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Using a microscopic transport model we investigate the evolution of conical structures originating from the supersonic projectile moving through the hot matter of ultrarelativistic particles. Using different scenarios for the interaction between projectile and matter, and different transport properties of the matter, we study the formation and structure of Mach cones. Especially, a dependence of the Mach cone angle on the details and rate of the energy deposition from projectile to the matter is investigated. Furthermore, the two-particle correlations extracted from the numerical calculations are compared to an analytical approximation. We find that the propagation of a high energetic particle through the matter does not lead to the appearance of a double peak structure as observed in the ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collision experiments. The reason is the strongly forward-peaked energy and momentum deposition in the head shock region. In addition, by adjusting the cross section we investigate the influence of the viscosity to the structure of Mach cones. A clear and unavoidable smearing of the profile depending on a finite ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density is clearly visible.
We show from first principles the emergence of classical Boltzmann equations from relativistic nonequilibrium quantum field theory as described by the Kadanoff–Baym equations. Our method applies to a generic quantum field, coupled to a collection of background fields and sources, in a homogeneous and isotropic spacetime. The analysis is based on analytical solutions to the full Kadanoff–Baym equations, using the WKB approximation. This is in contrast to previous derivations of kinetic equations that rely on similar physical assumptions, but obtain approximate equations of motion from a gradient expansion in momentum space. We show that the system follows a generalized Boltzmann equation whenever the WKB approximation holds. The generalized Boltzmann equation, which includes off-shell transport, is valid far from equilibrium and in a time dependent background, such as the expanding universe.
Driven by the loss of energy, isolated rotating neutron stars (pulsars) are gradually slowing down to lower frequencies, which increases the tremendous compression of the matter inside of them. This increase in compression changes both the global properties of rotating neutron stars as well as their hadronic core compositions. Both effects may register themselves observationally in the thermal evolution of such stars, as demonstrated in this Letter. The rotation-driven particle process which we consider here is the direct Urca (DU) process, which is known to become operative in neutron stars if the number of protons in the stellar core exceeds a critical limit of around 11% to 15%. We find that neutron stars spinning down from moderately high rotation rates of a few hundred Hertz may be creating just the right conditions where the DU process becomes operative, leading to an observable effect (enhanced cooling) in the temperature evolution of such neutron stars. As it turns out, the rotation-driven DU process could explain the unusual temperature evolution observed for the neutron star in Cas A, provided the mass of this neutron star lies in the range of 1.5 to 1.9M⊙ and its rotational frequency at birth was between 40 (400 Hz) and 70% (800 Hz) of the Kepler (mass shedding) frequency, respectively.
The ALICE Collaboration has made the first measurement at the LHC of J/ψ photoproduction in ultra-peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV. The J/ψ is identified via its dimuon decay in the forward rapidity region with the muon spectrometer for events where the hadronic activity is required to be minimal. The analysis is based on an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 55 μb−1. The cross section for coherent J/ψ production in the rapidity interval −3.6<y<−2.6 is measured to be dσJ/ψcoh/dy=1.00±0.18(stat)−0.26+0.24(syst) mb. The result is compared to theoretical models for coherent J/ψ production and found to be in good agreement with those models which include nuclear gluon shadowing.
The biological effects of energetic heavy ions are attracting increasing interest for their applications in cancer therapy and protection against space radiation. The cascade of events leading to cell death or late effects starts from stochastic energy deposition on the nanometer scale and the corresponding lesions in biological molecules, primarily DNA. We have developed experimental techniques to visualize DNA nanolesions induced by heavy ions. Nanolesions appear in cells as “streaks” which can be visualized by using different DNA repair markers. We have studied the kinetics of repair of these “streaks” also with respect to the chromatin conformation. Initial steps in the modeling of the energy deposition patterns at the micrometer and nanometer scale were made with MCHIT and TRAX models, respectively.
We present experimental results and theoretical simulations of the adsorption behavior of the metal–organic precursor Co2(CO)8 on SiO2 surfaces after application of two different pretreatment steps, namely by air plasma cleaning or a focused electron beam pre-irradiation. We observe a spontaneous dissociation of the precursor molecules as well as autodeposition of cobalt on the pretreated SiO2 surfaces. We also find that the differences in metal content and relative stability of these deposits depend on the pretreatment conditions of the substrate. Transport measurements of these deposits are also presented. We are led to assume that the degree of passivation of the SiO2 surface by hydroxyl groups is an important controlling factor in the dissociation process. Our calculations of various slab settings, using dispersion-corrected density functional theory, support this assumption. We observe physisorption of the precursor molecule on a fully hydroxylated SiO2 surface (untreated surface) and chemisorption on a partially hydroxylated SiO2 surface (pretreated surface) with a spontaneous dissociation of the precursor molecule. In view of these calculations, we discuss the origin of this dissociation and the subsequent autocatalysis.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zwei verschiedene Zerfallsprozesse behandelt. Zunächst wurde im Rahmen des erweiterten Linearen Sigma-Modells die Antwort auf die Frage gesucht, welches Teilchen als chiraler Partner des Nukleons in Frage kommt. Dazu wurde der Zerfall des chiralen Partners in ein Nukleon und ein skalares Teilchen betrachtet. Das skalare Teilchen wurde mit dem Tetraquark-Zustand f0(600) identifiziert. In Augenschein genommen wurden die Resonanzen N(1535) und N(1640). Aufgrund der berechneten Zerfallsbreiten erkannte man im Falle von N(1650) eine größere Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Werten. Die Zerfallsbreite von 45.91 MeV liegt in der Größenordnung des im Particle Data Book verzeichneten Intervalls. Der Wert, den man bei Verwendung von N(1535) als Ausgangsteilchen erhielt, ist allerdings gegenüber der Vorhersage zu groß.
Ein nächster Schritt im Studium dieses Sachverhalts stellt das erweiterte Misch-Szenario dar. Es beinhaltet nicht nur zwei, sondern vier Spinoren. Zwei davon beschreiben Nukleon-Resonanzen, zwei sind mögliche chirale Partner. Da die Zustände mischen, wird der chirale Partner nicht eindeutig durch ein, sondern durch zwei Resonanzen repräsentiert. Weiterhin steht die eingehende Betrachtung des Ursprungs von m0 aus. Dazu muss außer derWechselwirkung mit dem Tetraquark-Zustand auch die Wechselwirkung eines Glueballs mit den beteiligten Hadronen berücksichtigt werden. Dadurch erhält die Masse von m0 einen Anteil, der aus dem Glueball-Kondensat stammt. Dies muss beim Rückschluss auf die Nukleonmasse beachtet werden.
Als nächstes wurde der Zerfall des pseudoskalaren Glueballs in zwei Nukleonen betrachtet. Da die Kopplungskonstante dieses Zerfalls noch nicht experimentell bestimmt wurde, wurde ein Verhältnis zwischen zwei Zerfallskanälen berechnet. Es zeigte sich, dass der Zerfall in zwei Nukleonen fast doppelt so wahrscheinlich ist wie der Zerfall in Nukleon und chiralen Partner, der an der Energieschwelle liegt. Die Berechnung wurde mit einem Teilchen der Masse 2.6 GeV als Glueball durchgeführt. Die Untersuchung derart schwerer Glueballs wird in naher Zukunft erstmalig im Rahmen des PANDA-Experiments der GSI möglich sein.
Zukünftige Studien sollten die Beteiligung des Glueballs an gemischten Zuständen berücksichtigen. Außerdem sollte ein möglicher skalarer Glueball in die Betrachtung miteinbezogen werden.