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Multicomponent Tree Adjoining Grammars (MCTAGs) are a formalism that has been shown to be useful for many natural language applications. The definition of non-local MCTAG however is problematic since it refers to the process of the derivation itself: a simultaneity constraint must be respected concerning the way the members of the elementary tree sets are added. Looking only at the result of a derivation (i.e., the derived tree and the derivation tree), this simultaneity is no longer visible and therefore cannot be checked. I.e., this way of characterizing MCTAG does not allow to abstract away from the concrete order of derivation. In this paper, we propose an alternative definition of MCTAG that characterizes the trees in the tree language of an MCTAG via the properties of the derivation trees (in the underlying TAG) the MCTAG licences. We provide similar characterizations for various types of MCTAG. These characterizations give a better understanding of the formalisms, they allow a more systematic comparison of different types of MCTAG, and, furthermore, they can be exploited for parsing.
This paper investigates the class of Tree-Tuple MCTAG with Shared Nodes, TT-MCTAG for short, an extension of Tree Adjoining Grammars that has been proposed for natural language processing, in particular for dealing with discontinuities and word order variation in languages such as German. It has been shown that the universal recognition problem for this formalism is NP-hard, but so far it was not known whether the class of languages generated by TT-MCTAG is included in PTIME. We provide a positive answer to this question, using a new characterization of TT-MCTAG.
A saga dos Chingunji
(2009)
Na verdade, é possível estabelecer um paralelo entre os Kennedy e os Chingunji. Isso poderia ser útil para se encontrar alguns pontos em comum sobre as fontes de uma saga. As sagas acontecem, por norma, em famílias numerosas, inteligentes, dinâmicas, empreendedoras, com um grande protagonismo social e político, que agem em função do projecto familiar de um patriarca. Diz-nos Klein que, para o caso dos Kennedy, a saga abateu-se sobre esta família pelo facto de Patrick Kennedy, um irlandês, que emigrou para os Estados Unidos da América, em 1858, ter deixado um legado de humilhação que estimulou a “imprudência e o comportamento arriscado dos seus descendentes”. Patrick Kennedy morreu aos 35 anos de tuberculose. Talvez não seja o caso do patriarca dos Chingunji, Eduardo Jonatão Chingunji. No entanto, não resta dúvida alguma de que o legado por ele deixado – meter-se na vida política – tenha, sob o efeito de bola de neve, levado todos os seus descendentes para o caminho dramático que se conhece.
Traditionally, parsers are evaluated against gold standard test data. This can cause problems if there is a mismatch between the data structures and representations used by the parser and the gold standard. A particular case in point is German, for which two treebanks (TiGer and TüBa-D/Z) are available with highly different annotation schemes for the acquisition of (e.g.) PCFG parsers. The differences between the TiGer and TüBa-D/Z annotation schemes make fair and unbiased parser evaluation difficult [7, 9, 12]. The resource (TEPACOC) presented in this paper takes a different approach to parser evaluation: instead of providing evaluation data in a single annotation scheme, TEPACOC uses comparable sentences and their annotations for 5 selected key grammatical phenomena (with 20 sentences each per phenomena) from both TiGer and TüBa-D/Z resources. This provides a 2 times 100 sentence comparable testsuite which allows us to evaluate TiGer-trained parsers against the TiGer part of TEPACOC, and TüBa-D/Z-trained parsers against the TüBa-D/Z part of TEPACOC for key phenomena, instead of comparing them against a single (and potentially biased) gold standard. To overcome the problem of inconsistency in human evaluation and to bridge the gap between the two different annotation schemes, we provide an extensive error classification, which enables us to compare parser output across the two different treebanks. In the remaining part of the paper we present the testsuite and describe the grammatical phenomena covered in the data. We discuss the different annotation strategies used in the two treebanks to encode these phenomena and present our error classification of potential parser errors.
Der angewandten Ornithologie stellt sich die neue Aufgabe, für die artenschutzrechtliche Prüfung nach BNatG lokale Populationen für jede planungsrelevante Vogelart zu definieren. Der Beitrag stellt den in Nordrhein-Westfalen erarbeiteten Ansatz vor, in praxistauglicher Weise Typen von lokalen Populationen zu benennen und diese dann den Vogelarten zuzuordnen. Die lokalen Populationen bilden dann die Bezugsebene für die Bewertung der Erheblichkeit der Auswirkungen von Planungen bzw. genehmigungspflichtigen Vorhaben auf planungsrelevante Vogelarten.
Die vorliegende Untersuchung bietet einen Beitrag zur Erhellung des neuzeitlichen Überlieferungsschicksals des Cod. Germ. 38. Im Folgenden sollen die Umstände aufgezeigt werden, die zu einem häufigen Besitzerwechsel unserer Handschrift in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 18. und ersten Dezenien des 19. Jahrhunderts geführt haben. Dies soll vor dem Hintergrund der frühen Geschichte der Klagenfurter Bibliothek erfolgen. Darüber hinaus wird mit konkreten Beispielen auf die Tätigkeit eines (unbekannten) Antiquars hingewiesen, der eine beträchtliche Zahl von mittelalterlichen Kodizes aus den Beständen der im Zuge der Josephinischen Reform aufgehobenen Klosterbibliotheken erworben und an Bibliophilen seiner Zeit weiterverkauft hat.
U radu se promatraju akuzativne dopune uz desetak neprijelaznih glagola u hrvatskome jeziku te se razmatra njihova pripadnost kategoriji unutrašnjih objekata. Uspoređuju se sintaktička i semantička svojstva takvih dopuna: broj imenica koje se pojavljuju uz neprijelazni glagol, obvezatnost modifikacije imenice, paralelnost instrumentalnih i akuzativnih sintagmā, mogućnost parafraze instrumentalnom sintagmom te mogućnost pronominalizacije i pasivizacije. Autorice zaključuju da sve dopune istraživanih neprijelaznih glagola ne pripadaju istomu tipu dopuna te ih je potrebno gramatički i terminološki razdvojiti. Također pretpostavljaju da unutrašnji objekti u hrvatskome mogu imati argumentno i adjunktno čitanje, što je u skladu s nekim nedavno iznesenim tvrdnjama za druge jezike.
Prefácio Estas notas gramaticais são o resultado dos trabalhos da Sociedade Internacional de Linguística (SIL), em Moçambique. O propósito da série Mongrafias Linguísticas Moçambicanas é de encorajar o uso da língua local, neste caso concreto, do Echuwabo através da descrição estruturada e facilitar ao público em geral um melhor acesso a mais um aspecto da rica cultura moçambicana. As notas sobre Ecuwabu foram produzidas durante o workshop “Descubra a Sua Língua”, conduzido no centro de treinamento da SIL, na cidade de Nampula, de 4 a 20 de Junho de 2006. Os participantes receberam formação na estrutura das línguas bantu em geral, depois investigaram suas línguas maternas. Esta brochura não serve como “a última palavra” sobre a língua Ecuwabu, mas serve para estimular mais interesse no uso e estudo da língua Ecuwabu, seja pelos falantes, seja por não falantes deste idioma. Importa salientar que a audiência que tinhamos na mente é o cidadão sem formação académica, aos estudiosos recomendamos a leitura dos livros e artigos linguísticos indicados no anexo bibliográfico. Queria agradecer o Sr. Romão Marçal, que teclou este documento no computador, e as nossas colegas, Sra. Susan Seiler e Sra. Marijane Beutler que fizeram o trabalho de formatação e impressão do presente livro. dr. Oliver Kröger Nampula, Junho de 2003
Gegenstand dieses Aufsatzes ist das Wechselspiel von narratologischen und didaktischen Erwägungen in Konrads ›Büchlein von der geistlichen Gemahelschaft‹. Diese mystagogische Allegorie aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, die locker mit der Familie der ›Tochter Syon‹-Texte verbunden ist, hat explizit die 'pezzerung' seiner Leserschaft zum Ziel und rechtfertigt mit Hinweis darauf den Gebrauch des 'geleichnus' (einer Form der uneigentlichen Rede). [...] Dieser Aufsatz wird die Konstruktion dieser Allegorie unter vier Aspekten untersuchen: zum Ersten die Verschmelzung eines Hohelied-Szenariums mit Erzählstoffen aus verschiedenen Gleichnissen des Neuen Testaments; zweitens die Einbettung verschiedener selbstständiger 'pispel', von denen einige sich ebenfalls an Gleichnisse des Neuen Testaments anlehnen, in das überspannende 'geleichnus', das die Gesamterzählung ausmacht; drittens das zeitweilige Überlappen der Welt des 'geleichnus' mit der der Leserschaft, und schließlich die Positionierung von 'pezzerung' sowohl innerhalb als außerhalb der Diegese.
We present a CYK and an Earley-style algorithm for parsing Range Concatenation Grammar (RCG), using the deductive parsing framework. The characteristic property of the Earley parser is that we use a technique of range boundary constraint propagation to compute the yields of non-terminals as late as possible. Experiments show that, compared to previous approaches, the constraint propagation helps to considerably decrease the number of items in the chart.