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Im Rahmen der botanischen Kartierung im baden- ürttembergischen Alpenvorland und dem angrenzenden bayerischen Allgäu wurden in den Jahren 2001 bis 2011 sechs Exemplare der seltenen Hybride Dryopteris ×brathaica (D. carthusiana × D. filix- mas) entdeckt. Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen an mitteleuropäischen Vertretern der Gattung Dryopteris zeigen sippendifferenzierende Längenunterschiede von DNA die in der vorliegenden Arbeit für einige hier interessierende Taxa in Form von Elektropherogrammen gezeigt werden. Für D. ×brathaica und D. ×deweveri wird die hybridogene Abstammung molekulargenetisch bestätigt. Nach einem Rückblick auf bisherige Funde von D. ×brathaica in England, Deutschland, Frankreich und Österreich werden von den Wuchsorten in Baden-württemberg und Bayern ökologische Aspekte und das Artenspektrum der begleitenden Farnpflanzen beschrieben. Die ausführliche morphologische Beschreibung von D. ×brathaica basiert auf Proben der neu aufgefundenen Pflanzen sowie auf uns vorliegenden Herbarbelegen englischer und österreichischer Herkunft. Ergänzt durch morphometrische Messungen wird die morphologische Mittelstellung von D. ×brathaica zu beiden Elternarten an verschiedenen Merkmalen verdeutlicht und die Hybride gegen D. remota abgegrenzt. An einer der neu aufgefundenen Pflanzen von D. ×brathaica wurde eine Chromosomenzählung durchgeführt.
Die taxonomische Umgrenzung und interpretation von Hieracium fallax war im 19. Jahrhundert sehr unklar und teilweise schwankend. Sie hat dann vor allem durch die Monographie von Nägeli & Peter (1889) eine starke Wandlung erfahren, die mit Beschreibung bei Willdenow (1809) und dem Typus-Material in B nicht mehr übereinstimmt. Die Geschichte dieses Bedeutungswandels wird kurz dargelegt. Der von Bräutigam & Greuter (2007) im Zuge der Ausgliederung von Pilosella aus Hieracium vorgenommene Namenswechsel zu P. setigera Fr. ist zu korrigieren, da für die betreffende „echioides-cymosum“- Zwischenart mit H. cymosiforme Froel. ein älterer Name aufgegriffen werden muss. Die Namen H. cymosiforme, H. fallax und Pilosella setigera werden lectotypisiert und die Neukombination P. cymosiformis vorgenommen.
Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen which can persist in the hospital environment not only due to the acquirement of multiple antibiotic resistances, but also because of its exceptional resistance against disinfectants and desiccation. A suitable desiccation assay was established in which A. baumannii ATCC 19606T survived for ca. 1 month. The growth medium slightly influenced survival after subsequent desiccation. A significant effect could be attributed to the growth phase in which bacteria were dried: In exponential phase, cells were much more desiccation sensitive. The main focus of the present study was the elucidation of the role of compatible solutes, which are known to protect many bacteria under low water activity conditions, in desiccation survival of A. baumannii. Exogenous trehalose was shown to efficiently protect A. baumannii on dry surfaces, in contrast to other compatible solutes tested such as mannitol or glycine betaine. To analyze the importance of intracellularly accumulated solutes, a double mutant lacking biosynthesis pathways for mannitol and trehalose was generated. This mutant accumulated glutamate as sole solute in the presence of high NaCl concentrations and showed severe growth defects under osmotic stress conditions. However, no effect on desiccation tolerance could be seen, neither when cells were dried in water nor in the presence of NaCl.
The centrosome linker proteins C-Nap1, rootletin, and CEP68 connect the two centrosomes of a cell during interphase into one microtubule-organizing center. This coupling is important for cell migration, cilia formation, and timing of mitotic spindle formation. Very little is known about the structure of the centrosome linker. Here, we used stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy to show that each C-Nap1 ring at the proximal end of the two centrioles organizes a rootletin ring and, in addition, multiple rootletin/CEP68 fibers. Rootletin/CEP68 fibers originating from the two centrosomes form a web-like, interdigitating network, explaining the flexible nature of the centrosome linker. The rootletin/CEP68 filaments are repetitive and highly ordered. Staggered rootletin molecules (N-to-N and C-to-C) within the filaments are 75 nm apart. Rootletin binds CEP68 via its C-terminal spectrin repeat-containing region in 75-nm intervals. The N-to-C distance of two rootletin molecules is ∼35 to 40 nm, leading to an estimated minimal rootletin length of ∼110 nm. CEP68 is important in forming rootletin filaments that branch off centrioles and to modulate the thickness of rootletin fibers. Thus, the centrosome linker consists of a vast network of repeating rootletin units with C-Nap1 as ring organizer and CEP68 as filament modulator.
Complex I (proton-pumping NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the largest enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and a significant source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesized that during energy conversion by complex I, electron transfer onto ubiquinone triggers the concerted rearrangement of three protein loops of subunits ND1, ND3, and 49-kDa thereby generating the power-stoke driving proton pumping. Here we show that fixing loop TMH1-2ND3 to the nearby subunit PSST via a disulfide bridge introduced by site-directed mutagenesis reversibly disengages proton pumping without impairing ubiquinone reduction, inhibitor binding or the Active/Deactive transition. The X-ray structure of mutant complex I indicates that the disulfide bridge immobilizes but does not displace the tip of loop TMH1-2ND3. We conclude that movement of loop TMH1-2ND3 located at the ubiquinone-binding pocket is required to drive proton pumping corroborating one of the central predictions of our model for the mechanism of energy conversion by complex I proposed earlier.
Light absorption of myoglobin triggers diatomic ligand photolysis and a spin crossover transition of iron(II) that initiate protein conformational change. The photolysis and spin crossover reactions happen concurrently on a femtosecond timescale. The microscopic origin of these reactions remains controversial. Here, we apply quantum wavepacket dynamics to elucidate the ultrafast photochemical mechanism for a heme–carbon monoxide (heme–CO) complex. We observe coherent oscillations of the Fe–CO bond distance with a period of 42 fs and an amplitude of ∼1 Å. These nuclear motions induce pronounced geometric reorganization, which makes the CO dissociation irreversible. The reaction is initially dominated by symmetry breaking vibrations inducing an electron transfer from porphyrin to iron. Subsequently, the wavepacket relaxes to the triplet manifold in ∼75 fs and to the quintet manifold in ∼430 fs. Our results highlight the central role of nuclear vibrations at the origin of the ultrafast photodynamics of organometallic complexes.
Previous magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies have revealed gamma-band activity at sensors over parietal and fronto-temporal cortex during the delay phase of auditory spatial and non-spatial match-to-sample tasks, respectively. While this activity was interpreted as reflecting the memory maintenance of sound features, we noted that task-related activation differences might have been present already prior to the onset of the sample stimulus. The present study focused on the interval between a visual cue indicating which sound feature was to be memorized (lateralization or pitch) and sample sound presentation to test for task-related activation differences preceding stimulus encoding. MEG spectral activity was analyzed with cluster randomization tests (N = 15). Whereas there were no differences in frequencies below 40 Hz, gamma-band spectral amplitude (about 50–65 and 90–100 Hz) was higher for the lateralization than the pitch task. This activity was localized at right posterior and central sensors and present for several hundred ms after task cue offset. Activity at 50–65 Hz was also increased throughout the delay phase for the lateralization compared with the pitch task. Apparently cortical networks related to auditory spatial processing were activated after participants had been informed about the task.
The ATP-binding cassette transporter TAPL translocates polypeptides from the cytosol into the lysosomal lumen. TAPL can be divided into two functional units: coreTAPL, active in ATP-dependent peptide translocation, and the N-terminal membrane spanning domain, TMD0, responsible for cellular localization and interaction with the lysosomal associated membrane proteins LAMP-1 and LAMP-2. Although the structure and function of ABC transporters were intensively analyzed in the past, the knowledge about accessory membrane embedded domains is limited. Therefore, we expressed the TMD0 of TAPL via a cell-free expression system and confirmed its correct folding by NMR and interaction studies. In cell as well as cell-free expressed TMD0 forms oligomers, which were assigned as dimers by PELDOR spectroscopy and static light scattering. By NMR spectroscopy of uniformly and selectively isotope labeled TMD0 we performed a complete backbone and partial side chain assignment. Accordingly, TMD0 has a four transmembrane helix topology with a short helical segment in a lysosomal loop. The topology of TMD0 was confirmed by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement with paramagnetic stearic acid as well as by nuclear Overhauser effects with c6-DHPC and cross-peaks with water.
Some students evidently find it difficult to paraphrase the content of a text (particularly a specialist or professional text) after reading it. This inability may have a negative impact on their performance when writing Bachelor theses or when studying in general. This paper therefore addresses the question of how to help students of German develop the important competency of paraphrasing and summarizing the content of texts. The starting point was a small-scale research project conducted among students at the Department of German Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Ostrava; the results of the research were analyzed to identify the main problems encountered by students when carrying out these tasks. This analysis forms the basis for an overview of strategies and methods which can be practised by students when paraphrasing and summarizing the content of texts. The article systematizes the key processes and operations for paraphrasing and summarizing with reference to the theoretical literature. The article seeks to contribute to the discussion of a broad range of methods that can be used to help improve the quality of foreign language studies and the study of specialist and professional language
The recent recolonisation of the Central European lowland (CEL) by the grey wolf (Canis lupus) provides an excellent opportunity to study the effect of founder events on endoparasite diversity. Which role do prey and predator populations play in the re-establishment of endoparasite life cycles? Which intrinsic and extrinsic factors control individual endoparasite diversity in an expanding host population? In 53 individually known CEL wolves sampled in Germany, we revealed a community of four cestode, eight nematode, one trematode and 12 potential Sarcocystis species through molecular genetic techniques. Infections with zoonotic Echinococcus multilocularis, Trichinella britovi and T. spiralis occurred as single cases. Per capita endoparasite species richness and diversity significantly increased with population size and changed with age, whereas sex, microsatellite heterozygosity, and geographic origin had no effect. Tapeworm abundance (Taenia spp.) was significantly higher in immigrants than natives. Metacestode prevalence was slightly higher in ungulates from wolf territories than from control areas elsewhere. Even though alternative canid definitive hosts might also play a role within the investigated parasite life cycles, our findings indicate that (1) immigrated wolves increase parasite diversity in German packs, and (2) prevalence of wolf-associated parasites had declined during wolf absence and has now risen during recolonisation.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms a complex endomembrane network that reaches into the cellular compartments of a neuron, including dendritic spines. Recent work discloses that the spine ER is a dynamic structure that enters and leaves spines. While evidence exists that ER Ca2+ release is involved in synaptic plasticity, the role of spine ER morphology remains unknown. Combining a new 3D spine generator with 3D Ca2+ modeling, we addressed the relevance of ER positioning on spine-to-dendrite Ca2+ signaling. Our simulations, which account for Ca2+ exchange on the plasma membrane and ER, show that spine ER needs to be present in distinct morphological conformations in order to overcome a barrier between the spine and dendritic shaft. We demonstrate that RyR-carrying spine ER promotes spine-to-dendrite Ca2+ signals in a position-dependent manner. Our simulations indicate that RyR-carrying ER can initiate time-delayed Ca2+ reverberation, depending on the precise position of the spine ER. Upon spine growth, structural reorganization of the ER restores spine-to-dendrite Ca2+ communication, while maintaining aspects of Ca2+ homeostasis in the spine head. Our work emphasizes the relevance of precise positioning of RyR-containing spine ER in regulating the strength and timing of spine Ca2+ signaling, which could play an important role in tuning spine-to-dendrite Ca2+ communication and homeostasis.
Background: Vitamin D is required to maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier and inhibits inflammatory signaling pathways.
Objective: Vitamin D deficiency might be involved in cirrhosis-associated systemic inflammation and risk of hepatic decompensation in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Methods: Outpatients of the Hepatology Unit of the University Hospital Frankfurt with advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis were prospectively enrolled. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3) serum concentrations were quantified and associated with markers of systemic inflammation / intestinal bacterial translocation and hepatic decompensation.
Results: A total of 338 patients with advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis were included. Of those, 51 patients (15%) were hospitalized due to hepatic decompensation during follow-up. Overall, 72 patients (21%) had severe vitamin D deficiency. However, patients receiving vitamin D supplements had significantly higher 25(OH)D3 serum levels compared to patients without supplements (37 ng/mL vs. 16 ng/ml, P<0.0001). Uni- and multivariate analyses revealed an independent association of severe vitamin D deficiency with the risk of hepatic decompensation during follow-up (multivariate P = 0.012; OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 1.30–8.2), together with MELD score, low hemoglobin concentration, low coffee consumption, and presence of diabetes. Of note, serum levels of C-reactive protein, IL-6 and soluble CD14 were significantly higher in patients with versus without severe vitamin D deficiency, and serum levels of soluble CD14 levels declined in patients with de novo supplementation of vitamin D (median 2.15 vs. 1.87 ng/mL, P = 0.002).
Conclusions: In this prospective cohort study, baseline vitamin D levels were inversely associated with liver-cirrhosis related systemic inflammation and the risk of hepatic decompensation.
Festuca rhenana spec. nov. und Festuca heteropachys, zwei verkannte Schwingel der Flora Deutschlands
(2012)
Seit über vier Jahrzehnten werden kräftige Schwingel von Silikatfelsen des mittelrheinischen Raumes irrtümlich als Festuca heteropachys bezeichnet. Diese Pflanzen gehören zu keiner der bisher bekannten Sippen. Sie werden unter dem Namen F. rhenana als neue, in Deutschland endemische Art beschrieben. Im Nordpfälzer Bergland, im Nahe- , im Mittelrhein- und im Moseltal besiedelt F. rhenana extrem trocken-warme Felsstandorte auf ± basenreichen Silikatgesteinen (Rhyolith, Andesit, Oberrotliegendes, devonische Schiefer). Fast alle Fundorte liegen in Rheinland-Pfalz, zwei in Hessen. Die wahre F. heteropachys kommt ebenfalls in Deutschland vor, und zwar nur im südlichen Teil von Rheinland-Pfalz. F. heteropachys ist ein mesophiles bis schwach thermophiles, Halbschatten ertragendes Horstgras. Kennzeichnend sind die mit 30–50 cm oft sehr langen Grundblätter und die starke, deutlich bis über die Mitte der Halme reichende Beblätterung. Im Anschluss an die Vorkommen im Elsass findet sich F. heteropachys hauptsächlich im Pfälzer Wald auf ± sauren steinigen oder sandigen Böden über Buntsandstein. Unterscheidungsmerkmale von F. heteropachys, F. rhenana, F. lemanii und der häufigen F. guestfalica werden dargestellt.
Angegeben wird jeweils das Sammeldatum des für die Chromosomenzählung verwendeten Materials (Lebendpflanze, Samen) zuzüglich eines eventuell gesammelten Beleges sowie – getrennt durch einen Schrägstrich – Sammeldatum und Aufbewahrungsort eines Beleges der gezählten Pflanze. Wird nur ein Datum angegeben, ist allein die Wildaufsammlung dokumentiert. Die Abkürzungen der Herbarien richten sich nach Holmgren & al. (1990, sowie Online-Nachträge, für die neuerdings B. Thiers verantwortlich zeichnet). Taxonomie und Nomenklatur richten sich nach der aktuellen deutschen Standardliste (Buttler & Hand 2008) und den in dieser Zeitschrift publizierten Nachträgen. Die Abbildungen zeigen Metaphasen, die an Quetschpräparaten von Wurzelspitzen gewonnen wurden (zur Methodik siehe Vogt & Aparicio 2000). Ralf Hand dankt Michael Meyer und seinem Gärtnerteam sowie Monika Lüchow und Marion Cubr (alle Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem) für Kultur, Dokumentation und Hilfe bei der Zählung von Material.
Eine Hybride zwischen Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. subsp. septentrionale und A. viride (L.) HUDS. wird beschrieben. Der Bastard wurde in einem Exemplar bei Bosco-Gurin im Schweizer Kanton Tessin gefunden. Die morphologische Mittelstellung sowie Sporen-, Cytologische und Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen bestätigten die vermutete Abstammung.
Schriftenschau
(2013)
Zwei Autoren botanischer Werke tragen den Namen Hermann Wagner. Sie sind beide 1824 geboren, der eine in Hadamar (Herzogtum Nassau, heute Hessen), der andere in Weißenfels (Preußen, Provinz Sachsen, heute Sachsen-Anhalt). Es war lange fraglich, welcher der beiden die Illustrierte deutsche Flora (1. Auflage 1869–1871) verfasst hat. Es ließ sich nachweisen, dass der Autor dieser Flora Hermann Wagner aus Weißenfels ist, der im übrigen vor allem zahlreiche populäre naturhistorische Schriften für die Jugend verfasst hat. In letzter Zeit wurde noch ein dritter als Autor genannt, der Geograph Hermann Wagner (1840–1929). Das ist sicher ein Irrtum.
Schriftenschau
(2007)
King Ottokar II and Záviš z Falkenštejna are often depicted in literary fiction as rivals – both in politics and in love. A similar representation can be found in the work of Franz Grillparzer, whose Zawisch incorporates both demonic and comic elements. He can be interpreted in various ways: as a sophisticated plotter of intrigues, a malicious poisoner, an arrogant figure who betrays his king and his country due to his wounded pride, or a seducer who eventually becomes subservient to an Amazon whom he had originally envisaged as his own puppet. Directors, viewers and readers usually do not see him as a great statesman. However, Jaroslav Hilbert depicted him in an entirely different manner. His Falkenštejn is a violent conspirator and usurper - but also a patriot, a statesman and a modern thinker. In Grillparzers work, the character of Zawisch is more reminiscent of his traditional rival Ottakar than of Hilbert's depiction. This study presents a comparison of both characters.
The article provides an insight into the Czech translations of the lecture 'Weihnachtsgeheimnis' by Edith Stein (1891-1942), which were published in 1991 and 2003. The analysis of the translations is based on Skopos theory, the ideas of Christiane Nord and hermeneutic approaches; the author points out the specific features and demands of translating religious texts.
Marie Luise Kaschnitz is not considered to be an experimental author in the usual sense. Her respectful use of traditional forms has been praised, but also criticized, and it was only in her later works that she loosened her strong links with tradition. The beginning of this change is marked by the short story Am Circeo [At Cape Circeo], placed exactly in the centre of her 1960 volume of short stories entitled Long Shadows. The present article examines the experimental elements of this text, attempting to determine what conditioned
them and seeking to reveal their influence on later works.
Die philosophische Erkenntnis in der 'Klage der Ceres' : Schillers Adaption des Proserpina-Mythos
(2018)
While Ceres behaves actively and energetically in the traditional myth, Friedrich von Schiller's poem 'Klage der Ceres' (1797) shows her within the same ancient plot but as a more emotional figure. This detailed analysis explains the poem's structure and the stylistic devices which lead to its philosophical impact. It also addresses the awareness that death is a part of life and discusses how art can help to reinvent traditional ideas.
This paper presents a contrastive analysis of auto- and hetero-stereotypes of Bosnians and Germans. The analysis is based on data collected from respondents choosing from a list of 140 characteristics. The anonymous online questionnaire asked respondents to identify those characteristics that they considered to be connected with their own culture or with the other culture, and to give their reasons for their choice (in the case of the most important characteristics). The analysis based on this data reveals how Germans and Bosnians perceive themselves and each other. It also enables the compilation of a list of stereotypes based on the most frequently identified characteristics, which can be used as a basis for further analysis and interpretation. This first analysis is intended as a foundation for future analyses of ethnic stereotypes among Germans and ethnic groups in the western Balkans: Bosnians, Serbs and Croats.
Although there are many dialect speakers in Bavaria, the dialect - mainly because of its non-standardized spelling - is usually not used in common print media or on nationwide television. Nevertheless, the Bavarian dialect appears on Bavarian television (BR) and in cinema films. However, the Bavarian used on television or in films is frequently not a genuine dialect; instead it is a synthetic language which resembles the German standard and merely refers to the dialect. This is mainly due to the needs of non-dialect speakers, who would definitely have comprehension problems with the genuine dialect. Furthermore, the Bavarian dialect is often used on online platforms, such as Facebook or YouTube. In these conversational situations, face-to-face communication is replaced by written texts. In the case of dialect speakers, these texts can appear as written dialect; due to the non-standardized spelling, the texts are strongly individualized.
This paper focuses on passages of interpreting/translation in four novels written by Bosnian novelists (Ivo Andrić, Dževad Karahasan, Saša Stanišić). It seeks to answer the following questions: How do the characters of the interpreters/translators represent their cultural background? Does the immediate situation (e.g. a situation of threat or violence) influence their verbal behaviour? Is the literary description a metaphorical one in order to symbolize the inadequacy and even the failure of interpreting/translation? How do the interpreters/translators in the novels attempt to bridge the gap between different cultures?
By juxtaposing parallel passages in Ernst Jünger's War Diary with those in his later works on World War I written during the 1920s, I aim to show that Jünger's concept of a soldier increasingly glorifies violence.
Flashmob, App, E-Bike, Gendermainstreaming, bloggen, skypen, gefaked/gefakt, geliked/gelikt, Coffee-to-go, Latte macchiato, Gnocchi, Yallah, Shisha oder Sushi – die beherrschenden Fremdwörter aus Wissenschaft und Alltag der Gegenwartssprache im 21. Jahrhundert sind englischen Ursprungs, im letzten Jahrzehnt auch zunehmend aus anderen modernen europäischen und außereuropäischen Sprachen entlehnt. Die Entlehnungsbedingungen dieser Wörter unterscheiden sich damit grundsätzlich von den Gegebenheiten, die für die Integrationsentwicklungen bei Gräzismen und Latinismen sowie für Gallizismen bestimmend waren. Während die Fremdwörter aus den drei bis ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein wesentlichen Gebersprachen über Jahrhunderte hinweg in mehreren Phasen schrittweise Eingang in die deutsche Sprache fanden und dabei durch einen kontinuierlichen, wenn auch nicht immer widerspruchsfreien Prozess orthografischer Normierung begleitet wurden, erfolgte die Übernahme einer Vielzahl von Anglizismen und anderer Neologismen erheblich schneller im Rahmen umfassender Internationalisierung und Globalisierung von Sprache und Gesellschaft. Die entlehnten Wörter bezeichnen zum allergrößten Teil neue Phänomene, Wortbedeutungen oder Sachverhalte, sie sind Indizien für fundamentale gesellschaftliche Veränderungen, die einen grundlegenden Sprach- und schließlich auch Schreibwandel zur Folge haben. Im Gegensatz zum Umfeld früherer Entlehnungen bieten normierende Texte wie Grammatiken oder Wörterbücher daher zunächst noch keine orthografische Orientierung. Stattdessen gewinnt das Internet, bestimmt von professionellen wie auch informellen Schreibern, sowohl als Bezugsquelle von Informationen als auch als Orientierungsrahmen für die Schreibung neuer Wörter eine immer stärkere Bedeutung. Anglizismen spielen dabei eine Sonderrolle: Sie werden sowohl von englischen als auch von deutschen Quelltexten aus rezipiert und zum Teil in ihrem gebersprachlichen graphemischen Status übernommen, zum Teil modifiziert.
Der Krieg von der Kanzel
(2016)
At the beginning of World War I a large number of war sermons ("Kriegspredigten") were published in Germany. The first part of this paper presents an overview of sermons given by my great-grandfather Karl König in August 1914. It elaborates on the general characteristics of war sermons as well as König's specific target audience and his linguistic means. The second part discusses König's usage of the term "Opfer" (victim vs. sacrifice).
The writer Lion Feuchtwanger makes an appeal against World War I with two dramatic adaptations of ancient texts: 'Die Perser des Aischylos' ('Aeschylus' Persians'), and – based on two works by Aristophanes – 'Friede' (‘Peace’). Feuchtwanger uses metaphors in various parts of these plays to express emotions concerning the war (across the spectrum of human emotions). These metaphors function as instruments for reinforcing the intended criticism of war in both works.
The article starts by giving a brief survey of the current state of German-Czech and Czech-German lexicography in the field of learners' dictionaries. It then continues with a metalexicographic examination of two translational dictionaries published since 2000. Attention focuses on the ways in which each team of authors addresses some basic metalexicographic problems in the introductory texts. The article then explores the methods of description used for fixed lexical phrases, which are critically analyzed (using as an example the dictionary entry for the lemma Kopf (head).
The First World War brought devastating consequences for German linguistics. Formerly one of the most prestigious foreign languages taught at schools and universities outside Germany, after the war German disappeared from almost all curricula abroad. Furthermore, it proved impossible to establish a structuralist school (such as the Prague school) in Germany. The article suggests that this was neither due to the long tradition of the Jungian grammarians nor due to the Nazis' official condemnation of structuralism as being incompatible with the ideology of the state. It is shown that such a development should instead be attributed to the so-called "Krieg der Geister" ("war of the intellect"), which remained present even after the military peace (1918) amid a feeling of national insecurity. The article concludes that such a nationalistic social and political environment proved to be fertile ground for Whorfianism, and the influence of the so-called 'Sprachinhaltsforschung' prevailed towards structuralism.
The article deals with the representation of the life principles of Count Albert Joseph Hoditz as discussed in his literary work. The analysis places this work in its literary-historical and philosophical context and seeks to make an innovative contribution to literary-historical research of this topic.
The article describes the role of German as a working language and official language of the European Union. It also focuses on issues associated with the notion of an 'overarching' language of general use: especially in the field of law, each language reflects the specific legal and administrative traditions of the society in which it developed, meaning that different languages frequently lack precise one-to-one equivalents for particular legal concepts. Finally, the author assesses the 'economic value' of several European languages as proposed by Ulrich Ammons, demonstrating that German plays a leading role in this regard.
In 2015, the last work of Günter Grass appeared: Vonne Endlichkait (On Finiteness). This offers the opportunity to recall the highly personal style of this great German author. The whole book can be described as an artistic triad, consisting of short prose pieces, poems and drawings, most of them dealing with old age and death. The following linguistic and literary aspects are dealt with: genres and text types, the semiotic relations between prose, poetry and drawings, allusions to poets and philosophers, the representation of spoken and dialect German, syntactic constructions, semantics, and especially metaphorical processes. Finally, the article discusses some stylistic features which are typical of Grass's writing.
When becoming integrated into the German vocabulary, foreign words reflect paradigmatic changes regarding orthography, grammar as well as semantics. In this context, German orthography is also highly determined by orthographic codification, which continues to influence the development of spelling to the present day. This study compares digital linguistically annotated corpora containing texts written by professional as well as non-professional writers; these corpora contain several billion foreign words (of Greek, Latin and French origin, and in the second part of the study of English/American and Italian origin), studied over a period of 20 years following the German orthographic reform of 1996. The results may potentially help the official regulations to adapt to the spelling practices observed – either by describing the rules more precisely or by proposing possible spelling variants or eliminating those which are not in common use. The study may also help to support correct lexicographic codification in dictionaries.
The biography and cultural activities of Count Albert Josef Hodic has become a central theme of a whole series of publications on the history and cultural history, in which this nobleman is approached from the biographical as well as cultural and historical perspective. Although in the specialized literature Albert Joseph Hoditz is associated with the attributes oscillating between creativity, versatility, pacifist and cosmopolitan attitude, the pursuit of literary history to illuminate his numerous representations in European literature is rather marginal. The article aims to contribute to the approximation of the image of Count Hoditz in German literature.
The tragedy 'König Ottokars Glück und Ende' by the Austrian poet Franz Grillparzer is often viewed as an exclusively male drama. Nevertheless, it does contain female characters, including the two wives of the Přemyslid King Otakar I – Margaret of Austria and Kunigunda of Galicia. The first of these in particular is a somewhat ambiguous character, whose interpretation raises a number of questions. The aim of this study is to outline the problems associated with interpreting the character of Margaret and to find a character in Czech historical literature who is similar to Grillparzer's Margaret.
This paper attempts to apply the concepts of proximity and distance to a literary text – Arthur Schnitzler's "Fräulein Else". The analysis builds on five different proximity-distance relations: spatial, temporal, social, emotional and cognitive. The purpose is to show how linguistic devices are used to describe individual relations and what roles these relations play in the given text.
The article analyses three texts which address the same subject (the definition of the word Wort) and aims to demonstrate that it is not only the topic that plays a crucial role in creating the macrostructure and microstructure of a text, but also the communicative situation. The article explores what differences there are in the selection of linguistic means when the same content is being expressed in texts intended for communication at various levels of specialization, and which communication strategies the authors of the texts choose in connection with the text's genre, their intentions and (above all) the communicative situation.
This analysis of the literary comic 'der Spieler' seeks to identify similarities and differences between the text and its pre-text, exploring whether the comic manifests the intentions of Dostoyevsky's literary model 'The Gambler' and asking whether the stylistic tone of the novel is retained in the comic version. The analysis shows that the authors of the comic manage to retain both Dostoyevsky's intentions and his poetic/narrative techniques, while also creating their own verbal and graphic interpretations.
This study attempts to determine what methodological approach is suitable for studying speeches about Germanness that were written in Germany in the 1980s. The corpus of the speeches was chosen to cover multiple areas and disciplines. It includes literary, political and historiographical speeches authored by G. Grass ('Geschenkte Freiheit'), M. Walser ('Über Deutschland reden'), R. von Weizsäcker ('Der 8. Mai 1945'), E. Nolte ('Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will') and H. Lübbe ('Der Nationalsozialismus im Bewußtsein der deutschen Gegenwart'). The study illustrates the limitations of the ideological and purely disciplinary methodological approach. Instead it seeks a starting point for an analysis which proceeds in an intertextual and interdisciplinary manner.
Hlučín (formerly Hultschin) is now part of the Czech Republic, though the influence of the German language can be observed in the region's folk culture. Important names include August Scholtis, born in Bolatice, as well as other figures such as Hermann Janosch, Alfons Hayduk, Karl-Ernst Schellhammer, Richard Kühnau, Georg Hyckel, Ferdinand Minsberg and Elfrieda Moser-Rath. The oral folk tradition in the region has mostly been passed down via folk songs, fairy-tales, legends and other narratives. These genres reflect various themes, related primarily to local personalities, castles and manor houses or events in specific villages.
The article deals with Thomas Mann' s attitude to Stefan George and his work. The first part reproduces and comments on Mann's statements about George. It transpires that Thomas Mann's attitude to George was highly contradictory. This fact is mainly due to the self-searching of the North German author against the background of historical events. The article also contains an analysis of two short stories by Thomas Mann ('At the Prophet's' and 'Death in Venice') that have some relation to George (or his disciples) and thus clarify the issues in question.
Monologic dialogues and dialogue structures in Wedekind's 'Frühlings Erwachen' A drama presents a plot which is constituted through dialogues between the characters. This article therefore attempts to explore several instances of dialogue from Wedekind's 'Frühlings Erwachen' by conversationalanalytical means; such an approach facilitates a clear description of the characters' failures in their interactions. This in turn reveals the specific features of literary dialogues from this period, which are constituted in writing and thus precisely planned; an author not only imitates acts and actors via a play's dialogues, but fundamentally creates and moulds the characters through dialogue.
Bohemian and Moravian archives and libraries represent a rich resource of medieval texts on the plague. Advice, recommendations and recipes for avoiding the plague (prophylaxis), as well as instructions on how to treat it (therapy), can be found in many manuscripts from the 14th–16th centuries. An example of a varied approach to this topic can be found in the plague tractates contained in the Křivoklát manuscript I. b. 25 and the Olomouc manuscript M. I. 650. This article describes the origin and presentation of the information in the manuscripts, as well as the graphic arrangement of the text.
The article focuses on suffixoids based on titles of nobility and ecclesiastical titles. As an example, the study analyzes a total of 14 suffixoids with regard to the relation between the base word and the suffixoid. For this purpose, the author created a corpus of 200 tokens from online sources covering a 10-year period. The study presents suffixoids as active word-formation elements used as a result of linguistic expressivity and creativity. Moreover, it suggests an increasing tendency towards their use. This linguistic study can be seen as a new impetus to further investigations, especially in the field of translation studies – e.g. in the comparison of German and Czech with regard to this topic, which remains an uncharted field with no accurate studies yet available.
Background & Aims: Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a congenital intestinal malabsorption disorder caused by defective apical vesicular transport. Existing cellular models do not fully recapitulate this heterogeneous pathology. The aim of this study was to characterize 3-dimensional intestinal organoids that continuously generate polarized absorptive cells as an accessible and relevant model to investigate MVID.
Methods: Intestinal organoids from Munc18-2/Stxbp2-null mice that are deficient for apical vesicular transport were subjected to enterocyte-specific differentiation protocols. Lentiviral rescue experiments were performed using human MUNC18-2 variants. Apical trafficking and microvillus formation were characterized by confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Spinning disc time-lapse microscopy was used to document the lifecycle of microvillus inclusions.
Results: Loss of Munc18-2/Stxbp2 recapitulated the pathologic features observed in patients with MUNC18-2 deficiency. The defects were fully restored by transgenic wild-type human MUNC18-2 protein, but not the patient variant (P477L). Importantly, we discovered that the MVID phenotype was correlated with the degree of enterocyte differentiation: secretory vesicles accumulated already in crypt progenitors, while differentiated enterocytes showed an apical tubulovesicular network and enlarged lysosomes. Upon prolonged enterocyte differentiation, cytoplasmic F-actin–positive foci were observed that further progressed into classic microvillus inclusions. Time-lapse microscopy showed their dynamic formation by intracellular maturation or invagination of the apical or basolateral plasma membrane.
Conclusions: We show that prolonged enterocyte-specific differentiation is required to recapitulate the entire spectrum of MVID. Primary organoids can provide a powerful model for this heterogeneous pathology. Formation of microvillus inclusions from multiple membrane sources showed an unexpected dynamic of the enterocyte brush border.
Emotional Competence (EC) is regarded as a fundamental skill for sports coaches. However, the applications of EC in football coaching are not well understood. This study analyzed the specific emotional processes football coaches experience. We interviewed 18 football coaches and analyzed the interview transcripts by using a systematic analysis process based on Grounded Theory principles. We derived a model from this analysis that comprises a four-phase process: emotional triggers, emotional experiences, emotion regulation strategies, and emotional consequences. In this model, we identified four categories which act as triggers of emotions in football coaches. These emotions can be positive or negative and are manifested at three levels. However, the coaches vary in their capability to perceive emotions. Our model also shows that coaches’ emotion regulation strategies influence the effect of emotional experiences. Experienced emotions promote consequences with psychological and social implications for coaches and may influence their perception of future situations. In short, the process seems to be circular. This finding suggests that the ability to deal with emotions is an important aspect for football coaches.
Increasing recognition of general practice is reflected in the growing number of university institutes devoted to the subject and Health Services Research (HSR) is flourishing as a result. In May 2015 the Institute of General Practice and Evidence-based Health Services Research, Medical University of Graz, initiated a survey of Styrian GPs. The aim of the survey was to determine the willingness to take part in HSR projects, to collect sociodemographic data from GPs who were interested and to identify factors affecting participation in research projects. Of the 1015 GPs who received the questionnaire, 142 (14%) responded and 135 (13%) were included in the analysis. Overall 106 (10%) GPs indicated their willingness to take part in research projects. Factors inhibiting participation were lack of time, administrative workload, and lack of assistance. Overall, 10% of Styrian GPs were willing to participate in research projects. Knowledge about the circumstances under which family doctors are prepared to participate in HSR projects will help in the planning of future projects.