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The recent recolonisation of the Central European lowland (CEL) by the grey wolf (Canis lupus) provides an excellent opportunity to study the effect of founder events on endoparasite diversity. Which role do prey and predator populations play in the re-establishment of endoparasite life cycles? Which intrinsic and extrinsic factors control individual endoparasite diversity in an expanding host population? In 53 individually known CEL wolves sampled in Germany, we revealed a community of four cestode, eight nematode, one trematode and 12 potential Sarcocystis species through molecular genetic techniques. Infections with zoonotic Echinococcus multilocularis, Trichinella britovi and T. spiralis occurred as single cases. Per capita endoparasite species richness and diversity significantly increased with population size and changed with age, whereas sex, microsatellite heterozygosity, and geographic origin had no effect. Tapeworm abundance (Taenia spp.) was significantly higher in immigrants than natives. Metacestode prevalence was slightly higher in ungulates from wolf territories than from control areas elsewhere. Even though alternative canid definitive hosts might also play a role within the investigated parasite life cycles, our findings indicate that (1) immigrated wolves increase parasite diversity in German packs, and (2) prevalence of wolf-associated parasites had declined during wolf absence and has now risen during recolonisation.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms a complex endomembrane network that reaches into the cellular compartments of a neuron, including dendritic spines. Recent work discloses that the spine ER is a dynamic structure that enters and leaves spines. While evidence exists that ER Ca2+ release is involved in synaptic plasticity, the role of spine ER morphology remains unknown. Combining a new 3D spine generator with 3D Ca2+ modeling, we addressed the relevance of ER positioning on spine-to-dendrite Ca2+ signaling. Our simulations, which account for Ca2+ exchange on the plasma membrane and ER, show that spine ER needs to be present in distinct morphological conformations in order to overcome a barrier between the spine and dendritic shaft. We demonstrate that RyR-carrying spine ER promotes spine-to-dendrite Ca2+ signals in a position-dependent manner. Our simulations indicate that RyR-carrying ER can initiate time-delayed Ca2+ reverberation, depending on the precise position of the spine ER. Upon spine growth, structural reorganization of the ER restores spine-to-dendrite Ca2+ communication, while maintaining aspects of Ca2+ homeostasis in the spine head. Our work emphasizes the relevance of precise positioning of RyR-containing spine ER in regulating the strength and timing of spine Ca2+ signaling, which could play an important role in tuning spine-to-dendrite Ca2+ communication and homeostasis.
Background: Vitamin D is required to maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier and inhibits inflammatory signaling pathways.
Objective: Vitamin D deficiency might be involved in cirrhosis-associated systemic inflammation and risk of hepatic decompensation in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Methods: Outpatients of the Hepatology Unit of the University Hospital Frankfurt with advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis were prospectively enrolled. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3) serum concentrations were quantified and associated with markers of systemic inflammation / intestinal bacterial translocation and hepatic decompensation.
Results: A total of 338 patients with advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis were included. Of those, 51 patients (15%) were hospitalized due to hepatic decompensation during follow-up. Overall, 72 patients (21%) had severe vitamin D deficiency. However, patients receiving vitamin D supplements had significantly higher 25(OH)D3 serum levels compared to patients without supplements (37 ng/mL vs. 16 ng/ml, P<0.0001). Uni- and multivariate analyses revealed an independent association of severe vitamin D deficiency with the risk of hepatic decompensation during follow-up (multivariate P = 0.012; OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 1.30–8.2), together with MELD score, low hemoglobin concentration, low coffee consumption, and presence of diabetes. Of note, serum levels of C-reactive protein, IL-6 and soluble CD14 were significantly higher in patients with versus without severe vitamin D deficiency, and serum levels of soluble CD14 levels declined in patients with de novo supplementation of vitamin D (median 2.15 vs. 1.87 ng/mL, P = 0.002).
Conclusions: In this prospective cohort study, baseline vitamin D levels were inversely associated with liver-cirrhosis related systemic inflammation and the risk of hepatic decompensation.
Festuca rhenana spec. nov. und Festuca heteropachys, zwei verkannte Schwingel der Flora Deutschlands
(2012)
Seit über vier Jahrzehnten werden kräftige Schwingel von Silikatfelsen des mittelrheinischen Raumes irrtümlich als Festuca heteropachys bezeichnet. Diese Pflanzen gehören zu keiner der bisher bekannten Sippen. Sie werden unter dem Namen F. rhenana als neue, in Deutschland endemische Art beschrieben. Im Nordpfälzer Bergland, im Nahe- , im Mittelrhein- und im Moseltal besiedelt F. rhenana extrem trocken-warme Felsstandorte auf ± basenreichen Silikatgesteinen (Rhyolith, Andesit, Oberrotliegendes, devonische Schiefer). Fast alle Fundorte liegen in Rheinland-Pfalz, zwei in Hessen. Die wahre F. heteropachys kommt ebenfalls in Deutschland vor, und zwar nur im südlichen Teil von Rheinland-Pfalz. F. heteropachys ist ein mesophiles bis schwach thermophiles, Halbschatten ertragendes Horstgras. Kennzeichnend sind die mit 30–50 cm oft sehr langen Grundblätter und die starke, deutlich bis über die Mitte der Halme reichende Beblätterung. Im Anschluss an die Vorkommen im Elsass findet sich F. heteropachys hauptsächlich im Pfälzer Wald auf ± sauren steinigen oder sandigen Böden über Buntsandstein. Unterscheidungsmerkmale von F. heteropachys, F. rhenana, F. lemanii und der häufigen F. guestfalica werden dargestellt.
Angegeben wird jeweils das Sammeldatum des für die Chromosomenzählung verwendeten Materials (Lebendpflanze, Samen) zuzüglich eines eventuell gesammelten Beleges sowie – getrennt durch einen Schrägstrich – Sammeldatum und Aufbewahrungsort eines Beleges der gezählten Pflanze. Wird nur ein Datum angegeben, ist allein die Wildaufsammlung dokumentiert. Die Abkürzungen der Herbarien richten sich nach Holmgren & al. (1990, sowie Online-Nachträge, für die neuerdings B. Thiers verantwortlich zeichnet). Taxonomie und Nomenklatur richten sich nach der aktuellen deutschen Standardliste (Buttler & Hand 2008) und den in dieser Zeitschrift publizierten Nachträgen. Die Abbildungen zeigen Metaphasen, die an Quetschpräparaten von Wurzelspitzen gewonnen wurden (zur Methodik siehe Vogt & Aparicio 2000). Ralf Hand dankt Michael Meyer und seinem Gärtnerteam sowie Monika Lüchow und Marion Cubr (alle Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem) für Kultur, Dokumentation und Hilfe bei der Zählung von Material.
Eine Hybride zwischen Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. subsp. septentrionale und A. viride (L.) HUDS. wird beschrieben. Der Bastard wurde in einem Exemplar bei Bosco-Gurin im Schweizer Kanton Tessin gefunden. Die morphologische Mittelstellung sowie Sporen-, Cytologische und Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen bestätigten die vermutete Abstammung.
Schriftenschau
(2013)
Zwei Autoren botanischer Werke tragen den Namen Hermann Wagner. Sie sind beide 1824 geboren, der eine in Hadamar (Herzogtum Nassau, heute Hessen), der andere in Weißenfels (Preußen, Provinz Sachsen, heute Sachsen-Anhalt). Es war lange fraglich, welcher der beiden die Illustrierte deutsche Flora (1. Auflage 1869–1871) verfasst hat. Es ließ sich nachweisen, dass der Autor dieser Flora Hermann Wagner aus Weißenfels ist, der im übrigen vor allem zahlreiche populäre naturhistorische Schriften für die Jugend verfasst hat. In letzter Zeit wurde noch ein dritter als Autor genannt, der Geograph Hermann Wagner (1840–1929). Das ist sicher ein Irrtum.
Schriftenschau
(2007)
King Ottokar II and Záviš z Falkenštejna are often depicted in literary fiction as rivals – both in politics and in love. A similar representation can be found in the work of Franz Grillparzer, whose Zawisch incorporates both demonic and comic elements. He can be interpreted in various ways: as a sophisticated plotter of intrigues, a malicious poisoner, an arrogant figure who betrays his king and his country due to his wounded pride, or a seducer who eventually becomes subservient to an Amazon whom he had originally envisaged as his own puppet. Directors, viewers and readers usually do not see him as a great statesman. However, Jaroslav Hilbert depicted him in an entirely different manner. His Falkenštejn is a violent conspirator and usurper - but also a patriot, a statesman and a modern thinker. In Grillparzers work, the character of Zawisch is more reminiscent of his traditional rival Ottakar than of Hilbert's depiction. This study presents a comparison of both characters.
The article provides an insight into the Czech translations of the lecture 'Weihnachtsgeheimnis' by Edith Stein (1891-1942), which were published in 1991 and 2003. The analysis of the translations is based on Skopos theory, the ideas of Christiane Nord and hermeneutic approaches; the author points out the specific features and demands of translating religious texts.
Marie Luise Kaschnitz is not considered to be an experimental author in the usual sense. Her respectful use of traditional forms has been praised, but also criticized, and it was only in her later works that she loosened her strong links with tradition. The beginning of this change is marked by the short story Am Circeo [At Cape Circeo], placed exactly in the centre of her 1960 volume of short stories entitled Long Shadows. The present article examines the experimental elements of this text, attempting to determine what conditioned
them and seeking to reveal their influence on later works.
Die philosophische Erkenntnis in der 'Klage der Ceres' : Schillers Adaption des Proserpina-Mythos
(2018)
While Ceres behaves actively and energetically in the traditional myth, Friedrich von Schiller's poem 'Klage der Ceres' (1797) shows her within the same ancient plot but as a more emotional figure. This detailed analysis explains the poem's structure and the stylistic devices which lead to its philosophical impact. It also addresses the awareness that death is a part of life and discusses how art can help to reinvent traditional ideas.
This paper presents a contrastive analysis of auto- and hetero-stereotypes of Bosnians and Germans. The analysis is based on data collected from respondents choosing from a list of 140 characteristics. The anonymous online questionnaire asked respondents to identify those characteristics that they considered to be connected with their own culture or with the other culture, and to give their reasons for their choice (in the case of the most important characteristics). The analysis based on this data reveals how Germans and Bosnians perceive themselves and each other. It also enables the compilation of a list of stereotypes based on the most frequently identified characteristics, which can be used as a basis for further analysis and interpretation. This first analysis is intended as a foundation for future analyses of ethnic stereotypes among Germans and ethnic groups in the western Balkans: Bosnians, Serbs and Croats.
Although there are many dialect speakers in Bavaria, the dialect - mainly because of its non-standardized spelling - is usually not used in common print media or on nationwide television. Nevertheless, the Bavarian dialect appears on Bavarian television (BR) and in cinema films. However, the Bavarian used on television or in films is frequently not a genuine dialect; instead it is a synthetic language which resembles the German standard and merely refers to the dialect. This is mainly due to the needs of non-dialect speakers, who would definitely have comprehension problems with the genuine dialect. Furthermore, the Bavarian dialect is often used on online platforms, such as Facebook or YouTube. In these conversational situations, face-to-face communication is replaced by written texts. In the case of dialect speakers, these texts can appear as written dialect; due to the non-standardized spelling, the texts are strongly individualized.
This paper focuses on passages of interpreting/translation in four novels written by Bosnian novelists (Ivo Andrić, Dževad Karahasan, Saša Stanišić). It seeks to answer the following questions: How do the characters of the interpreters/translators represent their cultural background? Does the immediate situation (e.g. a situation of threat or violence) influence their verbal behaviour? Is the literary description a metaphorical one in order to symbolize the inadequacy and even the failure of interpreting/translation? How do the interpreters/translators in the novels attempt to bridge the gap between different cultures?
By juxtaposing parallel passages in Ernst Jünger's War Diary with those in his later works on World War I written during the 1920s, I aim to show that Jünger's concept of a soldier increasingly glorifies violence.
Flashmob, App, E-Bike, Gendermainstreaming, bloggen, skypen, gefaked/gefakt, geliked/gelikt, Coffee-to-go, Latte macchiato, Gnocchi, Yallah, Shisha oder Sushi – die beherrschenden Fremdwörter aus Wissenschaft und Alltag der Gegenwartssprache im 21. Jahrhundert sind englischen Ursprungs, im letzten Jahrzehnt auch zunehmend aus anderen modernen europäischen und außereuropäischen Sprachen entlehnt. Die Entlehnungsbedingungen dieser Wörter unterscheiden sich damit grundsätzlich von den Gegebenheiten, die für die Integrationsentwicklungen bei Gräzismen und Latinismen sowie für Gallizismen bestimmend waren. Während die Fremdwörter aus den drei bis ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein wesentlichen Gebersprachen über Jahrhunderte hinweg in mehreren Phasen schrittweise Eingang in die deutsche Sprache fanden und dabei durch einen kontinuierlichen, wenn auch nicht immer widerspruchsfreien Prozess orthografischer Normierung begleitet wurden, erfolgte die Übernahme einer Vielzahl von Anglizismen und anderer Neologismen erheblich schneller im Rahmen umfassender Internationalisierung und Globalisierung von Sprache und Gesellschaft. Die entlehnten Wörter bezeichnen zum allergrößten Teil neue Phänomene, Wortbedeutungen oder Sachverhalte, sie sind Indizien für fundamentale gesellschaftliche Veränderungen, die einen grundlegenden Sprach- und schließlich auch Schreibwandel zur Folge haben. Im Gegensatz zum Umfeld früherer Entlehnungen bieten normierende Texte wie Grammatiken oder Wörterbücher daher zunächst noch keine orthografische Orientierung. Stattdessen gewinnt das Internet, bestimmt von professionellen wie auch informellen Schreibern, sowohl als Bezugsquelle von Informationen als auch als Orientierungsrahmen für die Schreibung neuer Wörter eine immer stärkere Bedeutung. Anglizismen spielen dabei eine Sonderrolle: Sie werden sowohl von englischen als auch von deutschen Quelltexten aus rezipiert und zum Teil in ihrem gebersprachlichen graphemischen Status übernommen, zum Teil modifiziert.
Der Krieg von der Kanzel
(2016)
At the beginning of World War I a large number of war sermons ("Kriegspredigten") were published in Germany. The first part of this paper presents an overview of sermons given by my great-grandfather Karl König in August 1914. It elaborates on the general characteristics of war sermons as well as König's specific target audience and his linguistic means. The second part discusses König's usage of the term "Opfer" (victim vs. sacrifice).
The writer Lion Feuchtwanger makes an appeal against World War I with two dramatic adaptations of ancient texts: 'Die Perser des Aischylos' ('Aeschylus' Persians'), and – based on two works by Aristophanes – 'Friede' (‘Peace’). Feuchtwanger uses metaphors in various parts of these plays to express emotions concerning the war (across the spectrum of human emotions). These metaphors function as instruments for reinforcing the intended criticism of war in both works.