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The first measurements of light antinucleus production in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider are reported. The observed production rates for d-bar and 3He-bar are much larger than in lower energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. A coalescence model analysis of the yields indicates that there is little or no increase in the antinucleon freeze-out volume compared to collisions at CERN SPS energy. These analyses also indicate that the 3He-bar freeze-out volume is smaller than the d-bar freeze-out volume.
We present the first measurement of midrapidity vector meson phi production in Au+Au collisions at RHIC (sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV) from the STAR detector. For the 11% highest multiplicity collisions, the slope parameter from an exponential fit to the transverse mass distribution is T=379±50(stat)±45(syst) MeV, the yield dN/dy=5.73±0.37(stat)±0.69(syst) per event, and the ratio N phi /Nh- is found to be 0.021±0.001(stat)±0.004(syst). The measured ratio N phi /Nh- and T for the phi meson at midrapidity do not change for the selected multiplicity bins.
We report results on the ratio of midrapidity antiproton-to-proton yields in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV per nucleon pair as measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. Within the rapidity and transverse momentum range of | y|<0.5 and 0.4<pt<1.0 GeV/c, the ratio is essentially independent of either transverse momentum or rapidity, with an average of 0.65±0.01(stat)±0.07(syst) for minimum bias collisions. Within errors, no strong centrality dependence is observed. The results indicate that at this RHIC energy, although the p-p-bar pair production becomes important at midrapidity, a significant excess of baryons over antibaryons is still present.
The high energy loss of heavy ions in matter as well as the small angular scattering makes heavy ion beams an excellent tool to produce almost cylindrical and homogeneously excited volumes in matter. This aspect can be used to pump short wavelength lasers. In an experiment performed at the GSI (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany) ion accelerator facility in December 2005 the well-known KrF* excimer laser was pumped with an intense high energy uranium beam. Pulses of an uranium beam with initial particle energy of 250 MeV per nucleon, provided by heavy-ion-synchrotron SIS-18, were delivered to the HHT-target station and then stopped inside a gas laser cell. The maximum beam intensity reached in the experiment was 2,5·109 particles per pulse, which resulted in 34 J/g specific energy deposited in the laser gas. By applying electron cooling and a bunch compression technique at SIS-18, the beam pulses were compressed down to 110 ns (FWHM). A mixture of an excimer laser premix gas (95,5% Kr + 0,5% F2) and a buffer gas (Ar 4.8) was used as the laser gas in proportions of 35/65 and 60/40, respectively. The gas pressure inside the laser cell was varied in the range of 1,2÷2 bar in continues flow mode. The experimental setup consisted of a 1 m long stainless steel tube with a number of diagnostic viewports and two mirror adjustment units. The optical cavity was formed by a flat, Alcoated mirror at the beam entrance and a second dielectrically coated, highly reflective mirror with 3 m radius of curvature at a distance of 1,3 m. A beam of heavy ions has been used to pump a short wavelength gas laser for the first time. Laser effect on the KrF* laser transition (λ = 248 nm) has been successfully demonstrated. Laser threshold for this specific setup was reached with a beam intensity of 1,2·109 particles per pulse. Laser action has been clearly proofed by the following methods: appearance of the laser line, spectral narrowing of the laser line, temporal narrowing of the laser signal, non-linear response of the laser output intensity on the pumping power, and cavity disalignment effect. An energy of the laser pulse of about 2 mJ was measured for an ion beam intensity of 2·109 particles per pulse. The time delay of the onset of the laser emission with respect to the pumping pulse was measured as a function of ion beam intensity. The dependence of spontaneous emission spectra on the gas pressure in a range of 1,3÷2 bar was observed and the optimal gas pressure for laser experiments in the sense of laser efficiency was concluded. As a next step in studying short wavelength lasers pumped with heavy ion beams it is planned to reduce the laser wavelength down to the VUV region of the spectrum, and to proceed to the excimer lasers of the pure rare gases: Xe2 * (λ = 172 nm), Kr2 * (λ = 146 nm), Ar2 * (λ = 126 nm), Ne2 * (λ = 83 nm) and He2 * (λ = 80 nm). We believe that the use of heavy ion beams as a pumping source may lead to new pumping schemes on the higher lying level transitions and considerably shorter wavelengths (XUV and X-ray spectral region), which rely on the high cross sections for multiple ionization of the target species.
We present measurements of ρ0, ω and K∗0 spectra in π−+ C production interactions at 158 GeV / c and ρ0 spectra at 350 GeV / c using the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS. Spectra are presented as a function of the Feynman’s variable xF in the range 0<xF<1 and 0<xF<0.5 for 158 and 350 GeV / c respectively. Furthermore, we show comparisons with previous measurements and predictions of several hadronic interaction models. These measurements are essential for a better understanding of hadronic shower development and for improving the modeling of cosmic ray air showers.
his Erratum replaces incorrect plots shown in Fig. 7 with the corrected ones. In the publication, the NA57 [1] ratios of Ξ− and Ξ¯¯¯¯+ to the number of wounded nucleons at ⟨NW⟩=349 by mistake were plotted at the wrong values. The ratios were calculated and plotted by mistake using ⟨NW⟩=249.
The correct normalization does not change the conclusions of the paper. The correctly normalized results are presented in Fig. 7.
The production of Ξ(1321)− and Ξ¯¯¯¯(1321)+ hyperons in inelastic p+p interactions is studied in a fixed target experiment at a beam momentum of 158 GeV/c. Double differential distributions in rapidity y and transverse momentum pT are obtained from a sample of 33M inelastic events. They allow to extrapolate the spectra to full phase space and to determine the mean multiplicity of both Ξ− and Ξ¯¯¯¯+. The rapidity and transverse momentum spectra are compared to transport model predictions. The Ξ− mean multiplicity in inelastic p+p interactions at 158 GeV/c is used to quantify the strangeness enhancement in A+A collisions at the same centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair.
A measurement of charged hadron pair correlations in two-dimensional ηφ space is presented. The analysis is based on total 30 million central Be + Be collisions observed in the NA61/SHINE detector at the CERN SPS for incident beam momenta of 19A, 30A, 40A, 75A, and 150A GeV/c. Measurements were carried out for unlike-sign and like-sign charge hadron pairs independently. The C(η, φ) correlation functions were compared with results from a similar analysis on p + p interactions at similar beam momenta per nucleon. General trends of the backto-back correlations are similar in central Be + Be collisions and p + p interactions, but are suppressed in magnitude due to the increased combinatorial background. Predictions from the Epos and UrQMD models are compared to the measurements. Evolution of an enhancement around (η, φ) = (0, 0) with incident energy is observed in central Be + Be collisions. It is not predicted by both models and almost non-existing in proton–proton collisions at the same momentum per nucleon.
Bose-Einstein correlations of charged kaons were measured near mid-rapidity in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A GeV by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. Source radii were extracted using the Yano-Koonin-Podgoretsky and Bertsch-Pratt parameterizations. The results are compared to published pion data. The measured m_perp dependence for kaons and pions is consistent with collective transverse expansion of the source and a freeze-out time of about 9.5 fm.
Measurements of charged pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are presented. These are compared with data at lower and higher energies as well as with results from p+p interactions. The mean pion multiplicity per wounded nucleon increases approximately linearly with s_NN^1/4 with a change of slope starting in the region 15-40 AGeV. The change from pion suppression with respect to p+p interactions, as observed at low collision energies, to pion enhancement at high energies occurs at about 40 AGeV. A non-monotonic energy dependence of the ratio of K^+ to pi^+ yields is observed, with a maximum close to 40 AGeV and an indication of a nearly constant value at higher energies.The measured dependences may be related to an increase of the entropy production and a decrease of the strangeness to entropy ratio in central Pb+Pb collisions in the low SPS energy range, which is consistent with the hypothesis that a transient state of deconfined matter is created above these energies. Other interpretations of the data are also discussed.
We present the first measurement of fluctuations from event to event in the production of strange particles in collisions of heavy nuclei. The ratio of charged kaons to charged pions is determined for individual central Pb+Pb collisions. After accounting for the fluctuations due to detector resolution and finite number statistics we derive an upper limit on genuine non-statistical fluctuations, perhaps related to a first or second order QCD phase transition. Such fluctuations are shown to be very small.
Results of the production of Xi and Xi-bar hyperons in central Pb+Pb interactions at 158 GeV/c per nucleon are presented. This analysis utilises a global reconstruction procedure, which allows a measurement of 4pi integrated yields to be made for the first time. Inverse slope paramters, which are determined from an exponential fit to the transverse mass spectra, are shown. Central rapidity densities are found to be 1.49 +- 0.08 and 0.33 +- 0.04 per event per unit of rapidity for Xi and Xi-bar respectively. Yields integrated to full phase space are 4.12 +- 0.02 and 0.77 +- 0.04 for Xi and Xi-bar. The ratio of Xi-bar/Xi at mid-rapidity is 0.22 +- 0.03.
Cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIM) has been employed to image the momentum distributions of continuum electrons liberated in the impact of slow He2+ on He and H2. The distributions were measured for fully determined motion of the nuclei that is as a function of the impact parameter and in a well de ned scattering plane The single ionization (SI) of H2 leading to H2+ recoil ions in nondissociative states (He2+ + H+ -> He2+ + H+ + e-) and the transfer ionization (TI) of H2 leading to H2 dissociation into two free protons (He2+ H2 -> He+ + H+ + H+ + e-) were investigated. Similar measurements have been carried out for He target, the corresponding atomic two electron system, i.e. the single ionization (SI) (He2+ + He -> He+ + He2+ e- and the transfer ionization (TI) (He2+ + He -> He+ + He2+ + e-). These measurements have been exploited to understand the results obtained for H target. In comparing the continuum electron momentum distributions for H2 with that for He, a high degree of similarity is observed. In the case of transfer ionization of H2, the electron momentum distributions generated for parallel and perpendicular molecular orientations revealed no orientation dependence. The in scattering plane electron momentum distributions for the transfer ionization of H2 by He2+ and for the transfer ionization of He by He2e showed that the salient feature of these distributions for both collisions systems consists in the appearance of two groups of electrons with difeerent structures. In addition to the group of the saddle electrons forming two jets separated by a valley along the projectile axis we nd a new group of electrons moving with a velocity higher than the projectile velocity These new fast forward electrons result from a narrow range of impact parameters and appear as image saddle in the projectile frame. In contrast to the transfer ionization of He, the fast forward electrons group disappears in the in scattering plane electron momentum distribution generated for the single ionization of He. Instead of this group another new group of electrons appear These electrons exhibit an amount of backscattering These backward elec trons appear as image saddle in the target frame The structures that the saddle electrons show are owing to the quasi molecular nature of the collision process For the TI of H2, the TI of He and the SI of He, a pi-orbital shape of the electron momentum distribution is observed This indicates the importance of the rotational coupling 2-p-theta -> 2p-pi in the initial promotion of the ground state followed by further promotions to the continuum The backward electrons as well as the fast forward electrons are not discussed in the theoretical literature at all. However, a number of obvious indications of the existence of the backward and fast forward electrons could be seen in the experimental works of Abdallah et al. as well as in the theoretical calculations of Sidky et al One might speculate that electrons which are promoted on the saddle for some time during the collision could finally swing around the He+ ion in the way out of the collision, i.e. either around the projectile in the forward direction as in the TI case forming the fast forward electrons or around the recoil ion in the backward direction as in the SI case forming the backward electrons. This might be a result of the strong gradient, and hence the large acceleration of the screened He+ potential.
Partial wave analysis of the reaction p(3.5 GeV) + p → pK +Λ to search for the "ppK−" bound state
(2015)
Employing the Bonn–Gatchina partial wave analysis framework (PWA), we have analyzed HADES data of the reaction p(3.5 GeV) + p → pK +Λ. This reaction might contain information about the kaonic cluster “ppK −” (with quantum numbers J P = 0− and total isospin I = 1/2) via its decay into pΛ. Due to interference effects in our coherent description of the data, a hypothetical KNN (or, specifically “ppK −”) cluster signal need not necessarily show up as a pronounced feature (e.g. a peak) in an invariant mass spectrum like pΛ. Our PWA analysis includes a variety of resonant and non-resonant intermediate states and delivers a good description of our data (various angular distributions and two-hadron invariant mass spectra) without a contribution of a KNN cluster. At a confidence level of CLs = 95% such a cluster cannot contribute more than 2–12% to the total cross section with a pK +Λ final state, which translates into a production cross-section between 0.7 μb and 4.2 μb, respectively. The range of the upper limit depends on the assumed cluster mass, width and production process.
We present measurements of exclusive ensuremathπ+,0 and η production in pp reactions at 1.25GeV and 2.2GeV beam kinetic energy in hadron and dielectron channels. In the case of π+ and π0 , high-statistics invariant-mass and angular distributions are obtained within the HADES acceptance as well as acceptance-corrected distributions, which are compared to a resonance model. The sensitivity of the data to the yield and production angular distribution of Δ (1232) and higher-lying baryon resonances is shown, and an improved parameterization is proposed. The extracted cross-sections are of special interest in the case of pp → pp η , since controversial data exist at 2.0GeV; we find \ensuremathσ=0.142±0.022 mb. Using the dielectron channels, the π0 and η Dalitz decay signals are reconstructed with yields fully consistent with the hadronic channels. The electron invariant masses and acceptance-corrected helicity angle distributions are found in good agreement with model predictions.
Abstract Geant4 is a toolkit for simulating the passage of particles through matter. It includes a complete range of functionality including tracking, geometry, physics models and hits. The physics processes offered cover a comprehensive range, including electromagnetic, hadronic and optical processes, a large set of long-lived particles, materials and elements, over a wide energy range starting, in some cases, from 250 eV and extending in others to the TeV energy range. It has been designed and constructed to expose the physics models utilised, to handle complex geometries, and to enable its easy adaptation for optimal use in different sets of applications. The toolkit is the result of a worldwide collaboration of physicists and software engineers. It has been created exploiting software engineering and object-oriented technology and implemented in the C++ programming language. It has been used in applications in particle physics, nuclear physics, accelerator design, space engineering and medical physics. PACS: 07.05.Tp; 13; 23
Nuclear transport models including density- and momentum-dependent mean-field effects are compared to intranuclear-cascade models and tested on recent data on inclusive p-like cross sections for 800A-MeV La+La. We find a remarkable agreement between most model calculations but a systematic disagreement with the measured yield at 20°, possibly indicating a need for modification of nuclear transport properties at high densities.
There is little doubt that Quantumchromodynamics (QCD) is the theory which describes strong interaction physics. Lattice gauge simulations of QCD predict that in the m,T plane there is a line where a transition from confined hadronic matter to deconfined quarks takes place. The transition is either a cross over (at low m) or of first order (at high m). It is the goal of the present and future heavy ion experiment at RHIC and FAIR to study this phase transition at different locations in the m,T plane and to explore the properties of the deconfined phase. It is the purpose of this contribution to discuss some of the observables which are considered as useful for this purpose.
We demonstrate that momentum-dependent nuclear interactions (MDI) have a large effect on the dynamics and on the observables of high-energy heavy-ion collisions: A soft potential with MDI suppresses pion and kaon yields much more strongly than a local hard potential and results in transverse momenta intermediate between soft and hard local potentials. The collective-flow angles and the deuteron-to-proton ratios are rather insensitive to the MDI. Only simultaneous measurements of these observables can give clues on the nuclear equation of state at densities of interest for supernova collapse and neutron-star stability.
Physics at its core is an experimental pursuit. If one theory does not agree with experimental results, then the theory is wrong. However, it is becoming harder and harder to directly test some theories of fundamental physics at the high energy/small distance frontier exactly because this frontier is becoming technologically harder to reach. The Large Hadron Collider is getting near the limit of what we can do with present accelerator technology in terms of directly reaching the energy frontier. The motivation for this special issue was to try and collect together ideas and potential approaches to experimentally probe some of our ideas about physics at the high energy/small distance frontier. Some of the papers in this special issue directly deal with the issue of what happens to spacetime at small distance scales. In the paper by A. Aurilia and E. Spallucci a picture of quantum spacetime is given based on the effects of ultrahigh velocity length contractions on the structure of the spacetime. The work of P. Nicolini et al. further pursues the idea that spacetime has a minimal length. The consequences of this minimal length are investigated in terms of the effects it would have on the gravitational collapse of a star to form a black hole. In the article by G. Amelino-Camelia et al. the quantum structure of spacetime is studied through the Fermi LAT data on the Gamma Ray Burst GRB130427A. The article by S. Hossenfelder addressed the question of whether spacetime is fundamentally continuous or discrete and postulates that in the case when spacetime is discrete it might have defects which would have important observational consequences. ...
The CBM experiment (FAIR/GSI, Darmstadt, Germany) will focus on the measurement of rare probes at interaction rates up to 10MHz with data flow of up to 1 TB/s. It requires a novel read-out and data-acquisition concept with self-triggered electronics and free-streaming data. In this case resolving different collisions is a non-trivial task and event building must be performed in software online. That requires full online event reconstruction and selection not only in space, but also in time, so-called 4D event building and selection. This is a task of the First-Level Event Selection (FLES).
The FLES reconstruction and selection package consists of several modules: track finding, track fitting, short-lived particles finding, event building and event selection. The Cellular Automaton (CA) track finder algorithm was adapted towards time-based reconstruction. In this article, we describe in detail the modification done to the algorithm, as well as the performance of the developed time-based CA approach.
Targeting for rare observables, the CBM experiment will operate at high interaction rates of up to 10 MHz, which is unprecedented in heavy-ion experiments so far. It requires a novel free-streaming readout system and a new concept of data processing. The huge data rates of the CBM experiment will be reduced online to the recordable rate before saving the data to the mass storage. Full collision reconstruction and selection will be performed online in a dedicated processor farm. In order to make an efficient event selection online a clean sample of particles has to be provided by the reconstruction package called First Level Event Selection (FLES).
The FLES reconstruction and selection package consists of several modules: track finding, track fitting, event building, short-lived particles finding, and event selection. Since detector measurements contain also time information, the event building is done at all stages of the reconstruction process. The input data are distributed within the FLES farm in a form of time-slices. A time-slice is reconstructed in parallel between processor cores. After all tracks of the whole time-slice are found and fitted, they are collected into clusters of tracks originated from common primary vertices, which then are fitted, thus identifying the interaction points. Secondary tracks are associated with primary vertices according to their estimated production time. After that short-lived particles are found and the full event building process is finished. The last stage of the FLES package is a selection of events according to the requested trigger signatures. The event reconstruction procedure and the results of its application to simulated collisions in the CBM detector setup are presented and discussed in detail.
Traditional latency-limited trigger architectures typical for conventional experiments are inapplicable for the CBM experiment. Instead, CBM will ship and collect time-stamped data into a readout buffer in a form of a time-slice of a certain length and deliver it to a large computer farm, where online event reconstruction and selection will be performed. Grouping measurements into physical collisions must be performed in software and requires reconstruction not only in space, but also in time, the so-called 4-dimensional track reconstruction and event building. The tracks, reconstructed with 4D Cellular Automaton track finder, are combined into event-corresponding clusters according to the estimated time in the target position and the errors, obtained with the Kalman Filter method. The reconstructed events are given as inputs to the KF Particle Finder package for short-lived particle reconstruction. The results of time-based reconstruction of simulated collisions in CBM are presented and discussed in details.
Twisted heterostructures of van der Waals materials have received much attention for their many remarkable properties. Here, we present a comprehensive theory of the long-range ordered magnetic phases of twisted bilayer α-RuCl3 via a combination of first-principles calculations and atomistic simulations. While a monolayer exhibits zigzag antiferromagnetic order with three possible ordering wave vectors, a rich phase diagram is obtained for moiré superlattices as a function of interlayer exchange and twist angle. For large twist angles, each layer spontaneously picks a single zigzag ordering wave vector, whereas, for small twist angles, the ground state involves a combination of all three wave vectors in a complex hexagonal domain structure. This multi-domain order minimizes the interlayer energy while enduring the energy cost due to the domain wall formation. Our results indicate that magnetic frustration due to stacking-dependent interlayer exchange in moiré superlattices can be used to tune the magnetic ground state and enhance quantum fluctuations in α-RuCl3.
Starting from the first observation of the halo phenomenon 20 years ago, more and more neutron-rich light nuclei were observed. The study of unstable nuclear systems beyond the dripline is a relatively new branch of nuclear physics. In the present work, the results of an experiment at GSI (Darmstadt) with relativistic beams of the halo nuclei 8He, 11Li and 14Be with energies of 240, 280 and 305 MeV/nucleon, respectively, impinging on a liquid hydrogen target are discussed. Neutron/proton knockout reactions lead to the formation of unbound systems, followed by their immediate decay. The experimental setup, consisting of the neutron detector LAND, the dipole spectrometer ALADIN and different types of tracking detectors, allows the reconstruction of the momentum vectors of all reaction products measured in coincidence. The properties of unbound nuclei are investigated by reconstructing the relative-energy spectra as well as by studying the angular correlations between the reaction products. The observed systems are 9He, 10He, 10Li, 12Li and 13Li. The isotopes 12Li and 13Li are observed for the first time. They are produced in the 1H(14Be, 2pn)12Li and 1H(14Be, 2p)13Li knockout reactions. The obtained relative-energy spectrum of 12Li is described as a single virtual s-state with a scattering length of as = -22;13.7(1.6) fm. The spectrum of 13Li is interpreted as a resonance at an energy of Er = 1.47(13) MeV and a width of Gamma ~ 2 MeV superimposed on a broad correlated background distribution. The isotope 10Li is observed after one-neutron knockout from the halo nucleus 11Li. The obtained relative-energy spectrum is described by a low-lying virtual s-state with a scattering length as = -22.4(4.8) fm and a p-wave resonance with Er = 0.566(14) MeV and Gamma = 0.548(30) MeV, in agreement with previous experiments. The observation of the nucleus 8He in coincidence with one or two neutrons, as a result of proton knockout from 11Li, allows to reconstruct the relative-energy spectra for the heavy helium isotopes, 9He and 10He. The low-energy part of the 9He spectrum is described by a virtual s-state with a scattering length as = -3.16(78) fm. In addition, two resonance states with l 6= 0 at energies of 1.33(8) and 2.4 MeV are observed. For the 10He spectrum, two interpretations are possible. It can be interpreted as a superposition of a narrow resonance at 1.42(10) MeV and a broad correlated background distribution. Alternatively, the spectrum is being well described by two resonances at energies of 1.54(11) and 3.99(26) MeV. Additionally, three-body energy and angular correlations in 10He and 13Li nuclei at the region of the ground state (0 < ECnn < 3 MeV) are studied, providing information about structure of these unbound nuclear systems.
Three-dimensional (3D) nanomagnetism, where spin configurations extend into the vertical direction of a substrate plane allow for more complex, hierarchical systems and the design of novel magnetic effects. As an important step towards this goal, we have recently demonstrated the direct-write fabrication of freestanding ferromagnetic 3D nano-architectures of ferromagnetic CoFe in shapes of nano-tree and nano-cube structures by means of focused electron beam induced deposition. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of the magnetic properties of these structures by local stray-field measurements using a high-resolution micro-Hall magnetometer. Measurements in a wide range of temperatures and different angles of the externally applied magnetic field with respect to the surface plane of the sensor are supported by corresponding micromagnetic simulations, which explain the overall switching behavior of in part rather complex magnetization configurations remarkably well. In particular, the simulations yield coercive and switching fields that are in good quantitative correspondence with the measured coercive and switching fields assuming a bulk metal content of 100 at % consisting of bcc Co 3 Fe. We show that thermally-unstable magnetization states can be repetitively prepared and their lifetime controlled at will, a prerequisite to realizing dynamic and thermally-active magnetic configurations if the building blocks are to be used in lattice structures.
In this paper we present first-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams of ensembles of three-dimensional Co3Fe nanostructures as 2 × 2 arrays of nano-cubes and nano-trees. The structures are fabricated and investigated by an advanced platform of focused electron beam induced deposition combined with high-resolution detection of magnetic stray fields using a home-built micro-Hall magnetometer based on an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure. The experimental FORC diagrams are compared to macrospin simulations for both geometries at different angles of the externally applied magnetic field. The measured FORC diagrams are in good agreement with the simulated ones and reflect non-uniform magnetization reversal dominated by multi-vortex states within, and strong magnetic coupling between, the building blocks of our nanostructures. Thus, a FORC analysis of small arrays of 3D magnetic nanostructures provides more detailed insights into the mechanisms of magnetization reversal beyond standard major hysteresis loop measurements.
This thesis is structured into 7 chapters:
• Chapter 2 gives an overview of the ultrashort high intensity laser interaction with matter. The laser interaction with an induced plasma is described, starting from the kinematics of single electron motion, followed by collective electron effects and the ponderamotive motion in the laser focus and the plasma transparency for the laser beam. The three different mechanisms prepared to accelerate and propagate electrons through matter are discussed. The following indirect acceleration of protons is explained by the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) mechanism. Finally some possible applications of laser accelerated protons are explained briefly.
• Chapter 3 deals with the modeling of geometry and field mapping of magnetic lens. Initial proton and electron distributions, fitted to PHELIX measured data are generated, a brief description of employed codes and used techniques in simulation is given, and the aberrations at the solenoid focal spot is studied.
• Chapter 4 presents a simulation study for suggested corrections to optimize the proton beam as a later beam source. Two tools have been employed in these suggested corrections, an aperture placed at the solenoid focal spot as energy selection tool, and a scattering foil placed in the proton beam to smooth the radial energy beam profile correlation at the focal spot due to chromatic aberrations. Another suggested correction has been investigated, to optimize the beam radius at the focal spot by lens geometry controlling.
• Chapter 5 presents a simulation study for the de-neutralization problem in TNSA caused by the fringing fields of pulsed magnetic solenoid and quadrupole. In this simulation, we followed an electrostatic model, wherethe evolution of both, self and mutual fields through the pulsed magnetic solenoid could be found, which is not the case in the quadrupole and only the growth of self fields could be found. The field mapping of magnetic elements is generated by the Matlab program, while the TraceWin code is employed to study the tracking through magnetic elements.
• Chapter 6 describes the PHELIX laser parameters at GSI with chirp pulse amplification technique (CPA), and Gafchromic Radiochromic film RCF) as a spatial energy resolver film detector. The results of experiments with laser proton acceleration, which were performed in two experimental areas at GSI (Z6 area and PHELIX Laser Hall (PLH)), are presented in section 6.3.
• Chapter 7 includes the main results of this work, conclusions and gives a perspective for future experimental activities.
Chromatic, geometric and space charge effects on laser accelerated protons focused by a solenoid
(2011)
We studied numerically emittance and transmission effects by chromatic and geometric aberrations, with and without space charge, for a proton beam behind a solenoid in the laser proton experiment LIGHT at GSI. The TraceWin code was employed using a field map for the solenoid and an initial distribution with exponential energy dependence close to the experiment. The results show a strong effect of chromatic, and a relatively weak one of geometric aberrations as well as dependence of proton transmission on distance from the solenoid. The chromatic effect has an energy filtering property due to the finite radius beam pipe. Furthermore, a relatively modest dependence of transmission on space charge is found for p production intensity below 1011.
The standard implementation of the HRG model has been shown to be unable to describe all the available data on QCD matter. Here we show the balance of repulsive and attractive hadronic interactions on QCD thermodynamics through observables both calculated by lattice simulations and measured in experiment. Attractive interactions are mediated by resonance formation, which are here implemented through extra states predicted by the Quark Model, while repulsive interactions are modelled by means of Excluded Volume (EV) effects. Informations on flavour dependent effective sizes are extracted. It is found that EV effects are present in lattice QCD thermodynamics, and are essential for a comprehensive description of higher order fluctuations of conserved charges.
We calculate ratios of higher-order susceptibilities quantifying fluctuations in the number of net-protons and in the net-electric charge using the Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) model. We take into account the effect of resonance decays, the kinematic acceptance cuts in rapidity, pseudo-rapidity and transverse momentum used in the experimental analysis, as well as a randomization of the isospin of nucleons in the hadronic phase. By comparing these results to the latest experimental data from the STAR Collaboration, we determine the freeze-out conditions from net-electric charge and net-proton distributions and discuss their consistency.
Study of hard core repulsive interactions in an hadronic gas from a comparison with lattice QCD
(2016)
We study the influence of hard-core repulsive interactions within the Hadron-Resonace Gas model in comparison to first principle calculation performed on a lattice. We check the effect of a bag-like parametrization for particle eigenvolume on flavor correlators, looking for an extension of the agreement with lattice simulations up to higher temperatures, as was yet pointed out in an analysis of hadron yields measured by the ALICE experiment. Hints for a flavor depending eigenvolume are present.
We present the measured correlation functions for pi+ pi-, pi- pi- and pi+ pi+ pairs in central S+Ag collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon. The Gamov function, which has been traditionally used to correct the correlation functions of charged pions for the Coulomb interaction, is found to be inconsistent with all measured correlation functions. Certain problems which have been dominating the systematic uncertainty of the correlation analysis are related to this inconsistency. It is demonstrated that a new Coulomb correction method, based exclusively on the measured correlation function for pi+ pi- pairs, may solve the problem.
The NA35 experiment has collected a high statistics set of momentum analyzed negative hadrons near and forward of midrapidity for central collisions of 200A GeV/c 32S+S, Cu, Ag, and Au. Using momentum space correlations to study the size of the source of particle production, the transverse source radii are found to decrease by ~40% at midrapidity and ~20% at forward rapidity while the longitudinal radius RL is found to decrease by ~50% as pT increases over the interval 50<pT<600 MeV/c. Calculations using a microscopic phase space approach (relativistic quantum molecular dynamics) reproduce the observed trends of the data. PACS: 25.75.+r
The transverse momentum and rapidity distributions of net protons and negatively charged hadrons have been measured for minimum bias proton-nucleus and deuteron-gold interactions, as well as central oxygen-gold and sulphur-nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon. The rapidity density of net protons at midrapidity in central nucleus-nucleus collisions increases both with target mass for sulphur projectiles and with the projectile mass for a gold target. The shape of the rapidity distributions of net protons forward of midrapidity for d+Au and central S+Au collisions is similar. The average rapidity loss is larger than 2 units of rapidity for reactions with the gold target. The transverse momentum spectra of net protons for all reactions can be described by a thermal distribution with temperatures' between 145 +- 11 MeV (p+S interactions) and 244 +- 43 MeV (central S+Au collisions). The multiplicity of negatively charged hadrons increases with the mass of the colliding system. The shape of the transverse momentum spectra of negatively charged hadrons changes from minimum bias p+p and p+S interactions to p+Au and central nucleus-nucleus collisions. The mean transverse momentum is almost constant in the vicinity of midrapidity and shows little variation with the target and projectile masses. The average number of produced negatively charged hadrons per participant baryon increases slightly from p+p, p+A to central S+S,Ag collisions.
Measurement of the 244Cm and 246Cm neutron-induced capture cross sections at the n_TOF facility
(2019)
The neutron capture reactions of the 244Cm and 246Cm isotopes open the path for the formation of heavier Cm isotopes and heavier elements such as Bk and Cf in a nuclear reactor. In addition, both isotopes belong to the minor actinides with a large contribution to the decay heat and to the neutron emission in irradiated fuels. There are only two previous 244Cm and 246Cm capture cross section measurements: one in 1969 using a nuclear explosion [1] and the most recent data measured at J-PARC in 2010 [2]. The data for both isotopes are very scarce due to the difficulties in performing the measurements: high intrinsic activity of the samples and limited facilities capable of providing isotopically enriched samples.
We have measured both neutron capture cross sections at the n_TOF Experimental Area 2 (EAR-2) with three C6 D6 detectors and also at Area 1 (EAR-1) with the TAC. Preliminary results assessing the quality and limitations (back-ground subtraction, measurement technique and counting statistics) of this new experimental datasets are presented and discussed.
Accurate neutron capture cross section data for minor actinides (MAs) are required to estimate the production and transmutation rates of MAs in light water reactors with a high burnup, critical fast reactors like Gen-IV systems and other innovative reactor systems such as accelerator driven systems (ADS). Capture reactions of 244Cm open the path for the formation of heavier Cm isotopes and of heavier elements such as Bk and Cf. In addition, 244Cm shares nearly 50% of the total actinide decay heat in irradiated reactor fuels with a high burnup, even after three years of cooling.
Experimental data for this isotope are very scarce due to the difficulties of providing isotopically enriched samples and because the high intrinsic activity of the samples requires the use of neutron facilities with high instantaneous flux. The only two previous experimental data sets for this neutron capture cross section have been obtained in 1969 using a nuclear explosion and, more recently, at J-PARC in 2010. The neutron capture cross sections have been measured at n_TOF with the same samples that the previous experiments in J-PARC. The samples were measured at n_TOF Experimental Area 2 (EAR-2) with three C6D6 detectors and also in Experimental Area 1 (EAR-1) with the Total Absorption Calorimeter (TAC). Preliminary results assessing the quality and limitations of these new experimental datasets are presented for the experiments in both areas. Preliminary yields of both measurements will be compared with evaluated libraries for the first time.
We show the first results for parton distribution functions within the proton at the physical pion mass, employing the method of quasi-distributions. In particular, we present the matrix elements for the iso-vector combination of the unpolarized, helicity and transversity quasi-distributions, obtained with Nf = 2 twisted mass cloverimproved fermions and a proton boosted with momentum = 0.83 GeV. The momentum smearing technique has been applied to improve the overlap with the proton boosted state. Moreover, we present the renormalized helicity matrix elements in the RI’ scheme, following the non-perturbative renormalization prescription recently developed by our group.
We discuss the current developments by the European Twisted Mass Collaboration in extracting parton distribution functions from the quasi-PDF approach. We concentrate on the non-perturbative renormalization prescription recently developed by us, using the RI′ scheme. We show results for the renormalization functions of matrix elements needed for the computation of quasi-PDFs, including the conversion to the MS scheme, and for renormalized matrix elements. We discuss the systematic effects present in the Z-factors and the possible ways of addressing them in the future.
In this work we present, for the first time, the non-perturbative renormalization for the unpolarized, helicity and transversity quasi-PDFs, in an RI′ scheme. The proposed prescription addresses simultaneously all aspects of renormalization: logarithmic divergences, finite renormalization as well as the linear divergence which is present in the matrix elements of fermion operators with Wilson lines. Furthermore, for the case of the unpolarized quasi-PDF, we describe how to eliminate the unwanted mixing with the twist-3 scalar operator.
We utilize perturbation theory for the one-loop conversion factor that brings the renormalization functions to the MS-scheme at a scale of 2 GeV. We also explain how to improve the estimates on the renormalization functions by eliminating lattice artifacts. The latter can be computed in one-loop perturbation theory and to all orders in the lattice spacing.
We apply the methodology for the renormalization to an ensemble of twisted mass fermions with Nf = 2 + 1 + 1 dynamical quarks, and a pion mass of around 375 MeV.
Next-generation DIRC detectors, like the PANDA Barrel DIRC, with improved optical designs and better spatial and timing resolution, require correspondingly advanced reconstruction and PID methods. The investigation of the PID performance of two DIRC counters and the evaluation of the reconstruction and PID algorithms form the core of this thesis. Several reconstruction and PID approaches were developed, optimized, and tested using hadronic beam particles, experimental physics events, and Geant simulations. The near-final design of the PANDA Barrel DIRC was evaluated with a prototype in the T9 beamline at CERN in 2018. The analysis finds excellent agreement between the experimental data and the Geant simulations for all reconstruction algorithms. The best PID performance of up to $5.2 \pm 0.2$ s.d. $\pi$/K separation at 3.5 GeV/c, was obtained with a time imaging PID method. The PANDA Barrel DIRC simulation, as well as the reconstruction and PID algorithms, were evaluated using experimental data from the GlueX DIRC as part of the FAIR Phase-0 program. The performance validation was carried out using physics events of the GlueX experiment and simulations. The initial analysis results of the commissioning dataset show a $\pi$/K separation power of up to 3 s.d. at a momentum of 3.0-3.5 GeV/c, obtained using a geometric reconstruction algorithm.
The design, construction, and commissioning of the ALICE Time-Projection Chamber (TPC) is described. It is the main device for pattern recognition, tracking, and identification of charged particles in the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. The TPC is cylindrical in shape with a volume close to 90 m3 and is operated in a 0.5 T solenoidal magnetic field parallel to its axis.
In this paper we describe in detail the design considerations for this detector for operation in the extreme multiplicity environment of central Pb–Pb collisions at LHC energy. The implementation of the resulting requirements into hardware (field cage, read-out chambers, electronics), infrastructure (gas and cooling system, laser-calibration system), and software led to many technical innovations which are described along with a presentation of all the major components of the detector, as currently realized. We also report on the performance achieved after completion of the first round of stand-alone calibration runs and demonstrate results close to those specified in the TPC Technical Design Report.
The first evaluation of an ultra-high granularity digital electromagnetic calorimeter prototype using 1.0–5.8 GeV/c electrons is presented. The 25 × 106 pixel detector consists of 24 layers of ALPIDE CMOS MAPS sensors, with a pitch of around 30 μm, and has a depth of almost 20 radiation lengths of tungsten absorber. Ultra-thin cables allow for a very compact design. The properties that are critical for physics studies are measured: electromagnetic shower response, energy resolution and linearity. The stochastic energy resolution is comparable with the state-of-the art resolution for a Si-W calorimeter, with data described well by a simulation model using Geant4 and Allpix2. The performance achieved makes this technology a good candidate for use in the ALICE FoCal upgrade, and in general demonstrates the strong potential for future applications in high-energy physics.
The first evaluation of an ultra-high granularity digital electromagnetic calorimeter prototype using 1.0-5.8 GeV/c electrons is presented. The 25×106 pixel detector consists of 24 layers of ALPIDE CMOS MAPS sensors, with a pitch of around 30~μm, and has a depth of almost 20 radiation lengths of tungsten absorber. Ultra-thin cables allow for a very compact design. The properties that are critical for physics studies are measured: electromagnetic shower response, energy resolution and linearity. The stochastic energy resolution is comparable with the state-of-the art resolution for a Si-W calorimeter, with data described well by a simulation model using GEANT and Allpix2. The performance achieved makes this technology a good candidate for use in the ALICE FoCal upgrade, and in general demonstrates the strong potential for future applications in high-energy physics.
The first evaluation of an ultra-high granularity digital electromagnetic calorimeter prototype using 1.0-5.8 GeV/c electrons is presented. The 25×106 pixel detector consists of 24 layers of ALPIDE CMOS MAPS sensors, with a pitch of around 30~μm, and has a depth of almost 20 radiation lengths of tungsten absorber. Ultra-thin cables allow for a very compact design. The properties that are critical for physics studies are measured: electromagnetic shower response, energy resolution and linearity. The stochastic energy resolution is comparable with the state-of-the art resolution for a Si-W calorimeter, with data described well by a simulation model using GEANT and Allpix2. The performance achieved makes this technology a good candidate for use in the ALICE FoCal upgrade, and in general demonstrates the strong potential for future applications in high-energy physics.
The first evaluation of an ultra-high granularity digital electromagnetic calorimeter prototype using 1.0-5.8 GeV/c electrons is presented. The 25×106 pixel detector consists of 24 layers of ALPIDE CMOS MAPS sensors, with a pitch of around 30~μm, and has a depth of almost 20 radiation lengths of tungsten absorber. Ultra-thin cables allow for a very compact design. The properties that are critical for physics studies are measured: electromagnetic shower response, energy resolution and linearity. The stochastic energy resolution is comparable with the state-of-the art resolution for a Si-W calorimeter, with data described well by a simulation model using GEANT and Allpix2. The performance achieved makes this technology a good candidate for use in the ALICE FoCal upgrade, and in general demonstrates the strong potential for future applications in high-energy physics.
The first evaluation of an ultra-high granularity digital electromagnetic calorimeter prototype using 1.0-5.8 GeV/c electrons is presented. The 25×106 pixel detector consists of 24 layers of ALPIDE CMOS MAPS sensors, with a pitch of around 30~μm, and has a depth of almost 20 radiation lengths of tungsten absorber. Ultra-thin cables allow for a very compact design. The properties that are critical for physics studies are measured: electromagnetic shower response, energy resolution and linearity. The stochastic energy resolution is comparable with the state-of-the art resolution for a Si-W calorimeter, with data described well by a simulation model using GEANT and Allpix2. The performance achieved makes this technology a good candidate for use in the ALICE FoCal upgrade, and in general demonstrates the strong potential for future applications in high-energy physics.
Experimental results and theoretical predictions in laser acceleration of protons achieved energies of ten to several tens of MeV. The LIGHT project (Laser Ion Generation, Handling and Transport) is proposed to use the PHELIX laser accelerated protons and to provide transport, focusing and injection into a conventional accelerator. This study demonstrates transport and focusing of laser-accelerated 10 MeV protons by a pulsed 18 T magnetic solenoid. The effect of co-moving electrons on the beam dynamics is investigated. The unique features of the proton distribution like small emittances and high yield of the order of 1013 protons per shot open new research area. The possibility of creating laser based injectors for ion accelerators is addressed. With respect to transit energies, direct matching into DTL's seems adequate. The bunch injection into a proposed CH− structure is under investigation at IAP Frankfurt. Options and simulation tools are presented.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Abhängigkeit der HBT-Radien im Rahmen des NA49-Experimentes bei einer Strahlenergie von 40 und 158 AGeV untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass die Radien Rside, Rout und Rlong monoton mit der Zentralität von 2-3 fm bis 5-6 fm anwachsen, jedoch nur eine sehr geringe Energieabhängigkeit aufweisen. Dabei ist die Energieabhängigkeit bei Rside am schwächsten und bei Rlong am stärksten ausgeprägt. Bei Rout zeigte sich, dass die Werte bei 40 AGeV steiler mit der Zentralität ansteigen als die entsprechenden Werte bei 158 AGeV, was zur Folge hat, dass für zentrale Ereignisse Rout bei 40 AGeV um etwa 0.5 fm größer ist, als bei 158 AGeV. Die Signifikanz dieses Befundes ist wegen der statistischen (maximal 0.3 fm) und systematischen Fehler (maximal 1 fm) jedoch sehr gering. Allerdings wurde auch bei der Analyse zentraler Blei-Blei-Kollisionen[28] beobachtet, dass die Werte für Rout bei 40 AGeV größer sind als bei 158 AGeV. Die Radien beider Energien lassen sich als eine lineare Funktion der dritten Wurzel der Anzahl der Partizipanten beschreiben. Letztere sind ein Maß für die transversale Größe des Ausgangszustandes. Aus diesem Verhalten folgt, dass die HBT-Radien aus dem Ausgangszustand der Kollision bestimmt werden. Betrachtet man jedoch die geringe Energieabhängigkeit der HBT-Radien, so liegt der Schluss nahe, dass die HBT-Radien eher durch den Anfangszustand der Kollision bestimmt werden als durch den Endzustand. Dies steht im Widerspruch zu der üblichen Interpretation der Bose-Einstein-Korrelation in Schwerionenkollisionen. Beim Betrachten des Verhältnisses Rout/Rside als Funktion der Zentralität stellte sich heraus, dass es größer als eins ist und nur sehr schwach von der Zentralität abhängt. Der Wert von Rout/Rside nimmt dabei Werte zwischen 1.2 und 1.5 an. Ermittelt man aus Rout und Rside die Emissionsdauer, so stellt man fest, dass diese Größe bei beiden Energien nicht signifikant von der Zentralität abhängt und die Werte zwischen 2 und 4 fm/c liegen.
Directed and elliptic flow of charged pions and protons in Pb + Pb collisions at 40 and 158 A GeV
(2003)
Directed and elliptic flow measurements for charged pions and protons are reported as a function of transverse momentum, rapidity, and centrality for 40 and 158A GeV Pb + Pb collisions as recorded by the NA49 detector. Both the standard method of correlating particles with an event plane, and the cumulant method of studying multiparticle correlations are used. In the standard method the directed flow is corrected for conservation of momentum. In the cumulant method elliptic flow is reconstructed from genuine 4, 6, and 8-particle correlations, showing the first unequivocal evidence for collective motion in A+A collisions at SPS energies.
Results are presented on event-by-event electric charge fluctuations in central Pb+Pb collisions at 20, 30, 40, 80 and 158 AGeV. The observed fluctuations are close to those expected for a gas of pions correlated by global charge conservation only. These fluctuations are considerably larger than those calculated for an ideal gas of deconfined quarks and gluons. The present measurements do not necessarily exclude reduced fluctuations from a quark-gluon plasma because these might be masked by contributions from resonance decays.
Observation of an exotic S = -2, Q = -2 baryon resonance in proton-proton collisions at the CERN SPS
(2003)
Results of resonance searches in the Xi- pi-, Xi- pi+, antiXi+ pi- and antiXi+ pi+ invariant mass spectra in proton-proton collisions at sqrt s=17.2 GeV are presented. Evidence is shown for the existence of a narrow Xi- pi- baryon resonance with mass of 1.862+/-0.002 GeV/c^2 and width below the detector resolution of about 0.018 GeV/c^2. The significance is estimated to be 4.0 sigma. This state is a candidate for the hypothetical exotic Xi_(3/2)^-- baryon with S = -2, I = 3/2 and a quark content of (d s d s ubar). At the same mass a peak is observed in the Xi- pi+ spectrum which is a candidate for the Xi_(3/2)^0 member of this isospin quartet with a quark content of (d s u s dbar). The corresponding antibaryon spectra also show enhancements at the same invariant mass.
System size and centrality dependence of the balance function in A + A collisions at √sNN = 17.2 GeV
(2004)
Electric charge correlations were studied for p+p, C+C, Si+Si and centrality selected Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt s_NN = 17.2$ GeV with the NA49 large acceptance detector at the CERN-SPS. In particular, long range pseudo-rapidity correlations of oppositely charged particles were measured using the Balance Function method. The width of the Balance Function decreases with increasing system size and centrality of the reactions. This decrease could be related to an increasing delay of hadronization in central Pb+Pb collisions.
System-size dependence of strangeness production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at √sNN = 17.3 GeV
(2005)
Emission of pi, K, phi and Lambda was measured in near-central C+C and Si+Si collisions at 158 AGeV beam energy. Together with earlier data for p+p, S+S and Pb+Pb, the system-size dependence of relative strangeness production in nucleus-nucleus collisions is obtained. Its fast rise and the saturation observed at about 60 participating nucleons can be understood as onset of the formation of coherent partonic subsystems of increasing size. PACS numbers: 25.75.-q
Results are presented on Omega production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40 and 158 AGeV beam energy. Given are transverse-mass spectra, rapidity distributions, and total yields for the sum Omega+Antiomega at 40 AGeV and for Omega and Antiomega separately at 158 AGeV. The yields are strongly under-predicted by the string-hadronic UrQMD model and are in better agreement with predictions from a hadron gas models. PACS numbers: 25.75.Dw
Evidence for an exotic S=-2, Q=-2 baryon resonance in proton-proton collisions at the CERN SPS
(2004)
Results of resonance searches in the Xi - pi -, Xi - pi +, Xi -bar+ pi -, and Xi -bar+ pi + invariant mass spectra in proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=17.2 GeV are presented. Evidence is shown for the existence of a narrow Xi - pi - baryon resonance with mass of 1.862±0.002 GeV/c2 and width below the detector resolution of about 0.018 GeV/c2. The significance is estimated to be above 4.2 sigma . This state is a candidate for the hypothetical exotic Xi --3/2 baryon with S=-2, I=3 / 2, and a quark content of (dsdsu-bar). At the same mass, a peak is observed in the Xi - pi + spectrum which is a candidate for the Xi 03/2 member of this isospin quartet with a quark content of (dsusd-bar). The corresponding antibaryon spectra also show enhancements at the same invariant mass.
Electric charge correlations were studied for p+p, C+C, Si+Si, and centrality selected Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[sNN]=17.2 GeV with the NA49 large acceptance detector at the CERN SPS. In particular, long-range pseudorapidity correlations of oppositely charged particles were measured using the balance function method. The width of the balance function decreases with increasing system size and centrality of the reactions. This decrease could be related to an increasing delay of hadronization in central Pb+Pb collisions.
The energy dependence of multiplicity fluctuations was studied for the most central Pb+Pb collisions at 20A, 30A, 40A, 80A and 158A GeV by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. The multiplicity distribution for negatively and positively charged hadrons is significantly narrower than Poisson one for all energies. No significant structure in energy dependence of the scaled variance of multiplicity fluctuations is observed. The measured scaled variance is lower than the one predicted by the grand-canonical formulation of the hadron-resonance gas model. The results for scaled variance are in approximate agreement with the string-hadronic model UrQMD.
Results are presented from a search for the decays D0 -> K min pi plus and D0 bar -> K plus pi min in a sample of 3.8x10^6 central Pb-Pb events collected with a beam energy of 158A GeV by NA49 at the CERN SPS. No signal is observed. An upper limit on D0 production is derived and compared to predictions from several models.
Determining the sound speed cs in compact stars is an important open question with numerous implications on the behavior of matter at large densities and hence on gravitational-wave emission from neutron stars. To this scope, we construct more than 107 equations of state (EOSs) with continuous sound speed and build more than 108 nonrotating stellar models consistent not only with nuclear theory and perturbative QCD, but also with astronomical observations. In this way, we find that EOSs with subconformal sound speeds, i.e., with cs 1 3 2 < within the stars, are possible in principle but very unlikely in practice, being only 0.03% of our sample. Hence, it is natural to expect that cs 1 3 2 > somewhere in the stellar interior. Using our large sample, we obtain estimates at 95% credibility of neutron-star radii for representative stars with 1.4 and 2.0 solar masses, R1.4 12.42 km 0.99 0.52 = - + , R2.0 12.12 km 1.23 1.11 = - + , and for the binary tidal deformability of the GW170817 event, 1.186 485 211 225 L = - ˜ + . Interestingly, our lower bounds on the radii are in very good agreement with the prediction derived from very different arguments, namely, the threshold mass. Finally, we provide simple analytic expressions to determine the minimum and maximum values of L˜ as a function of the chirp mass.
The subject of this thesis is the experimental investigation of the neutron-capture cross sections of the neutron-rich, short-lived boron isotopes 13B and 14B, as they are thought to influence the rapid neutron-capture process (r process) nucleosynthesis in a neutrino-driven wind scenario.
The 13;14B(n,g)14;15B reactions were studied in inverse kinematics via Coulomb dissociation at the LAND/R3B setup (Reactions with Relativistic Radioactive Beams). A radioactive beam of 14;15B was produced via in-flight fragmentation and directed onto a lead-target at about 500 AMeV. The neutron breakup of the projectile within the electromagnetic field of the target nucleus was investigated in a kinematically complete measurement. All outgoing reaction products were detected and analyzed in order to reconstruct the excitation energy.
The differential Coulomb dissociation cross sections as a function of the excitation energy were obtained and first experimental constraints on the photoabsorption and the neutron-capture cross sections were deduced. The results were compared to theoretical approximations of the cross sections in question. The Coulomb dissociation cross section of 15B into 14B(g.s.) + n was determined to be s(15B;14B(g:s:)+n) CD = 81(8stat)(10syst) mb ; while the Coulomb dissociation cross section of 14B into a neutron and 13B in its ground state was found to be s(14B;13B(g:s:)+n) CD = 281(25stat)(43syst) mb: Furthermore, new information on the nuclear structure of 14B were achieved, as the spectral shape of the differential Coulomb dissociation cross section indicates a halolike structure of the nucleus.
Additionally, the Coulomb dissociation of 11Be was investigated and compared to previous measurements in order to verify the present analysis. The corresponding Coulomb dissociation cross section of 11Be into 10Be(g.s.) + n was found to be 450(40stat)(54syst ) mb, which is in good agreement with the results of Palit et al.
We developed a Monte Carlo event generator for production of nucleon configurations in complex nuclei consistently including effects of nucleon–nucleon (NN) correlations. Our approach is based on the Metropolis search for configurations satisfying essential constraints imposed by short- and long-range NN correlations, guided by the findings of realistic calculations of one- and two-body densities for medium-heavy nuclei. The produced event generator can be used for Monte Carlo (MC) studies of pA and AA collisions. We perform several tests of consistency of the code and comparison with previous models, in the case of high energy proton–nucleus scattering on an event-by-event basis, using nucleus configurations produced by our code and Glauber multiple scattering theory both for the uncorrelated and the correlated configurations; fluctuations of the average number of collisions are shown to be affected considerably by the introduction of NN correlations in the target nucleus. We also use the generator to estimate maximal possible gluon nuclear shadowing in a simple geometric model.
In der Experimentierhalle der Physik am Campus Riedberg der Goethe – Universität wird gegenwärtig die Beschleunigeranlage FRANZ aufgebaut. FRANZ steht für Frankfurter Neutronenquelle am Stern-Gerlach-Zentrum. Die Anlage bietet vielfältige Experimentiermöglichkeiten in der Untersuchung intensiver, gepulster Protonenstrahlen. Ein Forschungsschwerpunkt an den sekundären Neutronenstrahlen sind Messungen zur nuklearen
Astrophysik. Die Neutronen werden durch einen 2 MeV Protonenstrahl mittels der Reaktion 7Li (p, n) 7Be erzeugt. Die geplanten Experimente erfordern sowohl eine hier weltweit erstmals realisierte Pulsrepetitionsrate von bis zu 250 kHz bei Pulsströmen im 100 mA – Bereich als auch eine extreme Pulskompression auf eine Nanosekunde bei dann auftretenden Pulsströmen im Ampere – Bereich. Daneben ist auch ein Dauerstrich – Strahlbetrieb im mA – Strombereich möglich. Auch viele einzelne Beschleunigerkomponenten wie die Ionenquelle, der Chopper zur Pulsformung, die hochfrequent gekoppelte RFQ-IH-Kombination, der Rebuncher in Form einer CH – Struktur und der Bunchkompressor sind Neuentwicklungen. Mittlere Strahlleistungen von bis zu 24 kW treten im Niederenergiestrahltransportbereich auf, da die Ionenquelle grundsätzlich im Dauerstrich zu betreiben ist, auch bei Hochstrom mit hohen Pulsrepetitionsraten. Der Personen- und Geräteschutz spielt damit auch eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Auslegung des Kontrollsystems für FRANZ. Der Aufbau von FRANZ und seine wesentlichen Komponenten werden in Kapitel 2 erläutert. Die vielen unterschiedlichen Komponenten wie Hochspannungsbereich, Magneten, Hochfrequenzbauteile und Kavitäten, Vakuumbauteile, Strahldiagnose und Detektoren machen plausibel, dass auch das Kontrollsystem für eine solche Anlage speziell ausgelegt werden muss. In Kapitel 4 werden zum Vergleich die Konzepte zur Steuerung und Regelung aktueller, großer Beschleunigerprojekte aufgezeigt, nämlich für die „European Spallation Source ESS“ und für die „Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research FAIR“. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Ionenquelle als komplexe Beschleunigerkomponente ausgewählt, um Entwicklungen zur Steuerung und Regelung durchzuführen und zu testen. Zum Anfahren und Betreiben der Ionenquelle wurde ein Flussdiagramm (Abb. 5.15) entwickelt und realisiert. Im Detail wurden Untersuchungen zur Abhängigkeit der Heizkathodenparameter von der Betriebsdauer gemacht. Daraus konnte ein Algorithmus zur Vorhersage eines rechtzeitigen Filamentaustausches abgeleitet werden. Weiterhin konnte die Nachregelung des Kathodenheizstromes automatisiert werden, um damit die Bogenentladungsspannung innerhalb eines Intervalls von ± 0.5 V zu stabilisieren. Das Anfahren des Filamentstroms wurde ebenfalls automatisiert. Dazu wird die Vakuumdruckänderung in Abhängigkeit der Filamentstromerhöhung gemessen, ausgewertet und daraus der nächste erlaubte Stromerhöhungsschritt abgeleitet. Auf diese Weise wird der Betriebszustand schneller und kontrollierter erreicht als bei manuellem Hochfahren. Das Ziel eines unbemannten Ionenquellenbetriebs ist damit näher gerückt. In einem ersten Test zur Komponentensteuerung und zur Datenaufnahme wurde ein Ionenstrahl extrahiert und durch den ersten Fokussierungsmagneten – einen Solenoiden – transportiert. Es wurde der Erregungsstrom des Solenoiden sowie die Strahlenergie automatisch durchgefahren, die Daten abgespeichert und daraus ein Kontourplot zum gemessenen Strahlstrom hinter der Fokussierlinse erstellt (Abb. 5). Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich nur mit den „langsamen“ Steuerungs- und Regelungsprozessen, während die schnellen Prozesse im Hochfrequenzregelungssystem unabhängig geregelt werden. Neben der Überwachung des Betriebszustandes aller Komponenten werden auch alle für den Service und die Personensicherheit benötigten Daten weggeschrieben. Das System basiert auf MNDACS (Mesh Networked Data Acquisition and Control System) und ist in JAVA geschrieben. MNDACS besteht aus einem Kernel, welcher die Komponententreiber-Software sowie den Netzwerkserver und das graphische Netzwerkinterface (GUI) betreibt. Weterhin gehört dazu das Driver Abstraction Layer (DAL), welches den Zugang zu weiteren Computern oder zu lokalen Treibern ermöglicht. CORBA stellt die Middleware für Netzwerkkommunikation dar. Dadurch wird Kommunikation mit externer Software geregelt, weiterhin wird die Umlegung von Kommunikation im Fall von Leitungsunterbrechungen oder einem lokalen Computerabsturz festgelegt. Es gibt bei FRANZ zwei Kontrollebenen: Über Ethernet läuft die „High Level Control“ und die Datenverarbeitung. Über die „Low Level Control“ läuft das Interlock – und Sicherheitssystem. Die Netzwerkverbindungen laufen über 1 Gb Ethernet Links, womit ein schneller Austausch auch bei lokalen Netzwerkstörungen noch möglich ist. Um bei Stromausfällen das Computersystem am Laufen zu halten, wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein „Uninterruptable Power Supply“ UPS beschafft und erfolgreich am Hochspannungsterminal getestet.
This thesis deals with the simulation, optimization and realization of quasi-optical scanning systems for active THz cameras. Active THz cameras are sensitive in the THz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum and are suitable for the detection of metal objects such as weapons behind clothing or fabrics (maybe for security applications) or material investigation. An advantage of active THz-systems is the possibility to measure the phase of the THz-radiation and thus to reconstruct the surface topography of the objects under test. Due to the coherent illumination and the required system parameters (like image field size, working distance and lateral resolution) the optical systems (in the THz region often called quasi-optical systems) must be optimized. Specifically, the active illumination systems require highly optimized quasioptical systems to achieve a good image quality. Since currently no suitable multi-pixel detectors are available, the object has to be scanned in one or two dimensions in order to cover a full field of view. This further reinforces the occurring aberrations. The dissertation covers, alongside the underlying theory, the simulation, optimisation and realisation of three different active THz systems. The subdivision of the chapters is as follows: Chapter 1 deals with a motivation. Chapter 2 develops the underlying theory and it is demonstrated that the geometrical optics is an adequate and powerful description of the image field optimization. It also addresses the developed analytic on-axis and the off-axis image field optimization routine. Chapter 3, 4 and 5 are about the basis of various active THz cameras, each presented a major system aspect. Chapter 3 shows how active THz-cameras with very high system dynamics range can be realised. Within this chapter it could although be demonstrated how very high depth resolution can be achieved due to the coherent and active illumination and how high refresh rate can be implemented. Chapter 4 shows how absolute distance data of the objects under test can be obtained. Therefore it is possible to reconstruct the entire object topography up to a fraction of the wavelength. Chapter 5 shows how off-axis quasi-optical systems must be optimized. It is also shown how the illumination geometry of the active THz systems must be changed to allow for real-time frame rates. The developed widened multi-directional lighting approach also fixes the still existing problem of phase ambiguity of the single phase measurement. Within this chapter, the world’s first active real-time camera with very high frame rates around 10 Hz is presented. This could be only realized with the highly optimised quasioptical system and the multi-directional lighting approach. The paper concludes with a summary and an outlook for future work. Within the outlook some results regarding the simulation of synthetic aperture radar systems and metamaterials are shown.
Accurate measurement of the standard 235U(n,f) cross section from thermal to 170 keV neutron energy
(2020)
An accurate measurement of the 235U(n,f) cross section from thermal to 170 keV of neutron energy has recently been performed at n_TOF facility at CERN using 6Li(n,t)4He and 10B(n,α)7Li as references. This measurement has been carried out in order to investigate a possible overestimation of the 235U fission cross section evaluation provided by most recent libraries between 10 and 30 keV. A custom experimental apparatus based on in-beam silicon detectors has been used, and a Monte Carlo simulation in GEANT4 has been employed to characterize the setup and calculate detectors efficiency. The results evidenced the presence of an overestimation in the interval between 9 and 18 keV and the new data may be used to decrease the uncertainty of 235U(n,f) cross section in the keV region.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit wurden die bei den Kalttests der supraleitenden 360 MHz CH-Prototypkavität gewonnenen Messergebnisse sowie das Prinzip der Hochfrequenzmessung an supraleitenden Resonatoren vorgestellt. Zudem wurde bei dem Aufbau eines eigens für diese Messungen optimierten horizontalen Kryostaten mitgearbeitet. Die wesentlichen Elemente des Kryostaten wurden dargestellt und das Kaltfahren des gesamten Kryosystems erläutert. Das am IAP erarbeitete Tuningkonzept, bei dem ein langsamer, kettenbetriebener Tuner für den Ausgleich statischer Frequenzänderungen und zusätzlich drei Piezotuner zur Kompensation schneller Frequenzschwankungen eingesetzt werden, konnte aufgrund der zu groÿen Schwankungen der Resonanzfrequenz, die durch die stetige Befüllung des Kryostaten mit Helium hervorgerufen wurde, nur bedingt getestet werden. Dennoch konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Piezotuner die Frequenz der Kavität für kurze Zeit konstant hält und der langsame, mechanische Tuner einen Frequenzhub von 400 kHz erreichen kann. Für weitere Kalttests der CH-Struktur im horizontalen Kryostaten werden zur Zeit sowohl das Regelsystem für die schnellen Piezotuner als auch die Motorsteuerung des mechanischen Tuners optimiert.
In einem weiteren Arbeitsschritt wurden mit Hilfe der Simulationssoftware ANSYS Rechnungen zur Geometrieoptimierung des neuen dynamischen Balguners für zukünftige supraleitende CH-Strukturen durchgeführt. Das Hauptaugenmerk der Optimierung lag hierbei auf der Reduktion der auftretenden Materialspannungen bei einem vorgesehenen Hub von ca. ± mm, der durch eine äuÿere Belastung hervorgerufen wird. Dabei wurden verschiedene geometrische Gröÿen variiert und die optimalen Parameter gefunden. Zudem wurde eine Modalanalyse durchgeführt, um zu verhindern, dass die mechanischen Eigenfrequenzen des Balgtuners in den Betriebsbereich des Piezotuners, der letztlich für den Antrieb der dynamischen Balgtuner vorgesehen ist, fallen. Die nach sämtlichen Simulationsschritten berechnete und final vorgesehene Tunergeometrie und deren Parameter, die bezüglich des auftretenden von-Mises-Stresses optimiert wurden, sind in Abbildung bzw. Tabelle 9.1 dargestellt.
Desweiteren wurden mit Hilfe des Simulationsprogramms CST MicroWave Studio Untersuchungen zu Multipacting durchgeführt. Aufgrund der problematischen Spannungswerte im oberen Gap des Tuners müssen in weiteren Arbeitsschritten zusätzliche Simulationsrechnungen durchgeführt werden, um die Gefahr von Multipacting zu verhindern. Um die strukturmechanischen Simulationsergebnisse und deren Genauigkeit zu validieren, wurde zu Testzwecken ein Balgtunerprototyp bestehend aus eineinhalb Zellen von der Firma RI in Bergisch Gladbach gefertigt. Messungen der maximalen Auslenkung zeigten zwischen simulierten und gemessenen Werten eine Diskrepanz von einem Faktor von ungefähr 3.
Für weitere Testzwecke soll ein weiterer Balgtunerprototyp bestehend aus 6 Zellen nach den simulierten Parametern angefertigt und später sowohl bei Raumtemperatur als auch unter kryogenen Bedingungen auf dessen Auslenkung getestet werden.
The superconducting CH-structure (Crossbar-H-mode) is a multi-cell drift tube cavity for the low and medium energy range operated in the H21-mode, which has been developed at the Institute for Applied Physics (IAP) of Frankfurt University. With respect to different high power applications two types of superconducting CH-structures (f = 325 MHz, β = 0.16, seven cells and f = 217 MHz, β = 0.059, 15 cells) are presently under construction and accordingly under development. The structural mechanical simulation is a very important aspect of the cavity design. Furthermore, several simulations with ANSYS Workbench have been performed to predict the deformation of the cavity walls due to the cavity cool-down, pressure effects and mechanical vibrations. To readjust the fast frequency changes in consequence of the cavity shape deformation, a new concept for the dynamic frequency tuning has been investigated, including a novel type of bellow-tuner.
We present a relativistic Shakhov-type generalization of the Anderson-Witting relaxation time model for the Boltzmann collision integral to modify the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. This is achieved by modifying the path on which the single particle distribution function fk approaches local equilibrium f0k by constructing an intermediate Shakhov-type distribution fSk similar to the 14-moment approximation of Israel and Stewart. We illustrate the effectiveness of this model in case of the Bjorken expansion of an ideal gas of massive particles and the damping of longitudinal waves through an ultrarelativistic ideal gas.
The Monte Carlo parton string model for multiparticle production in hadron-hadron, hadron-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies is described. An adequate choice of the parameters in the model gives the possibility of recovering the main results of the dual parton model, with the advantage of treating both hadron and nuclear interactions on the same footing, reducing them to interactions between partons. Also the possibility of considering both soft and hard parton interactions is introduced.
Die Schwerpunkte dieser Arbeit sind elektrische, stationäre und zeitaufgelöste Transportmessungen an EuB6 sowie die Weiterentwicklung von Messmethoden und Analyseverfahren der Fluktuationsspektroskopie. Durch die Verwendung von
modernen Computern und Datenerfassungskarten konnten die Messmethoden effektiver eingesetzt werden.
Die ersten beiden Kapitel stellen die Grundlagen dar, die für diese Arbeit von Bedeutung sind. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit wurde der Weiterentwicklung der bereits bekannten Messmethoden unter Verwendung einer schnellen Datenerfassungskarte gewidmet. Im Gegensatz zur Verwendung eines Signalanalysators bietet die Karte die Möglichkeit, auf die Rohdaten im Zeitraum zuzugreifen und sie anschließend mit einer selbst programmierten Software auszuwerten. Die technischen Methoden und der Aufbau der Software wurden in den Kapiteln 3 und 4 vorgestellt. Durch das Ersetzen des Signalanalysators kann bis zu 50% der Messzeit eingespart werden.
Durch die Code-Erweiterung kann bereits nach zwei hintereinander gemessenen Spektren vorläufig bei tiefen Frequenzen ausgewertet und somit frühzeitig entschieden werden, ob eine längere Messzeit aussichtsreich ist. Außerdem wird durch Verwendung der Code-Erweiterung eine sehr viel höhere Spektrendichte (Anzahl von Messpunkten) erreicht. Da im Gegensatz zum Signalanalysator alle gemessenen Spektren gespeichert werden, können in jeder Messung die Spektren auf ihre Korrelation (Korrelationskoeffizient und Zweites Spektrum) hin untersucht werden, ohne zusätzliche Messzeit zu benötigen.
Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit den elektrischen Transporteigenschaften von EuB6 und dem Verständnis der Kopplung zwischen Ladungs- und magnetischen Freiheitsgraden. Mittels Widerstands- und nichtlinearer Transportmessungen sowie Fluktuationsspektroskopie wurden Hypothesen von anderen Wissenschaftlern systematisch verifiziert, sowie neue, weiterführende Erkenntnisse gewonnen.
Direkte experimentelle Hinweise für die Phasenseparation sowie das Auftreten von Perkolation aus Transportmessungen fehlten bisher. In dieser Arbeit wurden daher systematisch die elektrischen Transportseigenschaften des Systems in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und vom Magnetfeld untersucht. Mittels Fluktuationsspektroskopie konnte erstmals ein direkter Hinweis auf perkolatives Verhalten in den Transporteigenschaften beobachtet werden. Ein starkes nichtlineares Transportsignal (dritter harmonischer Widerstand, DHW) im Bereich von TMI und TC ist eine Signatur einer räumlich inhomogenen Stromverteilung auf der Mikroskala und ein weiterer deutlicher Hinweis auf magnetisch induzierte elektronische Phasenseparation. Insbesondere tritt nichtlinearer Transport bei H = 0 im FM Bereich auf und kann im PM-Bereich bei T > TMI durch externe Magnetfelder induziert werden.
Die Theorie der Quantenelektrodynamik (QED) starker Felder sagt vorher, dass sich unter dem Einfluss sehr starker elektromagnetischer Felder der Vakuumzustand verändert. Überschreitet das äußere (im einfachsten Fall elektrostatische) Feld eine gewisse kritische Stärke, dann kommt es zur spontanen Erzeugung von Elektron-Positron-Paaren und im Gefolge zur Ausbildung eines geladenen Vakuums. Charakteristisch dafür sind gebundene Elektronenzustände mit einer Bindungsenergie von mehr als der doppelten Ruhenergie. Dieser Effekt wurde bisher meist für sphärisch symmetrische Systeme untersucht, insbesondere für das Coulombpotential eines schweren Kerns. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erkundet, wie sich das überkritische Phänomen beim Übergang von sphärischer zu zylindrischer Geometrie verhält. Dazu werden die Lösungen der Dirac-Gleichung für Elektronen im elektrostatischen Potential eines langen dünnen geladenen Zylinders ("geladener String") berechnen und darauf aufbauend das überkritische Phänomen untersucht. Da das logarithmische Potential eines unendlich langen Strings unbegrenzt anwächst, sollten alle Elektronzustände überkritisch sein (Möglichkeit des Tunnelns durch den Teilchen-Antiteilchen-Gap). Die Zentralladung sollte sich dann mit einer entgegengesetzt geladenen Hülle aus Vakuumelektronen umgeben und damit neutralisieren. Um diese Phänomene quantitativ zu beschreiben untersuchen wir die Lösungen der Poisson-Gleichung und der der Dirac-Gleichung in Zylindersymmetrie. Zunächst wird eine Reihenentwicklung für das elektrostatische Potential in der Mittelebene eines homogen geladenen Zylinders von endlicher Länge und endlichem Radius hergeleitet. Anschließend benutzen wir den Tetraden- (Vierbein-) Formalismus zur Separation der Dirac-Gleichung in Zylinderkoordinaten. Die resultierende entkoppelte radiale Dirac-Gleichung wird in eine Schrödinger-artige Form transformiert. Die gebundenen Zustände werden mit der Methode der uniformen Approximation, einer Variante der WKB-Näherung, berechnet und ihre Abhängigkeit von den Parametern Stringlänge, Stringradius und Potentialstärke wird studiert. Die Näherungsmethode wird auch benutzt, um den überkritischen Fall zu untersuchen, bei dem sich die gebundenen Zustände in Resonanzen im Antiteilchen-Kontinuum verwandeln. Der zugehörige Tunnelprozess wird studiert und die Resonanz-Lebensdauer abgeschätzt. Schließlich wird das Problem der Vakuumladung und Selbstabschirmung angegangen. Die Vakuumladung wird durch Aufsummation der Ladungsdichten aller überkritischen (quasi-)gebundenen Zustände berechnet. Die Vakuumladung tritt als Quellterm in der Poisson-Gleichung für das elektrostatische Potential auf, welches wiederum die Wellenfunktionen bestimmt. Auf die volle selbstkonsistente Lösung dieses Problems wird verzichtet. Wir zeigen jedoch dass die Vakuumladung wie erwartet gross genug ist, um eine Totalabschirmung des geladenen Strings zu bewirken.
The thermodynamic properties of the interacting particle–antiparticle boson system at high temperatures and densities were investigated within the framework of scalar and thermodynamic mean-field models. We assume isospin (charge) density conservation in the system. The equations of state and thermodynamic functions are determined after solving the self-consistent equations. We study the relationship between attractive and repulsive forces in the system and the influence of these interactions on the thermodynamic properties of the bosonic system, especially on the development of the Bose–Einstein condensate. It is shown that under “weak” attraction, the boson system has a phase transition of the second order, which occurs every time the dependence of the particle density crosses the critical curve or even touches it. It was found that with a “strong” attractive interaction, the system forms a Bose condensate during a phase transition of the first order, and, despite the finite value of the isospin density, these condensate states are characterized by a zero chemical potential. That is, such condensate states cannot be described by the grand canonical ensemble since the chemical potential is involved in the conditions of condensate formation, so it cannot be a free variable when the system is in the condensate phase.
We study the effects of strict conservation laws and the problem of negative contributions to final momentum distribution during the freeze out through 3-dimensional hypersurfaces with space-like normal. We study some suggested solutions for this problem, and demonstrate it on one example. PACS: 24.10.Nz, 25.75.-q
In fluid dynamical models the freeze out of particles across a three dimensional space-time hypersurface is discussed. The calculation of final momentum distribution of emitted particles is described for freeze out surfaces, with both space-like and time-like normals, taking into account conservation laws across the freeze out discontinuity.
We present, in the framework of the interacting hadron resonance gas, an evaluation of thermodynamical quantities. The interaction is modelled via a correction for the finite size of the hadrons. We investigate the sensitivity of the model calculations on the radius of the hadrons, which is a parameter of the model. Our calculations for thermodynamical quantities as energy and entropy densities and pressure are confronted with predictions using the lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) formalism.
Transverse momenta and rapidities of Lambda 's produced in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at 4.5 GeV/c·u (C-C,...,O-Pb) were studied and compared with those from inelastic He-Li interactions at the same incident momentum. Polarization of the Lambda hyperons was found to be consistent with zero ( alpha P=-0.06=0.11 for Lambda 's from central collisions). An upper limit of the Lambda -bar / Lambda production ratio was estimated to be less than 4.5 x 10-3. The experiment was performed in a triggered streamer chamber.
Analysis of Lambda and associative pion production in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
(1984)
A detailed study of pion production in inelastic and central nucleus-nucleus collisions was carried out using a 2 m streamer spectrometer. Nuclear targets mounted inside the streamer chamber were exposed to nuclear beams of 4.5 GeV/c/nucleon momentum. A systematic study of the influence of the central trigger on observed data is performed. The data on multiplicities, rapidities, transverse momenta, and emission angles of negative pions are presented for various pairs of colliding nuclei. Intercorrelations between various characteristics are studied and discussed. The results are compared with predictions of some theoretical models. It is shown that the main features of the pion production in nuclear collisions can be satisfactorily described by a model assuming independent nucleon-nucleon collisions with subsequent cascading process. However, the observed correlation between Lambda and pion characteristics seems to be unexplained by this picture.
The transverse mass mt distributions for deuterons and protons are measured in Pb+Pb reactions near midrapidity and in the range 0<mt–m<1.0 (1.5) GeV/c2 for minimum bias collisions at 158A GeV and for central collisions at 40 and 80 A GeV beam energies. The rapidity density dn/dy, inverse slope parameter T and mean transverse mass <mt> derived from mt distributions as well as the coalescence parameter B2 are studied as a function of the incident energy and the collision centrality. The deuteron mt spectra are significantly harder than those of protons, especially in central collisions. The coalescence factor B2 shows three systematic trends. First, it decreases strongly with increasing centrality reflecting an enlargement of the deuteron coalescence volume in central Pb+Pb collisions. Second, it increases with mt. Finally, B2 shows an increase with decreasing incident beam energy even within the SPS energy range. The results are discussed and compared to the predictions of models that include the collective expansion of the source created in Pb+Pb collisions.
Results are presented on event-by-event fluctuations in transverse momentum of charged particles, produced at forward rapidities in p+p, C+C, Si+Si and Pb+Pb collisions at 158 AGeV. Three different characteristics are discussed: the average transverse momentum of the event, the Phi_pT fluctuation measure and two-particle transverse momentum correlations. In the kinematic region explored, the dynamical fluctuations are found to be small. However, a significant system size dependence of Phi_pT is observed, with the largest value measured in peripheral Pb+Pb interactions. The data are compared with predictions of several models. PACS numbers: 14.20.Jn, 13.75.Cs, 12.39.-x
Production of Lambda and Antilambda hyperons was measured in central Pb-Pb collisions at 40, 80, and 158 A GeV beam energy on a fixed target. Transverse mass spectra and rapidity distributions are given for all three energies. The Lambda/pi ratio at mid-rapidity and in full phase space shows a pronounced maximum between the highest AGS and 40 A GeV SPS energies, whereas the anti-Lambda}/pi ratio exhibits a monotonic increase. PACS numbers: 25.75.-q
The present study focuses on the beam line optimization from the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS18 to the HADES experiment. BOBYQA (Bound Optimization BY Quadratic Approximation) solves bound constrained optimization problems without using derivatives of the objective function. The Bayesian optimization is another strategy for global optimization of costly, noisy functions without using derivatives. A python programming interface to MADX allow the use of the python implementation of BOBYQA and Bayesian method. This gave the possibility to use tracking simulation with MADX to determine the loss budget for each lattice setting during the optimization and compare both optimization methods.
Due to the massive parallel operation modes at GSI accelerators, a lot of accelerator setup and re-adjustment has to be made by operators during a beam time. This is typically done manually using potentiometers and is very time-consuming. With the FAIR project the complexity of the accelerator facility increases further and for efficiency reasons it is recommended to establish a high level of automation for future operation. Modern Accelerator Control Systems allow a fast access to both, accelerator settings and beam diagnostics data. This provides the opportunity to implement algorithms for automated adjustment of e.g. magnet settings to maximize transmission and optimize required beam parameters. The fast-switching magnets in GSI-beamlines are an optimal basis for an automatic exploration of the parameter-space. The optimization of the parameters for the SIS18 multi-turn-injection using a genetic algorithm has already been simulated*. The first results of our automatized online parameter optimization at the CRYRING@ESR injector are presented here.
Mit der Bereitstellung des 208Pb-Strahls durch das CERN-SPS können seit Herbst 1994 Kollisionen schwerster Kerne bei den höchsten zur Zeit in Schwerionenbeschleunigern erreichten Einschußenergien untersucht werden.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der raumzeitlichen Entwicklung von zentralen Pb-Pb-Kollisionen bei 158 GeV/Nukleon. Diese Untersuchung wurde im Rahmen des Experimentes NA49 durchgefüuhrt und stützt sich auf die Analyse von Bose-Einstein-Korrelationen identischer Pionen. Die Auswertung von rund 40000 zentralen Ereignissen, die in zwei verschiedenen Magnetfeldkonfigurationen mit der zweiten Vertex-Spurendriftkammer des NA49-Experimentes aufgezeichnet wurden, erlaubt hierbei eine annähernd vollständige Untersuchung des pionischen Phasenraumes zwischen zentraler Rapidität und der Projektilhemisphäre.
Auf der experimentellen Seite stellt der Nachweis von mehreren hundert geladenen Teilchen pro Ereignis eine große Herausforderung dar. Daher werden in dieser Arbeit die Optimierung von Spurendriftkammern sowie die verwendeten Analyseverfahren und die erreichte experimentelle Auflösung ausführlich diskutiert. Dabei zeigt sich, daß der systematische Einfluß der erreichten Impuls- und Zweispurauflösung auf die Bestimmung der Bose-Einstein-Observablen vernachlässigbar ist.
Die Messung von Korrelationen ungleich geladener Teilchen bestätigt die Beobachtungen früherer Untersuchungen, wonach die Gamowfunktion als Coulombkorrektur der Bose-Einstein-Korrelationsfunktionen in Schwerionenexperimenten nicht geeignet ist. Ein Vergleich mit einem Modell zeigt, daß diese Messungen konsistent sind mit der Annahme einer endlichen Ausdehnung der Pionenquelle von rund 6 fm. In dieser Arbeitwird zur Korrektur daher eine Parametrisierung der gemessenen Korrelationsstärke ungleich geladener Teilchen benutzt, wodurch die systematischen Unsicherheiten bei der Auswertung der Bose-Einstein-Korrelationsfunktionen erheblich reduziert werden konnten.
Die Auswertung der Bose-Einstein-Korrelationen im Rahmen des Yano-Koonin-Podgoretskii-Formalismus erlaubt eine differentielle Bestimmung der longitudinalen Expansionsgeschwindigkeit. Dabei ergibt sich das Bild eines vornehmlich in longitudinaler Richtung expandierenden Systems, wie es bereits in Schwefel-Kern-Reaktionen bei vergleichbaren Einschußenergien beobachtet wurde. Die Transversalimpulsabhängigkeit der transversalen Radiusparameter ist moderat und verträglich mit einer mäßigen radialen Expansion, deren quantitative Bestätigung allerdings im Rahmen von Modellrechnungen erfolgen muß.
Im Rahmen eines einfachen hydrodynamischen Modells kann die Lebensdauer des Systems zu 7-9 fm/c bei schwacher Abhängigkeit von der Rapidität bestimmt werden. Die Zeitdauer der Pionenemission beträgt etwa 3-4 fm/c und wird damit erstmals in ultrarelativistischen Schwerionenreaktionen als signifikant von Null verschieden beobachtet.
Die Auswertung der Korrelationsfunktion unter Verwendung der Bertsch-Pratt-Parametrisierung liefert Ergebnisse, die mit denen der Yano-Koonin-Podgoretskii-Parametrisierung konsistent sind. Dasselbe gilt für den Vergleich der Analyse positiv und negativ geladener Teilchenpaare sowie unter Verwendung verschiedener Bezugssysteme.
Ein Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen von Schwefel-Kern-Reaktionen deutet an, daß die in Pb-Pb ermittelten Ausfriervolumina nicht mit dem einfachen Bild eines Ausfrierens bei konstanter Teilchendichte vereinbar sind. Vielmehr scheint das Pb-Pb-System bei niedrigerer Dichte auszufrieren. Dies läßt darauf schließen, daß die Ausfrierdichte über die mittlere freie Weglänge mit der Größe des Systems zum Zeitpunkt der letzten Wechselwirkung verknüpft ist.
Dielectrons are unique observables in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Thanks to their penetrating nature, they carry information from all stages of the collision and can provide knowledge about pre-equilibirium dynamics, QGP temperature and transport coefficients, and chiral symmetry restoration. On the other hand, experimental challenges are enormous because production cross sections are small and the signal of interest is eclipsed by a huge combinatorial and physics background from light- and heavy-flavour hadron decays. In this talk the status of dielectron measurements with ALICE is shown and the perspectives with the recently installed and planned ALICE detector upgrades are discussed.
We report measurements of Xi and Xi-bar hyperon absolute yields as a function of rapidity in 158 GeV/c Pb+Pb collisions. At midrapidity, dN/dy = 2.29 +/- 0.12 for Xi, and 0.52 +/- 0.05 for Xi-bar, leading to the ratio of Xi-bar/Xi = 0.23 +/- 0.03. Inverse slope parameters fitted to the measured transverse mass spectra are of the order of 300 MeV near mid-rapidity. The estimated total yield of Xi particles in Pb+Pb central interactions amounts to 7.4 +/- 1.0 per collision. Comparison to Xi production in properly scaled p+p reactions at the same energy reveals a dramatic enhancement (about one order of magnitude) of Xi production in Pb+Pb central collisions over elementary hadron interactions.
Two-particle correlation functions of negative hadrons over wide phase space, and transverse mass spectra of negative hadrons and deuterons near mid-rapidity have been measured in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. A novel Coulomb correction procedure for the negative two-particle correlations is employed making use of the measured oppositely charged particle correlation. Within an expanding source scenario these results are used to extract the dynamic characteristics of the hadronic source, resolving the ambiguities between the temperature and transverse expansion velocity of the source, that are unavoidable when single and two particle spectra are analysed separately. The source shape, the total duration of the source expansion, the duration of particle emission, the freeze-out temperature and the longitudinal and transverse expansion velocities are deduced.
The directed and elliptic flow of protons and charged pions has been observed from the semi-central collisions of a 158 GeV/nucleon Pb beam with a Pb target. The rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the flow has been measured. The directed flow of the pions is opposite to that of the protons but both exhibit negative flow at low pt. The elliptic flow of both is fairly independent of rapidity but rises with pt. PACS numbers: 25.75.-q, 25.75.Ld
The two-proton correlation function at midrapidity from Pb+Pb central collisions at 158 AGeV has been measured by the NA49 experiment. The results are compared to model predictions from static thermal Gaussian proton source distributions and transport models RQMD and VENUS. An effective proton source size is determined by minimizing CHI-square/ndf between the correlation functions of the data and those calculated for the Gaussian sources, yielding 3.85 +-0.15(stat.) +0.60-0.25(syst.) fm. Both the RQMD and the VENUS model are consistent with the data within the error in the correlation peak region.
We present first data on event-by-event fluctuations in the average transverse momentum of charged particles produced in Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN SPS. This measurement provides previously unavailable information allowing sensitive tests of microscopic and thermodynamic collision models and to search for fluctuations expected to occur in the vicinity of the predicted QCD phase transition. We find that the observed variance of the event-by-event average transverse momentum is consistent with independent particle production modified by the known two-particle correlations due to quantum statistics and final state interactions and folded with the resolution of the NA49 apparatus. For two specific models of non-statistical fluctuations in transverse momentum limits are derived in terms of fluctuation amplitude. We show that a significant part of the parameter space for a model of isospin fluctuations predicted as a consequence of chiral symmetry restoration in a non-equilibrium scenario is excluded by our measurement.
Net proton and negative hadron spectra for central \PbPb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon at the CERN SPS were measured and compared to spectra from lighter systems. Net baryon distributions were derived from those of net protons, utilizing model calculations of isospin contributions as well as data and model calculations of strange baryon distributions. Stopping (rapidity shift with respect to the beam) and mean transverse momentum \meanpt of net baryons increase with system size. The rapidity density of negative hadrons scales with the number of participant nucleons for nuclear collisions, whereas their \meanpt is independent of system size. The \meanpt dependence upon particle mass and system size is consistent with larger transverse flow velocity at midrapidity for \PbPb compared to \SS central collisions.