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SAFE Newsletter : 2019, Q1
(2019)
Do competition and incentives offered to designated market makers (DMMs) improve market liquidity? Using data from NYSE Euronext Paris, we show that an exogenous increase in competition among DMMs leads to a significant decrease in quoted and effective spreads, mainly through a reduction in adverse selection costs. In contrast, changes in incentives, through small changes in rebates and requirements for DMMs, do not have any tangible effect on market liquidity. Our results are of relevance for designing optimal contracts between exchanges and DMMs and for regulatory market oversight.
We show that banks that are facing relatively high locally non-diversifiable risks in their home region expand more across states than banks that do not face such risks following branching deregulation in the 1990s and 2000s. These banks with high locally non-diversifiable risks also benefit relatively more from deregulation in terms of higher bank stability. Further, these banks expand more into counties where risks are relatively high and positively correlated with risks in their home region, suggesting that they do not only diversify but also build on their expertise in local risks when they expand into new regions.
Die Kompetenzmessung im Hochschulbereich stellt bislang ein weitgehend vernachlässigtes Forschungsgebiet des Bildungssektors dar (vgl. Blömeke et al. 2013). Eine umfassende Analyse des internationalen Forschungsstandes im Bereich der Modellierung und Erfassung von Kompetenzen zeigt insbesondere für Europa ein Forschungsdefizit im Hochschulsektor auf (vgl. Kuhn/Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia 2011). Daher wurde 2010 vom BMBF das Forschungsprogramm "Kompetenzmodellierung und Kompetenzerfassung im Hochschulsektor" (KoKoHs) initiiert, welches die Ziele verfolgt, die Leistungsfähigkeit des tertiären Bildungssystems in Deutschland zu erhalten und Grundlagen für eine Evaluation der Kompetenzentwicklung sowie des Kompetenzerwerbs an Hochschulen zu schaffen (vgl. Blömeke et al. 2013, 3). Im Rahmen des Forschungsprogramms werden u.a. Verbundprojekte aus den Bereichen der Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik (Projekt WiWiKom, siehe Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia/Breuer 2013) sowie der Lehrerbildung gefördert (für eine Übersicht der einzelnen Projekte siehe Blömeke/Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia 2013). Das Verbundprojekt "Modellierung und Erfassung fachwissenschaftlicher und fachdidaktischer Kompetenzen im wirtschaftspädagogischen Studium" (kurz KoMeWP: Kompetenzmessung im wirtschaftspädagogischen Studium; siehe Seifried/Wuttke/Schmitz 2011) verknüpft diese beiden Bereiche. 1 Dabei wird die Zielsetzung verfolgt, die professionelle Kompetenz von angehenden Lehrkräften im kaufmännisch-verwaltenden Bereich zu modellieren und testtheoretisch abprüfbar zu machen. ...
Die berufliche Bildung in Deutschland, vor allem das Duale System der Berufsausbildung, erfährt – nicht zuletzt vor dem Hintergrund der sehr hohen Jugendarbeitslosigkeit – in einigen Ländern der EU große Aufmerksamkeit. In empirischen Analysen zur engen Verzahnung von Lernen und Arbeiten sowie in theoretischen Fundierungen des Bildungspotenzials stellt die berufs- und wirtschaftspädagogische Forschung allen Akteuren im Berufsbildungssystem Erkenntnisse, Argumente und Impulse zur Weiterentwicklung zur Verfügung.
Self-control failure is among the major pathologies (Baumeister et al. (1994)) affecting individual investment decisions which has hardly been measurable in empirical research. We use cigarette addiction identified from checking account transactions to proxy for low self-control and compare over 5,000 smokers to 14,000 nonsmokers. Smokers self-directing their investment trade more frequently, exhibit more biases and achieve lower portfolio returns. We also find that smokers, some of which might be aware of their limited levels of self-control, exhibit a higher propensity than nonsmokers to delegate decision making to professional advisors and fund managers. We document that such precommitments work successfully.
Distributed ledger technology especially in the form of publicly coordinated validation networks such as Ethereum and Bitcoin with their own monetary circles provide for a revealing litmus test for current financial regulatory schemes. The paper highlights the interrelation between distributed coordination and the emission of virtual currency to make sense of the function of the new monetary phenomenon. It then argues for the regulation of financial services on the ground of the technology to ensure integrity standards. In this respect, it is useful to gear the development of a regulatory scheme towards the existing financial regulatory principles. However, future measures of the regulators must take the distributed nature of the platforms into account by relying on a “regulated self-regulation” of the community. Finally, the article focuses on the shortcomings of the current EU regulatory regimes, especially the regulation frameworks regarding financial services, payment services and electronic money.
Exploiting the natural experiment of the German reunification, we examine how consumers adapt to a new environment in their macroeconomic forecasting. We document that East Germans expect higher in inflation and make larger forecast errors than West
Germans even decades after reunification. Differences in consumption baskets, financial literacy, risk aversion or trust in the central bank cannot fully account for these patterns. We find most support for the explanation that East Germans, who were used to a strong norm of zero inflation, persistently overadjusted the level of their expectations in the face of the initial inflation shock in reunified Germany. Our findings suggest that large changes in the economic environment can permanently impede people's ability to form accurate macroeconomic expectations, with an important role for the interaction of old norms and new experiences around the event.
Policymakers attach an important role to the macroeconomic outlook of households. Using a representative online panel form the U.S., the authors examine how individuals' macroeconomic expectations causally affect their personal economic prospects and their behavior and provide them with different professional forecasts about the likelihood of a recession. The authors find that groups with the largest exposure to aggregate risk, such as individuals working in cyclical industries, are most likely to respond to an improved macroeconomic outlook, while a large fraction of the population is unlikely to react.
This paper uses unique administrative data and a quasi-field experiment of exogenous allocation in Sweden to estimate medium- and longer-run effects on financial behavior from exposure to financially literate neighbors. It contributes evidence of causal impact of exposure and of a social multiplier of financial knowledge, but also of unfavorable distributional aspects of externalities. Exposure promotes saving in private retirement accounts and stockholding, especially when neighbors have economics or business education, but only for educated households and when interaction possibilities are substantial. Findings point to transfer of knowledge rather than mere imitation or effects through labor, education, or mobility channels.
The recent sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone was characterized by a monetary policy, which has been constrained by the zero lower bound (ZLB) on nominal interest rates, and several countries, which faced high risk spreads on their sovereign bonds. How is the government spending multiplier affected by such an economic environment?While prominent results in the academic literature point to high government spending multipliers at the ZLB, higher public indebtedness is often associated with small government spending multipliers. I develop a DSGE model with leverage constrained banks that captures both features of this economic environment, the ZLB and fiscal stress. In this model, I analyze the effects of government spending shocks. I find that not only are multipliers large at the ZLB, the presence of fiscal stress can even increase their size. For longer durations of the ZLB,multipliers in this model can be considerably larger than one.
JEL Classification: E32, E 44, E62
Recently, Fuest and Sinn (2018) have demanded a change of rules for the Eurozone’s Target 2 payment system, claiming it would violate the Statutes of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank. The authors present a stylized model based on a set of macro-economic assumptions, and show that Target 2 may lead to loss sharing among national central banks (NCBs), thus violating the no risk-sharing requirement laid out by the Eurosystem Statutes.
In this note, I present an augmented model that incorporates essential features of the micro- and macroprudential regulatory and supervisory regime that today is hard-wired into Europe’s banking system. The model shows that the original no-risk-sharing principle is not necessarily violated during a financial crisis of a member state. Moreover, it shows that under a banking union regime, financial crisis asset value losses at or below the 99.9th percentile are borne by private investors, not by taxpayers, and particularly not by central banks.
Therefore, policy conclusions from the micro-founded model differ significantly from those suggested by Fuest and Sinn (2018).
n der Literatur wird oftmals angeführt, dass die Grunderwerbsteuer weder aus Sicht des Äquivalenzprinzips noch aus Sicht des Leistungsfähigkeitsprinzips zu rechtfertigen ist und daher in einem modernen Steuersystem nichts verloren hätte. Das vorliegende Papier weist darauf hin, dass die Grunderwerbsteuer Parallelen zur Grundsteuer aufweist und sich, zumindest aus ökonomischer Sicht, in eine Grundsteuer umbauen ließe. Dies könnte insbesondere dann interessant sein, wenn die derzeitige deutsche Grundsteuer in eine reine Flächensteuer umgebaut wird, die den Wert der Bebauung unbesteuert lässt. Ein Umbau der Grunderwerbsteuer, bei der der Kaufpreis dynamisiert wird und dann einer jährlichen Steuer unterworfen wird, hat einige Vorteile. Diese resultieren daraus, dass der negative Effekt auf die Zahl der Immobilientransaktionen (Lock-in-Effekt) abgemildert würde. Könnte die Dynamisierung treffsicher an die regionale Immobilienpreisentwicklung angepasst werden, entfällt der Lock-in-Effekt für Immobilien, die bereits einmal der dynamisierten Grunderwerbsteuer unterworfen waren, sogar komplett. Dies hat nicht nur positive Effekte auf das Funktionieren des Wohnungs- und Arbeitsmarktes, sondern kann auch dem Problem der Share Deals entgegen wirken.
Editorial : economic competence and financial literacy of young adults – status and challenges
(2016)
In modern society, the ability to deal with financial and economic matters is becoming increasingly important. This is true for both professionals – e.g., in the investment and banking sectors – and for individuals responsible for managing their financial and economic affairs in everyday life (Aprea et al., in press). This ability is generally described as economic competence, economic literacy or financial literacy. Despite the importance of these constructs, there is still a lack of clarity regarding the exact definitions, and specifically, which components they cover in detail. Furthermore, the terms economic competence and financial literacy are only loosely coupled. Economic competence is usually considered to be more comprehensive than financial literacy. However, recent research on financial literacy has followed a broader approach as well. ...
The necessity for well-founded teacher education in economics – findings from curriculum analyses
(2016)
Everybody has to make daily decisions requiring a good understanding of political and economic systems to manage and design our life but also to react on changes in these systems. Already in the early stages of adulthood, individuals need to decide on which job to choose, which party to vote for or on what money to spend on. For all these activities economical knowledge is necessary, which usually derives from economic education taught in schools in several subjects. ...
The authors take a detailed look at the economic competence and financial literacy of young adults, especially of those who start an apprenticeship or who take up their studies at an university. Economic competence and financial literacy are of special interest within this group, because these young people are – mostly for the first time in their lives – responsible for autonomously managing their own financial affairs and deal with economic challenges.
We propose a shrinkage and selection methodology specifically designed for network inference using high dimensional data through a regularised linear regression model with Spike-and-Slab prior on the parameters. The approach extends the case where the error terms are heteroscedastic, by adding an ARCH-type equation through an approximate Expectation-Maximisation algorithm. The proposed model accounts for two sets of covariates. The first set contains predetermined variables which are not penalised in the model (i.e., the autoregressive component and common factors) while the second set of variables contains all the (lagged) financial institutions in the system, included with a given probability. The financial linkages are expressed in terms of inclusion probabilities resulting in a weighted directed network where the adjacency matrix is built “row by row". In the empirical application, we estimate the network over time using a rolling window approach on 1248 world financial firms (banks, insurances, brokers and other financial services) both active and dead from 29 December 2000 to 6 October 2017 at a weekly frequency. Findings show that over time the shape of the out degree distribution exhibits the typical behavior of financial stress indicators and represents a significant predictor of market returns at the first lag (one week) and the fourth lag (one month).
Extending the data set used in Beyer (2009) to 2017, we estimate I(1) and I(2) money demand models for euro area M3. After including two broken trends and a few dummies to account for shifts in the variables following the global financial crisis and the ECB's non-standard monetary policy measures, we find that the money demand and the real wealth relations identified in Beyer (2009) have remained remarkably stable throughout the extended sample period. Testing for price homogeneity in the I(2) model we find that the nominal-to-real transformation is not rejected for the money relation whereas the wealth relation cannot be expressed in real terms.
This paper examines how networks of professional contacts contribute to the development of the careers of executives of North American and European companies. We build a dynamic model of career progression in which career moves may both depend upon existing networks and contribute to the development of future networks. We test the theory on an original dataset of nearly 73 000 executives in over 10 000 _rms. In principle professional networks could be relevant both because they are rewarded by the employer and because they facilitate job mobility. Our econometric analysis suggests that, although there is a substantial positive correlation between network size and executive compensation, with an elasticity of around 20%, almost all of this is due to unobserved individual characteristics. The true causal impact of networks on compensation is closer to an elasticity of 1 or 2% on average, all of this due to enhanced probability of moving to a higher-paid job. And there appear to be strongly diminishing returns to network size.