspects of the Lamfalussy process. In section III, I critically analyse the MiFID s provisions on conduct of business obligations, best execution of transactions and client order handling, taking into account the new regime of trade internalisation by investment intermediaries and the ensuing competition between these intermediaries and market operators. In sectionIV, I draw some general conclusions on the re-regulation made under the Lamfalussy regulatory structure and its limits. In this section, I make a few preliminary comments on the relevance of conduct of business rules to contract law, the ISD rules of conduct and the role of harmonisation."