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Chelidamic acid (4-hydroxypyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid) and 2,6-diaminopyridine react to form the title salt, C5H8N3+·C7H4NO5-; there are two formula units in the asymmetric unit. The pyridine N atom of 2,6-diaminopyridine is protonated whereas chelidamic acid is deprotonated at both carboxylate groups but protonated at the N atom; the reaction involves intra- and intermolecular proton transfer. In the crystal, each 2,6-diaminopyridinium cation participates in five strong N-H...O hydrogen bonds (including one bifurcated hydrogen bond). The crystal structure also features strong O-H...O hydrogen bonds between the chelidamate anions, leading to chains along the a axis.
The crystal structure of the title compound, Na[(C6F5)BH3], is composed of discrete anions and cations. The sodium cations are surrounded by four anions with three short Na...B [2.848 (8), 2.842 (7) and 2.868 (8) Å] and two short Na...F contacts [2.348 (5) and 2.392 (5) Å], forming a three-dimensional network. The anion is the first structural example of a pentafluorophenyl ring carrying a BH3 group.
Seit einigen Jahrzehnten ist Lysozym eines der am meisten erforschten Proteine in der Literatur und wird hauptsächlich als Modell Protein zur Aufklärung der Faltungs- und Entfaltungsprozesse genutzt. Da die Frage nach Fehlfaltung und deren Verknüpfung mit neurodegenerativen Krankheiten bis zum heutigen Tag nicht vollständig geklärt ist, besteht hier ein großer Spielraum für weitere Forschungsansätze. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden daher zwei Modellsysteme verwendet, Hühereiweiß-Lysozym und menschliches Lysozym, jeweils in ihrem nicht-nativen ungefalteten Zustand. Diese ungefalteten Ensembles wurden mit Hilfe NMR spektroskopischer Methoden untersucht und ergaben sehr detaillierte, zum Teil auch überraschende neue Einblicke in Struktur und Dynamik der beiden Proteine und liefern somit wichtige Erkenntnisse zu Faltungs- und Aggregationsprozessen. ...
Measles virus glycoprotein-based lentiviral targeting vectors that avoid neutralizing antibodies
(2012)
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are potent gene transfer vehicles frequently applied in research and recently also in clinical trials. Retargeting LV entry to cell types of interest is a key issue to improve gene transfer safety and efficacy. Recently, we have developed a targeting method for LVs by incorporating engineered measles virus (MV) glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H), responsible for receptor recognition, and the fusion protein into their envelope. The H protein displays a single-chain antibody (scFv) specific for the target receptor and is ablated for recognition of the MV receptors CD46 and SLAM by point mutations in its ectodomain. A potential hindrance to systemic administration in humans is pre-existing MV-specific immunity due to vaccination or natural infection. We compared transduction of targeting vectors and non-targeting vectors pseudotyped with MV glycoproteins unmodified in their ectodomains (MV-LV) in presence of α-MV antibody-positive human plasma. At plasma dilution 1:160 MV-LV was almost completely neutralized, whereas targeting vectors showed relative transduction efficiencies from 60% to 90%. Furthermore, at plasma dilution 1:80 an at least 4-times higher multiplicity of infection (MOI) of MV-LV had to be applied to obtain similar transduction efficiencies as with targeting vectors. Also when the vectors were normalized to their p24 values, targeting vectors showed partial protection against α-MV antibodies in human plasma. Furthermore, the monoclonal neutralizing antibody K71 with a putative epitope close to the receptor binding sites of H, did not neutralize the targeting vectors, but did neutralize MV-LV. The observed escape from neutralization may be due to the point mutations in the H ectodomain that might have destroyed antibody binding sites. Furthermore, scFv mediated cell entry via the target receptor may proceed in presence of α-MV antibodies interfering with entry via the natural MV receptors. These results are promising for in vivo applications of targeting vectors in humans.
The C. elegans nervous system is particularly well suited for optogenetic analyses of circuit function: Essentially all connections have been mapped, and light can be directed at the neuron of interest in the freely moving, transparent animals, while behavior is observed. Thus, different nodes of a neuronal network can be probed for their role in controlling a particular behavior, using different optogenetic tools for photo-activation or –inhibition, which respond to different colors of light. As neurons may act in concert or in opposing ways to affect a behavior, one would further like to excite these neurons concomitantly, yet independent of each other. In addition to the blue-light activated Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), spectrally red-shifted ChR variants have been explored recently. Here, we establish the green-light activated ChR chimera C1V1 (from Chlamydomonas and Volvox ChR1′s) for use in C. elegans. We surveyed a number of red-shifted ChRs, and found that C1V1-ET/ET (E122T; E162T) works most reliable in C. elegans, with 540–580 nm excitation, which leaves ChR2 silent. However, as C1V1-ET/ET is very light sensitive, it still becomes activated when ChR2 is stimulated, even at 400 nm. Thus, we generated a highly efficient blue ChR2, the H134R; T159C double mutant (ChR2-HR/TC). Both proteins can be used in the same animal, in different neurons, to independently control each cell type with light, enabling a further level of complexity in circuit analyses.
Loss of the tumor suppressor Pdcd4 was reported for various tumor entities and proposed as a prognostic marker in tumorigenesis. We previously characterized decreased Pdcd4 protein stability in response to mitogenic stimuli, which resulted from p70S6K1-dependent protein phosphorylation, β-TrCP1-mediated ubiquitination, and proteasomal destruction. Following high-throughput screening of natural product extract libraries using a luciferase-based reporter assay to monitor phosphorylation-dependent proteasomal degradation of the tumor suppressor Pdcd4, we succeeded in showing that a crude extract from Eriophyllum lanatum stabilized Pdcd4 from TPA-induced degradation. Erioflorin was identified as the active component and inhibited not only degradation of the Pdcd4-luciferase-based reporter but also of endogenous Pdcd4 at low micromolar concentrations. Mechanistically, erioflorin interfered with the interaction between the E3-ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP1 and Pdcd4 in cell culture and in in vitro binding assays, consequently decreasing ubiquitination and degradation of Pdcd4. Interestingly, while erioflorin stabilized additional β-TrCP-targets (such as IκBα and β-catenin), it did not prevent the degradation of targets of other E3-ubiquitin ligases such as p21 (a Skp2-target) and HIF-1α (a pVHL-target), implying selectivity for β-TrCP. Moreover, erioflorin inhibited the tumor-associated activity of known Pdcd4- and IκBα-regulated αtranscription factors, that is, AP-1 and NF-κB, altered cell cycle progression and suppressed proliferation of various cancer cell lines. Our studies succeeded in identifying erioflorin as a novel Pdcd4 stabilizer that inhibits the interaction of Pdcd4 with the E3-ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP1. Inhibition of E3-ligase/target-protein interactions may offer the possibility to target degradation of specific proteins only as compared to general proteasome inhibition.
The display of foreign polypeptides and proteins on the surface of viruses or cells provides an important tool for the engineering of biomolecules and the analysis of their interactions with binding partners. The most extensively used display platform is the coat protein of the filamentous bacteriophage (Smith, 1985). Phage display libraries have often been selected for polypeptides, e.g. single chain (sc) antibodies that bind to a protein of interest, but in vivo selection could only be demonstrated for peptides so far. An alternative display platform is the retrovirus murine leukemia virus (MLV). Here, polypeptides are displayed at the N-terminus of the viral envelope glycoprotein. Proof of principle for this platform was demonstrated for protease substrate libraries, which can be selected through coupling proteolytic activation with viral infectivity (Buchholz et al., 1998). Selection of the library CX4A on living cells resulted in viruses with more than three orders of magnitude improved spreading efficiency through tumor cells (Hartl et al., 2005). Also scAb libraries have recently been displayed and selected using retroviruses (Urban et al., 2005). The library scFvlibxMo displays the repertoire of phage display preselected sc antibodies for laminin-1 binding. The retrovirus based selection process resulted in laminin-specific sc antibodies with improved expression levels in mammalian cells.
This thesis describes the in vivo (i.e. in mouse tumor models) selection of the C-X4-A and scFvlibxMo for tumor homing upon systemic delivery.
For selection of the protease substrate library C-X4-A a subcutaneous tumor was induced in SCID mice followed by three systemic injections of the library. The selection process was monitored over a period of 34 days. After the incubation period mice were sacrificed and virus load in organs and tumor determined. PCR analysis after 34 days showed that virus from the library had preferentially infected the tumor. Sequence analysis showed the selection of protease substrates with the most prominent one with a frequency of over 65%. The four most prominent protease substrate variants where reconstituted into the original viral backbone for further investigation (C-SK-A, C-HI-A, C-HM-A and C-HS-A). Interestingly, these viruses exhibited a reduced spreading capacity in vitro on HT1080 cells as compared to the C-AK-A virus, which had previously been selected on HT1080 cells. When assayed for tumor homing, however, viruses C-HI-A and C-HS-A had clearly improved in comparison to C-AK-A. Tumor tissue had been infected at rates of over 55% while virus load of extratumoral organs was very low (infection rates <0.7 for C-HS-A and <0.02 for C-HI-A). Tumor targeting capacity had thus been improved over 10-fold by the in vivo selection of the C-X4-A library.
The experimental set up for the in vivo selection of the scFvlibxMo library was performed according to that of the C-X4-A library. Fingerprint analysis of the selected viruses that infected tumor tissue resulted in the identification of seven antibody variants showing unique CDR3 sequences. Two prominent clones (M49T-A and M49T-B) were cloned back into the MoMLV genome for further analysis of the reconstituted viruses. While variant B bound laminin-1 efficiently, variant A was unable to do so, although it was selected at highest frequency (76%). Both reconstituted viruses were equally well infectious and spread through HT1080rec1 cells at a similar efficiency as MoMLV. In an in vivo competition experiment the selected viruses clearly out-competed a laminin-1 binding reference virus L36xMo for tumor homing. To understand the molecular driving forces behind the in vivo selection process the epitope of the selected scFv M49T-A was identified using a phage peptide library approach. In silico analysis led to the identification of a small group of possible antigens, including tenascin, fibronectin and collagen.
The data described in this thesis demonstrate that the retrovirus display platform is capable of allowing the in vivo selection of protease substrates and scFvs. Notably, the replication competence of the system introduced an additional level of complexity to the library. The performed in vivo selections significantly enhanced tumor tropism. Selective infection of tumor cells combined with transfer of anti-tumoral genes is an attractive strategy for cancer therapy being in focus of current research. The viruses selected in this thesis build prime candidates for targeted retrovirus based tumor therapy.
A metal–organic framework (MOF) material, [Zn2(adc)2(dabco)] (adc = anthracene-9,10-dicarboxylate, dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), the fluorescence of which depends on the loading of its nanopores, was synthesized in two forms: as free-flowing nanocrystals with different shapes and as surface-attached MOFs (SURMOFs). For the latter, we used self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) bearing functional groups, such as carboxylate and pyridyl groups, capable of coordinating to the constituents of the MOF. It could be demonstrated that this directed coordination also orients the nanocrystals deposited at the surface. Using two different patterning methods, i.e., microcontact printing and electron-beam lithography, the lateral distribution of the functional groups could be determined in such a way that the highly localized deposition of the SURMOF films became possible.
Riboswitch RNAs fold into complex tertiary structures upon binding to their cognate ligand. Ligand recognition is accomplished by key residues in the binding pocket. In addition, it often crucially depends on the stability of peripheral structural elements. The ligand-bound complex of the guanine-sensing riboswitch from Bacillus subtilis, for example, is stabilized by extensive interactions between apical loop regions of the aptamer domain. Previously, we have shown that destabilization of this tertiary loop–loop interaction abrogates ligand binding of the G37A/C61U-mutant aptamer domain (Gswloop) in the absence of Mg2+. However, if Mg2+ is available, ligand-binding capability is restored by a population shift of the ground-state RNA ensemble toward RNA conformations with pre-formed loop–loop interactions. Here, we characterize the striking influence of long-range tertiary structure on RNA folding kinetics and on ligand-bound complex structure, both by X-ray crystallography and time-resolved NMR. The X-ray structure of the ligand-bound complex reveals that the global architecture is almost identical to the wild-type aptamer domain. The population of ligand-binding competent conformations in the ground-state ensemble of Gswloop is tunable through variation of the Mg2+ concentration. We quantitatively describe the influence of distinct Mg2+ concentrations on ligand-induced folding trajectories both by equilibrium and time-resolved NMR spectroscopy at single-residue resolution.
Directed deposition of silicon nanowires using neopentasilane as precursor and gold as catalyst
(2012)
In this work the applicability of neopentasilane (Si(SiH3)4) as a precursor for the formation of silicon nanowires by using gold nanoparticles as a catalyst has been explored. The growth proceeds via the formation of liquid gold/silicon alloy droplets, which excrete the silicon nanowires upon continued decomposition of the precursor. This mechanism determines the diameter of the Si nanowires. Different sources for the gold nanoparticles have been tested: the spontaneous dewetting of gold films, thermally annealed gold films, deposition of preformed gold nanoparticles, and the use of “liquid bright gold”, a material historically used for the gilding of porcelain and glass. The latter does not only form gold nanoparticles when deposited as a thin film and thermally annealed, but can also be patterned by using UV irradiation, providing access to laterally structured layers of silicon nanowires.
The IrIII atom of the title compound, [Ir(C11H8N)2Cl(CH3CN)], displays a distorted octahedral coordination. The pyridyl groups are in trans positions [N—Ir—N = 173.07 (10)°], while the phenyl groups are trans with respect to the acetonitrile and chloride groups [C—Ir—N = 178.13 (11) and C—Ir—Cl = 176.22 (9)°]. The pyridylphenyl groups only show a small deviation from planarity, with the dihedral angle between the planes of the two six-membered rings in each pyridylphenyl group being 5.6 (2) and 5.8 (1)°. The crystal packing shows intermolecular C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]Cl, C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]π(acetonitrile) and C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]π(pyridylphenyl) contacts.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ("NMR") is a powerful and versatile technique relying on nuclei that posses a spin. Since its discovery more than 6 decades ago, NMR and related techniques has become a tool with innumerable applications throughout the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Medicine. Numerous Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work in the field and a multi billion dollar industry has developed on its basis.
One of NMR's major shortcomings is its inherent lack of sensitivity. Because it relies on the Boltzmann populations of spin states with a minuscule Zeeman splitting, this is particularly true for room temperature experiments.
As a result, in an enormous technological effort to enlarge the Zeeman splitting NMR magnets have been moving to higher and higher magnetic fields. However, even for proton spins possessing the largest magnetic moment of all nuclei, the degree of polarization that can be achieved in the strongest spectroscopic magnets available today (~24 T) at room temperature is merely ~ 8*(10 exp (-5)). In other words, this low polarization theoretically allows a sensitivity enhancement of 104 towards full polarization.
Since Magnetic Resonance Imaging ("MRI") is based on the same principle, it shares this problem with NMR. Furthermore, for technical and physiological reasons full body MRI tomographs do not reach the magnetic field strengths of spectroscopic NMR magnets, making this even more of an issue for MRI.
In consequence, MRI is chiefly restricted to detecting protons, while both MRI and NMR detection of 13C (or other low nuclei) under physiological conditions, i.e. low natural abundance of 13C and a low concentration of the respective substance, suffer from long acquisitions times that are necessary to obtain adequate signal to noise ratios ("SNR").
However, this drawb of NMR can be overcome. The enormous potential sensitivity increase of four orders of magnitude can - at least partially - be exploited by several hyperpolarization techniques, creating entirely new applications and fields of research.
These hyperpolarization techniques comprise chemical approaches like Parahydrogen Induced Polarization ("PHIP") or Photochemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization ("Photo-CIDNP"), as well as physical techniques like optically pumped (noble) gases13, 14 or Dynamic Nuclear Polarization ("DNP"), which will be the focus of this work. A hyperpolarized substance will render a larger signal without being physically or chemically altered in any other way. It is therefore "marked" without any marker, making it an agent free contrast agent for MRI.
DNP is a technique, in which hyperpolarization of nuclear spins is achieved by microwave (\MW") irradiation of unpaired electron spins in radicals, which are coupled to these nuclei, e.g. 1H, 13C or 15N. The electron spin population is perturbed if the microwave irradiation is resonant with the electron spin transition, which affects the polarization of hyperfine-coupled close nuclei. For large microwave power (i.e. saturating the electron spin transition) the orders of magnitude larger thermal electron spin polarization is effectively transferred to these nuclear spins in the sample. For proton spins the maximum polarization gain amounts to 660, whereas for 13C the sensitivity gain can be as large as 2600. In contrast to e.g. PHIP, which is restricted to specific reaction precursors, DNP is not limited to specific nuclei or hyperpolarization target molecules, making it a very versatile technique. DNP has been first proposed by Overhauser in 1953,15 and experimentally observed shortly thereafter in metals16 and liquids,17 both being systems with mobile electrons. In the 1960s and 70s, DNP was used as a spectroscopic tool in liquids, thoroughly mapping the effect in the low field regime. As well, several other transfer mechanisms were discovered, which are active in the solid state with localized electrons, namely the solid effect the cross effect and thermal mixing. The theory for all three of these mechanisms predicts reduced transfer efficiencies at higher magnetic fields. This fact and the lack of high frequency microwave sources to excite electron spins at magnetic field strengths above 1 T, effectively relegated DNP to a position of an interesting scientifi curiosity.
In the early 1990s, DNP came to a renaissance, when DNP was performed at high field in solid state magic angle spinning ("MAS") experiments using high power gyrotron microwave sources. This pioneering work sparked a surge of new developments and applications.
As well, this success triggered attempts to investigate also the potential of DNP in the liquid state at high magnetic fields, e.g. at 3.4 T35{38 and 9.2 T. To date, DNP can be considered one of the "hot topics" in the field of magnetic resonance, bringing about special issue in magnetic resonance journals and DNP sections on magnetic resonance conferences.
This thesis deals with the development of an in-bore liquid state DNP polarizer for MRI applications operating in ow through mode at a magnetic field strength of 1.5 T. Following this introductory chapter, the theoretical background necessary to understand and interpret the experimental results is explained in chapter 2. Subsequently, chapter 3 deals with the issue of performing liquid state DNP at high magnetic fields and its challenges. The chapter comprises a quick overview of the necessary hardware, the experimental findings for various samples and the interpretation of these findings. along with the ramifications for the aim of this work. Chapter 4 deals with the issue of increasing sensitivity and contrast in MRI, in particular by means of DNP. The chapter illustrates the development of our polarizer by presenting the hardware that was developed and demonstrating its performance under various conditions. As well, several alternative approaches are introduced and compared to our approach. Finally, chapter 5 summarizes the findings and gives an outlook on further developments.
Optogenetic approaches using light-activated proteins like Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) enable investigating the function of populations of neurons in live Caenorhabditis elegans (and other) animals, as ChR2 expression can be targeted to these cells using specific promoters. Sub-populations of these neurons, or even single cells, can be further addressed by restricting the illumination to the cell of interest. However, this is technically demanding, particularly in free moving animals. Thus, it would be helpful if expression of ChR2 could be restricted to single neurons or neuron pairs, as even wide-field illumination would photostimulate only this particular cell. To this end we adopted the use of Cre or FLP recombinases and conditional ChR2 expression at the intersection of two promoter expression domains, i.e. in the cell of interest only. Success of this method depends on precise knowledge of the individual promoters' expression patterns and on relative expression levels of recombinase and ChR2. A bicistronic expression cassette with GFP helps to identify the correct expression pattern. Here we show specific expression in the AVA reverse command neurons and the aversive polymodal sensory ASH neurons. This approach shall enable to generate strains for optogenetic manipulation of each of the 302 C. elegans neurons. This may eventually allow to model the C. elegans nervous system in its entirety, based on functional data for each neuron.
A series of novel mono-1,2,3-triazole and bis-1,2,3-triazole acyclonucleoside analogues of 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine was prepared via copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-9 propargylpurine, N-1-propargylpyrimidines/as-triazine with the azido-pseudo-sugar 4-azidobutylacetate under solvent-free microwave conditions, followed by treatment with K2CO3/MeOH, or NH3/MeOH. All compounds studied in this work were screened for their antiviral activities [against human rhinovirus (HRV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)] and antibacterial activities against a series of Gram positive and negative bacteria.
Arrangement of electron transport chain components in bovine mitochondrial supercomplex I1III2IV1
(2011)
The respiratory chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane contains three large multi-enzyme complexes that together establish the proton gradient for ATP synthesis, and assemble into a supercomplex. A 19-Å 3D map of the 1.7-MDa amphipol-solubilized supercomplex I1III2IV1 from bovine heart obtained by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy reveals an amphipol belt replacing the membrane lipid bilayer. A precise fit of the X-ray structures of complex I, the complex III dimer, and monomeric complex IV indicates distances of 13 nm between the ubiquinol-binding sites of complexes I and III, and of 10–11 nm between the cytochrome c binding sites of complexes III and IV. The arrangement of respiratory chain complexes suggests two possible pathways for efficient electron transfer through the supercomplex, of which the shorter branch through the complex III monomer proximal to complex I may be preferred.
In the title compound, C27H37N2 +·Cl−·2CH2Cl2, the cation and the anion are each located on a crystallographic mirror plane. Both of the dichloromethane solvent molecules show a disorder across a mirror plane over two equally occupied positions. Additionally, one isopropyl group is also disordered. In the crystal, the cations are connected to the chloride ions via C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]Cl hydrogen bonds.
In the title compound, C27H37N2 +·Br−·2CH2Cl2, both the cation and the anion are located on a crystallographic mirror plane. Both of the dichloromethane solvent molecules show a disorder across a mirror plane over two equally occupied positions. In the crystal, the cations are connnected to the bromide ions via C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]Br hydrogen bonds.
Molecules of the title compound (alternative name: butane-1,4-diyl dinicotinate), C16H16N2O4, lie on a inversion centre, located at the mid-point of the central C—C bond of the aliphatic chain, giving one half-molecule per asymmetric unit. The butane chain adopts an all-trans conformation. The dihedral angle between the mean plane of the butane-3-carboxylate group [for the non-H atoms, maximum deviation = 0.0871 (15) Å] and the pyridine ring is 10.83 (7)°. In the crystal, molecules lie in planes parallel to (122). The structure features weak π–π interactions with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.9281 (11) Å.
The crystal structure of the title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(CH3CN)(CO)2]BF4, of which only the coordinates of the non-H atoms of the cation have previously been reported [Fadel et al. (1979 [triangle]). Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 453, 98–106] has been redetermined. The FeII atom in the complex cation is coordinated by a cyclopentadienyl ring, two carbonyl ligands and an acetonitrile molecule displaying a three-legged piano stool structure. Three of the four F atoms of the BF4 − anion are disordered over two sets of sites, with a site-occupancy factor of 0.709 (10) for the major occupied site.
A new polymorph of the title compound, [Pd2(C8H18P)2(C8H19P)2], has been found. It belongs to the triclinic P-1 space group, whereas the known form [Leoni, Sommovigo, Pasquali, Sabatino & Braga (1992 [triangle]), J. Organomet. Chem. 423, 263–270] crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The title compound features a dinuclear palladium complex with a planar central Pd2(μ-P)2 core (r.m.s. deviation = 0.003 Å). The Pd—Pd distance of 2.5988 (5) Å is within the range of a PdI—PdI bond. The molecules of both polymorphs are located on a crystallographic centre of inversion. The molecular conformations of the two polymorphs are essentially identical. The crystal packing patterns, on the other hand, are slightly different.
Atomic-level analyses of non-native protein ensembles constitute an important aspect of protein folding studies to reach a more complete understanding of how proteins attain their native form exhibiting biological activity. Previously, formation of hydrophobic clusters in the 6 M urea-denatured state of an ultrafast folding mini-protein known as TC5b from both photo-CIDNP NOE transfer studies and FCS measurements was observed. Here, we elucidate the structural properties of this mini-protein denatured in 6 M urea performing 15N NMR relaxation studies together with a thorough NOE analysis. Even though our results demonstrate that no elements of secondary structure persist in the denatured state, the heterogeneous distribution of R2 rate constants together with observing pronounced heteronuclear NOEs along the peptide backbone reveals specific regions of urea-denatured TC5b exhibiting a high degree of structural rigidity more frequently observed for native proteins. The data are complemented with studies on two TC5b point mutants to verify the importance of hydrophobic interactions for fast folding. Our results corroborate earlier findings of a hydrophobic cluster present in urea-denatured TC5b comprising both native and non-native contacts underscoring their importance for ultra rapid folding. The data assist in finding ways of interpreting the effects of pre-existing native and/or non-native interactions on the ultrafast folding of proteins; a fact, which might have to be considered when defining the starting conditions for molecular dynamics simulation studies of protein folding.
Die Untersuchung von RNA mittels NMR-Spektroskopie hat in den letzten Jahren an Bedeutung gewonnen, weil die Zahl der neu entdeckten RNA-Funktionen, wie z.B. RNA-Schalter in Bakterien, stark gestiegen ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, mithilfe der NMR-Spektroskopie einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis der biochemischen Prozesse, in die RNA-Moleküle involviert sein können, zu leisten.
Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit (Kapitel 2, 3 und 4) werden zum einen die Entwicklung neuer Methoden für die RNA-Strukturbestimmung vorgestellt und zum anderen die Leistungsfähigkeit der modernen NMR-spektroskopischen Strukturaufklärung demonstriert.
Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit (Kapitel 5) wird die NMR-Spektroskopie zur Untersuchung der RNA-Schalter-Funktion eingesetzt. Die biologische Funktion von RNA oder Proteinen setzt oftmals eine dynamische Struktur voraus und involviert Konformationsänderungen infolge biochemischer Signalweiterleitung. Für die Charakterisierung solcher Prozesse eignet sich die NMR-Spektroskopie insbesondere gut, weil sie in Lösung unter verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen angewandt wer-den kann. Durch den direkten NMR-spektroskopischen Nachweis von Basenpaarungen können wichtige strukturelle Eigenschaften (Faltung, Strukturhomogenität und Dynamik) entschlüsselt und in einen Zusammenhang mit der Funktion gebracht werden.
Im Folgenden werden die einzelnen Kapitel vorgestellt.
Nachdem das erste Kapitel eine allgemeine Einleitung in die NMR-Spektroskopie, RNA-Struktur und Funktion der RNA-Schalter darstellt, folgt im Kapitel 2 die Einführung einer neuen Methode, die eine quantitative Bestimmung der Torsionswinkel alpha und zeta in RNA/DNA mittels NMR-Spektroskopie ermöglicht (Abb. 1). Sie basiert auf der Wechselwirkung zwischen dem CH-Dipol und der 31P-CSA, die von der relativen Orientierung abhängig ist. Die Methode wurde für die CH- und CH2-Gruppen in Form von zwei Pulssequenzen (2D- und 3D-G-HCP) zur Messung von insgesamt fünf kreuz-korrelierten Relaxationsraten entlang des RNA/DNA-Rückgrats optimiert. Die Funktionsfähigkeit der Methode wurde zunächst an der 14mer cUUCGg-Tetraloop RNA getestet und zur Bestimmung der Torsionswinkel alpha und zeta genutzt. Die Ergebnisse flossen in die Strukturrechnung der 14mer RNA, die im Kapitel 3 vorgestellt wird, mit ein. Des Weiteren gelang es die Anwendbarkeit der Experimente an einer größeren 27mer RNA zu demonstrieren. Die neue Methode ist deswegen von Bedeutung, weil die Winkel alpha und zeta nicht über 3J-Kopplungskonstanten gemessen werden können.
(Nozinovic, S., Richter, C., Rinnenthal, J., Fürtig, B., Duchardt-Ferner, E., Weigand, J. E., Schwalbe, H. (2010), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 10318-10329.)
Im Kapitel 3 wird die NMR-spektroskopische Bestimmung der Struktur einer Model-RNA, der 14mer cUUCGg-Tetraloop RNA, vorgestellt. Die Strukturrechung wurde mit verschiedenen NMR-Datensätzen, die in der Arbeitsgruppe einschließlich dieser Doktorarbeit gesammelt wurden, durchgeführt. Zusammen mit den Ergebnissen aus dem Kapitel 2 konnte eine sehr präzise Struktur mit einem RMSD von 0,37 Å (20 Strukturen) in sehr guter Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Daten ermittelt werden. Die gerechnete Struktur repräsentiert eine der gegenwärtig genauesten und umfassendsten Strukturbestimmungen einer RNA, bei der jeder Torsionswinkel quantitativ bestimmt wurde. Einen besonderen Höhepunkt stellt die strukturelle Analyse der 2’OH-Gruppen dar, die im anschließenden Kapitel 4 weiter vertieft wurde.
(Nozinovic, S., Fürtig, B., Jonker, H. R. A., Richter, C., Schwalbe, H. (2010), Nucleic Acids Res. 38, 683-694)
Über Jahre war bekannt, dass die Größe der 1J(C1’,H1’)- und 1J(C2’,H2’)-Kopplungskonstanten innerhalb der Ribonukleotide von der lokalen Struktur des Zuckers und der Orientierung der Nukleobase beeinflusst wird. In dieser Arbeit (Kapitel 4) wurde zum ersten Mal ein systematischer Vergleich zwischen NMR-Messungen und DFT-Rechnungen durchgeführt, der eine eindeutige Zuordnung der Hauptkonformationen des Zuckers (C3’- oder C2’-endo) und der Nukleobase (anti oder syn) anhand der 1J(C,H)-Kopplungskonstanten erlaubt. Die beschriebene Methode wurde an einer größeren 27mer RNA erfolgreich erprobt. Weiterhin wurde erstmalig entdeckt, dass zudem die Orientierung der 2’OH-Gruppe einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die 1J(C,H)-Kopplungen hat (Abb. 3). Mithilfe von NMR-Messungen und DFT-Rechnungen konnte aus 1J(C,H)-Kopplungskonstanten die Orientierung von allen 2’OH-Gruppen in der 14mer cUUCGg-Tetraloop RNA bestimmt werden. Die Methode hat den großen Vorteil, dass 2’OH-Gruppen, die aufgrund des schnellen Austauschs mit Wasser oder D2O keine NMR-Signale liefern, analysiert werden kön-nen.
(Nozinovic, S., Gupta, P., Fürtig, B., Richter, C., Tüllmann, S., Duchardt-Ferner, E., Holthausen, M. C., Schwalbe, H. (2011), Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 5397-5400)
Im Kapitel 5 wird eine NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchung an der Aptamerdomäne des Adenin-bindenden RNA-Schalters (pbuE) vorgestellt. Im Fokus der Forschung stand die Frage: Welchen Einfluss hat die Länge der P1-Helix auf die Struktur und die Ligandbindung der freien Aptamer-domäne?
Durch den Vergleich von zwei Konstrukten mit unterschiedlich langer P1-Helix war es möglich, intrinsische Scherkräfte, die durch die Ausbildung der P1-Helix in der freien Aptamerdomäne entstehen, festzustellen. Es hat sich im Konstrukt mit der verlängerten P1-Helix gezeigt, dass diese zur Destabilisierung der P3-Helix und des Schlaufenkontakts führen. Diese strukturellen Änderungen haben außerdem zur Folge, dass die Bindungsstärke des Liganden reduziert wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein strukturelles Gleichgewicht zwischen Sekundärstrukturelementen die tertiäre Faltung beeinflusst und die Funktion moduliert.
(Nozinovic, S., Reining, A., Noeske, J., Wöhnert, J., Schwalbe, H. (2011), in Vorbereitung)
Essentially any behavior in simple and complex animals depends on neuronal network function. Currently, the best-defined system to study neuronal circuits is the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, as the connectivity of its 302 neurons is exactly known. Individual neurons can be activated by photostimulation of Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) using blue light, allowing to directly probe the importance of a particular neuron for the respective behavioral output of the network under study. In analogy, other excitable cells can be inhibited by expressing Halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR) and subsequent illumination with yellow light. However, inhibiting C. elegans neurons using NpHR is difficult. Recently, proton pumps from various sources were established as valuable alternative hyperpolarizers. Here we show that archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch) from Halorubrum sodomense and a proton pump from the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans (Mac) can be utilized to effectively inhibit excitable cells in C. elegans. Arch is the most powerful hyperpolarizer when illuminated with yellow or green light while the action spectrum of Mac is more blue-shifted, as analyzed by light-evoked behaviors and electrophysiology. This allows these tools to be combined in various ways with ChR2 to analyze different subsets of neurons within a circuit. We exemplify this by means of the polymodal aversive sensory ASH neurons, and the downstream command interneurons to which ASH neurons signal to trigger a reversal followed by a directional turn. Photostimulating ASH and subsequently inhibiting command interneurons using two-color illumination of different body segments, allows investigating temporal aspects of signaling downstream of ASH.
Using an electrophysiological assay the activity of NhaA was tested in a wide pH range from pH 5.0 to 9.5. Forward and reverse transport directions were investigated at zero membrane potential using preparations with inside-out and right side-out-oriented transporters with Na+ or H+ gradients as the driving force. Under symmetrical pH conditions with a Na+ gradient for activation, both the wt and the pH-shifted G338S variant exhibit highly symmetrical transport activity with bell-shaped pH dependences, but the optimal pH was shifted 1.8 pH units to the acidic range in the variant. In both strains the pH dependence was associated with a systematic increase of the Km for Na+ at acidic pH. Under symmetrical Na+ concentration with a pH gradient for NhaA activation, an unexpected novel characteristic of the antiporter was revealed; rather than being down-regulated, it remained active even at pH as low as 5. These data allowed a transport mechanism to advance based on competing Na+ and H+ binding to a common transport site and a kinetic model to develop quantitatively explaining the experimental results. In support of these results, both alkaline pH and Na+ induced the conformational change of NhaA associated with NhaA cation translocation as demonstrated here by trypsin digestion. Furthermore, Na+ translocation was found to be associated with the displacement of a negative charge. In conclusion, the electrophysiological assay allows the revelation of the mechanism of NhaA antiport and sheds new light on the concept of NhaA pH regulation.
In der vorliegenden Dissertation stand die Aufklärung der Funktion und Regulation von p21 in der Mitose im Mittelpunkt. p21 ist als Cdk-Inhibitor und Schlüsselregulator bekannt, der in viele fundamentale zelluläre Prozesse involviert ist: Zellzyklusregulation, Apoptose, Seneszenz, Zellmigration und Dynamik des Zytoskeletts, Transkription, Differenzierung sowie DNA-Reparatur, aber auch in die Umprogrammierung induzierter pluripotenter Stammzellen (Besson et al. 2008; Abbas und Dutta 2009; Jung et al. 2010).
Die unkontrollierte Proliferation von Zellen ist mit der Tumorgenese assoziiert und wird unter anderem durch die Fehlregulation von p21, aber auch durch die wichtigen mitotischen Kinasen Cdk1, im Komplex mit ihrer regulatorischen Untereinheit Cyclin B1, sowie Plk1 bedingt. Zudem ist das Fehlen von p21 oder die Fehllokalisation in das Zytoplasma mit einer schlechteren Prognose für den Patienten und Chemotherapie-Resistenz von Tumoren verbunden (Abukhdeir und Park 2008). Aufgrund der zunehmenden Inzidenz und Mortalität von Krebserkrankungen ist es daher von besonderem klinischem Interesse, die molekularen Ursachen für die Entstehung maligner Tumorerkrankungen aufzuklären. Bislang existieren kaum Studien über welche molekularen Mechanismen die Funktionen von p21, dem wichtigsten Cdk-Inhibitor, der zum Beispiel durch die Anwendung niedermolekularer Inhibitoren wie BI 2536, das sich bereits in klinischen Phase II Studien befindet (Strebhardt 2010), beeinflusst wird, während der Mitose reguliert werden.
In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde daher die physiologische Rolle des Cdk-Inhibitors bzw. Regulators p21 während der Mitose untersucht und mit der Kinaseaktivität von Cdk1/Cyclin B1, wie auch Plk1 korreliert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass p21 während der Mitose stark exprimiert wird und dass mitotisches p21 in verschiedenen Krebszelllinien unabhängig von dem p53-Status in einer phosphorylierten Form vorkommt, welche mit der Aktivität von Cdk1 und weniger mit der von Cdk2 assoziiert ist. Durch Untersuchungen der isogenen HCT116-Zelllinien mit und ohne p21 wurde aufgezeigt, wie wichtig p21 für den ordnungsgemäßen Ablauf der Mitose ist. Ohne p21 sind sowohl die Anaphase wie auch die Zytokinese verlängert, die Zellen ordnen die Chromosomen fehlerhaft in der Metaphaseplatte an (congression Fehler), besitzen weitaus mehr lagging Chromosomen und fast 20 % der Zellen weisen im Versuchsverlauf Polyploidie auf. Durch den Verlust des Cdk-Regulators p21 kommt es zur Fehlregulation von Cdk1 und seiner Substrate (wie MCAK) und es treten die oben beschriebenen Probleme auf.
Weiterhin phosphoryliert Cdk1/Cyclin B1 p21 an Ser-130 in vitro und ex vivo in der frühen Phase der Mitose, der Prophase bzw. Prometaphase. Die nicht phosphorylierbare p21 Form S130A befindet sich hauptsächlich im Zellkern und führt zu vermehrtem Auftreten von congression Fehlern, während die S130D-Mutante, die die Phosphorylierung durch Cdk1 vortäuscht, schneller degradiert wird und zudem den Phänotyp der HCT116 p21-/- Zellen verstärkt. Zellen, die S130D exprimieren, benötigen mehr Zeit für das Durchlaufen der Mitose. Hier ist vor allem die Metaphase stark verlängert, aber auch Anaphase und Zytokinese. Dies führt zu congression Fehlern und zu Polyploidie. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen, wie wichtig die zeitlich korrekte Phosphorylierung von p21 und die dadurch vermittelte Aktivierung von Cdk1/Cyclin B1 ist.
Darüber hinaus stabilisiert die Suppression von Plk1 das p21 Protein, was darauf hinweist, dass die Degradation von p21 während der Prometaphase von Plk1 kontrolliert wird. Dies wird von der Tatsache unterstützt, dass Ser-114, wie auch Ser116 von Plk1 in vitro phosphoryliert wird. Die Deregulation von p21 durch Plk1, SS114/116AA bzw. SS114/116DD induziert Chromosomenfehler, wodurch die molekularen Mechanismen, warum fehlreguliertes Plk1 die Tumorgenese fördert, hervorgehoben werden.
Nach Abschluss der bisherigen Untersuchungen steht fest, dass man sich von der starren Rolle von p21 als Tumorsuppressor und Akteur während der G1/S-Phase lösen muss. Der Cdk-Inhibitor p21 trägt entscheidend zur mitotischen Progression bei, vor allem bedingt durch die zeitlich ordnungsgemäße Inaktivierung bzw. Aktivierung von Cdk1/Cyclin B1, der Kinase, die wiederum zahlreiche für die Mitose essentielle Proteine reguliert. In Zukunft muss zum besseren Verständnis der Rolle von p21 in der Mitose die genaue Abfolge der Ereignisse unter Einbeziehung der Degradationsmechanismen eingehender untersucht werden.
Large crystals of the methyl ester of the N-a-benzyloxycarbonyl protected Ala-Phe dipeptide (Z-AF-OMe) were obtained after the very slow evaporation of a solution of the corresponding carboxylic acid (Z-AF-OH) in methanol containing an excess of HCl. The structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions a = 5.0655(6) Å, b = 8.4614(8) Å, c = 46.856(5) Å, V = 2008.3(4) Å3, Z = 4. In the crystal, the molecules form hydrogen bonded chains running along the a axis of the unit cell. Other secondary interactions are also discussed.
YS-121 [2-(4-chloro-6-(2,3-dimethylphenylamino)pyrimidin-2-ylthio)octanoic acid] is the result of target-oriented structural derivatization of pirinixic acid. It is a potent dual PPARα/γ-agonist, as well as a potent dual 5-LO/mPGES-1-inhibitor. Additionally, recent studies showed an anti-inflammatory efficacy in vivo. Because of its interference with many targets, YS-121 is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Ongoing preclinical studies will thus necessitate huge amounts of YS-121. To cope with those requirements, we have optimized the synthesis of YS-121. Surprisingly, we isolated and characterized byproducts during the resulting from nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions by different tertiary alkylamines at a heteroaromatic halide. These amines should actually serve as assisting bases, because of their low nucleophilicity. This astonishing fact was not described in former publications concerning that type of reaction and, therefore, might be useful for further reaction improvement in general. Furthermore, we could develop a proposal for the mechanism of that byproduct formation.
Two tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids were extracted from the alkaloid fraction of a methanol extract of the seeds of Calycotome Villosa Subsp. intermedia. Their structures were established as (R)-1-hydroxymethyl-7-8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinoline (1) and (S)-7-hydroxymethyl-2-3-dimethoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroisoquinoline chloride (2) by spectroscopic techniques and X-ray diffraction analysis.
The title thiourea was synthesized by reaction of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl isothiocyante with 3-fluoroaniline. The 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl isothiocyante was produced in situ by reaction of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl chloride with ammonium thiocyanate in dry acetonitrile. The structure was confirmed by the spectroscopic, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell dimensions a = 13.0966(9), b = 16.6460(13), c = 7.8448(5), β = 106.721(5)°, V 1637.9(2) ų, Z = 4.
Mol-ecules of the title compound, [Zn(8)(C(6)F(5))(8)O(4)(C(4)H(10)O)(4)], are located on a special position of site symmetry [Formula: see text]. As a result, there is just one quarter-mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. The title compound features a Zn(4)O(4) cube. Each Zn atom in the cube carries a pentafluorophenyl substituent. Each O atom is bonded to a further Zn atom, which is connected to a pentafluorophenyl substituent and the O atom of a diethyl ether mol-ecule. All ether C atoms are disordered over two sets of sites with a site occupation factor of 0.51 (2) for the major occupied site.
Molecules of the title compound, C20H14O2, show approximate C s symmetry with the approximate mirror plane perpendicular to the central ring. The torsion angles about the acyclic bonds are 30.05 (15) and 30.77 (15)° in one half compared to −36.62 (14) and −18.60 (15)° in the other half of the molecule. The central aromatic ring makes dihedral angles of 47.78 (4) and 51.68 (3)° with the two terminal rings.
The title compound, C14H20O5S·0.5H2O, crystallizes with two organic molecules and a solvent water molecule in the asymmetric unit. In both molecules, the hexapyranosyl rings adopt a slightly distorted chair conformation (5 C 2) with four substituents in equatorial positions and one substituent in an axial position. The main difference between the organic molecules is the dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and the best plane defined by the O—C1—C2—C3 atoms (r.m.s deviations = 0.003 and 0.043 Å) of the hexapyranosyl rings [47.4 (4) and 86.5 (4)°]. In the asymmetric unit, molecules are linked by two strong O—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, the components are linked by a total of 10 distinct O—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O hydrogen bonds, resulting in the formation of a two-dimensional network parallel to the ab plane.
The title compound, C15H15BrO2, was synthesized by a Brønsted acid-catalysed domino electrocyclization-halogenation reaction. The five-membered ring is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation 0.006 Å) and forms a dihedral angle of 72.7 (3)° with the attached phenyl ring. The six-membered heterocycle adopts a half-chair conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by a C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O contact.
The title compound, C(21)H(18)ClN, was synthesized by an enanti-oselective Brønsted acid-catalysed transfer hydrogenation reaction. The six-membered heterocycle adopts a half-chair conformation. It has the biphenyl residue in an axial position. The two rings of the biphenyl residue are almost coplanar [dihedral angle = 2.65 (9)°]. The crystal packing is stabilized by N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, which connect the mol-ecules into chains running along the a axis.
The title compound, C25H20N4O2, is a ditopic ortho-hydroquinone-based bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane ligand. The dihedral angles between the planes of the pyrazole rings and their attached phenyl rings are 17.4 (3) and 5.9 (4)°. The pyrazole rings make a dihedral angle of 87.84 (16)°. One of the two hydroxy groups forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond to the other hydroxy group, whereas the second is involved in an intermolecular O—H[cdots, three dots, centered]N hydrogen bond. As a result of these intermolecular hydrogen bonds, helical chains running along the b axis are formed.
The fused five- and six-membered rings in the title compound, C14H12N2O, are essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.023 (2) Å. The dihedral angle between the benzimidazole mean plane and the phenyl ring is 68.50 (6)°. In the crystal, each molecule is linked to its symmetry equivalent created by a crystallographic inversion center by pairs of N—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers.
In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(12)H(12)BrN(3)O, the fused-ring system is essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.0148 (3) Å. The two allyl groups are nearly perpendicular to the imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine plane [C-C-N-C torsion angles of 81.6 (4) and -77.2 (4)°] and point in the same direction. The planes through the atoms forming each allyl group are nearly perpendicular to the imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one system, as indicated by the dihedral angles between them of 80.8 (5) and 73.6 (5)°.
The two fused five- and six-membered rings building the molecule of the title compound, C13H10BrN3, are approximately planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.004 (2) Å. The dihedral angle between the imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine mean plane and that of the phenyl ring is 41.84 (11)°. The structure is held together by slipped π–π stacking between symmetry-related molecules, with an interplanar distance of 3.583 (1) Å and a centroid–centroid vector of 3.670 (2) Å.
The structure of the title compound, (C15H15N2O4)[AgI2], consists of an organic 4-[3-(isonicotinoyloxy)propoxycarbonyl]pyridinium cation which has a gauche–gauche (O/C/C/C—O/C/C/C or GG’) conformation and lies on a twofold rotation axis, which passes through the central C atom of the aliphatic chain, and an inorganic [AgI2]− anion. In the complex anion, the Ag+ cation is bound to two I− anions in a linear geometry. The anion was modelled assuming disorder around a crystallographic inversion centre near the location of the Ag+ cation. The crystal packing is stabilized by a strong intermolecular N—H[cdots, three dots, centered]N hydrogen bond, which links the cations into zigzag chains with graph-set notation C(16) running along the face diagonal of the ac plane. The N-bound H atom is disordered over two equally occupied symmetry-equivalent sites, so that the molecule has a pyridinium ring at one end and a pyridine ring at the other.
In the molecular structure of the title compound, C21H18N2O, the fused-ring system is essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.0121 (9) Å. The O atom and adjacent C atom are located in Wyckoff position 4e on a twofold axis (0, y, 1/4). The two benzyl groups are almost perpendicular to the benzimidazole plane, but point in opposite directions. The dihedral angle between the benzimidazole mean plane and the phenyl ring is 81.95 (5)°, whereas that between the two benzyl groups is 60.96 (7)°.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C16H23ClN2O, comtains two independent molecules in which the fused-ring systems are essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane of each molecule being 0.011 (2) Å and 0.016 (2) Å. The benzimidazole rings of the two molecules make a dihedral angle of 66.65 (7)°. The nonyl substituents are almost perpendicular to the benzimidazole planes [C—N—C—C tosrsion angles = 96.0 (3) and 81.0 (2)°]. In the crystal, each independent molecule forms an inversion dimer via a pair of N—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O hydrogen bonds. In one of the independent molecules, the terminal –CH2–CH3 group of the alkyl chain is disordered over two sets of sites with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.746 (7):0.254 (7).
The title compound, [Li4O4(C12H8BO)4(C4H10O)4], features a Li4O4 cube. Each Li atom in the cube is additionally coordinated by a diethyl ether molecule and each O atom in the cube carries a 9-oxa-10-boraanthracene residue. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin [twin law (-1 0 0 / 0 0 1 / 0 1 0); the contribution of the major twin component refined to 0.553 (3)] emulating apparent tetragonal symmetry, whereas the actual crystal system is just orthorhombic.
The crystal structure of the title compound, hexa-μ2-bromido-μ4-oxido-tetrakis[(diethyl ether)magnesium], [Mg4Br6O(C4H10O)4], determined from data measured at 173 K, differs from the previously known structure of diethyl ether magnesium oxybromide, which was determined from room-temperature data [Stucky & Rundle (1964 [triangle]). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 4821–4825]. The title compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is e-67-m1614-efi7.jpg, whereas the previously known structure crystallizes in a different tetragonal space group, namely P An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is e-67-m1614-efi7.jpg21 c. Both molecules have crystallographic An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is e-67-m1614-efi7.jpg symmetry and show almost identical geometric parameters for the Mg, Br and O atoms. The crystal of the title compound turned out to be a merohedral twin emulating a structure with apparent Laue symmetry 4/mmm, whereas the correct Laue group is just 4/m. The fractional contribution of the minor twin component converged to 0.462 (1).
The title compound, C26H18BrNO4, features a functionalized chromene. The cyclohexene ring adopts a sofa conformation and has the nitro group and the bromophenyl ring in an axial position. The ten atoms of the chromene moiety lie close to a common plane (r.m.s. deviation = 0.066 Å). The attached phenyl ring is twisted by 32.89 (10)° from the chromene plane. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O interactions.
The title molecule, C17H25N3O3, is built up from fused six- and five-membered rings linked to a –C10H21 chain. The fused-ring system is essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.009 (2) Å. The chain is roughly perpendicular to this plane, making a dihedral angle of 79.5 (2)°. In the crystal, N—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O hydrogen bonds build infinite chains along [010]. There are channels in the structure containing disordered hexane. The contribution of this solvent to the scattering power was suppressed using the SQUEEZE option in PLATON [Spek (2009 [triangle]). Acta Cryst. D65, 148–155].
The title compound, C(19)H(14)ClNO(3)·0.2H(2)O, crystallizes with five mol-ecules and a disordered water mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. Four of the five mol-ecules form hydrogen-bonded dimers via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds towards another symmetry-independent mol-ecule, whereas the fifth mol-ecule forms a hydrogen-bonded dimer with its symmetry equivalent, also via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The dihedral angle between the planes of the fused benzene ring and the five-membered ring to which it is attached is 79.45 (13), 49.00 (15), 72.49 (16), 81.91 (18) and 76.38 (16)° for the five mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit.
The structure of the title compound, C14H12N2O2 {systematic name: 2,2′-[hydrazinediylidenebis(methanylylidene)]diphenol}, has already been determined in the triclinic space group P An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is e-68-0o255-efi1.jpg with Z = 4 [El-Medani, Aboaly, Abdalla & Ramadan (2004 [triangle]). Spectrosc. Lett. 37, 619–632]. However, the correct space group should be P21/c with Z = 4. This structure is a new polymorph of the already known monoclinic polymorph of salicyladehyde azine, which crystallizes in space group P21/n with Z = 2. The benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 46.12 (9)°. Two intramolucular O—H[cdots, three dots, centered]N hydrogen bonds occur.