Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (31215) (remove)
Language
- English (15825)
- German (13382)
- Portuguese (696)
- French (387)
- Croatian (251)
- Spanish (250)
- Italian (134)
- Turkish (113)
- Multiple languages (36)
- Latin (35)
Has Fulltext
- yes (31215)
Keywords
- Deutsch (503)
- taxonomy (449)
- Literatur (299)
- new species (193)
- Hofmannsthal, Hugo von (185)
- Rezeption (178)
- Übersetzung (163)
- Filmmusik (155)
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (131)
- Vormärz (117)
Institute
- Medizin (5366)
- Physik (1919)
- Biowissenschaften (1144)
- Biochemie und Chemie (1113)
- Extern (1108)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (803)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (753)
- Geowissenschaften (592)
- Präsidium (453)
- Philosophie (448)
Managing for biodiversity: impact and action thresholds for invasive plants in natural ecosystems
(2017)
Some studies examining the impacts of invasive plant species in native plant communities have demonstrated non-linear damage functions, whereby community components, such as species richness, are seemingly unaffected by the presence of an invader until it has attained relatively high levels of abundance, whereupon there is a marked decrease with further increases in abundance. Given chronic limitations in the resources available for managing invasive species, it has been argued that the most damaging invaders would be controlled most efficiently by maintaining their abundances below such threshold levels. Because many impact studies do not involve sampling over a wide range of invader abundances it is not possible to estimate the prevalence of threshold relationships. Furthermore, studies that have employed appropriate sampling methods have shown that different life forms exhibit different threshold responses, indicating that maintenance management for biodiversity values should be designed to protect the most sensitive species or groups of species. Since control costs increase with invader abundance, economic and ecological considerations are aligned when invaders are sustainably maintained at relatively low abundances. Adopting such an approach should also minimise negative impacts where damage functions are linear.
Die Echte Katzenminze, auch Katzenkraut, Katzenmelisse oder Steinmelisse genannt, ist eine alte Heilpflanze, die bereits von den Römern in Mitteleuropa kultiviert wurde. Ihre Ver-wilderungen gehörten zur typischen Flora der Dörfer, der Umgebung von Klöstern und Gehöften. Die Art tritt aber auch im Siedlungsbereich größerer Städte auf. Sie war in der nordrhein-westfälischen Flora zumindest im letzten Jahrhundert nie häufig und ist heute nur noch sehr selten zu finden (z. B. BECKHAUS 1893, HÖPPNER & PREUSS 1926, RUNGE 1990, HAEUPLER & al. 2003, GORISSEN 2015). Derzeit steht sie landesweit als stark gefährdet auf der Roten Liste (RL 2, RAABE & al. 2011), in einigen Großlandschaften wird sie sogar als "vom Aussterben bedroht" (RL 1) oder "ausgestorben" (RL 0) eingestuft. Dabei muss man aber wissen, dass aktuelle Vorkommen der Echten Katzenminze oft als neophytisch klassifi-ziert und deswegen nicht in der Roten Liste berücksichtigt werden. Hierbei drängt sich die Frage auf, inwiefern sich solche neophytischen Vorkommen überhaupt von anderen Vorkommen unterscheiden.
Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust) is a North American tree, considered controversial because of the conflict between multiple uses by humans and negative environmental impacts, which have resulted in it being listed among the most invasive species in Europe. The current management of Robinia stands in Central Europe varies locally according to national legislation, preferring either socio-economic benefits or biodiversity impacts. We collected field data from our target region of Czechia, reviewed research articles including local grey literature mostly from Central and Southern Europe, unpublished results of local projects and inquired relevant specialists. Because Robinia grows in habitats ranging from urban to forest to natural grassland, neither unrestricted cultivation nor large-scale eradication is applicable as a universal practice. In this paper we suggest a complex management strategy for Robinia stands that takes into account habitat, this species’ local ability to spread, as well as economic, cultural and biodiversity aspects. We categorized Robinia stands growing in Europe into eight groups and proposed stratified approach to the management based on decisions that reflect local context. Depending on that, the management includes (i) establishment of new plantations, (ii) maintenance or utilization of existing stands, (iii) tolerance
and (iv) conversion to original vegetation. Our complex management strategy will provide a comprehensive guideline for the management of alien trees in Europe.
This paper presents an analysis of the novel 'Die fremde Frau' by the writer Paul Zifferer (1879-1929) who came from Bystřice pod Hostýnem in Moravian Wallachia. It is a largely unknown, late naturalistic text which addresses national and social issues that were topical at the end of the 19th century. The novel offers a critical reflection on both bourgeois society and national tensions in Moravian Wallachia. It oscillates between conservativism and revolution, between historical authenticity and fiction. Moreover, the analysis shows that German literature from Moravian Wallachia deserves a serious and comprehensive exploration - as does Paul Zifferer's work, especially in the context of German or Austrian naturalism and aesthetic modernism.
Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) are known to survive periods of desiccation, an ability that increases the risk of them surviving unintentional transport between countries. To investigate nematode survival in soil subject to prolonged storage, soil collected from a native forest and an organic orchard was stored separately in cupboards at ambient temperature for 36 months. Subsamples were taken at 0, 3, 6, 12, 13, 24 and 36 months to determine the presence of plant parasitic and total nematodes using a standard misting technique. Pratylenchus was used as a model to determine if PPNs that had been under prolonged storage were able to infect plant hosts at 13, 24 and 36 months. Overall, the total number of nematodes recovered from stored soil declined over time, with differences in species diversity determined by molecular methods, related to soil origin. No PPN were recovered in soil stored beyond 13 months using the three-day misting technique. By comparison, Pratylenchus nematodes, using a baiting method, were found to successfully invade host plant roots (ryegrass and white clover) even after 36 months storage and were observed to produce offspring at 13 months. Baiting was not effective for Pratylenchus found in soil originally collected from the forest but was for orchard soil, a result attributed to the lack of suitable host plants for the Pratylenchus species found in forest soil. This study demonstrated, that in protected environments, nematodes could survive for at least 36 months and were observed to produce offspring at 13 months. Baiting with a host plant was more sensitive in detecting nematodes than using the misting extraction technique, although this approach only works where the host plant is known. Without a priori knowledge of the nematode-plant host association, plant baiting may also produce false negatives. In the context of plant biosecurity and providing an accurate risk assessment in soil contaminants, the development of a generic test for PPN that induces nematodes in a resting stage to emerge and respond to a cue would enhance the probability of detection. However, as assessments at the border are often time limited, a molecular based bioassay that can be used to indicate the presence of multiple species of live PPN species may be a more feasible option for risk assessments.
In an era of global change, the process of biotic homogenisation by which regional biotas become more similar through time has attracted considerable attention from ecologists. Here, a retrospective look at the literature is taken and the question asked how comprehensive is the understanding of this global phenomenon? The goal is to identify potential areas for additional and future enquiries to advance this research frontier and best ensure the long-term preservation of biological diversity across the world. Six propositions are presented here to; (1) broaden our geographic and taxonomic understanding, (2) diversify the spatial and temporal scales of inquiry, (3) reconcile past and embrace new approaches to quantification, (4) improve our knowledge of the underlying drivers, (5) reveal the conservation implications and (6) forecast future homogenisation. It is argued that significant progress in the understanding of the causes, consequences and conservation implication of biotic homogenisation will come by integrating concepts and approaches from ecology, evolution and conservation across a hierarchy of spatial and temporal scales.
The paper provides an updated checklist of the alien flora of Turkey with information on its structure. The alien flora of Turkey comprises 340 taxa, among which there are 321 angiosperms, 17 gymnosperms and two ferns. Of the total number of taxa, 228 (68%) are naturalized and 112 (32%) are casual. There are 275 neophytes (172 naturalized and 103 casual) and 61 archaeophytes (52 naturalized and 9 casual); four species could not be classified with respect to the residence time. In addition, 47 frequently planted taxa with a potential to escape are also listed. The richest families are Asteraceae (38 taxa), Poaceae (30), Fabaceae (23) and Solanaceae (22). As for the naturalized alien plants, the highest species richness is found in Asteraceae (31 taxa), Poaceae (22), Amaranthaceae (18) and Solanaceae (15). The majority of alien taxa are perennial (63.8% of the total number of taxa with this life history assigned, including those with multiple life histories), annuals contribute 33.8% and 2.4% are biennial aliens. Among perennials the most common life forms are phanerophytes, of which 20.3% are trees and 12.6% shrubs; woody vines, stem succulents, and aquatic plants are comparatively less represented. Most of the 340 alien taxa introduced to Turkey have their native ranges in Americas (44.7%) and Asia (27.6%). Of other regions, 9.1% originated in Africa, 4.4% in Eurasia, 3.8% in Australia and Oceania and 3.5% in the Mediterranean. The majority of taxa (71.9%) were introduced intentionally, whereas the remaining (28.1%) were introduced accidentally. Among the taxa introduced intentionally, the vast majority are ornamental plants (55.2%), 10.0% taxa were introduced for forestry and 6.7% as crops. Casual alien plants are most commonly found in urban and ruderal habitats (40.1%) where naturalized taxa are also often recorded (27.3%). Plants that occur as agricultural weeds are typically naturalized rather than casual (16.0% vs 7.1%, respectively). However, (semi)natural habitats in Turkey are often invaded by alien taxa, especially by those that are able to naturalize.
Previously, we have synthesized a diverse range of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA)-based semiaromatic polyamides via enzymatic polymerization. This novel class of polymers are biobased alternatives to polyphthalamides, which are petrol-based semiaromatic polyamides. From a commercial perspective, they have interesting properties as high-performance materials and engineering thermoplastics. It is even more appealing to explore novel FDCA-based polyamides with added functionality, for the development of sustainable functional materials. Here, a set of FDCA-based heteroatom polyamides have been successfully produced via Novozyme 435 (N435)-catalyzed polymerization of biobased dimethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate with (potentially)heteroatom diamines, namely, 4,9-dioxa-1,12-dodecanediamine (DODA), diethylenetriamine, and 3,3-ethylenediiminopropylamine. We performed the enzymatic polymerization in solution and bulk. The latter approach is more sustainable and results in higher molecular weight products. Among the tested heteroatom diamines, N435 shows the highest catalytic activity toward DODA. Furthermore, we find that all obtained FDCA-based heteroatom polyamides are amorphous materials with a relatively high thermal stability. These heteroatom polyamides display a glass-transition temperature ranging from 41 to 107 °C.
Alien plants were first recorded in 1937 in the 2 million ha Kruger National Park (KNP, a savanna protected area in South Africa), and attempts to control them began in the mid-1950s. The invasive alien plant control program expanded substantially in the late 1990s, but its overall efficacy has not been determined. We present an assessment of invasive alien plant control operations over several decades in KNP. We based our assessment on available information from a range of control programs funded from various sources, including national public works programs, KNP operational funds, and foreign donor funds. Over ZAR 350 million (~ US$ 27 million) has been spent on control interventions between 1997 and 2016. We found evidence of good progress with the control of several species, notably Opuntia stricta, Sesbania punicea, Lantana camara and several aquatic weeds, often because of effective biological control. On the other hand, we found that over one third (40%) of the funding was spent on species that have subsequently been recognised as being of lower priority, most of which were alien annual weeds. The allocation of funds to non-priority species was sometimes driven by the need to meet additional objectives (such as employment creation), or by perceptions about relative impact in the absence of documented evidence. We also found that management goals were limited to inputs (funds disbursed, employment created, and area treated) rather than to ecological outcomes, and progress was consequently not adequately monitored. At a species level, four out of 36 species were considered to be under complete control, and a further five were under substantial control. Attempts to control five annual species were all considered to be ineffective. On the basis of our findings, we recommend that more studies be done to determine impacts associated with individual invasive alien species; that the criteria used to prioritise invasive alien species be documented based on such assessments, so that management can justify a focus on priority species; and that funding be re-directed to those species that clearly pose greater threats, and for which other solutions (such as biological control) are not an option.
This paper analyzes serpentine figures in Eichendorff's novella 'Das Marmorbild', which are inscribed in the body of Venus in the mannerist style. These figurae serpentinatae gradually gain dynamism, move into the foreground of attention, and then condense into repulsive snake figures which evoke associations of the cunning snake of the Garden of Eden, the serpents on the back of the Frau Welt figure, and the fearsome Echidna of Greek mythology. These allusions also characterize the art which Venus represents as something abysmal and threatening. The multiple contextualization of the snake also reveals that 'Das Marmorbild' offers a double reading: in the narrower sense, Venus can be viewed as a representation of Romantic art, while in the wider sense she personifies art in general.
Fibroblasts were isolated from skin biopsies from two patients with bipolar I disorder. One patient was a 26 year old female carrying a risk haplotype in the DGKH (diacylglycerol kinase eta) gene and the other was a non-carrier 27 year old male. Patient fibroblasts were reprogrammed into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by using a Sendai virus vector. DGKH-risk haplotype and non-risk haplotype hiPSCs showed expression of pluripotency markers and were able to differentiate into cells of the three germ layers. These cell models are useful to investigate the role of risk gene variants in bipolar disorder.
Radiographic outcomes following lateral alveolar ridge augmentation using autogenous tooth roots
(2018)
Background: To assess and compare the radiographic outcomes following lateral alveolar ridge augmentation using autogenous tooth roots (TR) and autogenous bone (AB) blocks.
Methods: In a total of 30 patients, lateral ridge augmentation was conducted in parallel groups using either (1) healthy autogenous tooth roots (e.g., retained wisdom or impacted teeth) (n = 15) or (2) cortical autogenous bone blocks harvested from the retromolar area. Cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scans taken at 26 weeks of submerged healing were analyzed for the basal graft integration (i.e., contact between the graft and the host bone in %) (BI26) and the cross-sectional grafted area (mm2) (SA26).
Results: Both groups revealed a comparable clinical width of the alveolar ridge at baseline (CWb). Mean BI26 and SA26 values amounted to 69.26 ± 26.01% (median 72.44) and 22.07 ± 12.98 mm2 (median 18.83) in the TR group and 79.67 ± 15.66% (median 78.85) and 12.42 ± 10.11 mm2 (median 11.36) in the AB group, respectively. Between-group differences in mean SA26 values were statistically significant (p = 0.031). Linear regression analysis failed to reveal any significant correlations between BI26 and CWb/SA26 values in either group.
Conclusions: TR grafts may be associated with improved SA26 values following lateral alveolar ridge augmentation.
Trial registration: DRKS00009586. Registered 10 February 2016.
Site-specific recombinases (SSR) are utilized as important genome engineering tools to precisely modify the genome of mice and other model organisms. Reporter mice that mark cells that at any given time had expressed the enzyme are frequently used for lineage tracing and to characterize newly generated mice expressing a recombinase from a chosen promoter. With increasing sophistication of genome alteration strategies, the demand for novel SSR systems that efficiently and specifically recombine their targets is rising and several SSR-systems are now used in combination to address complex biological questions in vivo. Generation of reporter mice for each one of these recombinases is cumbersome and increases the number of mouse lines that need to be maintained in animal facilities. Here we present a multi-reporter mouse line for loci-of-recombination (X) (MuX) that streamlines the characterization of mice expressing prominent recombinases. MuX mice constitutively express nuclear green fluorescent protein after recombination by either Cre, Flp, Dre or Vika recombinase, rationalizing the number of animal lines that need to be maintained. We also pioneer the use of the Vika/vox system in mice, illustrating its high efficacy and specificity, thereby facilitating future designs of sophisticated recombinase-based in vivo genome engineering strategies.
Detecting associations between genomic changes and phenotypic differences is fundamental to understanding how phenotypes evolved. By systematically screening for parallel amino acid substitutions, we detected known as well as novel cases (Strc, Tecta, and Cabp2) of parallelism between echolocating bats and toothed whales in proteins that could contribute to high-frequency hearing adaptations. Our screen also showed that echolocating mammals exhibit an unusually high number of parallel substitutions in fast-twitch muscle fiber proteins. Both echolocating bats and toothed whales produce an extremely rapid call rate when homing in on their prey, which was shown in bats to be powered by specialized superfast muscles. We show that these genes with parallel substitutions (Casq1, Atp2a1, Myh2, and Myl1) are expressed in the superfast sound-producing muscle of bats. Furthermore, we found that the calcium storage protein calsequestrin 1 of the little brown bat and the bottlenose dolphin functionally converged in its ability to form calcium-sequestering polymers at lower calcium concentrations, which may contribute to rapid calcium transients required for superfast muscle physiology. The proteins that our genomic screen detected could be involved in the convergent evolution of vocalization in echolocating mammals by potentially contributing to both rapid Ca2+ transients and increased shortening velocities in superfast muscles.
The 'Deutsche Referenzkorpus (DeReKo)' of the Mannheimer Institut für Deutsche Sprache currently contains over 28 billion words, and it is constantly being expanded. The sheer size of the corpus makes it impractical for researchers to analyze its entire content. On the other hand, the DeReKo offers the possibility of taking seriously the principle that every research project needs its own corpus - by acting as a 'reference corpus' that can be used in combination with special corpora. This paper addresses the question of whether a corpus should contain complete texts or only statistically relevant extracts; it also discusses the uses and necessity of 'small corpora'.
During the NEOBIOTA conference 2010 in Copenhagen (see http://www.neobiota.eu/conferences for an overview of all conferences), the attendants decided to transform the serial of the European Group on Biological Invasions Neobiota, edited by Ingo Kowarik and Uwe Starfinger, into an international, open access journal. In the following year, NeoBiota was relaunched under the same name, but with an upper case 'B', by Pensoft Publishers. In the editorial of the first issue, a large group of co-editors claimed for openness in covering a broad range of issues in invasion science, including the intersections with applied and social sciences, and referring to different groups of taxa and geographical regions (Kühn et al. 2011). What happened since then? We think that it is now time to shortly reflect how the new NeoBiota journal has developed in the first years of its infancy – based on some data on the published papers, the addressed topics and the geographical background of our contributing authors.
Lianas are prevalent in gaps and edges of forests where they compete intensely with trees, reducing growth and recruitment. Invasive lianas have the potential to be particularly harmful as the competitive advantage of the liana life history may be coupled with the more competitive qualities of invasiveness. However, in early stages of growth of lianas and native tree seedlings, facilitatory interactions or competitive interactions associated with soil nutrients may be more prevalent. We investigated interactions at the early stages of growth between native and invasive lianas with a common rainforest tree of temperate Australian rainforests under different light conditions. Invasive lianas, as a group, were not more competitive than native lianas in reducing growth of a native rainforest seedling. At this stage in the life cycle most lianas were as competitive as a conspecific seedling. However, one invasive liana, Anredera cordifolia, was particularly competitive and reduced biomass of tree seedlings. Light had little effect on growth of lianas nor on the impact of competition, however, specific leaf area differed between low and medium light conditions.
Moderate light did improve growth in the rainforest tree seedling. When lianas were grown with a rainforest tree, three liana species overyielded, while one species was unaffected by growing with the tree seedling. Overyielding suggests a strong positive interaction with the neighbouring plant, mediated through belowground processes. We discuss the potential for these interactions to be facilitative, parasitic or competitive. We therefore show that interactions early in the life of rainforest species can be complex mixtures of interactions which are likely to influence the ability of lianas to dominate rainforests.
Functional traits are useful for comparing the resource use of invasive and native species, with goals of identifying resource overlap to predict competitive interactions. The invasion of northeastern North America by the woodwasp Sirex noctilio has resulted in competition with the native congeneric Sirex nigricornis for suppressed and weakened pines. We compared sizes of adults, venom glands, fecundity, tree species use, voltinism and abundance of the invasive woodwasp S. noctilio with the native S. nigricornis in northeastern North American pines. Rearing adults from attacked pines showed that these species used the same tree species but S. noctilio were far more abundant, especially with increasing time since establishment. Adults of the invasive S. noctilio were larger than S. nigricornis, female S. noctilio had larger glands carrying phytotoxic venom in relation to body size, average-sized S. noctilio females carried more eggs, and S. noctilio developed faster than S. nigricornis. Sirex noctilio was the dominant woodwasp infesting suppressed pines in our study areas. We hypothesize that the future abundance of S. nigricornis could depend in part on the availability of wood for oviposition by this native that is not available or acceptable to the earlier-emerging S. noctilio.
Background: In Germany, patients suffering from life-limiting conditions are eligible for specialized outpatient palliative care (SOPC). Evaluation of the quality of this service lacks currently integration of patient-relevant outcomes. There is also no scientific consensus how to prove quality of care in the special context of SOPC adequately. Existing quality reports are primarily based on descriptive structural data which do not allow for estimation of process quality or result quality. The ELSAH study ("Evaluation of Specialized Outpatient Palliative Care in the German state of Hesse") aims to choose - or, if necessary, to adopt - to evaluate and to implement a suit of measures to assess, evaluate and monitor the quality of specialized, home-based palliative care.
Methods: All 22 SOPC teams providing their services in the state of Hesse, Germany, participate in the ELSAH study. The study is divided in two phases: a preparation phase and a main study phase. Based on the findings of the preparation phase we have chosen a preliminary set of instruments including the Integrated Palliative Outcome Scale, Views on Care, Zarit Burden Interview, Phase of Illness, Goal Attainment Scaling, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, Consumer Quality Indices Palliative Care and Sense of Security in Care. During the main study phase, we will use a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the instruments’ psychometric properties (reliability, validity, feasibility and practicability), to identify barriers, facilitators and limitations of their routine use and to explore how their use affects the care within the SOPC setting.
Discussion: At the end of this study, an outcome- and patient-centered, validated measurement approach should be provided, adapted for standardized evaluations in SOPC across patient groups, palliative care services and regions nationwide. The standardized application of instruments should allow for making valid statements and comparisons of health care quality in SOPC based on process- and outcome-evaluation rather than relying on structural data only. Moreover, the instruments might directly influence the care of patients in palliative situations.
Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00012421).
Background: Many gene variants modulate the individual perception of pain and possibly also its persistence. The limited selection of single functional variants is increasingly being replaced by analyses of the full coding and regulatory sequences of pain-relevant genes accessible by means of next generation sequencing (NGS).
Methods: An NGS panel was created for a set of 77 human genes selected following different lines of evidence supporting their role in persisting pain. To address the role of these candidate genes, we established a sequencing assay based on a custom AmpliSeqTM panel to assess the exomic sequences in 72 subjects of Caucasian ethnicity. To identify the systems biology of the genes, the biological functions associated with these genes were assessed by means of a computational over-representation analysis.
Results: Sequencing generated a median of 2.85 ⋅ 106 reads per run with a mean depth close to 200 reads, mean read length of 205 called bases and an average chip loading of 71%. A total of 3,185 genetic variants were called. A computational functional genomics analysis indicated that the proposed NGS gene panel covers biological processes identified previously as characterizing the functional genomics of persisting pain.
Conclusion: Results of the NGS assay suggested that the produced nucleotide sequences are comparable to those earned with the classical Sanger sequencing technique. The assay is applicable for small to large-scale experimental setups to target the accessing of information about any nucleotide within the addressed genes in a study cohort.
Das Kleine Schneeglöckchen (Galanthus nivalis) zählt zu den klassischen Frühjahrsgeophyten, wobei die Bezeichnung Wintergeophyt an dieser Stelle viel treffender wäre, denn die Art gehört neben dem Winterling (Eranthis hyemalis) bei uns zu den allerersten blühenden Pflanzen im Jahr. Ihre Blüten erscheinen massenhaft zwischen Januar und März, in milden Jahren blühen einzelne Pflanzen auch schon im Dezember. Somit kommt dem Schneeglöckchen nicht nur unter Botanikern eine symbolische Bedeutung zu: Sein Erscheinen versinnbildlicht das allmähliche Erwachen der Natur nach der Winterruhe und den Neubeginn des Pflanzenjahres.
Maintenance of the bacterial homeostasis initially emanates from interactions between proteins and the bacterial nucleoid. Investigating their spatial correlation requires high spatial resolution, especially in tiny, highly confined and crowded bacterial cells. Here, we present super-resolution microscopy using a palette of fluorescent labels that bind transiently to either the membrane or the nucleoid of fixed E. coli cells. The presented labels are easily applicable, versatile and allow long-term single-molecule super-resolution imaging independent of photobleaching. The different spectral properties allow for multiplexed imaging in combination with other localisation-based super-resolution imaging techniques. As examples for applications, we demonstrate correlated super-resolution imaging of the bacterial nucleoid with the position of genetic loci, of nascent DNA in correlation to the entire nucleoid, and of the nucleoid of metabolically arrested cells. We furthermore show that DNA- and membrane-targeting labels can be combined with photoactivatable fluorescent proteins and visualise the nano-scale distribution of RNA polymerase relative to the nucleoid in drug-treated E. coli cells.
Hier werden bemerkenswerte floristische Funde aus Nordrhein-Westfalen aus dem Jahr 2017 und einige Nachträge aus 2015 und 2016 zusammengestellt, die aus Sicht der Schriftleitung von landesweiter Bedeutung sind. Die Funde werden im Laufe des Jahres zunächst chronologisch auf die Homepage des Bochumer Botanischen Vereins gestellt und am Ende des Jahres zu einem Artikel zusammengefasst. Bei der Auswahl der Arten für diese Liste ist nicht an Bestätigung bereits lange bekannter Vorkommen gedacht, die an Ort und Stelle durchgehend vorkommen, sondern z. B. an Neufunde seltener Arten, Wieder-funde seltener Arten, die zwischendurch verschwunden schienen (wie z. B. Ackerunkräuter) oder auch an bekannte Vorkommen, die erloschen sind oder kurz vor dem Erlöschen stehen. Außerdem nehmen Beobachtungen von neophytischen Arten einen großen Raum ein, die entweder auf dem Wege der Einbürgerung sind, deren Einbürgerung noch nicht allgemein bekannt bzw. anerkannt ist oder deren Vorkommen bisher erst selten für Nordrhein-Westfalen veröffentlicht wurden. Ein wichtiges Kriterium für aufgeführte Arten ist die Seltenheit im Bundesland oder in der betreffenden Großlandschaft bzw. Region. Die Zuordnung der Arten zu Pflanzenfamilien richtet sich nach PAROLLY & ROHWER 2016.
Als großer Erfolg hat sich vor einigen Jahren die deutsche Kinokomödie 'Türkisch für Anfänger' erwiesen. 2012 in die Kinos gekommen, wurde sie auch als 'Multikulti-Komödie' (z.B. URL 1 und URL 2) bezeichnet. Eine wesentliche Rolle spielen darin ethnische Stereotype, die offenbar für Komik sorgen. Goldmanns Kritik in 'Spiegel online' beginnt so: "Sie Deutsche, er Ausländer, sie Zicke, er Macho: Der Kinofilm 'Türkisch für Anfänger' arbeitet sich wie die preisgekrönte TV-Serie an kulturellen Klischees ab" (URL 3). Im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrags stehen ethnische Stereotype. Mit verschiedenen sprachlichen Mitteln beziehen sich Charaktere im Film auf die Eigengruppe oder auf die Fremdgruppe - also auf Menschen mit oder ohne (erkennbaren) Migrationshintergrund
Background: Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a devastating multi-system disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, growth retardation, immunodeficiency, chronic pulmonary disease and chromosomal instability. Cutaneous granulomas are a known phenomenon in A-T but extra-dermal manifestation of granulomas at bone and synovia has not been reported so far. The clinical presentation, immunological findings, the long-term course and treatment options of eight patients with severe granulomas will be reported.
Methods: From our cohort of 44 classical A-T patients, eight patients aged 2–11 years (18.2%) presented with granulomas. Immunological features of patients with and without granulomas were compared. Five patients suffered from cutaneous manifestation, in two patients we detected a bone and in one a joint involvement. Patients with significant extra-dermal involvement as well as one patient with massive skin manifestation were treated with TNF inhibitors. The patient with granulomas at his finger joint and elbow was treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
Results: Interestingly, seven of eight patients with granulomas were total IgA deficient, but there were no differences in IgG and IgM levels. All lymphocytes subsets were equally distributed except patients with granuloma had significantly lower naïve CD8 cells. In patients without treatment, four of eight showed a slow but significant enlargement of the granuloma. Treatment success with TNF inhibitors was variable. In one patient, treatment with TNF inhibitors led to a total remission for 3 years up to now. In two patients, treatment with TNF inhibitors led to a partial regression of granulomas. Treatment interruptions caused deterioration again.
Conclusions: Granulomas in A-T progress slowly over years and can lead to significant morbidity.Treatment with TNF inhibitors was safe and in part successful in our patients. Interestingly HSCT leads to complete remission, and indicates that aberrant immune function is responsible for granulomas in A-T patients.
At a glance commentary:
Scientific knowledge on the subject: Little is known about the clinical presentation, course and treatment of granulomas in ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). In addition, this is the first report of extra-dermal manifestation of granulomas at bone and synovia in patients with A-T.
What This Study Adds to the Field: Granulomas in A-T progress slowly over years and can lead to significant morbidity. Treatment with TNF inhibitors was safe and in part successful in our patients.
Vorgestellt werden zwei eingebürgerte Vorkommen des Rundblättrigen Labkrauts (Galium rotundifolium) in Fichtenforsten in Attendorn und Lennestadt (Kreis Olpe/Sauerland). Die Herkunft dieser im Süden Deutschlands heimischen Art ist ungewiss. Als Quelle kommt am ehesten forstliches Pflanzgut in Frage.
Neuerdings werden in der ursprünglich nordamerikanischen Epilobium ciliatum-Gruppe drei Arten unterschieden. Intensive Studien im Aachener Raum haben gezeigt, dass weitere Sippen existieren. Im vorliegenden ersten Teil werden die Sippen, die morphologisch E. glandulosum entsprechen oder nahe stehen, besprochen. Neben E. glandulosum wird eine bisher nicht beachtete Sippe als E. pallidiglandulosum neu beschrieben. Sie unterscheidet sich von E. glandulosum unter anderem durch kleinere, zartrosa bis weißlich gefärbte Blüten, bleich- oder schwach blaugrün gefärbte Blätter und abweichend geformte Samen. Hybriden von E. glandulosum mit anderen Sippen der E. ciliatum-Gruppe werden vorgestellt.
Background and purpose: The astroglial protein GFAP is a blood biomarker indicative of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with acute stroke. Due to its brain specificity and the necessity of brain damage for its detectability in blood, we hypothesized that GFAP could be an interesting marker in cases with primary cerebral cause of death, e.g., traumatic brain injury.
Methods: All corpses scheduled for an autopsy in the Frankfurt Department of Forensic medicine within a 15-month period were included in the study. Cases with a known history of brain disease in the 3 months before death were excluded. During autopsy, blood was collected and GFAP serum levels were determined using a commercially available ELISA. The autopsy protocols were reviewed for the presence of a primary cerebral or a primary non-cerebral cause of death. Agony time was also determined.
Results: A total of 129 autopsy cases were included. GFAP concentrations did not differ between cerebral (median 0.96 μg/l, IQR 5.03) and non-cerebral causes of death (1.21 μg/l, 3.58). GFAP levels were found to be unaffected by hemolysis or post-mortem interval. GFAP levels were found to be increased in cases with prolonged agony times (median 1.76 μg/l [IQR 4.70]) compared to short (0.58 μg/l [0.58]; p<0.001) and ultra-short agony times (0.21 μg/l [0.12]; p = 0.002).
Conclusion: Post-mortem GFAP serum concentrations correlate with agony time and might therefore be useful for the evaluation of the severity of brain damage in prolonged death. Elevated GFAP serum levels do not indicate a primary cerebral cause of death.
Es wird über ein neues Felsvorkommen von Asplenium ceterach im südwestfälischen Bergland berichtet. Die aktuelle Verbreitung der Art in Nordrhein-Westfalen wird anhand der Auflistung aller bekannten Vorkommen für das Bundesland angegeben und durch eine aktuelle Verbreitungskarte illustriert. Dabei wird die Häufigkeit von Vorkommen der Art an Naturfelsen im Vergleich zu den viel häufigeren Vorkommen auf Mauern im Gebiet diskutiert.
Introduction: To date, several meta-analyses clearly demonstrated that resistance and plyometric training are effective to improve physical fitness in children and adolescents. However, a methodological limitation of meta-analyses is that they synthesize results from different studies and hence ignore important differences across studies (i.e., mixing apples and oranges). Therefore, we aimed at examining comparative intervention studies that assessed the effects of age, sex, maturation, and resistance or plyometric training descriptors (e.g., training intensity, volume etc.) on measures of physical fitness while holding other variables constant.
Methods: To identify relevant studies, we systematically searched multiple electronic databases (e.g., PubMed) from inception to March 2018. We included resistance and plyometric training studies in healthy young athletes and non-athletes aged 6 to 18 years that investigated the effects of moderator variables (e.g., age, maturity, sex, etc.) on components of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength and power).
Results: Our systematic literature search revealed a total of 75 eligible resistance and plyometric training studies, including 5,138 participants. Mean duration of resistance and plyometric training programs amounted to 8.9 ± 3.6 weeks and 7.1±1.4 weeks, respectively. Our findings showed that maturation affects plyometric and resistance training outcomes differently, with the former eliciting greater adaptations pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and the latter around- and post-PHV. Sex has no major impact on resistance training related outcomes (e.g., maximal strength, 10 repetition maximum). In terms of plyometric training, around-PHV boys appear to respond with larger performance improvements (e.g., jump height, jump distance) compared with girls. Different types of resistance training (e.g., body weight, free weights) are effective in improving measures of muscle strength (e.g., maximum voluntary contraction) in untrained children and adolescents. Effects of plyometric training in untrained youth primarily follow the principle of training specificity. Despite the fact that only 6 out of 75 comparative studies investigated resistance or plyometric training in trained individuals, positive effects were reported in all 6 studies (e.g., maximum strength and vertical jump height, respectively).
Conclusions: The present review article identified research gaps (e.g., training descriptors, modern alternative training modalities) that should be addressed in future comparative studies.
Es werden vier Arten mit purpurn gefärbten Blattstielen beschrieben. Sie besiedeln besonders Gebiete mit schweren, lehmigen Böden. Draba kohlscheidensis und D. strigosula sind Arten mit eher kurzen Schötchen und hauptsächlich einfachen Haaren und Gabelhaaren, die in diesen Merkmalen D. praecox ähneln. D. aquisgranensis ist eine kräftige Art mit recht langen Schötchen und intermediär geteilten Haaren. Sie ähnelt typischem D. verna s. l. D. acutidentata vermittelt morphologisch zwischen D. glabrescens s. l. und D. verna s. l. und ist charakterisiert durch auffallend schmale Blätter mit unregelmäßig angeordneten, scharfen Zähnen.
This paper compares Friedrich Dürrenmatt's drama script titled Besuch der alten Dame (The Visit, 1956) with the screenplay of the same name by Susanne Beck and Thomas Eifler (2008) with regard to emotionality in language. Due to the fact that the paper cannot focus on all aspects of emotionality, just one significant phenomenon will be addressed, namely certain features found in Dürrenmatt's text which are mostly lost in the screenplay and vice versa. The main focus is on the grotesque and absurdity on the one hand, and the text's closeness to reality and sentimentality on the other. The differences are illustrated using extracts from two selected scenes - the so-called Konradsweilerwald scene and the final scene. From the viewpoint of methodology, the linguistic text analysis of emotions will be used. Within the analysis, expression of emotions, description of emotions and evocation of emotions will be distinguished.
Erasmus of Rotterdam was a scholar with a broad range of interests living in the Renaissance and Reformation period, and he has become the eponymous figurehead of a European university mobility programme initiated thirty years ago. With reference to the partnership between the University of Ostrava (Czech Republic) and the Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences (Germany), this paper demonstrates the key importance of this programme for university courses in translation studies, showing how the programme is implemented in line with Erasmus of Rotterdam's ideas and convictions.
This article deals with the literary depiction of Prince Felix Lichnowsky viewed through the lens of the Czech translation of the verse epic Atta Troll. The translation was published in 1953 and is linked to the translation work of Eduard Petiška. The aim of the study is to illuminate the correspondences or differences arising from the comparison of the original version with its translation.
This study compares the dramas König Ottokars Glück und Ende by the Austrian dramatist Franz Grillparzer and Král Přemysl Otakar Druhý by the Czech writer František Zavřel. The focus is on the character of the Bohemian King Otakar II. The king is depicted by both authors as a strong and remarkable figure, but while Grillparzer presents him as an anti-hero who falls victim to his own ruthless politics, Zavřel shows him to be a form of superman, whose downfall is caused by the pettiness of those around him. The study explores these differences and seeks to explain their origins
The article presents the first German-Czech handbook and textbook about forestry (written by Wenzel Elias Lenhardt). The text is of particular interest due to the language situation and the practical use of both German and Czech in the Bohemian Crown Lands during the 18th century. The paper also discusses several aspects of the handbook and textbook - including the author and the addressee from a pragmalinguistic perspective - and summarizes the results of an analysis of its textual characteristics, writing style, syntax and lexis.
In Europe, anthroponyms have undergone a complex development, as simple one-word personal names have developed into multi-word structures containing one, two or more personal names and a stable surname. The article predominantly characterizes the development of surnames on the basis of their origin. Attention is also paid to different trends in the development of personal names. The article analyses this phenomenon from various perspectives, using an example of one specific living person’s anthroponyms.
Due to its specific features, the German participle has numerous functions and uses in word-formation. As partially deverbalized adjectives, participles take on the syntactic role of an adjective while at the same time retaining the valency of a verb. The paper presents the various steps in an analysis using graded (partial) corpora. Drawing on research into the properties and functions of various participle forms, it explores their specific uses in texts.
Objects that are semantically related to the visual scene context are typically better recognized than unrelated objects. While context effects on object recognition are well studied, the question which particular visual information of an object’s surroundings modulates its semantic processing is still unresolved. Typically, one would expect contextual influences to arise from high-level, semantic components of a scene but what if even low-level features could modulate object processing? Here, we generated seemingly meaningless textures of real-world scenes, which preserved similar summary statistics but discarded spatial layout information. In Experiment 1, participants categorized such textures better than colour controls that lacked higher-order scene statistics while original scenes resulted in the highest performance. In Experiment 2, participants recognized briefly presented consistent objects on scenes significantly better than inconsistent objects, whereas on textures, consistent objects were recognized only slightly more accurately. In Experiment 3, we recorded event-related potentials and observed a pronounced mid-central negativity in the N300/N400 time windows for inconsistent relative to consistent objects on scenes. Critically, inconsistent objects on textures also triggered N300/N400 effects with a comparable time course, though less pronounced. Our results suggest that a scene’s low-level features contribute to the effective processing of objects in complex real-world environments.
The aim of this paper is to show that the users of social media and the members of various networks make great efforts to achieve as original, innovative and creative ways of expression as possible. In this respect, the social networking site called Facebook is no exception. However, what differs is the occasions on which the texts are created (in the form of contributions, postings, comments etc.), their particular language forms as well as their distance in relation to both private and public virtual communities. The corpus explored comprises the profiles of different Facebook-users who release their birthday wishes online
Background: Transient elastography (TE) has been validated as an effective noninvasive tool for the assessment of liver fibrosis. The XL probe is a new probe that was initially designed for use in patients with obesity. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of TE using the XL probe.
Methods: In September 2016, we systematically searched the PubMed and Science Direct search engines. The feasibility of TE was evaluated based on the failure rate and the results of the unreliable liver stiffness measurement (LSM). The efficacy of TE was measured using sensitivity, specificity, and summary receiver-operating characteristic as measures/indices assessed in different stages of fibrosis. Heterogeneity was measured using the chi-squared test and the Q-statistic. We used the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) as an effect measure.
Results: We included 8 studies in the meta-analysis. When the XL was compared to the M probe, the former showed a lower risk of failure rate [relative risk (RR) 0.24, 95% CI 0.14–0.38]. In patients with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, the XL probe showed a statistically significantly lower risk of failure rate (RR 0.16, 95% CI 0.08–0.32) but no significant improvement (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.50–1.16) in the unreliable LSM result. In patients showing liver fibrosis stage ≥F2, the XL probe showed a sensitivity of 0.56 (95% CI 0.39–0.72), specificity of 0.71 (95% CI 0.61–0.79), and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.71. The results observed in patients with liver fibrosis stage F4 were more promising with a sensitivity of 0.84 (95% CI 0.76–0.90), specificity of 0.78 (95% CI 0.70–0.84), and an AUC of 0.88.
Conclusion: TE using the XL probe demonstrates significant diagnostic utility in patients with liver fibrosis and is likely to be more reliable than the M probe in patients with obesity. Large prospective multicenter studies are, however, necessary to establish the new cut-off values to be used for the XL probe in patients with obesity.
The paper presents the possibilities for analyzing deverbal derivatives from verbs ending in -ier(en); in many cases these exist as doublets, with the suffix -ung and/or the suffix -(at)ion. Based on selected examples of these doublets, the paper demonstrates how both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries fail to take sufficient account of the semantic differences between such competing forms. The author also presents research questions connected with this issue, and outlines a methodology for addressing these questions based on metalexicographic and corpus analysis; this methodology is demonstrated using the example of the doublet Diskrimination and Diskriminierung
The access to information on the dynamic behaviour of large proteins is usually hindered as spectroscopic methods require the site-specific attachment of biophysical probes. A powerful emerging tool to tackle this issue is amber codon suppression. Till date, its application on large and complex multidomain proteins of MDa size has not been reported. Herein, we systematically investigate the feasibility to introduce different non-canonical amino acids into a 540 kDa homodimeric fatty acid synthase type I by genetic code expansion with subsequent fluorescent labelling. Our approach relies on a microplate-based reporter assay of low complexity using a GFP fusion protein to quickly screen for sufficient suppression conditions. Once identified, these findings were successfully utilized to upscale both the expression scale and the protein size to full-length constructs. These fluorescently labelled samples of fatty acid synthase were subjected to initial biophysical experiments, including HPLC analysis, activity assays and fluorescence spectroscopy. Successful introduction of such probes into a molecular machine such as fatty acid synthases may pave the way to understand the conformational variability, which is a primary intrinsic property required for efficient interplay of all catalytic functionalities, and to engineer them.
The article presents two surgical texts written in Strasbourg around 1500. The author of the first text is Hieronymus Brunschwig, and the second is by Hans Gersdorff. Although Gersdorff's book is more like a teaching text, a set of normative instructions in the manner of (legally binding) municipal records, it was published under the name 'Feldbuch'. The publisher may have chosen this designation under the influence of texts named Feldbücher, originating in the Moravian-Silesian region, which were originally intended as manuals for barber surgeons working on battlefields
Based on increasing evidence suggesting that MS pathology involves alterations in bioactive lipid metabolism, the present analysis was aimed at generating a complex serum lipid-biomarker. Using unsupervised machine-learning, implemented as emergent self-organizing maps of neuronal networks, swarm intelligence and Minimum Curvilinear Embedding, a cluster structure was found in the input data space comprising serum concentrations of d = 43 different lipid-markers of various classes. The structure coincided largely with the clinical diagnosis, indicating that the data provide a basis for the creation of a biomarker (classifier). This was subsequently assessed using supervised machine-learning, implemented as random forests and computed ABC analysis-based feature selection. Bayesian statistics-based biomarker creation was used to map the diagnostic classes of either MS patients (n = 102) or healthy subjects (n = 301). Eight lipid-markers passed the feature selection and comprised GluCerC16, LPA20:4, HETE15S, LacCerC24:1, C16Sphinganine, biopterin and the endocannabinoids PEA and OEA. A complex classifier or biomarker was developed that predicted MS at a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of approximately 95% in training and test data sets, respectively. The present successful application of serum lipid marker concentrations to MS data is encouraging for further efforts to establish an MS biomarker based on serum lipidomics.
A point mutation in the Ncr1 signal peptide impairs the development of innate lymphoid cell subsets
(2018)
NKp46 (CD335) is a surface receptor shared by both human and mouse natural killer (NK) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that transduces activating signals necessary to eliminate virus-infected cells and tumors. Here, we describe a spontaneous point mutation of cysteine to arginine (C14R) in the signal peptide of the NKp46 protein in congenic Ly5.1 mice and the newly generated NCRB6C14R strain. Ly5.1C14R NK cells expressed similar levels of Ncr1 mRNA as C57BL/6, but showed impaired surface NKp46 and reduced ability to control melanoma tumors in vivo. Expression of the mutant NKp46C14R in 293T cells showed that NKp46 protein trafficking to the cell surface was compromised. Although Ly5.1C14R mice had normal number of NK cells, they showed an increased number of early maturation stage NK cells. CD49a+ILC1s were also increased but these cells lacked the expression of TRAIL. ILC3s that expressed NKp46 were not detectable and were not apparent when examined by T-bet expression. Thus, the C14R mutation reveals that NKp46 is important for NK cell and ILC differentiation, maturation and function.
Objective: The correlation of depleted blood through midline shift in acute subdural hematoma remains the most reliable clinical predictor to date. On the other hand, patient’s ABO blood type has a profound impact on coagulation and hemostasis. We conducted this study to evaluate the role of patient’s blood type in terms of incidence, clinical course and outcome after acute subdural hematoma bleeding.
Methods: 100 patients with acute subdural hematoma treated between 2010 and 2015 at the author’s institution were included. Baseline characteristics and clinical findings including Glasgow coma scale, Glasgow outcome scale, hematoma volume, rebleeding, midline shift, postoperative seizures and the presence of anticoagulation were analyzed for their association with ABO blood type.
Results: Patient’s with blood type O were found to have a lower midline shift (p<0.01) and significantly less seizures (OR: 0.43; p<0.05) compared to non-O patients. Furthermore, patients with blood type A had the a significantly higher midline shift (p<0.05) and a significantly increased risk for postoperative seizures (OR: 4.01; p<0.001). There was no difference in ABO blood type distribution between acute subdural hematoma patients and the average population.
Conclusion: The ABO blood type has significant influence on acute subdural hematoma sequelae. Patient’s with blood type O benefit in their clinical course after acute subdural hematoma whereas blood type A patients are at highest risk for increased midline shift and postoperative seizures. Further studies elucidating the biological mechanisms of blood type depended hemostaseology and its role in acute subdural hematoma are required for the development of an appropriate intervention.
Locomotion circuits developed in simple animals, and circuit motifs further evolved in higher animals. To understand locomotion circuit motifs, they must be characterized in many models. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans possesses one of the best-studied circuits for undulatory movement. Yet, for 1/6th of the cholinergic motor neurons (MNs), the AS MNs, functional information is unavailable. Ventral nerve cord (VNC) MNs coordinate undulations, in small circuits of complementary neurons innervating opposing muscles. AS MNs differ, as they innervate muscles and other MNs asymmetrically, without complementary partners. We characterized AS MNs by optogenetic, behavioral and imaging analyses. They generate asymmetric muscle activation, enabling navigation, and contribute to coordination of dorso-ventral undulation as well as anterio-posterior bending wave propagation. AS MN activity correlated with forward and backward locomotion, and they functionally connect to premotor interneurons (PINs) for both locomotion regimes. Electrical feedback from AS MNs via gap junctions may affect only backward PINs.
This paper takes as its starting point several statements by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz on the role of the German language in literary and scholarly life during Leibniz's era. The languages of scholarship were Latin and French, and Leibniz himself published in both these languages. German was the language of practical life. Viewed from this perspective, it was almost inevitable that medieval and early modern medicine - not in the sense of academic theory, but as a practical activity - developed its own fully-fledged specialist language, which was largely based on the vernacular. In her studies of the language of historical medicine, Lenka Vaňková has shown how such vernacular language was (and potentially still is) able to function in specialist domains
On history in the present day. Laudatio to Lenka Vaňková.
This paper takes as its starting point several statements by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz on the role of the German language in literary and scholarly life during Leibniz's era. The languages of scholarship were Latin and French, and Leibniz himself published in both these languages. German was the language of practical life. Viewed from this perspective, it was almost inevitable that medieval and early modern medicine - not in the sense of academic theory, but as a practical activity - developed its own fully-fledged specialist language, which was largely based on the vernacular. In her studies of the language of historical medicine, Lenka Vaňková has shown how such vernacular language was (and potentially still is) able to function in specialist domains.
Os materiais audiovisuais, como filmes e seriados, proporcionam ao professor a oportunidade de apontar exemplos de diferentes tipos de falantes da língua-alvo: tanto falantes nativos (comumente tomados como modelo) quanto interculturais (HOUSE 2007), sendo estes falantes não nativos que se apropriaram adequadamente da língua estrangeira para a comunicação. Apresentar falantes interculturais ao aluno é importante para que ele possa romper com a concepção de falante nativo ideal como modelo de aprendizagem (RAJAGOPALAN 2012); por essa razão, é imprescindível que esse tipo de personagem seja representado adequadamente em seriados e filmes. Tendo isso em vista, pretendemos analisar, neste trabalho, os seriados Erste Wege in Deutschland e Jojo sucht das Glück, no que se refere a suas protagonistas (ambas, supostamente, falantes interculturais). Foram analisados, respectivamente, dois e cinco episódios das séries, buscando refletir sobre as protagonistas com base na caracterização de falante intercultural nos estudos da área (BYRAM, GRIBKOVA E STARKEY 2002; HOUSE 2007; OLIVEIRA 2012). Os resultados apontam para uma representação artificial dessas personagens, pois elas reproduzem, de forma geral, características típicas de um falante idealizado, o qual gera imagens estereotipadas da língua-alvo.
This paper investigates the concept(s) of intercultural competence held by undergraduate students from teacher education courses in English and German languages. To this end, first and fourth year undergraduates of English and German from a federal university in Rio de Janeiro answered two versions of a questionnaire designed to lead students to inductively formulate what they understood as intercultural competence and how they would help their future students develop this competence. Responses were submitted to content analysis and the four groups were compared. Results show that students of English and German who participated in this study hold different perspectives on intercultural competence and one of the reasons for that may be attributed to their educational background
O cotidiano nas salas de aula de ALE nos contextos universitário e institucional extracurricular - como é o caso do projeto PALEP - Projeto Aulas de Línguas em Espaços Públicos (UERJ/UFRJ) – tem imposto desafios de várias ordens a todos os envolvidos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Consideramos como pressuposto da pesquisa a ideia de que professores e gestores da ensino-aprendizagem estão diante de salas de aula de natureza "multinível" e que o reconhecimento dessa natureza tem implicações político-pedagógicas que terão reflexo no papel de alunos e professores, no desenvolvimento do material didático e também nos objetivos do processo de aprendizagem. O objetivo deste artigo é, portanto, discutir aspectos teóricos da atividade de ensino-aprendizagem como uma atividade complexa e identificar três dimensões do reconhecimento da natureza "multinível" das salas de aula de ALE: a dimensão social, que engloba questões relacionadas às possibilidades de socialização e cooperação levando em conta a multiplicidade de níveis em sala de aula; a dimensão pedagógica, que impõe transformações na racionalidade didática em sala; e, por fim, a dimensão política, que nos permite compreender melhor processos de produção do fracasso e de evasão em cursos de ALE.
Spielfilme als dominante Ausdrucksform kultureller Identität sind ein modernes, motivierendes, emotional ansprechendes und effizientes (ergänzendes) Lehr- und Lernmedium im Sprachunterricht, dass die Lernenden in "realistisch wirkende Kommunikation" und aktuelle Landeskunde einführt sowie interkulturelle kommunikative Kompetenz entwickelt. Das Interesse der Deutschlernenden an Spielfilmen ist groß und vor allem auf das Erleben authentischer Sprache in realen Situationen, auf den Alltag und die zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen in deutschsprachigen Ländern ausgerichtet. In der Mehrzahl der außeruniversitären DaF-Programme in Malaysia ist das Medium Film trotz aller theoretischen Einsichten seitens der Lehrenden noch immer unterrepräsentiert und beschränkt sich zumeist auf reine Unterhaltung bzw. auf die Vermittlung von landeskundlichen Aspekten. Die Ursachen liegen in der fehlenden Aus- und Fortbildung im Bereich Filmarbeit im Fremdsprachenunterricht und der sich daraus ergebenden Unsicherheit der Lehrkräfte bei der zielgerichteten Implementierung filmischer Textsorten im Unterricht. Hinzu kommen ein stark prüfungszentrierter, traditionell grammatikorientierter Unterricht sowie Zeitmangel, aber auch das Desinteresse vieler Lehrender an der aufwändigen didaktisch-methodischen Vorentlastung und Nachbereitung einer Filmvorführung. Lediglich in den BA-German Programmen werden Filme in verschiedenen Kursen zur Vermittlung von Sprache, Landeskunde, Geschichte, Literatur, Kunst und zum fremd- und eigenkulturellen Vergleich eingesetzt. Am German-Malaysian-Institute dienen deutsche Spielfilme vor allem der interkulturellen Vorbereitung künftiger Studierender ingenieurswissenschaftlicher Programme an deutschen Fachhochschulen.
Este artigo se propõe a discutir algumas questões de interesse tradutológico referentes às três traduções brasileiras (1950; 1977; 2017) da obra Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten, de Sigmund Freud - cuja primeira publicação data de 1905. Parte-se de argumentos expostos em um debate entre o poeta e tradutor brasileiro Haroldo de Campos e o tradutor francês de Freud, Jean Laplanche, acerca das possibilidades de traduzir os chistes citados por Freud no referido livro, para identificar as diferentes estratégias adotadas pelos tradutores brasileiros. Longe de apresentar uma análise completa das diversas versões ou um cotejo exaustivo entre o original e as três (re)traduções, o que este trabalho visa é defender que elas constituem aproximações diferentes – porém todas válidas e potencialmente relevantes para o leitor-alvo - em relação a determinados aspectos da obra "original".
Die audiovisuelle Übersetzung von Wortspielen am Beispiel der ecuadorianischen Webserie Enchufe.tv
(2018)
Die voranschreitende Internationalisierung audiovisueller Medien zieht die Notwendigkeit der Überbrückung sprachlicher Barrieren nach sich. In Deutschland, traditionell ein Synchronisationsland, werden dazu immer häufiger Untertitel herangezogen. Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich mit den Anwendungsmöglichkeiten dieser Form des audiovisuellen Übersetzens in Bezug auf humoristische Elemente auseinander. Dabei werden zwei theoretische Ansätze zur Übertragung des Komischen vorgestellt, die anschließend anhand des praxisnahen Beispiels dreier Sketche der ecuadorianischen Webserie Enchufe.tv auf die Probe gestellt werden. Den drei Sketchen ist gemein, dass sie sich auf Wortspiele, also auf eine Erscheinungsform des Komischen stützen, die sich der Wiedergabe in einer anderen Sprache in außergewöhnlichem Maße widersetzt. Auf diese Weise werden einerseits die Stärken der vorgestellten Methoden aufgezeigt, andererseits wird aber auch die Notwendigkeit ihrer Ausweitung auf die besonderen Eigenschaften audiovisueller Texte deutlich
Seit dem funktionalen Ansatz in der Übersetzungswissenschaft ist die Frage nach der Zielgruppe aus der Übersetzungskritik nicht mehr wegzudenken. Das ist unser Ausgangspunkt bei der Untersuchung der Spanisch-Deutsch und Spanisch-Englisch-Übersetzung von Los mayas en las rocas des Autors Javier Covo Torres. Dabei handelt es sich um ein für Touristen konzipiertes Buch, das eine didaktisierte Einführung in die Kultur der prähispanischen Maya geben möchte. Übergeordnetes Untersuchungsziel ist die Bewertung der Adäquatheit der Zieltexte, wobei wir uns methodisch auf einige Parameter der Übersetzungsbewertung von Silvia Parra Galiana stützen, die eine Überprüfung in zwei Phasen vorschlägt, welche unterschiedliche Kriterien abdecken. Unser besonderes Augenmerk gilt dabei dem Zusammenspiel von Text und Illustrationen, denn letztere stellen den Übersetzer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Die Ergebnisse stellen wir in Zusammenhang mit verlegerischen Entscheidungen, die fernab des Wissens- und Diskussionsstands der akademischen Disziplin getroffen werden
Uma análise de O tambor de Günter Grass : recursos ficcionais para debater sua própria história
(2018)
Busca-se neste artigo analisar os recursos ficcionais utilizados pelo escritor Günter Grass em sua obra literária mais famosa, O tambor, na qual o autor recria, através do protagonista, Oskar Matzerath, sua própria história. Para tanto, o artigo coteja a obra de ficção O tambor com a autobiografia do autor alemão, juntamente com os percalços de sua trajetória pessoal.
Dieser Artikel diskutiert die Frage von Schuld und Sühne im Fall von Massenmördern wie Josef Mengele. Die Abnormität des Verbrechens, so scheint es, erfordert Rache und nicht eine einfache Bestrafung im Einklang mit den Normen der Menschenrechte. Analog zu diesen Vorüberlegungen kann fiktionale Literatur über das Thema, die das Bedürfnis der Leser nach Rache nicht erfüllt, nicht als gelungen angesehen werden. Diese These scheint bestätigt zu werden durch das Schicksal von Vati (1987), einer Erzählung von Peter Schneider, die das Treffen Josef Mengeles mit seinem Sohn in einem brasilianischen Versteck beschreibt. Hinsichtlich der Fakten, gestützt auf eine Serie von Artikeln über das tatsächliche Treffen, zeigt Schneider das psychologische Dilemma des Sohns, der sich unfähig fühlt, den Vater der Justiz auszuliefern oder ihn eigenhändig zu bestrafen; die fehlende Bestrafung des Täters scheint er durch eine Reihe von aggressiven Akten und Phantasien gegen andere Figuren zu kompensieren. Schneider hat versucht den negativen Effekt auf sein Publikum zu reduzieren, indem er statt des Erzählers in der ersten Person einen Er-Erzähler einführte. Dennoch zeigt die Rezeption des Buchs, dass es dem Autor nicht gelungen ist, das Gleichgewicht zwischen Schuld und Strafe zu finden, das die Öffentlichkeit hätte erwarten dürfen.
Contestando a suposta superação do mito na modernidade e a validade da dicotomia entre mito e logos, este artigo propõe aproximações entre as categorias do pensamento mítico enumeradas por Ernst Cassirer e a obra de Walter Benjamin, aqui representada especialmente pelos textos de juventude do autor que compõem sua filosofia da linguagem. De maneira mais pontual, recorrer-se-á, ademais, a outros ensaios e livros de sua obra, intencionando sugerir a abundância de material do pensador como um campo profícuo para o estudo do mito.
Em 2017, completaram-se os trinta anos do lançamento de Patmos e outros poemas de Hölderlin, primeiro livro de poesia traduzida assinado por Marco Lucchesi. O então jovem poeta percorre uma amostra da lírica de Friedrich Hölderlin por meio da tradução, enquanto experimenta a própria poesia e nos remete à concepção benjaminiana de Erfahrung [experiência], que, como observa Jeanne-Marie Gagnebin, entre outros, "[...] vem do radical fahr-, usado ainda no antigo alemão no seu sentido literal de percorrer, de atravessar uma região durante uma viagem" (GAGNEBIN 1994: 66). Numa reflexão sobre os elementos que vão compondo uma poíesis diferenciada, verificamos que se desenvolve uma Erfahrung como "itinerário" para o futuro percurso de Lucchesi como poeta-tradutor. O presente trabalho propõe-se expor tal "itinerário" não com o intuito de rastrear e analisar exaustivamente as referências que se enfeixam para produzir uma rede algo caótica ou interpretar toda a poesia por vezes hermética que opera essa rede, mas de apontar como, a despeito da condição de criação indomável, numa obra espécie de colagem ou mosaico, Lucchesi lançava-se a uma tentativa de diálogo com a lírica alemã, como parte privilegiada da produção lírica ocidental de diferentes épocas.
Feridun Zaimoglu é um dos principais autores de língua alemã que introduzem a história e as experiências dos imigrantes e seus antepassados em seus textos literários. O romance Leyla, publicado em 2006, é um exemplo paradigmático disso, pois seu universo ficcional apresenta uma configuração temporal que antecede a chegada da protagonista turca à Alemanha. O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir o romance em dois aspectos: a gênese da voz em espaços com desequilíbrio de poder e por outro lado a gênese da imagem do outro no universo pessoal dos personagens
Ein Vorschlag des dialektbasierten Hochdeutschunterrichts für die Wolgadeutschen in Argentinien
(2018)
Wie in vielen anderen deutschen Gemeinschaften in Amerika wurde bei den Wolgadeutschen in Argentinien bis heute eine dialektale Varietät des Deutschen aufrechterhalten. Diese wurde i.d.R. nur mündlich weitergegeben, verfügt über covert prestige für die Sprecher und dient als Marker ethnischer Identität. Die Sprache der Mehrheitsgesellschaft (Spanisch im Falle der Wolgadeutschen in Argentinien) verfügt dagegen über overt prestige und objektiven Nutzen für den Alltag. Auch dem Hochdeutschen wird ein objektiver Nutzen, z.B. für die berufliche Zukunft, zugesprochen. Gleichzeitig wird die von der Gemeinschaft gesprochene Varietät meist als inkompatibel mit dem Hochdeutschen wahrgenommen: Die Sprecher des Dialekts sind oft der Meinung, dass die Dialektkenntnisse für sie eher ein Hindernis als eine Hilfe beim Erwerb des Hochdeutschen darstellen. Nichtsdestotrotz gab es bereits Initiativen dialektbasierten Hochdeutschunterricht für die Wolgadeutschen in Argentinien voranzutreiben: So initiierte z.B. Arndt Schmidt ein Programm zur Ausbildung der Lehrer im wolgadeutschen Dorf Santa Maria in der Provinz Buenos Aires. Der vorliegende Artikel geht auf die Frage des Deutschunterrichts für Dialektlerner ein, gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die soziolinguistische Situation der Wolgadeutschen in Argentinien und macht einen Vorschlag eines ursprungsdialektbasierten Hochdeutschunterrichts.
O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a construção de imagens discursivas de aprendizes em sumários e em atividades contidas em livros didáticos de Alemão como Língua Estrangeira (ALE), e de que modo essas construções antecipam que tipo de inserção esse aprendiz teria de/poderia ocupar nessa comunidade de produção/circulação de textos na língua alvo. Nesse sentido, o quadro teórico se constrói a partir da articulação entre a perspectiva polifônica da linguagem (BAKHTIN 2011), a noção de práticas discursivas (FOUCAULT 2004; MAINGUENEAU 2008) e o disciplinamento de saberes (FOUCAULT 2002), considerando a relevância de tal articulação para uma crítica à Linguística Aplicada a partir de Rocha e Daher (2015). Por meio das análises de livros didáticos de ALE, observamos a construção de imagens de aprendiz que parece retirá-lo das situações de interação, considerando-o mero espectador, que se ocupará de repetir sentenças e estruturas determinadas por uma simulação artificial de situações comunicativas, mais do que permitir a ele espaços de interação e de inserção nessas situações. Além disso, os materiais comunicam uma imagem de aprendiz-consumidor-turista, interessado em aprender a língua para fazer viagens, realidade essa distante da brasileira.
Este artigo aborda parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa mais abrangente que objetivou compreender (inter)relações que se estabelecem entre práticas de leitura e escrita em alemão e em português de crianças do Ensino Fundamental e o contexto de língua de herança em que estão inseridas. Quanto à dimensão teórica, o estudo filia-se à área da Linguística Aplicada em diálogo com a Educação em contextos interculturais. A pesquisa, de base qualitativo-interpretativista, teve como locus uma escola municipal, em zona rural do município de Blumenau, Santa Catarina. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, foram utilizadas duas propostas de produção de narrativas escritas, uma em português e outra em alemão. Os resultados sugerem que (i) as crianças têm domínio restrito de uma estrutura narrativa e aplicam-na parcialmente nas produções em ambas as línguas; (ii) o vocabulário e as estruturas gramaticais são característicos das práticas linguageiras cotidianas; iii) os estudantes desconhecem ou não internalizaram regras ortográficas, especialmente da língua alemã. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa afirma-se a importância de se garantir, na educação formal, o aprendizado da língua de herança, ao lado do português, em contextos bi/multilíngues similares.
Este trabalho analisa a língua alemã como marcador de identidade étnica teuto-brasileira na cidade de Pomerode (SC) entre a década de 1980 e os dias atuais através de histórias de vida, isto é, de relatos que os teuto-brasileiros fizeram de sua vida pessoal e social. Para essa compreensão investiga-se os sentidos atribuídos pelos depoentes à lingua no que diz respeito ao seu aspecto objetivo e subjetivo. A pesquisa encontra-se apoiada na teoria da etnicidade relacional e em estudos sobre identidade étnico-cultural e na metodologia de História Oral. A língua alemã em Pomerode é, de um lado, vivenciada individualmente e, de outro lado, compartilhada no coletivo étnico e está relacionada à produção de sentidos que cada depoente vivenciou na família e na comunidade étnica, o que caracteriza permanência e transformação do papel dessa língua e uma negociação de sentidos individuais e coletivos. A redefinição do papel da língua alemã em Pomerode está associada, por um lado, ao próprio grupo étnico, ou seja, a autocompreensão de sua identidade étnica e, por outro lado, à mercantilização da identidade, ou seja, à instrumentalização da língua.
Der folgende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Sprechern des Hunsrückischen in Brasilien und deren Gebrauch des Schriftdeutschen im 20. Jahrhundert. Basis der Analyse ist ein Korpus von Privatbriefen, die während der ersten Diktatur geschrieben wurden. Der Fokus der Analyse ist die Frage nach einer uniformen Schriftnorm für diese Sprechergruppe, deren Muttersprache fast ausschließlich mündlich verwendet wurde. Es wird argumentiert, dass der Estado Novo nicht die einzige Ursache für den Dachsprachenwechsel vom Deutschen zum Portugiesischen war, jedoch entscheidend dazu beigetragen hat, dass die Etablierung einer brasilianischen Schriftnorm des Deutschen endgültig verhindert wurde.
Os seriados televisivos vêm se destacando como opção de lazer bastante recorrente entre pessoas de diferentes faixas etárias, em especial, dentre estudantes. Diante disso, este trabalho tem como objetivo abordar as vantagens do uso de tal material para o ensino de aspectos linguísticos, político-sociais, ideológicos e socioculturais de língua alemã. Trata-se do recorte de uma pesquisa que se encontra ainda em desenvolvimento, no qual destacaremos o seriado Deutschland 83. Ressaltaremos a importância do uso de materiais autênticos para o ensino de línguas e a necessidade do ensino com foco em aspectos da cultura estrangeira. Concluímos que o seriado Deutschland 83 é um material com potencial a ser explorado, permitindo que o aprendiz se aproxime da cultura e língua alemã, ao mesmo tempo em que proporciona ao aluno material para gerar uma reflexão sobre sua própria realidade.
As obras visuais de Carlfriedrich Claus e de Ana Hatherly se localizam fora daquilo que se convencionou chamar de poesia. Uma poesia sem palavras resta como impossibilidade para os defensores da prática logocêntrica da escrita. Os autores aqui estudados suscitam, portanto, uma leitura desviante da atividade poética contemporânea. Eles defendem a hipótese de que a poesia contemporânea tende à iconicidade e mesmo da completa ilegibilidade como modo de apreensão estética de um mundo caótico. Porque não se constituem e nem podem ser lidos a partir das mesmas regras da lírica tradicional, os textos deliberadamente obliterados desses poetas resultam na transformação inequívoca dos métodos de criação e leitura, não obstante a resistência de certos ramos da crítica
Por ocasião do bicentenário da viagem dos naturalistas alemães Spix e Martius pelo Brasil (1817-1820), um grupo de pesquisadores ligados ao Instituto Martius Staden (São Paulo) refez em março de 2017 um trecho daquela expedição: de Ouro Preto a Diamantina. O principal objetivo foi estudar as continuidades e as mudanças ocorridas ao longo desses 200 anos. Estes foram os lugares visitados: 1) Ouro Preto, a antiga Vila Rica, capital da província de Minas Gerais; 2) no distrito de Mariana, as comunidades de Bento Rodrigues e Paracatu, destruídas pelo desastre ambiental ocorrido em 2015; 3) o Parque Nacional e o Santuário da Serra do Caraça, fundado em 1774; 4) as cidades de Sabará e do Serro, antiga Vila do Príncipe, e o Pico do Itambé (2052 metros), na Serra do Espinhaço, a divisa entre os biomas da Mata Atlântica e do Cerrado; e 5) a cidade de Diamantina, antigo Arraial de Tijuco, e seus arredores, incluindo um local de garimpagem.
Para Vilém Flusser as imagens técnicas são como "aspiradores de pó" que sugam toda a história: elas aceleram o tempo e transformam o todo em imagens congeladas. Trata-se para ele de uma imagem que contém a realização de uma redenção judaico-cristã. As imagens técnicas permitem a superação do que ele via como a clausura do mundo histórico, marcado pela textolatria. Elas permitem remontar ludicamente o universo a partir de sua decomposição imagética, como se as imagens (constituídas de "calculi", pixels) fossem pedras de lego. O trabalho apresenta essa escatologia mística judaica de Flusser sobre as imagens mágicas redentoras, levando em conta também o seu credo (que ele também considerava judaico), segundo o qual, ao invés de pensarmos na imortalidade das almas deveríamos apostar que "sobreviveremos na memória dos outros". Que memória seria essa e o que significaria sobreviver em um mundo pós-histórico, esvaziado de sua visão temporal, são algumas das questões que o texto desenvolve. Comparando com algumas ideias e conceitos de Walter Benjamin, o texto procura mostrar como Flusser procurou responder à demanda benjaminiana segundo a qual o surgimento de novas técnicas impõe-nos repensar o que a morte e o amor seriam hoje em dia.
Este trabalho fundamenta-se em estudos sobre a tradução como recurso metodológico no ensino e na aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras. O contexto de pesquisa é a fase inicial de aprendizagem da língua alemã no 1º ano de um curso de Letras. Os estudantes produziram um texto autodescritivo em língua alemã, comentado e corrigido pela troca de e-mails com a professora-pesquisadora. Na sequência, os textos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente aos membros do grupo, que os traduziram para o português. Para a análise, os textos-fonte foram alinhados às traduções com auxílio de um software gerenciador de memória de tradução. Com base em CACHO E BRANCO (2014) e em critérios elaborados a partir de AUBERT (1998), SCOTT (1998 apud LIMA 2004) e CHESTERMAN (1997 apud CACHO; BRANCO 2014), observou-se a aproximação das traduções com a língua-alvo (normalização)ou a manutenção de características da língua-fonte, bem como problemas tradutórios. Tais critérios mostraram-se adequados para verificar como os aprendizes compreendem vocabulário e estruturas da língua alemã. Com objetivos semelhantes, outros aprendizes de alemão compararam os textos nas duas línguas, comentando as traduções. Observou-se que atividades de tradução motivam os aprendizes e auxiliam a aprendizagem, permitindo abordar questões linguísticas e culturais.
Alternância dativa sob a perspectiva da gramática de construções : uma análise do verbo senden
(2017)
Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da alternância dativa do verbo senden da língua alemã. Os pressupostos teóricos da Gramática de Construções postulados por GOLDBERG (1995) no que concerne aos bitransitivos e suas paráfrases preposicionais e a abordagem da sensitividade ao núcleo verbal de RAPPAPORT HOVAV E LEVIN (2008) são comparados e utilizados como ferramenta de análise do corpus.Por meio deles, analisa-se se as construções constituídas pelo verbo senden e o sintagma preposicional an denotam um evento de posse causada ou de movimento causado. Apresentam-se preceitos abordados por Adler (2011) em seus estudos sobre a alternância dativa na língua alemã, que auxiliam na distinção do evento denotado pela construção. Assim, a pesquisa realizada corrobora as reflexões da autora sobre a nova faceta da preposição an que aparece em verbos de transferência - o addressee-an, sustentando sua argumentação sobre o fato de que não são as variantes do objeto duplo (dativo), ou do sintagma preposicional (no caso, an) as responsáveis pelo evento denotado pela construção, mas sim os argumentos que a constituem. Essa pesquisa também propõe outro tipo de classificação para a análise de verbos da língua alemã que denotam eventos de transferência em orações destituídas de agente volitivo: evento causal como transferência (GOLDBERG 1995), no qual X CAUSA Y (AFETADO)A RECEBER Z (EFEITO).
Este trabalho teve a intenção de investigar sobre o processo de tomada de decisão quanto às funções comunicativas das partículas modais (doravante PM), frente a diferentes contextos. Nesse sentido, aplicamos um questionário online em alemão. Para a coleta de dados foi solicitado a 62 participantes alemães nativos e não nativos que selecionassem dentre um conjunto de orações (contendo ou não PMs) as que proporcionariam interpretações adequadas para contextos pré-estabelecidos. Os resultados apontam que os participantes nativos tiveram maior facilidade em selecionar as opções esperadas nas tarefas apresentadas, porém as reflexões sobre as decisões tomadas foram desafiadoras para ambos os grupos. Portanto, a análise de dados indica deficiências na compreensão da função e complexidade modal das PMs. Assim, além de investigar as decisões tomadas pelos dois grupos, procuramos oferecer ferramentas para o ensino das PMs em aulas de alemão.
A compreensão histórica de literatura no primeiro romantismo alemão decorre, entre outros aspectos, dos escritos de Winckelmann, Herder, Lessing, assim como da relação dialética entre o clássico e o romântico estabelecida por Goethe e Schiller. Nesse contexto, a aproximação antitética entre o antigo e o romântico tem um papel central na determinação das principais teorias românticas de literatura. O artigo investiga e discute a importância da antinomia entre o antigo e o moderno na constituição e desenvolvimento das teorias literárias de Friedrich Schlegel no primeiro romantismo alemão
La crítica de Friedrich Schlegel a las concepciones naturalistas de la representación artística
(2017)
En el presente trabajo procuramos reconstruir las críticas que realiza Friedrich Schlegel a la concepción estética del joven Herder. A partir del análisis de dichas críticas se intentará demostrar que la distinción schlegeliana entre una "poesía objetiva" y otra de carácter "interesante" no se hallaba orientada a garantizar la condena radical del arte moderno sino más bien a cuestionar el compromiso de Herder con una concepción naturalista de la belleza artística. Schlegel descubría en este punto un momento de continuidad entre las dos posiciones enfrentadas en la Querelle entre los antiguos y los modernosy hacía derivar de este elemento común la incapacidad de ambas posturas para recrear un arte de carácter objetivo. Como veremos hacia el final de estas páginas, Schlegel consideraba que el restablecimiento de la objetividad poética en el marco de las nuevas condiciones que imponía la modernidad solo podía lograrse por medio de la propia radicalización delas tendencias subjetivistas; es decir, por medio de una teoría estética que asumiera de manera consecuente la necesidad de una mediación reflexiva de la totalidad de los elementos poéticos.
O biênio de 2016-2017 marca o duplo centenário da publicação original da Viagem à Itália, de Goethe. Depois de décadas de distância, Goethe finalmente publica esse que seria seu testemunho formativo, a autobiografia de uma transformação radical. A história do texto e da viagem que lhe deu origem revela, porém, que esse enredo não é tão simples e unidirecional, mas está permeado de hesitações e retomadas, cenas míticas e retornos anacrônicos. A intenção desse artigo é mapear, assim, as múltiplas camadas - para usar o modelo geológico de Reinhart Koselleck - de tempo e, principalmente, de extemporaneidade que se entretecem no relato italiano. Pretendemos chamar a atenção para algumas (outras) riquezas da obra goethiana: seu intenso páthos memorativo, sua oposição aos grandes de seu século, sua entronização na literatura alemã, entre outras.
A narrativa "Zum wilden Mann" (1874) de Wilhelm Raabe apresenta a história de uma farmácia na província alemã e do seu dono, observando os princípios estilísticos do realismo poético, a tendência literária dominante na segunda metade do século 19 nos países de língua alemã. A despeito da localização no mundo contemporâneo de Raabe e seus leitores, a trama e os protagonistas apresentam traços que remetem à esfera fantástica de pactos demoníacos e homens selvagens. Esses elementos interferem com a esfera realista das relações econômicas entre os protagonistas, baseadas- em empréstimos, juros e o comércio globalizado, e aludem aos aspectos inumanos dos negócios modernos. Divergente da prática cultural geral, Raabe atribui o "selvagem" e o "diabólico" às "conquistas" recentes da civilização que emergem de forma similar na Alemanha e nas antigas colônias. O Brasil traçado pela narrativa, em vez de ser um ambiente exótico, é apenas um outro cenário dos processos industriais e comerciais.
O intuito deste trabalho é destacar a importância do escrito juvenil Traumland para a formação do poeta Georg Trakl, por meio de uma leitura cerrada do texto. Sob a forma de uma lembrança do narrador, esse breve relato apresenta uma experiência de iniciação ou perda da inocência oriunda da percepção do mal no mundo, concentrado na figura de uma prima doente, Maria. O conflito entre o anseio romântico (Sehnsucht) pleno de expectativas e entusiasmo e essa realidade aterradora, vivenciado como uma quebra no sentimento (Stimmung) de harmonia cósmica, impulsiona uma transformação no sentimento e na visão de mundo do protagonista, que metaforicamente pode ser lida como a transição de uma poética puramente romântica para uma poética mais sintonizada com as exigências do século XX, especialmente no sentido da dimensão reconhecida ao mal irremediável, que não pode ser completamente romantizado.
Este texto busca caracterizar a imagem de pensamento (Denkbild) como um gênero particular de composição que mistura filosofia e literatura, conceito e imagem. O argumento central é o de que, devido às suas peculiaridades formais, a imagem de pensamento possui tanto um forte teor intersubjetivo, quanto a capacidade como de fazer surgir o não-idêntico em experiências cotidianas. Desse combinação surge um tipo de escrita prática, que merece ser recuperada no presente.
Neben seinen Theaterstücken ist Friedrich Dürrenmatt bekannt für seine Ausflüge in die Detektivgeschichte, bei denen der Autor mit den Grenzen des Genres spielte; dem Roman Das Versprechen gab er sogar den Untertitel Requiem auf den Kriminalroman. Weniger bekannt ist, dass er auch Texte publizierte, die von der Science Fiction inspiriert sind: das Hörspiel Das Unternehmen der Wega (1954), und zwei Erzählungen, "Der Winterkrieg in Tibet" (1981) und "Der Versuch" (posthum, 1992). Wie in seinem Werk überhaupt, bedient sich Dürrenmatt auch hier der Ironie und des Sarkasmus, aber nur im Hörspiel ist die Science Fiction selbst Ziel der Satire und impliziert eine Distanzierung vom Unterhaltungsgenre. In den Erzählungen dagegen werden die Gattung bzw. einige ihrer Eigenschaften gebraucht, um die vom Autor beabsichtigte Sozialkritik zu formulieren. In diesem Artikel wird diskutiert, wie die genannten Werke die Beziehung des Autors zur Science Fiction und zum Zukunftsroman spiegeln, der älteren deutschsprachigen Variante der Gattung, die bis zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts das 'nationale' Genre bildete.
O presente artigo objetiva abordar a obra e vida de Karl May, um dos mais bem-sucedidos escritores de língua alemã, sob o aspecto da encenação. Mostra como May mistura lembranças da infância e elementos literários, o desejado e o factual para uma memória encenada, que fornece um sentido mais profundo tanto para sua biografia como para sua obra. Assim, May se recria como homem ideal que consegue em seus romances superar seus problemas com a realidade, um "eu" multifacetado representado por suas diversas personagens literárias e suas aventuras, reclamadas por May como experiências próprias. Se os entrecruzamentos da identidade ficcional e pessoal criados por Karl May marcam a primeira fase de sua produção e se formamem volta do motivo do aprisionamento e da libertação, sua obra tardia se abstém de tais elementos e se dirige a uma reflexão quase filosófica sobre a humanidade e a paz.v
Da inspiração prometeica do Sturm und Drang à apoteose alegórica do Fausto II, a trajetória de Goethe perfaz um esforço contínuo para salvar e ressignificar a ingenuidade poética ante a exigência histórica de um inaudito antagonismo e autossuficiência individual, conferindo legitimidade ao seu sentimento inato da existência como "zweite Natur". Tal ambivalência induziu mesmo críticos benevolentes de Goethe a encarar seu projeto da Bildung como um momento preliminar e controverso, cujo acento demasiado individualista viria mais tarde a ser definitivamente suplantado pela dedicação às ciências naturais e àmoral da renúncia. Este artigo se propõe mostrar como a Bildung goethiana, corretamente compreendida como "educação para o erro", institui uma relação de continuidade solidária e complementar entre o erro e a maestria, a qual o poeta alemão vai desdobrar e consagrar em três de suas convicções fundamentais: a dos desvios e deformações como possibilidades constitutivas das leis da natureza e de seu legítimo procedimento formativo; da criação poética superior como um "elevar à altura do espírito e tornar eficiente às intenções da Natureza"; e a da primazia dos "poetas-imitadores" sobre sacerdotes e filósofos na apropriação da tradição sob a égide de uma "pura personificação característica".
Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Notwendigkeit der Aussprachevermittlung in der Deutschlehrerausbildung an brasilianischen Hochschulen zu unterstreichen. Der Beitrag präsentiert zuerst eine Diskussion über die Rolle der Aussprachvermittlung im Fremdsprachunterricht in den Zeiten nach dem Gemeinsamen Europäischen Referenzrahmen. Darüber hinaus wird der Begriff Akzent sowie dessen Einfluss bzw. Relevanz beim Erlernen einer Fremdsprache thematisiert. Anschließend werden einige Herangehensweisen vorgeschlagen, um die Phonetikarbeit an brasilianischen Hochschulen konsequent durchzuführen.
Aproximadamente cinquenta universidades brasileiras possuem algum tipo de estudo de Língua Alemã, sendo que dezessete delas oferecem a graduação em Letras com habilitação em Alemão, bacharelado ou licenciatura. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as crenças e ex-pectativas dos estudantes de Letras/Alemão a respeito do curso que frequentam, a partir da rea-lização de uma investigação em uma universidade pública do Estado do Paraná, em 2016. Com base em um questionário respondido por 18 alunos do Curso de Letras desta instituição, busca-mosidentificar os motivos que os levaram a optar pela licenciatura em Letras/Alemão e suas perspectivas de desenvolvimento profissional. A fundamentação teórica advém da perspectiva dos estudos de crenças discentes (SILVA 2007; BARCELOS2001), mais especificamente dos es-tudos de crenças de alunos acerca da aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras. A metodologia da pesquisa corresponde a um paradigma híbrido (KUCKARTZ 2014, 2016 e MAYRING 2015), com características de pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa. Como resultado da pesquisa, entre outros aspectos, observou-se que a maioria dos alunos optou pelo curso de Letras/Alemão como forma de aprender essa língua e no futuro atuarem profissionalmente nessa área, seja no campo da Linguística, da Literatura ou da Tradução.
O presente artigo tem como objetivo revisitar a discussão acerca do conceito de autenticidade no ensino de línguas estrangeiras por autores de grande relevância em língua alemã e inglesa, e também nas pesquisas em âmbito nacional, enfatizando o papel da autenticidade de materiais. Os autores de língua alemã pesquisados defendem uma concepção de autenticidade de materiais ligada às marcas de gênero textual, que abrange também textos adaptados para o ensino.Os autores de língua inglesa, por sua vez, problematizam a valorização da autenticidade de materiais no ensino e interpretam o conceito de autenticidade de forma mais ampla, denominando autênticas também as interações entre os aprendizes, o contexto de sala de aula, etc., dando menos foco à questão dos materiais. No Brasil, houve forte influência dos autores de língua inglesa, porém, pesquisas que abordam o uso de materiais autênticos continuam tendo força. Desta forma, percebe-se a coexistência de diversas visões de autenticidade, inclusive de materiais, levando a um esvaziamento do conceito, o que pode ter contribuído para a redução no número de textos autênticos em livros didáticos de alemão como língua estrangeira. Entendendo que a dicotomia autêntico/não-autêntico não abrange adequadamente os textos encontrados em livros didáticos atuais, propõe-se uma tipologia mais gradativa (baseada em BROWN e MENASCHE, 2010) para uma análise mais detalhada desses materiais.
A motivação do aluno é apontada como central para que o processo de aprendizagem ocorra de forma satisfatória e, por essa razão, muitos professores buscam constantemente o aprimoramento de suas práticas. Neste trabalho buscamos lançar luzes sobre um projeto de multiletramentos, que consistiu na produção de um videoclipe, e que teve como objetivo aumentar a motivação dos alunos de alemão de um Centro de Estudo de Línguas de uma escola pública do interior paulista. Para apoiar as nossas reflexões, buscamos sustentação teórica prioritariamente nos conceitos de motivação (DÖRNYEI 1994, 2001, 2014; VALLERAND 1997 e outros) e de multiletramentos (ROJO 2012, 2013). A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, desenvolveu-se a partir de dados coletados com alunos do Ensino Fundamental II e Médio de um Centro de Estudo de Línguas do interior de São Paulo durante o ano de 2015. Os resultados apontam para o grande impacto de projetos de multiletramentos na motivação dos alunos.
Para obter informações sobre os processos de pós-edição (PE) e tomada de decisão no par linguístico alemão/português, este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo experimental de PE das partículas modais alemãs (PMs) doch e wohl para o português brasileiro. As PMs são elementos linguísticos que apresentam dificuldades de tradução e PE, pois são diretamente dependentes do contexto em que operam. Com a intenção de investigar o esforço cognitivo despendido no processamento das PMs em tarefas de PE, foram utilizados três instrumentos de pesquisa: o programa Translog-II; o rastreador ocular Tobii T60; relatos retrospectivos (livre e guiado). Para a realização do experimento, 20 participantes brasileiros pós-editaram cinco insumos de tradução automática para o português com as PMs doch e wohl. Os resultados corroboram a suposição de GUTT (1998) e os resultados da análise processual conduzida por ALVES (2007), que revelam que a relação entre esforço e efeito não acontece com base em uma associação de proporção direta. Portanto, a análise do processamento das PMs em tarefas de PE demonstra que, em ambientes cognitivos diferenciados, a capacidade de metarrepresentação tem implicações distintas na atribuição do mínimo esforço cognitivo necessário para se alcançar um determinado efeito contextual.
Literatur- und Fremdsprachendidaktik : zur Rolle des Theaters im Deutschunterricht in Burkina Faso
(2017)
Die Verwendung der Belletristik im Fremdsprachenunterricht trägt dazu bei, sprachliche und kulturelle Kompetenzen zu erwerben. Da die Sprechfertigkeit eine der sechs Grundkompetenzen im DaF-Unterricht ist, ist ihr Erlernen eine grundlegende und unverzichtbare Aufgabe im Fach "Deutsch als Fremdsprache" in und außerhalb Deutschlands. Deshalb versucht dieser Aufsatz, die Potenziale des Theaters auszuloten, um diese Grundkompetenz bei den Deutschlernenden in Burkina Faso zu entwickeln. Es geht also darum, die Möglichkeiten des Theaters als literarische fiktionale Gattung beim Spracherwerb der burkinischen Deutschlernenden zu bestimmen. Darüber hinaus wird dargestellt, inwiefern ein Theaterstück in einer "classe de première" bzw. einer 11. Klasse Unterrichtsgegenstand sein sollte und literaturdidaktisch aufbereitet werden kann. Dafür werden Theorien und Methoden der Theaterdidaktik sowie der rezeptionsästhetischen Literaturdidaktik verwendet und an einem Beispiel illustriert.
Neste artigo se investiga a linguagem do poema satírico "Atta Troll - ein Sommernachtstraum" (Atta Troll - sonho de uma noite de verão), escrito em 1841 por Heinrich Heine. A investigação se volta a dois aspectos profundamente entrelaçados preponderantes no poema, que suscitam este estudo literário: primeiramente a exigência do poeta, a qual percorre o longo poema como Leitmotiv, de uma arte sem fins, sem influências de motivações morais, religiosas ou políticas, fundamentada em leis próprias, emergente da noção do belo, e cujos fins estejam inerentes na arte mesma. O segundo viés que se releva no poema é a relação metafórica da poesia com a dança, arte essa que em suas diversas manifestações formais e informais é observada por um crivo rigoroso ao longo do poema. A partir desses dois aspectos se indicia através de trechos traduzidos ao português afinidades importantes dessa literatura, que tanto se inclina ao romantismo, quanto à passagem para a modernidade, a cujas transformações ela aponta quando aborda questões sobre estética e sobre o papel do poeta.
Empreende-se aqui uma leitura de Viagem à Itália, de Goethe, menos como uma obra autobiográfica do que como uma das muitas narrativas enciclopédicas do autor, em que relatos de diferentes dicções e propósitos são reunidos sob motivos e sugestões comuns. Aqui, busca-se identificar esse fio condutor sob a percepção goethiana das formas. Sob o termo, entendemos tanto as formas naturais quanto artísticas, assim como os objetos e ritos da religião católica, trazidas pela experiência italiana.
Von Glaubenskämpfen und Himmelfahrtskommandos : Metaphorik im deutschen Mediendiskurs zur Inklusion
(2016)
Das traditionelle deutsche Schulsystem ist durch seinen hohen Grad an Selektivität gekennzeichnet. Dennoch hat sich Deutschland im Jahr 2008 zu einem inklusiven Bildungssystem verpflichtet. Diese Entscheidung führte zu einer kontroversen Diskussion in den Medien, die bis heute anhält. Aus Sicht der Kognitiven Linguistik (KL) lässt sich in dieser Mediendebatte ein beträchtlicher Gebrauch von Kriegs- und Religionsmetaphern konstatieren. Im Rahmen einer Kritischen Diskursanalyse (KDA) werden in dem vorliegenden Artikel diese metaphorischen Phänomene auf Basis der Theorie der Konzeptuellen Integration analysiert. Das Korpus setzt sich aus Artikeln zusammen, die zwischen 2011 und 2015 in vier Online-Zeitungen nationaler Bedeutung veröffentlicht wurden.
Die richtige Verwendung des Konjunktivs bereitet vielen Deutschlernern/innen Schwierigkeiten. Um diese Schwierigkeiten nachvollziehen zu können, ist es wichtig, die Besonderheiten des deutschen Konjunktivs zu kennen. Darum wird in diesem Aufsatz zuerst der Modus Konjunktiv von den anderen beiden Modi des Deutschen, dem Indikativ und dem Imperativ, abgegrenzt, und herausgestellt, worin sich die Modi des Deutschen unterscheiden. Anschließend werden Besonderheiten des Konjunktivs als einem Mittel der Modalität dargestellt. Sodann wird im Einzelnen dargestellt, welche Funktionen Konjunktiv I und II übernehmen können. Der Aufsatz schließt mit einer Diskussion über das Unterrichten des Konjunktivs im DaF-Unterricht.
In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben Deutschlands Teilung und die darauf folgende Wiedervereinigung die Art und Weise beeinflusst, wie die Geschichte des Landes verstanden wird, wobei östlich und westlich geprägte Erzählungen zu einer neuen Geschichtsschreibung verschmolzen. Die verschiedenen Sichtweisen auf das Leben und den Tod der jüdisch-deutschen Kommunistin Olga Benario, der Lebensgefährtin des brasilianischen Freiheitskämpfers Luis Carlos Prestes, dienen der deutschen Autorin Dea Loher in diesem Zusammenhang als aussagekräftige Fallstudie. In ihrem Theaterstück Olgas Raum (1994) werden die leeren Wände der Bühne genutzt, um auf ihnen Geschichte, Geschichten und Mythen zu projizieren, bevor die Figuren durch ihre eigenen tragischen Fehler diese Entwürfe dekonstruieren. Dabei werden die Konstruktionsmechanismen, die hinter der Entstehung von Geschichte und Geschichten liegen, enthüllt. Das Publikum wird so in eine aktive Rezipientenrolle gedrängt, nicht zuletzt wenn es mit dem leeren Raum, den Olga und die anderen Akteure nach einander verlassen, alleingelassen wird. Eine Flucht in den Mythos ist nicht mehr möglich in Anbetracht der Erkenntnis, dass Gewalt und allgemeine Fehlbarkeit zutiefst menschlich sind.
RICOEUR (1988) nos diz que a conceituação do mal é um problema que atravessa séculos, devido a sua necessidade de coerência lógica. Já se discutiu sua origem, suas causas e seus efeitos, porém nunca se chegou a um termo que eliminasse a contradição em seu cerne. Neste espaço, as obras literárias de Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811) apresentam uma temática que abarca uma quebra de limites entre os conceitos de maldade e bondade desenvolvidos durante a Aufklärung, evidenciando essa problemática. Essa quebra nos parece estar fortemente associada à relação existente entre o "eu" e o mundo caótico em que este está inserido, implicando em uma complexidade das fontes do mal moral que diluem as barreiras entre bem e mal e nos levam à contestação destes limites estanques. Procuraremos, portanto, neste texto, demonstrar em que consiste essa quebra de limites e como a composição de uma realidade pautada no engano integra o universo literário kleistiano, principalmente na obra Michael Kohlhaas.
No âmbito da literatura infantil e juvenil em língua alemã contemporânea, destaca-se a produção de Cornelia Funke. Nascida em Dorsten em 1958, a autora - ou mais especificamente a contadora (Erzählerin), como gosta de se denominar -, acrescenta a seus textos a habilidade de ilustradora. Desde o sucesso mundial da triologia Tintenherz (Coração de tinta), Funke tornou-se uma personalidade de sucesso no universo infantil e juvenil. Em grande parte de suas obras, há a presença latente do imaginário ocidental acerca do medievo. Todavia, trata-se de uma recepção desse medievo, seja através da (re)criação de imagens ou da (re)estruturação de temáticas referentes ao universo cortês. O artigo aqui proposto analisa três obras de Funke, a saber: Die geraubten Prinzen (1994), Igraine ohne Furcht (1998) e Der geheimnisvolle Ritter Namenlos (2001), tendo como ponto de partida entrevistas da própria autora acerca do tema; ou seja, pensar-se-á a relação estabelecida entre o factual e o ficcional. Ao focar na questão da releitura do medievo, o artigo prentende compreender a ressignificação do medievo através tanto de imagens recriadas quanto da inserção de um novo tipo de herói, protagonistas femininas.
The present study aims to investigate how foreign language learners at the German for Academic Purposes (GAP) program at a Brazilian federal university interact in their mother tongue about their motivations to learn a foreign language as well as their motivations to participate in study abroad programs. Data were collected using focus group methodology with three focus groups of six students each (A1, A2 and B1 levels). We chose to analyze the A1 group. We conducted metaphor-led discourse analysis of the data in order to examine metaphors and metonymies, which emerged in the focus group interactions. We were able to identify the presence of systematic metaphors such as learning is hard work and learning is jumping hurdles, intertwined with conceptual metaphors such as education is a journey and difficulties are weights, which point at the motivation for learning verbalized by Brazilian foreign language learners who took part in the study.
O presente artigo advoga a necessidade de um trabalho voltado para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de autonomia que possam contribuir para a conscientização de estudantes de Alemão como Língua Estrangeira (ALE), em contexto universitário, sobre sua importância no processo de aprendizagem. Para tal, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa junto a estudantes de graduação em Letras, Português-Alemão, de uma Universidade no Rio de Janeiro, com vistas a se verificar a influência do uso de recursos metodológicos como consultoria individual e diário de aprendizagem sobre sua percepção acerca de aspectos relacionados a aprendizado autônomo e centralidade do aprendiz no processo de aprendizagem/aquisição de ALE. Assim, nesse trabalho, serão discutidos não somente os resultados dessa pesquisa, mas também serão apresentados os principais pressupostos teóricos que balizaram a análise dos dados.
Através da ideia de quimera, esse ensaio tentará compreender a constituição aberta do personagem Odradek, da narrativa curta "A preocupação do pai de família" de Franz Kafka. O interestante nessa construção literária seria o deslocamento (inclusive das possibilidades de expressão de gênero nas línguas) que Odradek impõe ao esforço constante do narrador (representante de grupos sociais específicos) em categorizá-lo e, por consequência, do leitor, que tentaria encerrá-lo num tipo fechado de interpretação. Odradek parece um tipo de ser incapturável pelas principais categorias, sejam elas literárias, biológicas ou sociais, que ajudaram a fundar a ideia de Modernidade.