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Epigraphic documents attest that the two neighbouring, inland sites, Idalion and Tamassos, were kingdoms during the Cypro-Archaic period, and that-within an interval of nearly a century - they were both incorporated by the kingdom of Kition during the Cypro-Classical period, thereby losing their independent status. The geographical position of Idalion and Tamassos must have been both a blessing and a curse: while the two polities could thrive on the exploitation of the nearby copper mines, they also had to withstand the economic interest of other Cypriote polities in these natural resources. In addition, we may assume that, because of their inland position, Idalion and Tamassos were forced to seek economic collaboration with polities that had direct access to the sea for the export and exchange of commodities beyond the island. We may further expect that the control of ore-mining and forestry activities must have been a potential source of territorial strife between the two inland kingdoms. Therefore, the geo-economic reality likely induced Idalion and Tamassos to a dualistic relationship of being both allies and competitors. ...
Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht, einen Überblick über die aktuelle Zypern-Archäologie in Deutschland zu geben. Neben einer Zusammenfassung der Ausgrabungen und Feldforschungen, insbesondere seit dem 2. Weltkrieg, wird der Schwerpunkt auf den deutschen Sammlungen und Museen liegen, die zyprische Antiken beherbergen. Sie können an dieser Stelle nicht im Detail vorgestellt werden, doch soll durch die wichtigsten Eckdaten ihrer Entstehung und Zusammensetzung nicht nur ein Bild der Kypriaka in öffentlichem Besitz, sondern auch ein Baustein zu einer Geschichte des Sammelns zyprischer Altertümer in Deutschland geliefert werden. Eine Zusammenstellung von zypern-relevanten Ausstellungen sowie von universitären Promotions- und Forschungsprojekten rundet die Übersicht ab.
The pyrrolobenzodiazepine tilivalline (1) was originally identified in the human gut pathobiont Klebsiella oxytoca, the causative agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. Here we show the identification of tilivalline and analogs thereof in the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus eapokensis as well as the identification of its biosynthesis gene cluster encoding a bimodular non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. Heterologous expression of both genes in E. coli resulted in the production of 1 and from mutasynthesis and precursor directed biosynthesis 11 new tilivalline analogs were identified in X. eapokensis. These results allowed the prediction of the tilivalline biosynthesis being similar to that in K. oxytoca.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Vorstellung einer Übersicht über die Moose und Moosgesellschaften der Kalkrasen sowie der angrenzenden Vegetationstypen im Muschelkalkgebiet des unteren Unstruttales in der Umgebung von Zscheiplitz zwischen Laucha und Freyburg/Unstrut. Bedeutungsvoll sind in einem Kalksteinbruch, in verschiedenen Trocken- und Halbtrockenrasen sowie Xerothermgebüschen die epilithischen, photophytischen Assoziationen Orthotricho anomali-Grimmietum pulvinatae, Grimmietum orbicularis, das seltene Grimmietum tergestinae, die sciophytischen Gesellschaften Homomallietum incurvati und die Homalothecium sericeum-Gesellschaft. Auf Kalkböden gedeihen häufig das Tortelletum inclinatae, vereinzelt das Barbuletum convolutae, in den Fugen der Kalkbänke das Weissietum crispatae und Aloinetum rigidae mit Aloina obliquifolia. Auf der Borke lebender Laubgehölze wachsen vereinzelt das Orthotrichetum fallacis, Syntrichio latifoliae-Leskeetum polycarpae, lokal das Ulotetum crispae, Syntrichietum pulvinatae und Orthotrichetum pallentis. Alle Gesellschaften sind durch zahlreiche Vegetationsaufnahmen in 11 Tabellen dargestellt. Insgesamt wurden 21 Moosgesellschaften und 104 Moosarten (7 Lebermoose, 97 Laubmoose) nachgewiesen. Die Diskussion betrifft die bryogeographische Situation in der Umgebung von Zscheiplitz sowie die Lebensformen, Lebensstrategien und Reproduktionsstrategien der Moose und Moosgesellschaften.
Von dreizehn Phytoflagellaten, davon zehn Euglenophyta, die aus der „Hohe Garbe“ im Naturschutzgebiet „Aland-Elbe-Niederung“ beschrieben und dokumentiert werden, sind elf Arten neu für Sachsen-Anhalt. Phacus warszewiczii wird in vorliegender Publikation erstmals nach Funden aus Deutschland abgebildet.
Buchbesprechung
(2017)
Die Autoren setzten mit der Herausgabe ihrer umfangreichen Übersicht über die Florenwerke Deutschlands eine lange Tradition fort, bekanntes Wissen übersichtlich aufzubereiten, um es so komfortabel nutzbar zu machen. Gelegentlich wird es darüber hinaus sicher ein Aha-Erlebnis geben, dass es über dieses oder jenes Gebiet überhaupt schon ein floristisches Werk gibt.
Aktuell bekannte Vorkommen von A. adiantum-nigrum L., A. ceterach L., A. ruta-muraria L., A. scolopendrium L., A. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm., A. trichomanes L. und A. viride W. Huds. im Mitteldeutschen Trockengebiet um Halle werden mitgeteilt. Erstmalig wurden Vorkommen von Asplenium trichomanes auf Unterarten untersucht und die Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Auch der intraspezifische Bastard A. trichomanes nothosubsp. lovisianum S. Jess. wurde nachgewiesen.
Eine bisher nicht erkannte heimische Scharbockskrautart, Ficaria calthifolia Rchb., wurde im Elbetal bei Pretzsch neu für Sachsen-Anhalt nachgewiesen. Da die Art nicht über Mechanismen zur aktiven Fernausbreitung verfügt, sondern räumlich-zeitlich kleine Nischen besiedelt (CSR-Strategie), ist Habitatkontinuität wichtig. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Bedeutung von historisch altem Grünland diskutiert.
Die Fundortdaten der im Altmarkkreis Salzwedel nachgewiesenen Verwilderungen von Amelanchier alnifolia, A. lamarckii und A. spicata werden mitgeteilt. Angaben zu den Standortverhältnissen, zur Begleitflora und zum Populationsumfang ergänzen die Ausführungen. Außerdem wird auf wesentliche Unterscheidungsmerkmale der drei Arten eingegangen.
Pulmonaria obscura ist die einzige Art des Genus Pulmonaria, die im Raum Salzwedel noch autochthone Vorkommen aufzuweisen hat. Hinzu kommen einige Verwilderungen der auch als Zierpflanze gezogenen P. officinalis s. str. Von beiden Arten werden die aktuellen Nachweisdaten mitgeteilt. Auf die Differenzierung des P. officinalis agg. und die Trennung von weiteren kultivierten Sippen wird eingegangen. Außerdem werden die historischen Aufzeichnungen über Vorkommen von P. angustifolia bei Salzwedel dargestellt. Angaben zur Bedeutung von P. officinalis s. str. in der Volksheilkunde vervollständigen die Ausführungen.
Determining the age of juvenile blow flies is one of the key tasks of forensic entomology when providing evidence for the minimum post mortem interval. While the age determination of blow fly larvae is well established using morphological parameters, the current study focuses on molecular methods for estimating the age of blow flies during the metamorphosis in the pupal stage, which lasts about half the total juvenile development. It has already been demonstrated in several studies that the intraspecific variance in expression of so far used genes in blow flies is often too high to assign a certain expression level to a distinct age, leading to an inaccurate prediction. To overcome this problem, we previously identified new markers, which show a very sharp age dependent expression course during pupal development of the forensically-important blow fly Calliphora vicina Robineau–Desvoidy 1830 (Diptera: Calliphoridae) by analyzing massive parallel sequencing (MPS) generated transcriptome data. We initially designed and validated two quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for each of 15 defined pupal ages representing a daily progress during the total pupal development if grown at 17 °C. We also investigated whether the performance of these assays is affected by the ambient temperature, when rearing pupae of C. vicina at three different constant temperatures—namely 17 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C. A temperature dependency of the performance could not be observed, except for one marker. Hence, for each of the defined development landmarks, we can present gene expression profiles of one to two markers defining the mentioned progress in development.
We used electron cryo-tomography and subtomogram averaging to investigate the structure of complex I and its supramolecular assemblies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of mammals, fungi, and plants. Tomographic volumes containing complex I were averaged at ∼4 nm resolution. Principal component analysis indicated that ∼60% of complex I formed a supercomplex with dimeric complex III, while ∼40% were not associated with other respiratory chain complexes. The mutual arrangement of complex I and III2 was essentially conserved in all supercomplexes investigated. In addition, up to two copies of monomeric complex IV were associated with the complex I1III2 assembly in bovine heart and the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, but their positions varied. No complex IV was detected in the respiratory supercomplex of the plant Asparagus officinalis. Instead, an ∼4.5-nm globular protein density was observed on the matrix side of the complex I membrane arm, which we assign to γ-carbonic anhydrase. Our results demonstrate that respiratory chain supercomplexes in situ have a conserved core of complex I and III2, but otherwise their stoichiometry and structure varies. The conserved features of supercomplex assemblies indicate an important role in respiratory electron transfer.
The major obstacle in the clinical use of the antitumor drug cisplatin is inherent and acquired resistance. Typically, cisplatin resistance is not restricted to a single mechanism demanding for a systems pharmacology approach to understand a whole cell’s reaction to the drug. In this study, the cellular transcriptome of untreated and cisplatin-treated A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells and their cisplatin-resistant sub-line A549rCDDP2000 was screened with a whole genome array for relevant gene candidates. By combining statistical methods with available gene annotations and without a previously defined hypothesis HRas, MAPK14 (p38), CCL2, DOK1 and PTK2B were identified as genes possibly relevant for cisplatin resistance. These and related genes were further validated on transcriptome (qRT-PCR) and proteome (Western blot) level to select candidates contributing to resistance. HRas, p38, CCL2, DOK1, PTK2B and JNK3 were integrated into a model of resistance-associated signalling alterations describing differential gene and protein expression between cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant cells in reaction to cisplatin exposure.
Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) are emerging as critical regulators of pro- and anti-tumor immunity, both at baseline and in therapeutic settings. While type I NKT cells can promote anti-tumor immunity, their activity in the tumor microenvironment may be limited by negative regulators such as inhibitory immune checkpoints. We observed dominant expression of B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) on type I NKT cells in polyoma middle T oncogene-driven (PyMT) murine autochthonous mammary tumors. Other immune checkpoint receptors, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) were equally distributed among T cell populations. Interference with BTLA using neutralizing antibodies limited tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis in the PyMT model in a therapeutic setting, correlating with an increase in type I NKT cells and expression of cytotoxic marker genes. While therapeutic application of an anti-PD-1 antibody increased the number of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and elevated IL-12 expression, tumor control was not established. Expression of ZBTB16, the lineage-determining transcription factor of type I NKT cells, was correlated with a favorable patient prognosis in the METABRIC dataset, and BTLA levels were instrumental to further distinguish prognosis in patents with high ZBTB16 expression. Taken together, these data support a role of BTLA on type I NKT cells in limiting anti-tumor immunity.
Tumor-associated macrophages, angiogenesis, and tumor cell migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma
(2017)
Objective: To investigate the relationship between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), neovascularization, and tumor cell migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of an African subpopulation.
Materials and Methods: Twenty OSCC paraffin blocks underwent immunohistochemistry to TAM1 (CCR7), TAM2 (CD206), Twist, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and CD34. The relative percentage of CCR7 + and CD206 + cells to overall immune cell population was calculated for three high power fields and an average was taken. TAM-related microvessel density (MVD) was determined as the mean of the three recorded values. Cases that had no CD34 + vessels adjacent to the TAMs region were regarded as having an MVD score of 0.
Results: Ten cases (50%) expressed greater CCR7 activity than CD206, seven cases (35%) expressed approximately equal activity of CCR7 and CD206, while three cases (15%) expressed greater activity of CD206 than CCR7. Twist expression was strong in some cases with strong N-cadherin and weak E-cadherin, but the expression of Twist was not consistently high in all cases that expressed strong N-cadherin and weak E-cadherin.
Conclusions: TAMs distribution suggested antitumor activity and the potential for tumor metastasis was only partly due to Twist-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition.
Androgen receptor deregulation drives bromodomain-mediated chromatin alterations in prostate cancer
(2017)
Global changes in chromatin accessibility may drive cancer progression by reprogramming transcription factor (TF) binding. In addition, histone acetylation readers such as bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) have been shown to associate with these TFs and contribute to aggressive cancers including prostate cancer (PC). Here, we show that chromatin accessibility defines castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We show that the deregulation of androgen receptor (AR) expression is a driver of chromatin relaxation and that AR/androgen-regulated bromodomain-containing proteins (BRDs) mediate this effect. We also report that BRDs are overexpressed in CRPCs and that ATAD2 and BRD2 have prognostic value. Finally, we developed gene stratification signature (BROMO-10) for bromodomain response and PC prognostication, to inform current and future trials with drugs targeting these processes. Our findings provide a compelling rational for combination therapy targeting bromodomains in selected patients in which BRD-mediated TF binding is enhanced or modified as cancer progresses.
More than 30% of the world's population are anemic with serious economic consequences including reduced work capacity and other obstacles to national welfare and development. Red blood cell transfusion is the mainstay to correct anemia, but it is also 1 of the top 5 overused procedures. Patient blood management (PBM) is a proactive, patient-centered, and multidisciplinary approach to manage anemia, optimize hemostasis, minimize iatrogenic blood loss, and harness tolerance to anemia. Although the World Health Organization has endorsed PBM in 2010, many hospitals still seek guidance with the implementation of PBM in clinical routine. Given the use of proven change management principles, we propose simple, cost-effective measures enabling any hospital to reduce both anemia and red blood cell transfusions in surgical and medical patients. This article provides comprehensive bundles of PBM components encompassing 107 different PBM measures, divided into 6 bundle blocks acting as a working template to develop institutions' individual PBM practices for hospitals beginning a program or trying to improve an already existing program. A stepwise selection of the most feasible measures will facilitate the implementation of PBM. In this manner, PBM represents a new quality and safety standard.