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Low-frequency spike-field coherence is a fingerprint of periodicity coding in the auditory cortex
(2018)
The extraction of temporal information from sensory input streams is of paramount importance in the auditory system. In this study, amplitude-modulated sounds were used as stimuli to drive auditory cortex (AC) neurons of the bat species Carollia perspicillata, to assess the interactions between cortical spikes and local-field potentials (LFPs) for the processing of temporal acoustic cues. We observed that neurons in the AC capable of eliciting synchronized spiking to periodic acoustic envelopes were significantly more coherent to theta- and alpha-band LFPs than their non-synchronized counterparts. These differences occurred independently of the modulation rate tested and could not be explained by power or phase modulations of the field potentials. We argue that the coupling between neuronal spiking and the phase of low-frequency LFPs might be important for orchestrating the coding of temporal acoustic structures in the AC.
This article focuses on the 'Wegweiser zur Polnischen und Deutschen Sprache' [Guide to the Polish Language] by Michał Kuś, published in 1646. The Guide is made up of two parts – an extensive dictionary, and a guide to grammar and learning Polish that is more than a dozen pages long. The article's introduction gives information about the author of the Guide and describes the structure of the work. The author also focuses on issues related to the macrostructure of the text (the ordering and selection of the entries). Theoretical considerations are supported by numerous examples throughout the article. Special attention has been paid to making these examples typical of the Guide in order to ensure an objective analysis.
Background: Phobic patients avoid dental treatment impairing their oral health and making it challenging to offer them prosthetic rehabilitation. This study evaluated patients’ experience of implant-supported prosthetic treatment after implantation performed under general anaesthesia due to dental phobia and severe pharyngeal reflexes (SPR). The effect of gender, age and location of implantation on patient satisfaction was tested.
Methods: Two hundred five patients underwent implantation under general anesthesia both in maxilla and mandible, respectively. After a trans-gingival healing period of 6–8 weeks, fixed implant bridges were inserted. Patients completed oral health impact profile questionnaire (OHIP-14). An additional set of six special questions was also developed and considered. Analysis of the OHIP-14 total score was made using logistics regression. Wald chi-square test was used to analyse the effect of age, gender and location of implantation. Effect sizes were estimated as odds-ratios and associated 95% Wald confidence intervals.
Results: Eighty two of 205 patients were included after prosthetic treatment. After start, 38 patients were excluded (4 died and 34 couldn’t be reached). OHIP-14-analyses were made by 43 patients (30–90 years). 67% of patients were totally satisfied with the whole implant rehabilitation (scoring 0). Mean of total score was 2.5. Only age affected significantly (p = 0.014) patients satisfaction. The obtained data indicate that younger patients (30–64 years) especially women are less satisfied (4.95) than older patients (0.3) for age group (65–90 years).Special questions’ data showed that 94.5% were satisfied with their treatment. 77.3% continued regular check-up after treatment and 96.9% would undergo the same treatment again. 95.5% would recommend implants to a friend of colleague.
Conclusion: Gender and location of implantation have no significant influence on patient satisfaction. Younger patients especially women are less satisfied than older patients. Phobic patients are totally satisfied with implant rehabilitation under general anaesthesia which means that this treatment can be considered as a treatment of choice giving these patients the same opportunity like others to improve their oral health and well-being.
Between 28 June and 17 September 2018, 27 cases of human West Nile virus infections were recorded in Austria; four cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease, 11 cases of West Nile fever, six infections detected by blood donation screening and six imported cases. In addition, 18 cases of human Usutu virus infections (all blood donors) were recorded. This is the highest number of annual infections recorded in Austria since the introduction of both viruses.
Upregulations of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the rodent brain have been associated with neuronal aging. To address underlying mechanisms we generated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells constitutively expressing nNOS at a level similar to mouse brain (nNOS+ versus MOCK). Initial experiments revealed S-nitrosylations (SNO) of key players of protein homeostasis: heat shock cognate HSC70/HSPA8 within its nucleotide-binding site, and UBE2D ubiquitin conjugating enzymes at the catalytic site cysteine. HSPA8 is involved in protein folding, organelle import/export and chaperone-mediated LAMP2a-dependent autophagy (CMA). A set of deep redox and full proteome analyses, plus analysis of autophagy, CMA and ubiquitination with rapamycin and starvation as stimuli confirmed the initial observations and revealed a substantial increase of SNO modifications in nNOS+ cells, in particular targeting protein networks involved in protein catabolism, ubiquitination, carbohydrate metabolism and cell cycle control. Importantly, NO-independent reversible oxidations similarly occurred in both cell lines. Functionally, nNOS caused an accumulation of proteins, including CMA substrates and loss of LAMP2a. UBE2D activity and proteasome activity were impaired, resulting in dysregulations of cell cycle checkpoint proteins. The observed changes of protein degradation pathways caused an expansion of the cytoplasm, large lysosomes, slowing of the cell cycle and suppression of proliferation suggesting a switch of the phenotype towards aging, supported by downregulations of neuronal progenitor markers but increase of senescence-associated proteins. Hence, upregulation of nNOS in neuronal cells imposes aging by SNOing of key players of ubiquitination, chaperones and of substrate proteins leading to interference with crucial steps of protein homeostasis.
Research on the music-language interface has extensively investigated similarities and differences of poetic and musical meter, but largely disregarded melody. Using a measure of melodic structure in music––autocorrelations of sound sequences consisting of discrete pitch and duration values––, we show that individual poems feature distinct and text-driven pitch and duration contours, just like songs and other pieces of music. We conceptualize these recurrent melodic contours as an additional, hitherto unnoticed dimension of parallelistic patterning. Poetic speech melodies are higher order units beyond the level of individual syntactic phrases, and also beyond the levels of individual sentences and verse lines. Importantly, auto-correlation scores for pitch and duration recurrences across stanzas are predictive of how melodious naive listeners perceive the respective poems to be, and how likely these poems were to be set to music by professional composers. Experimentally removing classical parallelistic features characteristic of prototypical poems (rhyme, meter, and others) led to decreased autocorrelation scores of pitches, independent of spoken renditions, along with reduced ratings for perceived melodiousness. This suggests that the higher order parallelistic feature of poetic melody strongly interacts with the other parallelistic patterns of poems. Our discovery of a genuine poetic speech melody has great potential for deepening the understanding of the music-language interface.
Der von der GGR (Gesellschaft der Germanisten Rumäniens), von der Universität Oradea und von der Christlichen Universität Partium veranstaltete 11. Internationale Kongress der Germanisten Rumäniens fand zwischen 04.-07. Juni 2018 in Oradea statt. Neben den drei allgemeinen Forschungsgebieten (Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft, Didaktik) erschienen weitere drei Forschungsgebiete mit spezieller Ausrichtung. Unter dem Schwerpunkt "Interkulturalität in Aktion" hat man Themen wie: 4.1. Interreferenţialităţi cultural-literare româno-germane. Geteilte, gemeinsame Welt: Nebeneinander und Miteinander in Rumänien; 4.2. Deutschungarische Kulturtransferprozesse im mitteleuropäischen Raum, behandelt. Das Forschungsgebiet "Übersetzungswissenschaft und Konferenzdolmetschen" wurde in die Sektion 5 zugeordnet. Schließlich haben sich NachwuchswissenschaftlerInnen in der Sektion 6 - "Forum junger ForscherInnen" versammelt.
Der Lehrstuhl für Fremdsprachen der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Pardubice veranstaltete schon zum siebtem Mal seine traditionelle "bienale" internationale Konferenz "Interkulturelle und transkulturelle Dimension im linguistischen, kulturellen und historischen Kontext" zum aktuellen Thema Multikulturalismus in allen möglichen Erscheinungen, Dimensionen, Engpässen sowie Konsequenzen. In Bezug auf die Tradition der vorherigen erfolgreichen Begegnungen hat man ein großes Interesse von Akademikern an der aktiven Teilnahme auch im Jahre 2017 erwartet, und zwar nicht nur aus der Tschechischen Republik, sondern auch vor allem aus dem Ausland.
Tahakküm, her ne kadar gözlemlenebilen bir olgu olsa da, teorik olarak yerini tam olarak belirlemek oldukça güçtür. Fakat Michel Foucault söz konusu tahakkümün sosyal mekânlara nüfuz ettiğini ileri sürmüş, böylelikle de geçici konfigürasyonlar ve söylem yapıları ile tahakkümün kendisini görünür kılabildiğini belirtmiştir (Srubar 2009: 201). Bu bağlamda söz konusu geçiciliğin önüne geçilebilmesi ve belleğin zamana direnmesi için mekânın önemli bir unsur olduğunun söylenilmesi yanlış olmaz. 20. yüzyılın en önemli düşünürlerinden biri olan Edmund Husserl'in öne sürmüş olduğu fikirler felsefe, sosyoloji ve psikoloji alanında analizlerin yapılmasına katkı sağlamıştır. Bu noktada çalışmanın amacı, Husserl'in temellerini atmış olduğu ve bir öz ontolojisi olan fenomenoloji yöntem olarak kullanılarak, 11 Eylül Müzesi'nin analizinin yapılmasıdır. Böylelikle de hafıza mekânı olarak kabul edilen müzenin Husserl referans alınarak göstergebilim üzerinden değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır
Önümüzdeki çalışma, Türkçe Çeviriler Bibliyografyası adlı çalışmada yer alan bilgiler ışığında Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşundan 2016 yılına kadar Türkçeye çevrilmiş ve/ veya Türkiye’de yayımlanmış Alman edebi eserlerini raporlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla öncelikle, Türkçe Çeviriler Bibliyografyası kaynak kitabında da belirtildiği gibi çeşitli basılı ve elektronik kaynaklar (http://www.toplukatalog.gov.tr; https://kasif.mkutup.gov.tr ve http://koha.ekutuphane.gov.tr) taranarak bir veri tabanı oluşturulmuştur. Önümüzdeki çalışmada bu bilgilerden yola çıkılarak aşağıdaki soruların yanıtları aranmıştır: 1. Yıllara göre Almancadan Türkçeye çevrilen eserler belirlendiğinde karşımıza nasıl bir tablo çıkacaktır? 2. Her edebi türden toplam kaç kitap yayımlanmıştır? 3. En çok hangi yazarların eserleri Türkçeye çevrilmiştir? 4. Almancadan Türkçeye çevrilen eserler en çok hangi yayınevi tarafından basılmıştır? 5. En çok hangi çevirmenler Almancadan Türkçeye eserler kazandırmıştır? Bu soruların yanıtlarına istinaden niceliksel değerlere dayanan grafikler hazırlanmıştır. Daha sonra ise hazırlanan bu grafikler niteliksel olarak değerlendirilerek eserler Türkçeye çevrilirken hangi ölçütlerin esas alındığı, çeviri tercihlerinin- dönemine veya çevirmenine göre- nasıl yapıldığı tartışılmaktadır.
Çeviri faaliyeti, 18. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti'nin batılılaşması ve modernleşmesinde önemli bir yere sahipti. Bu amaca yönelik olarak çeviri eylemi, Osmanlı döneminde aydınlanma çağındaki fikirlerin yayılması ile birlikte siyasal ve bilimsel fikirlerin yerleşmesinde de çok etkili olmuştur. Bu durum Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluş yıllarında da devam etmiştir. Bu çeviri faaliyetini gerçekleştiren "gizli kahramanlar", yani çevirmenler, Türk diline ve edebiyatına yaptıkları katkılara nazaran pek tanınmazlar ve bilinmezler. Peki, bu çevirmenler kimlerdi? Kimlerin eserleri hangi dilden ve ne zaman çevrilip, hangi yayınevleri tarafından yayımlanmıştır? Türkçe Çevirmenler Sözlüğü'nde Türk edebiyatına katkıda bulunan ve Türk edebiyatının çeviri yoluyla zenginleşmesinde katkı sağlayan çevirmenlerin listelerini oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır. Ege Üniversitesi ile Johannes Gutenberg Üniversitesi Germersheim-Mainz (Almanya) mütercim tercümanlık bölümlerinin ortak yürüttükleri GIP (Germanistische Institutspartnerschaft) projesi bağlamında Türkçe Çeviriler Bibliyografyası kitap çalışması fikri de ortaya çıkmıştır. Uzun bir yöntem arayışından sonra başta Ege Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi ve Milli Kütüphane kayıtlarını barındıran ve T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kütüphaneler ve Yayımlar Genel Müdürlüğü ve TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM'in Ulusal Toplu Katalog veri tabanından yararlanılarak yabancı dilden Türkçeye aktarılan eserler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından 2016 yılına kadar Türkçeye aktarılan dil ve edebiyatların nesir, nazım ve tiyatro gibi edebi türlerine göre çevirileri incelenmiştir. Toplam 18.741 eser ve 6.006 çevirmen kaydına ulaşılmıştır.
Çeviri, birer eyleyen olarak çevirmenlerin yönlendirdiği bir eylemdir. Bu gerçek, bilgi teknolojilerinin bu uygulama sahasında varlıklarını yoğun biçimde hissettirdikleri günümüz çeviri dünyası içinde de geçerliliğini korumaktadır. İnsanın merkezde bulunduğu her uygulama sahasında olduğu gibi çeviri alanında da nesnel ölçütlerin bulunup uygulanabilmesi, beklenen ve arayışında olunan bir konu olagelmiştir.
Bugün özerk bir araştırma alanı olarak çeviribilim, salt araştırma alanında (pure research) çeviri olgusuna dâhil bütün boyutları betimlemeye ve buradan üst ilkelere ulaşmaya çalışırken, uygulamalı araştırma alanında (applied research) ise çeviri edimi ile ilgili nesnel ölçütler üretmeyi denemektedir. Bu yönüyle çeviribilimciler, çeviri eleştirisi, çeviri politikası, çeviri araçları alanlarında olduğu gibi akademik çeviri eğitiminde de nesnel ölçütleri aramaktadır.
Konu somut olarak çeviri uygulamalarının yaptırıldığı derslere indirgenirse, çeviri derslerinde metin seçiminin, bugün öznel gerekçelere dayandığı söylenebilir. Bu durum, bu çalışmada seçilen konunun sorunsallaştırılmasını önemli hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, çeviri derslerinde metin seçiminin ölçütlerini saptamaya çalışmaktır.
Das Ziel dieses Beitrags besteht darin, am Beispiel der türkischen Germanistikstudenten an der Ege Universität die Merkmale und Entwicklung der pragmatisch-diskursiven Fähigkeit als eine Teilkompetenz der fremdsprachlichen Gesprächskompetenz zu untersuchen. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Abschnitte: Der erste Teil befasst sich mit der ausführlichen Beschreibung der Gesprächskompetenz als fremdsprachliche Kompetenz im Deutschen als Fremdsprache, der Bewertung der fremdsprachlichen Gesprächskompetenz als sprachproduktive Leistung und der Vorstellung von Subkategorien der pragmatisch-diskursiven Fähigkeit anhand der Beispiele aus dem Arbeitskorpus. Im zweiten Teil wird das Untersuchungsdesign und die Analyseergebnisse ausführlich dargestellt.
Are stereotypes possible pillars supporting the learning of a foreign language or are they possible sources of intercultural misunderstandings? In most coursebooks, intercultural materials are embedded in teaching units. The understanding of others is closely related to the understanding of someone's own culture as well as the target culture. Only when someone is aware of the own culture, then the target culture can be understood. In foreign language learning, it plays an important role, so that the knowledge of language structures alone is not enough to use the language successfully. At the same time, it requires cultural knowledge of the target language culture. This study focuses on the effects of culture-based fossilized prejudices on foreign language learning and to show the quantity of these stereotypes in given coursebooks. A coursebook analysis reveals to what extent stereotypes can be found in the respective GFL and TFL coursebooks. A compile of given stereotypes create an overall picture of foreign cultures. To what extent this overall picture reflects the reality has been handled at the end of this study
Her ne kadar Almanya politikası çeşitli fikirlerde de olsa; Almanya, tarihinde her zaman göç alan bir devlet olmuştur ve göçmenlere Almanca öğretimi konusunda oldukça köklü bir geçmişe, engin tecrübelere sahiptir. 60'lı yılların başlangıcında göçmenlere dil öğretimini gerekli görmeyen bu ülke 'dilsizliğin' getirdiği sosyal, siyasal ve ekonomik sorunlar sonrasında başarılı bir entegrasyon süreci için göçmenlere Alman dilinin öğretilmesinin gerekliliğini anlamış ve bu konuda çeşitli modeller denemiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı; Almancanın ikinci dil olarak öğretimi alanındaki kuram ve modellerin, Türkçenin ikinci dil olarak öğretimine uyarlanabilirliğini göstermek ve Almanya'nın bu alandaki tecrübelerinden ikinci dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi alanında yararlanmaktır. Bu nedenle öncelikle 'yabancı dil' ve 'ikinci dil' kavramlarını birbirinden ayıran faktörler üzerinde durulacak ve böylece 'ikinci dil olarak Türkçe' kuramı incelenecektir. Sonrasında yine ikinci dil olarak Almanca öğretimi alanından çeşitli göçmen öğrenci tipleri ve bunlara Almanca öğretimi modelleri ortaya konacak, 'ikinci dil olarak Türkçe' kuramında karşılaşılacak öğrenci kavramının çeşitliliği değerlendirilecektir. Bu noktada okul çağında olan, okullara yatay geçiş yapması gereken ancak henüz Latin alfabesini bilmeyen, kurum olarak 'okul' kavramıyla hiç tanışmamış ve güncel Türkçenin dışında eğitim Türkçesi öğrenmesi gereken gençler üzerinde durulacaktır; çünkü toplumun birliği, bütünlüğü ve geleceği açısından özellikle bu gençlerin kazanılması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Aynı şekilde yetişkinlere Almanca öğretme modelleri tanıtılacak ve bu deneyimlerden 'ikinci dil olarak Türkçe' kuramı ve entegrasyon sürecinde nasıl yararlanılabileceği tartışılacaktır.
Bu araştırmada, 2016 yılında U. Ü. bilimsel araştırma projelerini destekleme birimi (BAP) desteğiyle başlatılan bir proje kapsamında yapılan yabancı dil öğretiminde dijital oyunlar ve oyunlaştırılmış uygulamalar geliştirme çalışmaları ele alınmıştır. Proje sürecinde yapılan alanyazın taraması ve öğretmenlerle yapılan anket çalışması sonucunda yabancı dil öğrenimi ve öğretimi süreçlerinde 3B dijital oyunların yeterince kullanılmadığı ve öğretmenlerin dijital oyun kullanma ve geliştirme konusunda yeterli kuramsal ve uygulamalı bilgiye sahip olmadıkları belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuç dikkate alınarak yapılan bu çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde öğretmenlere ve materyal geliştiricilere yol göstermek amacıyla dijital oyun geliştirme süreci aşama aşama somut örneklerle ortaya konmuş, bu süreçte kullanılabilecek, materyal geliştirme araçları ayrıntılı olarak tanıtılmıştır. Söz konusu proje süreçlerinde elde edilen ve bu çalışmada ortaya konan bilgilerin yabancı dil öğretiminde dijital oyunların yaygınlaşmasına ve yabancı dil öğretmenlerinin kendi dersleri için dijital oyun materyallerini geliştirmelerine katkı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir.
Die Analyse und Bewertung der Sprachlernspiele in dem Lehrwerk 'MOMENT MAL 1' und 'MOMENT MAL 2'
(2018)
Das soziale und interaktive Lernen steht im Vordergrund des gesamten Lernprozesses. Auch der Erwerb einer Fremdsprache, egal in welchem Alter, verlangt soziale und interaktive Lernprozesse. Sprachlernspiele übernehmen in diesem Lernprozess eine wichtige Rolle. Diese Sprachlernspiele werden in dem kommunikativen, sowie interkulturellen Ansatz und in alternativen Methoden als Unterrichtsmaterial in den Lehrwerken benutzt. Obwohl Sprachlernspiele schon Mitte der 70er Jahre des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts in kommunikativ orientierten Methoden ihren Höchstpunkt erreicht haben, ist das Interesse an ihrem Einsatz im Fremdsprachenunterricht bis heutzutage geblieben. Ziel dieser Studie ist, die Sprachlernspiele in den, im deutschen Sprachunterricht verwendeten Lehrwerk "Moment Mal 1" und "Moment Mal 2" zu analysieren, sie nach ihren Eigenschaften und Sprachfertigkeiten zu klassifizieren und die Bedeutung des Spielfaktors im Fremdsprachenlernen hervorzuheben. Diesbezüglich ist eine generelle Definition des Spiels behandelt und seine Eigenschaften, die zur Klassifikation der Sprachlernspiele einen Beitrag geleistet haben, hervorgehoben worden. Außerdem ist der Stellenwert der Sprachlernspiele im Fremdsprachenunterricht erforscht worden. In dieser Studie wurde die Lehrwerkanalyse als Methode verwendet. Die Sprachlernspiele in dem, im Deutschunterricht benutzten Lehrwerk "Moment Mal 1" und "Moment Mal 2" wurden nach dieser Methode analysiert. Von der allgemeinen Spieldefinition und den Zielen des Fremdsprachenunterrichts ausgehend wurden die Sprachlernspiele in diesem Lehrwerk sowohl nach ihren Eigenschaften, als auch bezüglich der Weiterförderung der Sprachfertigkeiten klassifiziert. Außerdem wurden die Sprachlernspiele aus diesem Lehrwerk in den Anadolu-Gymnasien, wo Deutsch als erste Fremdsprache gelehrt wird, ausgeübt.
Eine Studie zur fehleranalytischen Kompetenz der Studierenden in der Deutschlehrendenausbildung
(2018)
Die Fehleranalyse gilt seit langem als eine wertvolle Hilfe beim Fremdsprachenunterricht, weil sowohl Lernende als auch Lehrende dadurch wichtige Informationen über den Spracherwerbsprozess bekommen können. Auch die vorliegende Arbeit beabsichtigt mit Hilfe der Fehleranalyse zu Erkenntnissen über die fehleranalytische Kompetenz der künftigen Deutschlehrer zu gelangen. Ausgangspunkt dieser Studie war die Frage, ob es eine direkte Verbindung zwischen dem Sprachniveau und der fehleranalytischen Kompetenz der Studierenden gebe. An der Untersuchung haben 37 Studierenden der Gazi Universität teilgenommen, von denen sieben Rückkehrende aus Deutschland waren und über gute Sprachkenntnisse verfügten. Alle Probanden befanden sich im sechsten Semester und hatten sich im Rahmen der angewandten Linguistik ein semesterlang mit der Fehleranalyse befasst. Den Probanden wurden zwei Texte vorgelegt, deren Fehler sie identifizieren und anhand eines Rasters klassifizieren mussten. Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass bei der Fehleridentifizierung die Fremdsprachenkenntnisse ein entscheidender Faktor waren. Bei der Fehlerklassifizierung dagegen, schienen die Fremdsprachenkenntnisse eher eine untergeordnete Rolle zu spielen.
Im Bereich des Deutschen als Fremdsprache bietet etwa das Goethe-Institut Prüfungen auf allen Niveaus (A1-C2) an und entwickelt entsprechende Vorbereitungsmaterialien. Dazu gehören neben Modellprüfungen auch Wortlisten A1, A2 und B1 (vgl. z. B. Goethe-Institut 2016). Zur Arbeit mit den Wortlisten im DaF-Unterricht liegen nach Auskunft des Informationszentrums für Fremdsprachenforschung der Philipps-Universität Marburg vom 01.12.2017 weder wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen noch Praxisberichte vor. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit soll versucht werden, zum Beheben dieses Desiderats beizutragen. Der Untersuchungsfokus liegt dabei auf den Erfahrungen der DaF-Studierenden mit dem Einsatz der Wortliste im Unterricht sowie ihren persönlichen Speicherstrategien beim Vokabellernen.
Die Anzahl der Werke zum Thema Antikriegsliteratur, vor allem im Zusammenhang mit dem Ersten Weltkrieg, ist im literarischen Bereich reichlich vorhanden. Die deutsche Literatur bietet durch ihre umfangreiche Anzahl Möglichkeiten diese Werke zu untersuchen. Die Darstellung des Krieges in dem Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" ist deshalb bemerkenswert, weil es viele Beispiele zum Thema Kriegstrauma enthält. Wie wird Kriegstrauma im Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" in der Gegenwartsliteratur geschildert bzw. thematisiert? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, soll das Motiv, "Kriegstrauma" und dessen Darstellungen, die im Roman vorkommen, gelöst werden. Der Ausdruck auf der ersten Seite der Einführung des Romans "Die Schrecken des Ersten Weltkrieges sind die Schrecken aller Kriege", deutet auf das Hauptthema im Roman. Dieser Roman wird auch heute 100 Jahre nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg als ein Zeitzeugen-Dokument angesehen. Der Roman schildert die Erfahrungen eines einfachen Frontsoldaten im Ersten Weltkrieg, den Erich Maria Remarque im Jahre 1927 als er an der Westfront Dienst war geschrieben hat. Im Roman "Im Westen nichts Neues" wird die Geschichte des deutschen Soldaten Paul Bäumer und seiner Kameraden im Ersten Weltkrieg erzählt. Traumata / Kriegstraumata / Kriegserlebnisse der Soldaten an der Front sind ein zentrales Thema des Romans.
'Leutnant Gustl' als eine repräsentative Figur für die
Identitätsdefizite in der Gesellschaft
(2018)
In vorliegender Arbeit haben wir den Versuch unternommen, die Novelle mit dem Titel "Leutnant Gustl" von Arthur Schnitzler im Lichte der wissenschaftlichen Literatur mit dem deskriptiven Verfahren zu analysieren. Es geht darin um einen Konflikt zwischen der inneren Welt des kleinbürgerlichen Protagonisten der k.u.k. Monarchie der Jahrhundertwende, und der Gesellschaft, in der er lebt. Hier wird vorwiegend die Identitätskrise der Figur Leutnant Gustl, die mit seiner Umgebung zu tun hat, und die sich mit der Überwindung derselben auseinandergesetzt. Bei der Analyse wird nicht zuletzt auf die Fragen eingegangen, worin die Identitätsprobleme liegen, wie der Protagonist aus diesen Problemen herauszukommen versucht.
Rolf Schneider gehörte zu jenen DDR-Schriftstellern, deren Romane um 1970 überwiegend in der Bundesrepublik herauskamen. Auch war er Teil der Gruppe von Autoren, die von 1978 bis 1981 langfristige Visa erhielten und zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland hin- und herpendelten. Es ist anzunehmen, dass der Umstand, gleichsam zwischen den Stühlen zu sitzen, Schneiders Autorschaft in hohem Maß bedingte. Damit ist zugleich die Frage aufgeworfen, in welcher Weise dies der Fall war. Im Beitrag soll dem anhand der 1965 erschienenen Erzählung Metamorphosen nachgegangen werden. Sie bietet sich hier deshalb als Textgrundlage an, da sie eine intertextuelle Relation zu Die Verwandlung von Franz Kafka aufweist, dessen Werk von den Kulturfunktionären der DDR bis in die 70er Jahre hinein abgelehnt und aus dem offiziellen "Erbe"-Kanon ausgeschlossen wurde. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist davon auszugehen, dass die in Metamorphosen enthaltenen Anspielungen auf den Kafka-Text Schneider zur Inszenierung seiner regimekritischen Autorschaft dienten. Wie dies im Einzelnen aussah, ist Gegenstand der Untersuchung, die sich den intertextuellen Bezügen von verschiedenen Seiten annähern wird, um so die Aspekte zu beleuchten, die für die literarische Selbstdarstellung Schneiders maßgeblich sind.
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einer Frage, die aufmerksame Leser von Wolfgang Hilbigs Texten vor Fragen stellt, der Frage nach den Störungen in der Libido seiner Protagonisten, die zugleich Alter-Ego-Figuren im Werk sind. Dass sich diese Störungen über viele verschiedenen Texte und in einer konstant wiederkehrenden Dauer zeigen, wird durch Beispiele nachgewiesen. Es wird eine Erklärung dieses Phänomens am Schluss des Beitrags zur Diskussion gestellt. Dabei geht der Diskurs von den Protagonisten Hilbigs bis in den Diskurs um die Problematik des Autors über.
All linguistics should be media linguistics, but it is not. This thesis is presented by using linguistic landscapes as an example. LL research does not belong to the traditional core of either mainstream linguistics or media linguistics. This is why not everything within power has been done yet to make full use of their thematic, conceptual and methodological possibilities. Visible signs in public space, however, are an everyday phenomenon. You have to pull out all the stops to research them extensively. The distinction between linguistics and media linguistics turns out to be counterproductive. But this does not only apply to the case of linguistic landscapes. It also stands for any comprehensive investigation of language and language use. (Exceptions may be very narrow questions for specific purposes.) The above thoughts are supported by a database of the project „Metropolenzeichen“ with more than 25.000 systematically collected, geocoded and tagged photographs.
Mitochondrial derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are known for their signaling qualities in both physiology and pathology. To elucidate mitochondrial complex I-dependent ROS-signaling after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulation THP-1 macrophages with a knockdown of the transmembrane protein TMEM126B were generated. TMEM knockdown cells (sh126B) showed a reduced assembly of complex I and attenuated mtROS production. In these cells we identified protein oxidization by mtROS upon LPS-treatment using the BIAM switch assay coupled to liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. One of the identified targets of mtROS was succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) flavoprotein subunit A (SDHA). Oxidation of SDHA decreased its enzymatic activity and pharmacological inhibition of SDH in turn stabilized hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and caused the subsequent, sustained expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Oxidation of SDHA in sh126B cells was attenuated, while pharmacological inhibition of SDH by atpenin A5 restored IL-1β expression in sh126B cells upon LPS-treatment. Conclusively, oxidation of SDH by mtROS links an altered metabolism, i.e. succinate accumulation to HIF-1-driven, inflammatory changes in macrophages.
Recent research indicates that attentional stimulus selection could be a rhythmic process. In monkey, neurons in V4 and IT exhibit rhythmic spiking activity in the theta range in response to a stimulus. When two stimuli are presented together, the rhythmic neuronal responses to each occur in anti-phase, a result indicative of competitive interactions. In addition, it was recently demonstrated that these alternating oscillations in monkey V4 modulate the speed of saccadic responses to a target flashed on one of the two competing stimuli. Here, we replicate a similar behavioral task in humans (7 participants, each performed 4000 trials) and report a pattern of results consistent with the monkey findings: saccadic response times fluctuate in the theta range (6 Hz), with opposite phase for targets flashed on distinct competing stimuli.
An information-theoretic approach to numerically determine the Markov order of discrete stochastic processes defined over a finite state space is introduced. To measure statistical dependencies between different time points of symbolic time series, two information-theoretic measures are proposed. The first measure is time-lagged mutual information between the random variables Xn and Xn+k, representing the values of the process at time points n and n + k, respectively. The measure will be termed autoinformation, in analogy to the autocorrelation function for metric time series, but using Shannon entropy rather than linear correlation. This measure is complemented by the conditional mutual information between Xn and Xn+k, removing the influence of the intermediate values Xn+k−1, …, Xn+1. The second measure is termed partial autoinformation, in analogy to the partial autocorrelation function (PACF) in metric time series analysis. Mathematical relations with known quantities such as the entropy rate and active information storage are established. Both measures are applied to a number of examples, ranging from theoretical Markov and non-Markov processes with known stochastic properties, to models from statistical physics, and finally, to a discrete transform of an EEG data set. The combination of autoinformation and partial autoinformation yields important insights into the temporal structure of the data in all test cases. For first- and higher-order Markov processes, partial autoinformation correctly identifies the order parameter, but also suggests extended, non-Markovian effects in the examples that lack the Markov property. For three hidden Markov models (HMMs), the underlying Markov order is found. The combination of both quantities may be used as an early step in the analysis of experimental, non-metric time series and can be employed to discover higher-order Markov dependencies, non-Markovianity and periodicities in symbolic time series.
Macrophages are highly versatile cells, which acquire, depending on their microenvironment, pro- (M1-like), or antiinflammatory (M2-like) phenotypes. Here, we studied the role of the G-protein coupled receptor G2A (GPR132), in chemotactic migration and polarization of macrophages, using the zymosan-model of acute inflammation. G2A-deficient mice showed a reduced zymosan-induced thermal hyperalgesia, which was reversed after macrophage depletion. Fittingly, the number of M1-like macrophages was reduced in the inflamed tissue in G2A-deficient mice. However, G2A activation was not sufficient to promote M1-polarization in bone marrow-derived macrophages. While the number of monocyte-derived macrophages in the inflamed paw was not altered, G2A-deficient mice had less macrophages in the direct vicinity of the origin of inflammation, an area marked by the presence of zymosan, neutrophil accumulation and proinflammatory cytokines. Fittingly neutrophil efferocytosis was decreased in G2A-deficient mice and several lipids, which are released by neutrophils and promote G2A-mediated chemotaxis, were increased in the inflamed tissue. Taken together, G2A is necessary to position macrophages in the proinflammatory microenvironment surrounding the center of inflammation. In absence of G2A the macrophages are localized in an antiinflammatory microenvironment and macrophage polarization is shifted toward M2-like macrophages.
Mandelic acid is an important aromatic fine chemical and is currently mainly produced via chemical synthesis. Recently, mandelic acid production was achieved by microbial fermentations using engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing heterologous hydroxymandelate synthases (hmaS). The best-performing strains carried a deletion of the gene encoding the first enzyme of the tyrosine biosynthetic pathway and therefore were auxotrophic for tyrosine. This was necessary to avoid formation of the competing intermediate hydroxyphenylpyruvate, the preferred substrate for HmaS, which would have resulted in the predominant production of hydroxymandelic acid. However, feeding tyrosine to the medium would increase fermentation costs. In order to engineer a tyrosine prototrophic mandelic acid-producing S. cerevisiae strain, we tested three strategies: (1) rational engineering of the HmaS active site for reduced binding of hydroxyphenylpyruvate, (2) compartmentalization of the mandelic acid biosynthesis pathway by relocating HmaS together with the two upstream enzymes chorismate mutase Aro7 and prephenate dehydratase Pha2 into mitochondria or peroxisomes, and (3) utilizing a feedback-resistant version of the bifunctional E. coli enzyme PheA (PheAfbr) in an aro7 deletion strain. PheA has both chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydratase activity. Whereas the enzyme engineering approaches were only successful in respect to reducing the preference of HmaS for hydroxyphenylpyruvate but not in increasing mandelic acid titers, we could show that strategies (2) and (3) significantly reduced hydroxymandelic acid production in favor of increased mandelic acid production, without causing tyrosine auxotrophy. Using the bifunctional enzyme PheAfbr turned out to be the most promising strategy, and mandelic acid production could be increased 12-fold, yielding titers up to 120 mg/L. Moreover, our results indicate that utilizing PheAfbr also shows promise for other industrial applications with S. cerevisiae that depend on a strong flux into the phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway.
Background: Protective effects of vitamin D have been reported in autoimmune and malignant thyroid diseases, though little is known about the underlying mechanism. Sirtuin 1 histon deacethylase (SIRT1) links the vitamin D pathway with regulation of transcription factor FOXO3a, a key player in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Aim of the present study was to investigate common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's) in FOXO3a gene in respect to thyroid diseases, as well as to evaluate the hypothesis of Sirtuin1-FOXO3a interaction being a mediator of anti-proliferative vitamin D effects.
Methods: The SNP's FOXO3a rs4946936/rs4945816/rs9400239 were genotyped in 257 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), 139 patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and 463 healthy controls (HC). Moreover, T-helper cells of HC and papillary thyroid cancer cell line BCPAP were incubated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and/or SIRT1 inhibitor Ex-527 in order to elucidate SIRT1- dependent vitamin D effects on cell proliferation and FOXO3a gene expression in vitro.
Results: Patients with DTC tended to carry more often allele C in FOXO3a rs4946936 in comparison to HC (pcorrected = pc = 0.08). FOXO3a rs9400239T and rs4945816C was more frequent in HT in comparison to HC (pc = 0.02 and pc = 0.01, respectively). In both DTC and HT, we could not find a correlation of FOXO3a SNP's with vitamin D status. However, on in vitro level, 1,25(OH)2D3 showed an anti-proliferative effect in both T-helper cells and BCPAP, that was blocked by SIRT1 inhibition (T-helper cells: p = 0.0059, BCPAP: p = 0.04) and accompanied by elevated FOXO3a gene expression in T-helper cells (p = 0.05).
Conclusions: FOXO3a rs9400239T and rs4945816C may constitute risk factors for HT, independent of the vitamin D status.This indicates the implication of FOXO3a in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. The dependency of anti-proliferative vitamin D effects on SIRT1 activity further suggests a key role of vitamin D-SIRT1-FOXO3a axis for protective vitamin D effects.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a major psychiatric illness affecting around 1% of the global population. BD is characterized by recurrent manic and depressive episodes, and has an estimated heritability of around 70%. Research has identified the first BD susceptibility genes. However, the underlying pathways and regulatory networks remain largely unknown. Research suggests that the cumulative impact of common alleles with small effects explains only around 25–38% of the phenotypic variance for BD. A plausible hypothesis therefore is that rare, high penetrance variants may contribute to BD risk. The present study investigated the role of rare, nonsynonymous, and potentially functional variants via whole exome sequencing in 15 BD cases from two large, multiply affected families from Cuba. The high prevalence of BD in these pedigrees renders them promising in terms of the identification of genetic risk variants with large effect sizes. In addition, SNP array data were used to calculate polygenic risk scores for affected and unaffected family members. After correction for multiple testing, no significant increase in polygenic risk scores for common, BD-associated genetic variants was found in BD cases compared to healthy relatives. Exome sequencing identified a total of 17 rare and potentially damaging variants in 17 genes. The identified variants were shared by all investigated BD cases in the respective pedigree. The most promising variant was located in the gene SERPING1 (p.L349F), which has been reported previously as a genome-wide significant risk gene for schizophrenia. The present data suggest novel candidate genes for BD susceptibility, and may facilitate the discovery of disease-relevant pathways and regulatory networks.
Scholars have debated the taxonomic identity of isolated primate teeth from the Asian Pleistocene for over a century, which is complicated by morphological and metric convergence between orangutan (Pongo) and hominin (Homo) molariform teeth. Like Homo erectus, Pongo once showed considerable dental variation and a wide distribution throughout mainland and insular Asia. In order to clarify the utility of isolated dental remains to document the presence of hominins during Asian prehistory, we examined enamel thickness, enamel-dentine junction shape, and crown development in 33 molars from G. H. R. von Koenigswald's Chinese Apothecary collection (11 Sinanthropus officinalis [= Homo erectus], 21 “Hemanthropus peii,” and 1 “Hemanthropus peii” or Pongo) and 7 molars from Sangiran dome (either Homo erectus or Pongo). All fossil teeth were imaged with non-destructive conventional and/or synchrotron micro-computed tomography. These were compared to H. erectus teeth from Zhoukoudian, Sangiran and Trinil, and a large comparative sample of fossil Pongo, recent Pongo, and recent human teeth. We find that Homo and Pongo molars overlap substantially in relative enamel thickness; molar enamel-dentine junction shape is more distinctive, with Pongo showing relatively shorter dentine horns and wider crowns than Homo. Long-period line periodicity values are significantly greater in Pongo than in H. erectus, leading to longer crown formation times in the former. Most of the sample originally assigned to S. officinalis and H. erectus shows greater affinity to Pongo than to the hominin comparative sample. Moreover, enamel thickness, enamel-dentine junction shape, and a long-period line periodicity value in the “Hemanthropus peii” sample are indistinguishable from fossil Pongo. These results underscore the need for additional recovery and study of associated dentitions prior to erecting new taxa from isolated teeth.
Angegeben wird jeweils das Sammeldatum des für die Chromosomenzählung verwendeten Materials (Lebendpflanze, Samen) zuzüglich eines eventuell gesammelten Beleges sowie –
getrennt durch einen Schrägstrich – Sammeldatum und Aufbewahrungsort eines Beleges der gezählten Pflanze. Wird nur ein Datum angegeben, ist allein die Wildaufsammlung dokumentiert. Die Abkürzungen der Herbarien richten sich nach Holmgren & al. (1990, sowie Onlinenachträge, für die neuerdings B. Thiers verantwortlich zeichnet). Taxonomie und Nomenklatur richten sich nach der aktuellen deutschen Standardliste (BUTTLER & HAND 2008). Die Abbildungen zeigen Metaphasen, die an Quetschpräparaten von Wurzelspitzen gewonnen wurden (zur Methodik siehe VOGT & APARICIO 2000). Ralf Hand dankt Michael Meyer und seinem Gärtnerteam sowie Monika Lüchow und Monika Cubr (alle Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem) für Kultur, Dokumentation und Hilfe bei der Zählung von Material.
Soweit bisher noch nicht geschehen, werden für Sippen der Potentillacollina- Gruppe mit Zackenhaaren, die mutmaßlich aus Kreuzungen zwischen P. argentea l. und P. incana G. Gaertn., B. mey. & Scherb. hervorgegangen sind, und für mit der P.-collina- Gruppe in Verbindung gebrachte Sippen Lecto- oder Neotypen ausgewählt.
In dem Beitrag sind weitere Nachträge und Korrekturen zur 2008 veröffentlichten „Liste der Gefäßpflanzen Deutschlands“ zusammengestellt und kommentiert. 3 Taxa, darunter 1 eingebürgerter Neophyt, müssen der Liste hinzugefügt, 2 Taxa müssen gestrichen werden. die Nomenklatur von ×Triticosecale rimpaui wird besprochen.
Schriftenschau
(2009)
Die Nelke Dianthus carthusianorum wurde nach dem Kartäuserorden benannt. Nach den derzeit geltenden deutschen Rechtschreibregeln ist nur die Schreibweise „Kartäusernelke“ ohne h korrekt. Der tatsächliche Gebrauch (Literatur, Internet) ist jedoch nicht einheitlich. Für die Form ohne h sprechen die etymologische Herkunft und die Übereinstimmung mit anderen europäischen Sprachen, für die Form mit h eine mehr als 500jährige Tradition im deutschen Sprachraum.
Es gibt in der botanischen Taxonomie (bisher) nur einen Autor wissenschaftlicher Pflanzennamen namens Medikus oder Medicus ohne gleichnamige Nomenklatoren neben ihm. Die in BRUMMITT & POWELL (1992) angeführten Standardautoren „L.W.MEDICUS“ und „W.MEDICUS“ sind als nomenklatorisch irrelevant zu ignorieren. Die Autorbezeichnung „MEDIK.“ gilt ausnahmslos für alle infrage kommenden Taxa. Autorbezeichnungen wie „MED.“, „MEDIC.“ oder „MEDICUS“ sind entsprechend zu standardisieren.
In Karten wird die Verbreitung von 49 Alchemilla-Arten im Französischen und Schweizer Jura dargestellt. A. psilopodia wird als Art neu beschrieben. Mehrere Erstnachweise werden erbracht: Neu sind A. oscensis für Mitteleuropa, A. hybrida für die Schweiz, A. jaquetiana für Frankreich, A. firma, A. propinqua, A. speciosa, A. squarrosula für den Jura. Die aus Südwesteuropa einstrahlenden Arten (A. hybrida, A. oscensis, A. vetteri) werden ausführlich beschrieben und in Abbildungen, Bestimmungs- und Merkmalstabellen mit ähnlichen Arten verglichen (A. colorata, A. exigua, A. filicaulis, A. glaucescens, A. monticola, A. plicata, A. propinqua, A. psilopodia, A. strigosula, A. subglobosa).
Es wird eine Übersicht über die in Deutschland vorkommenden Bolboschoenus- Arten gegeben, die Bestimmungsschlüssel und Verbreitungsübersichten mit Listen geprüfter Belege enthält. Herbarrevisionen und Exkursionen sind Grundlagen der Arbeit. In Deutschland sind vier Bolboschoenus- Arten indigen: B. maritimus s. str. ist eine halophile Art der Küsten und Binnensalzstellen; B. laticarpus ist weit verbreitet in Süßwasserhabitaten, besonders in Flussauen; B. planiculmis ist eine seltene Art von Sekundärhabitaten, insbesondere Nassstellen in Feldern, von der aktuelle Funde nur aus Bayern und Sachsen-Anhalt bekannt sind; B. yagara ist ebenfalls eine seltene Art, deren Vorkommen in Fischteichen der sächsischen Lausitz, in Thüringen, Bayern und Baden- Württemberg liegen. Häufigkeiten, mögliche Ausbreitungstendenzen und Schutzbedürftigkeit werden diskutiert.
Angegeben wird jeweils das Sammeldatum des für die Chromosomenzählung verwendeten Materials (Lebendpflanze, Samen) zuzüglich eines eventuell gesammelten Beleges sowie – getrennt durch einen Schrägstrich – Sammeldatum und Aufbewahrungsort eines Beleges der gezählten Pflanze. Wird nur ein Datum angegeben, ist allein die Wildaufsammlung dokumentiert. Die Abkürzungen der Herbarien richten sich nach HOLMGREN & al. (1990, sowie Online-Nachträge). Taxonomie und Nomenklatur richten sich nach der aktuellen deutschen Standardliste (BUTTLER & HAND 2008). Wie bereits in vorhergehenden Folge werden wiederum einige Zählungen aus dem grenznahen Ausland mit aufgenommen.
Die Intention der hiermit fortgesetzten Reihe sowie die Kriterien zur Aufnahme der besprochenen Literatur und der nomenklatorischen Neuigkeiten sind in der Einführung zur ersten Folge in Kochia 1 erläutert. Der Abschnitt „Taxonomie“, der der „Molekularen Phylogenetik“ normalerweise vorangestellt ist, entfällt dieses Mal mangels mitteilenswerter Publikationen. Dies spiegelt in gewisser Weise die Entwicklung an nationalen und internationalen Hochschulen wider.
Im Rheinland fallen zwei frühblühende Capsella-Sippen auf. Die zuerst blühende Sippe, Capsella I genannt, würde man als Teil einer weit gefassten C. bursa-pastoris ansehen. Etwas später blüht C. rubella, eine bisher vermutlich weitgehend übersehene Art des Rheinlandes. Taxonomie und Merkmalsbewertung bei Capsella werden diskutiert.
Uluslararası Savaş ve Kültür Sempozyumu, Amasya Üniversitesi ve Kıbrıs Balkanlar Avrasya Türk Edebiyatları Kurumu (KIBATEK) iş birliği ile 17-19 Kasım tarihleri arasında Amasya Üniversitesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Savaş, kültürü şekillendiren, yönlendiren ve değiştiren ve kültürle olan bu ilişkisinden dolayı kendi diyalektiğini doğuran bir olgudur.
Uluslararası Batı Kültürü ve Edebiyatları Araştırmaları Sempozyumunun beşincisi 4-6 Ekim 2017 tarihleri arasında Sivas'ta gerçekleştirildi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı, Fransız Dili ve Edebiyatı, İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı ve Mütercim-Tercümanlık Bölümleri tarafından düzenlenen ve ana teması "bellek" olan bu bilgi şölenine gerek yurt içinden gerek yurt dışından çok sayıda öğretim elemanı bildiri ve poster gibi akademik çalışmalarla katıldı.
Die Kulturabteilung der Deutschen Botschaft Ankara, das DAAD-Informationszentrum Ankara und die Hacettepe Universität boten im Frühlingssemester 2017 für interessierte Masterstudierende und Doktoranden ein Workshop-Seminar zu kulturellen Konzepten von in den Werken von Zafer Şenocak an. Konzepte von Migration, Transkulturalität, Sprachvarietäten standen besonders im Fokus der Veranstaltung.