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Die beiden untersuchten Texte, Sophokles' Antigone und Gorgias von Platon, wurden in dieser Arbeit als Momentaufnahmen für verschiedene Formen, Gerechtigkeit im 5. und 4. Jahrhundert v. u. Z. zu denken, interpretiert, um so einen möglichst authentischen Eindruck von Gerechtigkeit zu jener Zeit zu erhalten. Die Methode der Begriffsgeschichte hatte vorgegeben, dass beide Texte zunächst unabhängig von einander untersucht und die Ergebnisse anschließend zusammengeführt werden sollten. In der Analyse fächerten die Quellen zunächst jeweils in sich ein breites Spektrum unterschiedlicher Auffassungen von Gerechtigkeit auf, die Verbindung beider Betrachtungen machte darüber hinaus Strukturen von Ähnlichkeit und Differenz sichtbar. Daraus ergab sich ein Schema, das die sehr unterschiedlichen Aspekte als verschiedene Eckpunkte eines Prozesses verstehbar machte, der vor dem Hintergrund des in der Einleitung gegebenen historischen Kontextes interpretiert werden konnte. In der Einführung wurde bald deutlich, dass die verschiedenen Vorstellungen von Gerechtigkeit immer auch die Themenkomplexe von Ethik und Moral, von Wahrheit und Wirklichkeit mit einschließen mussten. Mit Victor Ehrenberg ließ sich die Überlegung zu Gerechtigkeit in dem größeren Kontext des Bedeutungswandels von Themis über Dike zu Nomos verstehen. Diese erste Begriffsgeschichte des Konzepts „Gerechtigkeit“ bereitete die Analyse von Gerechtigkeit in den Quellen vor. Das Untersuchungsfeld konnte damit für den Zeitraum der Quellen auf den Begriff des „Nomos“ eingrenzt werden. Dass das besondere Spannungsverhältnis von Nomos und Physis bis in die unterschiedlichen in den Quellen vertretenen Positionen der Gerechtigkeit hineinwirken musste, zeigte sich dann später in der Quellenanalyse. ...
In the past, the genetically diabetic-obese diabetes/diabetes (db/db) and obese/obese (ob/ob) mouse strains were used to investigate mechanisms of diabetes-impaired wound healing. Here we determined patterns of skin repair in genetically normal C57Bl/6J mice that were fed using a high fat diet (HFD) to induce a diabetes-obesity syndrome. Wound closure was markedly delayed in HFD-fed mice compared to mice which had received a standard chow diet (CD). Impaired wound tissue of HFD mice showed a marked prolongation of wound inflammation. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was delayed and associated with the disturbed formation of wound margin epithelia and an impaired angiogenesis in the reduced granulation tissue. Normal wound contraction was retarded and disordered. Wound disorders in obese C57Bl/6J mice were paralleled by a prominent degradation of the inhibitor of NFκB (IκB-α) in the absence of an Akt activation. By contrast to impaired wound conditions in ob/ob mice, late wounds of HFD mice did not develop a chronic inflammatory state and were epithelialized after 11 days of repair. Thus, only genetically obese and diabetic ob/ob mice finally developed chronic wounds and therefore represent a better suited experimental model to investigate diabetes-induced wound healing disorders.
Cells can respond to stress in various ways ranging from the activation of survival pathways to the initiation of cell death that eventually eliminates damaged cells. Whether cells mount a protective or destructive stress response depends to a large extent on the nature and duration of the stress as well as the cell type. Also, there is often the interplay between these responses that ultimately determines the fate of the stressed cell. The mechanism by which a cell dies (i.e., apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, or autophagic cell death) depends on various exogenous factors as well as the cell's ability to handle the stress to which it is exposed. The implications of cellular stress responses to human physiology and diseases are manifold and will be discussed in this review in the context of some major world health issues such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease, myocardial infarction, and cancer.
One of the hallmarks of human cancers is the intrinsic or acquired resistance to apoptosis. Evasion of apoptosis can be part of a cellular stress response to ensure the cell's survival upon exposure to stressful stimuli. Apoptosis resistance may contribute to carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and also treatment resistance, since most current anticancer therapies including chemotherapy as well as radio- and immunotherapies primarily act by activating cell death pathways including apoptosis in cancer cells. Hence, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regarding how cellular stress stimuli trigger antiapoptotic mechanisms and how this contributes to tumor resistance to apoptotic cell death is expected to provide the basis for a rational approach to overcome apoptosis resistance mechanisms in cancers.
Cell stress and cell death
(2010)
Editorial: This special issue on Cell Stress and Cell Death is aimed at bringing together recent developments in the fields of cellular stress and cell death and, in particular, the interplay between cell stress responses and cell death. The special issue opens with a review by S. Fulda et al. which provides an overview of how cells can respond to stress in a variety of ways ranging from the activation of survival pathways to the initiation of cell death that eventually eliminates damaged cells. Whether cells mount a protective response or succumb to death depends to a large extent on the nature and duration of the stress as well as the cell type. For example, milder stresses can lead to protection through activation of the heat shock response or the unfolded protein response (UPR). This review also describes several types of cell death (e.g., apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, or autophagic cell death) and the mechanism by which a cell dies often depends on various exogenous factors as well as the cell’s ability to handle the stress to which it is exposed. The implications of cellular stress responses for human physiology and disease are multifold and are discussed in this review in the context of some major world health issues such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, myocardial infarction, and cancer. ...
Generationen der Liebe
(2010)
Rezension zu: Holger Herma: Liebe und Authentizität. Generationswandel in Paarbeziehungen. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2009. 286 Seiten, ISBN 978-3-531-16552-3, € 34,90
Abstract: Holger Herma untersucht den Wandel der gesellschaftlichen Liebenssemantik in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte. Dabei ist sein besonderes Anliegen, den Einfluss generationsspezifischer Erfahrungsräume auf die Vorstellungen von Liebe und Partnerschaft empirisch nachzuvollziehen. In der qualitativen Interviewstudie steht das bisweilen spannungsvolle Verhältnis von Liebessemantik und Lebenspraxis, aber auch das Wechselspiel mit anderen gesellschaftlichen Diskursen und Transformationsprozessen, etwa im Geschlechterverhältnis im Mittelpunkt.
European pea crabs - taxonomy, morphology, and host-ecology (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)
(2010)
Pinnotherids are small crabs symbiotic to a variety of invertebrates. The European species infest bivalves and sea squirts. Their way of life is parasitic and poses a threat to commercially exploited bivalves. While juveniles of both sexes still look very similar - being agile swimmers and partially free living - a metamorphosis takes place in the female after mating and results in a conspicuous sexual dimorphism. Thereafter, the female settles in its host definitely and is morphologically strongly adapted to the parasitic life phase. A very high reproductive output was demonstrated among several pea crab species infesting bivalves. Despite from that, hardly any information is present in the literature on the pinnotherids’ reproductive biology and the underlying morphology.
Due to their cryptic way of life, the sexual dimorphism, and the different morphotypes of the female, the taxonomy of the Pinnotheridae is a serious challenge. Two widely accepted species are recognized on European coasts: Pinnotheres pisum and Nepinnotheres pinnotheres. Pinnotheres pectunculi was so far only known from the bivalve Glycymeris glycymeris in its type locality Roscoff (France), while Pinnotheres ascidicola and Pinnotheres marioni were described as living exclusively in ascidians without careful comparison with the previously described species. In order to produce standardized comparative descriptions, pea crabs were collected and studied from different hosts and localities in the Northeast Atlantic and in the Mediterranean. Nepinnotheres pinnotheres and Pinnotheres pisum were redescribed with consideration to characters of female and male. According to our morphological analysis, Pinnotheres ascidicola and Pinnotheres marioni are junior synonyms of Nepinnotheres pinnotheres, whereas the status of Pinnotheres pectunculi as a valid species was ascertained. Important characters are the mouthparts, the male gonopods, and especially chelipeds that showed consistent characteristics among different crab stages of both sexes.
Based on our sampling, we estimated the host-range of the European species. Nepinnotheres pinnotheres lives in ascidians and in the pen shell Pinna nobilis. Pinnotheres pisum infests numerous bivalve species - Pinna nobilis included. For Pinnotheres pectunculi novel host records are presented, all from the bivalve family Veneridae. Furthermore, feeding of the Pinnotheres-species was observed. They use a setae comb ventrally on the claw to brush mucus (and the accumulated food particles) from the bivalve gills. Feeding strategies and host-ecology will be thoroughly discussed in consideration to other Pinnotheridae.
We investigated the reproductive systems of European pinnotherids by histological methods, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy.
The Eubrachyura have internal fertilization: paired vaginas enlarge into storage structures, the spermathecae, which are connected to the ovaries by oviducts. Sperm is stored until the oocytes are mature and transported into the spermathecae, where fertilization takes place. In the investigated pinnotherids, the vagina is of the ‘concave pattern’. Musculature is attached alongside flexible parts of the vagina-wall to control the dimension of its lumen. The genital opening is closed by a muscular mobile operculum.
The spermatheca can be divided into two distinct regions by function and morphology. The ventral part includes the connection with vagina and oviduct and is regarded as the zone where fertilization takes place. It is lined with cuticle except where the oviduct enters the spermatheca by the ‘holocrine transfer tissue’. At ovulation, the oocytes have to pass through this multi-layered glandular epithelium, which has a holocrine mode secretion. The dorsal part of the spermatheca is lined by a highly secretory apocrine glandular epithelium, which was to date only found in fiddler crabs of the genus Uca.
The male internal reproductive system consists of paired testes and corresponding vasa deferentia. The sperm morphology of pinnotherids conforms to other thoracotremes, with slight differences between Nepinnotheres pinnotheres and Pinnotheres pisum. Spermatozoa become enveloped into spermatophores in the secretory proximal vas deferens. The medial vas deferens is strongly enlarged and stores spermatophores embedded in seminal plasma. The distal vas deferens holds tubular appendices, which extend into the ventral cephalothorax and slightly into the pleon. These appendices produce and store vast quantities of seminal plasma. The copulatory system of the Brachyura is formed by paired penes and two pairs of gonopods, which function in sperm transfer. In pinnotherids, the long first gonopods transfers the sperm mass to the female. It holds the ejaculatory canal inside, which opens proximally and distally. The second gonopod is solid, short and conical. During copulation, the penis and the second gonopod are inserted into the base of the tubular first gonopod. The second gonopod functions in the transport of the sperm mass inside the ejaculatory canal towards its distal opening. The specific shape of the second gonopod is strongly adapted for a sealing of the tubular first gonopod with longitudinal cuticle foldings that interlock inside the first gonopod. The presented results are discussed concerning their function in reproduction and in respect of the systematic account.
The role of secretion in sperm transfer, storage and fertilization among the Brachyura is still under debate. It is notable that structure and function of secretion are more complex in pinnotherids and probably more efficient than in other brachyuran crabs, which will be discussed, in view of the parasitic way of life and the high fecundity of pinnotherids.
An information system is more than just the information technology; it is the system that emerges from the complex interactions and relationships between the information technology and the organization. However, what impact information technology has on an organization and how organizational structures and organizational change influence information technology remains an open question. We propose a theory to explain how communication structures emerge and adapt to environmental changes. We operationalize the interplay of information technology and organization as language communities whose members use and develop domain-specific languages for communication. Our theory is anchored in the philosophy of language. In developing it as an emergent perspective, we argue that information systems are self-organizing and that control of this ability is disseminated throughout the system itself, to the members of the language community. Information technology influences the dynamics of this adaptation process as a fundamental constraint leading to perturbations for the information system. We demonstrate how this view is separated from the entanglement in practice perspective and show that this understanding has far-reaching consequences for developing, managing, and examining information systems.
Theory building is not only underdeveloped in IT services management research, but in
general in IS. Given the paradigm shift that comes from the development away from a
networked economy towards a network economy, the lack of spending enough attention to
theorizing in IS becomes even more obvious. In the light of other "megatrends" in IS
research, such as the increasing professionalization and use of statistical methods and the
exploitation of extremely large sets of data (often harvested from social media sites), we
might lose interest in theorizing in the presence of the tremendous amount of available
empirical data. In this position paper, the author advocates that services science researchers
should focus on rigor and relevance in their research approaches.
Um olhar rápido sobre os títulos constantes da sua biblioteca particular torna claro que Pessoa lia os autores alemães em traduções inglesas e francesas. Contudo, um escrutínio mais atento da sua biblioteca e dos seus apontamentos revela que o acompanharam ao longo da sua vida não só uma vontade mas também algumas tentativas concretas de enveredar pelo estudo da língua alemã, no intuito de fazer justiça à sua própria imposição formulada por volta do ano de 1912:
"Um grande poeta retórico ou epigramático pode ser lido em tradução, sendo ela boa; quem não sabe a língua, escusa, havendo essa boa tradução, de por tão pouco a estudar. Mas quem quiser ler um poeta lírico não pode aceitar tradução nenhuma, por fiel que seja à alma do poeta. Tem de aprender a língua em que a poesia foi escrita. [...]"
Sabendo-se que Fernando Pessoa nunca dominou a língua alemã, pretende-se, neste estudo, delinear o percurso da sua relação com esta língua e o modo como ela se liga à sua leitura de um autor que, embora em muito menor escala que Goethe, emerge nalguns pontos da actividade de Pessoa enquanto leitor crítico: Friedrich Schiller.
Ao apelo da Universidade de Coimbra para que, no âmbito da sua semana Cultural, as Faculdades e outros organismos que nela se acolhem glosem o tema da “Imaginação”, responde o Instituto de Estudos Alemães com o colóquio Imaginação do mesmo: a diferença na repetição. No texto que enquadra o conjunto de contributos que hoje aqui se apresentam, se afirma, a dado passo, que “Há inovação e transformação não na impossível invenção de uma origem, mas sim na capacidade de articulação produtiva”. Pode esta ser uma boa síntese daquilo que a moderna descendência da espécie homo leva a cabo, enquanto homo sapiens (sapiens) e, portanto, homo loquens, no exercício da faculdade que é, a um tempo, o seu mais poderoso instrumento de cognição e o mais eficaz e económico veículo de comunicação – competição e cooperação são, recordo, os principais pilares em que assenta o processo da sua sobrevivência enquanto espécie.
Criadas as línguas, de que espaço de manobra dispõe o “homem que fala”, que é também um homo socialis, para as recriar, reinventar, adaptando-as às sempre renovadas coordenadas sociológicas em que se situa e de que ele próprio é o arquitecto?
Zarathustra in den Tropen : der Text als Spirale der Wiederholung in Nietzsche und Robert Müller
(2010)
Der Einfluss Nietzsches auf die Autoren des Fin-de-Siècle und des so genannten „Expressionistischen Jahrzehnts“ wird unumstritten von der Kritik akzeptiert. Jedoch beschränkt sich diese Einschätzung auch in den jüngsten Abhandlungen (Ester 2001) aufgrund von Thesen aus den 70er Jahren (zum Beispiel die des kanonischen Bandes von Martens von 1971) auf den Parameter des Vitalismus. Die Untersuchungen zur Rezeption Nietzsches in dieser Zeit konzentrieren sich größtenteils auf 'Also sprach Zarathustra' und ignorieren oder unterschätzen somit andere philosophische Texte des Autors. Auf jeden Fall kann man den deutlichen Einfluss Nietzsches auf den deutschsprachigen Modernismus weder auf den 'Zarathustra' und sein vorherrschendes Thema den Übermenschen, noch auf die metaphysische Dimension seiner Philosophie beschränken, ein Umstand, den auch das fiktionale und essayistische Werk des Wiener Autors Robert Müller (1887-1924) musterhaft unter Beweis stellt. 'Der Mythos der Reise. Urkunden eines deutschen Ingenieurs' (1915) ist ein Beispiel für einen essayistischen Roman, der nicht nur direkt von der Philosophie Nietzsches, sondern auch gerade von der jeweiligen begrifflichen und diskursiven Methodologie sowie dem jeweiligen textuellen Konzept profitiert. Es handelt sich damit um Faktoren, die auch unter dem Zeichen des Essayismus gesehen werden müssen.
Navigare necesse est : de Magalhães a Vespúcio ; três navegadores reinventados por Stefan Zweig
(2010)
"Navigare necesse est" [...] Ao longo dos tempos, esta expressão de ousadia conservou-se no discurso literário da cultura ocidental. No século XX, serviram-se dela, por exemplo, dois autores indelevelmente inscritos na memória cultural da língua portuguesa: o poeta Fernando Pessoa, como vimos, e ainda o cantautor Caetano Veloso. […] Nesta linha de apropriação se situa também o escritor austríaco Stefan Zweig quando, em 1937, intitula “Navigare necesse est” o capítulo introdutório da biografia “Magellan. Der Mann und seine Tat”. Ao contrário dos autores de língua portuguesa acima mencionados, Zweig adopta apenas o primeiro segmento do axioma, pois no fenómeno de intertextualidade [...]. Zweig aproveita a expressão no enquadramento semântico original – as navegações –, para a aplicar à linhagem de bravos homens do mar e de eruditos cosmógrafos que tornaram possível a era dos Descobrimentos. Nesse capítulo inicial da narração biográfica, a voz autoral traça uma panorâmica da primeira fase das Descobertas, mostrando como o móbil económico, que desencadeou todo o processo, acabou por trazer à Humanidade ganhos de outra natureza. Assim, os Descobrimentos não terão permitido apenas chegar à Índia e às tão desejadas especiarias: a demanda corajosa e continuada ter-se-á justificado principalmente por desafiar os mitos do oceano, afastar os medos do mar e alargar a nossa dimensão do mundo.
Passaram já mais de vinte anos sobre a apresentação no Centro Pompidou, em Paris, da exposição 'Vienne, 1880-1938, naissance d'un siècle'. Tratou-se, como alguns se recordarão, de um acontecimento de grande repercussão em toda a Europa. A definitiva consolidação do mito cultural da “Viena de 1900” está estreitamente associada a este acontecimento. A ressonância do evento, contudo, não poderá ser cabalmente entendida se não se tiver presente que, em meados dos anos oitenta a controvérsia sobre o pós-modernismo estava no auge. A verdade é que o comissário da exposição, Jean Clair, programou-a expressamente como uma espécie de manifesto pós-moderno, à luz de uma interpretação da modernidade vienense como um sítio arqueológico maior da pós-modernidade. […] É evidente que esta afirmação distintamente pós-histórica e pós-filosófica se baseia numa imagem da 'Wiener Moderne' como lugar de uma critica implícita à narrativa do progresso como perpétua inovação. A actualidade da Viena de 1900 reside, aos olhos de Jean Clair, justamente, numa específica noção de temporalidade que é hostil à ideia do novo como ruptura irreversível […]. É este, de facto, o núcleo da “hipótese vienense”, para usar a expressão proposta na época por Paolo Portoghesi, um dos mais influentes teóricos da arquitectura pós-modernista nos anos oitenta (Portoghesi 1984). Não vou ocupar-me aqui dos equívocos, por vezes grotescos, gerados em torno dessa hipótese no âmbito da teoria do pós-modernismo. Vou, simplesmente, concentrar-me no conceito de repetição e nas suas consequências para um entendimento mais lato do paradigma modernista, já que, na verdade, a “hipótese vienense”, as lições literalmente excêntricas da 'Wiener Moderne', representam, no fundamental, a percepção do carácter aberto e plural das respostas modernistas à condição moderna.
O romance em apreço poderá […] ser compreendido com o resultado desta duplicidade identitária e interpretado como uma metáfora da amnésia social generalizada que o autor observa na sociedade onde actua. Neste texto é sua intenção criticar a ausência de altruísmo, a indiferença, o preconceito e as generalizações a que muitas das personagens do romance são sujeitas. Enquanto algumas destas figuras, especialmente as que pertencem a minorias negligenciadas, aspiram à sua integridade pessoal e ao reconhecimento social, as restantes figuras personificam a incapacidade de relembrar da qual a sociedade civil genericamente parece sofrer. Na visão de Rabinovici, devido a este esquecimento colectivo a sociedade incorre nos mesmos erros do passado, do passado nacional-socialista, na medida em que, adoptando o papel de mera espectadora, continua passivamente a ignorar a necessidade de legitimação e de aceitação de um conjunto de indivíduos.
Die Eigenheit der letzteren Welle von literarischen Texten mit dem Hintergrund der Flucht und Vertreibung – unter anderen Günter Grass 'Im Krebsgang' (2002), Tanja Dückers 'Himmelskörper' (2003), Christoph Heins 'Landnahme' (2004) – liegt nicht in der Thematik per se (seit dem Nachkrieg wurde die Flucht und Vertreibung von Schriftstellern aus verschiedenen ideologischen Hintergründen thematisiert und fiktionalisiert), sondern in der Problematik der transgenerationellen Übertragung dieser traumatischen Erfahrungen. Schwerpunkt dieser Werke ist nicht darzustellen, wie die Kriegsgeneration den Zusammenbruch des Dritten Reichs erlebte, sondern die Überlieferung und die Verarbeitung dieser Ereignisse im Familienkreis, d.h. die Vermittlung der Wirkung solcher Erlebnisse auf die folgenden Generationen (Kinder, Enkelkinder). […] Viele dieser Werke weisen auf die Massenvergewaltigungen (oder zumindest auf die Panik davor) im Kontext von Flucht und Vertreibung hin, widmen aber der sexuellen Gewalt keine besondere Aufmerksamkeit im Text. Ausnahmen sind Hans-Ulrich Treichels (BRD, 1952) 'Der Verlorene' (1998) und Reinhard Jirgls (DDR, 1953) 'Die Unvollendeten' (2003). Für die Mütter der Erzähler dieser Texte waren die deutsche Niederlage und der Heimatverlust eng mit sexuellem Missbrauch verbunden. Als unbewältigte Schatten auf dem Familienleben müssen solche Erfahrungen bei der Analyse der intrafamiliären und intergenerationellen Beziehungen unbedingt berücksichtigt werden. Ziel dieses Referats ist es, zu untersuchen, welche Strategien beide Texte für die Repräsentation der Vergewaltigung bevorzugen, welche Rolle die sexuelle Gewalt als Chiffre der deutschen Niederlage in ihnen spielt, und inwieweit diese traumatische Erfahrung als Trope für die Nachkriegsrealitäten der beiden deutschen Staaten und der Integration der Vertriebenen fungiert.
This paper is part of a broader research project, which involves the Brazilian Portuguese translation, with notes and commentaries, of the 'Gesammelte Schriften über Musik und Musiker' (On Music and Musicians) by the German composer Robert Schumann (1810-1856). In such a study, located on the border of language, literature, and music, methodology gains a double significance: firstly, the nature and extent of the incursions through fields which are autonomous in themselves, but connected in the document to be translated, not only requires unity, but also reveals the gaps the translator is exposed to; and secondly, the methodology not only defines the scientific premises of the work, but also brings to light its ethical dimension. With this in mind I have chosen a methodological approach which works in two complementary ways, with the act of translating always being the point of departure and arrival: (1) from the experience of translation and the identification of gaps and problems, followed by the registration of the first notes and comments, through systematic research in connected areas; and (2) the opposite way: from the research in related fields back to the translation and to the editing of notes and comments. Each step of the process is carefully registered, as well as the different versions of the translated text. Allowing methodology to take precedence is therefore an act of self-exposure and defense: on the one hand, it is a means of assuring visibility for the translator; on the other hand, it secures concrete parameters for judgment both by readers and critics.
Vor mehr als zehn Jahren beschrieb ich bereits Theorie und Praxis des Deutschunterrichts an der Universidade Aberta, ein Studienbereich, der 1996 auf Initiative von Maria Laura Bettencourt Pires (Direktorin des Bereichs der Fernstudien do Ensino a Distância) entstanden war. Doch sollte die Umsetzung des Regelwerks von Bologna an unserer Institution noch bis 2007 dauern. Portugal hatte diesen Vorgaben, die einen gemeinsamen europäischen Hochschulraum ermöglichen sollten, bereits 1999 zugestimmt. Sie werden im geänderten Hochschulrahmengesetz von 2005 berücksichtigt. Ihre Einführung an der Universidade Aberta fiel sowohl mit der Methode des E-learnings als auch mit der Einbettung der Germanistik in ein neues Kurssystem zusammen, die u.a. die Semestralisierung der Lehrfächer zur Vorraussetzung hatte. Diese Semestralisierung bedeutete die Verdoppelung der zu unterrichtenden Fächer, sowie ein Vielfaches der bisherigen Anzahl der Examen. Außerdem galt es zu berücksichtigen, dass der Lehrstoff der Literaturfächer (franz. und dt. Literatur) bis zu den Anfängen der jeweiligen nationalen Literaturen ausgedehnt werden sollte. Bis zu jenem Zeitpunkt wurde an der Universidade Aberta das Fach ‚Neuere deutsche Literaturgeschichte vom 18. Jh. (Aufklärung) bis zur Gegenwartsliteratur‘ gelehrt. Für unsere Germanistikabteilung war ich in einer Arbeitsgruppe dafür zuständig, Vorschläge zur Umstrukturierung (inkl. Semestralisierung) und Anpassung der ‚Línguas e Literaturas Modernas‘ (LLM) an das Regelwerk von Bologna auszuarbeiten.
Der Diskusprolaps und die damit verbundene Schmerzsymptomatik stellen ein
bedeutsames und zunehmendes Gesundheitsproblem dar. Nach Ausschöpfung der
Möglichkeiten einer konservativen Therapie ist die Möglichkeit einer Ozon/Sauerstoff-
Injektion in die Bandscheibe als Therapiealternative zur konventionell offen
chirurgischen Therapie in Erwägung zu ziehen. Das farblose und scharf riechende,
instabile Gas Ozon hat eine hohe Wasserbindungskapazität und vermag
Schmerzmediatoren vor Ort über mehrere Monate zu hemmen, wirkt
antiinflammatorisch und durchblutungsfördernd. Ozon wandelt sich im Körper in
Sauerstoff um und besitzt eine geringe Allergenität. Bislang konnte in Studien keine
Überlegenheit der anderen minimalinvasiven Verfahren gezeigt werden.
In unserer Studie untersuchten wir die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit der Ozon/Sauerstoff-
Injektion an 34 Patienten. Es wurden keine Komplikationen bei der Anwendung der
Intervention festgestellt.
Ziel unserer Studie war es, bei den Patienten die Schmerzen nach einem
Bandscheibenvorfall zu verringern, bzw. Schmerzfreiheit zu erreichen. Außerdem sollte
evaluiert werden, ob sich das gemessene Volumen der lumbalen Bandscheibe
signifikant verringerte.
Das Bandscheibenvolumen wurde vor und nach der Intervention gemessen. Hierbei
ergab sich eine signifikante Volumenreduktion nach 1 Monat, sowie 3 und 6 Monate
nach der Intervention. 82,4 Prozent der Patienten verspürten eine Schmerzreduktion
oder Schmerzfreiheit 6 Monate nach der Ozon/Sauerstoff-Injektion. Somit ist das
Ergebnis der Ozon/Sauerstoff-Injektion als konkurrenzfähig zu anderen
minimalinvasiven Methoden zur Behandlung des lumbalen Bandscheibenvorfalls zu
sehen.
Background: Many disabling human retinal disorders involve the central retina, particularly the macula. However, the commonly used rodent models in research, mouse and rat, do not possess a macula. The purpose of this study was to identify small laboratory rodents with a significant central region as potential new models for macular research.
Methodology/Principal Findings: Gerbillus perpallidus, Meriones unguiculatus and Phodopus campbelli, laboratory rodents less commonly used in retinal research, were subjected to confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO), fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) using standard equipment (Heidelberg Engineering HRA1 and Spectralis™) adapted to small rodent eyes. The existence of a visual streak-like pattern was assessed on the basis of vascular topography, retinal thickness, and the topography of retinal ganglion cells and cone photoreceptors. All three species examined showed evidence of a significant horizontal streak-like specialization. cSLO angiography and retinal wholemounts revealed that superficial retinal blood vessels typically ramify and narrow into a sparse capillary net at the border of the respective area located dorsal to the optic nerve. Similar to the macular region, there was an absence of larger blood vessels in the streak region. Furthermore, the thickness of the photoreceptor layer and the population density of neurons in the ganglion cell layer were markedly increased in the visual streak region.
Conclusions/Significance: The retinal specializations of Gerbillus perpallidus, Meriones unguiculatus and Phodopus campbelli resemble features of the primate macula. Hence, the rodents reported here may serve to study aspects of macular development and diseases like age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema, and the preclinical assessment of therapeutic strategies.
Activation of Notch1 signaling in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induces self-renewal and inhibits neurogenesis. Upon neuronal differentiation, NPCs overcome this inhibition, express proneural genes to induce Notch ligands, and activate Notch1 in neighboring NPCs. The molecular mechanism that coordinates Notch1 inactivation with initiation of neurogenesis remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that Prox1, a transcription repressor and downstream target of proneural genes, counteracts Notch1 signaling via direct suppression of Notch1 gene expression. By expression studies in the developing spinal cord of chick and mouse embryo, we showed that Prox1 is limited to neuronal precursors residing between the Notch1+ NPCs and post-mitotic neurons. Physiological levels of Prox1 in this tissue are sufficient to allow binding at Notch1 promoter and they are critical for proper Notch1 transcriptional regulation in vivo. Gain-of-function studies in the chick neural tube and mouse NPCs suggest that Prox1-mediated suppression of Notch1 relieves its inhibition on neurogenesis and allows NPCs to exit the cell cycle and differentiate. Moreover, loss-of-function in the chick neural tube shows that Prox1 is necessary for suppression of Notch1 outside the ventricular zone, inhibition of active Notch signaling, down-regulation of NPC markers, and completion of neuronal differentiation program. Together these data suggest that Prox1 inhibits Notch1 gene expression to control the balance between NPC self-renewal and neuronal differentiation.
Türkiye’de son yıllarda birçok üniversitede çeşitli dillere yönelik “mütercim-tercümanlık”, daha yeni bir tanımla “çeviribilim” bölümlerinin açılmasıyla birlikte çeviri eğitimi, bilimsel açıdan araştırmaya değer bir konu haline gelmiştir. Sayıları yıldan yıla artarak bugün 20’ye ulaşan çeviri bölümlerinin hedef ve temel ilkeleri, son on yıllarla ifade edilen evreli bir gelişim sürecinde kurumsallaşmaya yaklaşan “çeviribilim” alanı açısından araştırılmaya değer olgusal durum olarak karşımızda durmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir yandan Türkiye’deki üniversitelerin çeviri programlarını temel alarak sürdürülen eğitim-öğretim etkinliklerini, ortaya koydukları hedefler açısından ele alıp irdelemek; diğer yandan ise çeviri eğitimi uygulamaları ile çeviri eğitimine dönük olarak ortaya atılan yaklaşımlar arasındaki benzerlikleri - farklılıkları tartışmak, çeviri bölümlerinin eğitim-öğretim izlenceleri üzerinden çeviri eğitiminde görülen olası eksikliklere ve yetersizliklere ilişkin çözüm önerileri geliştirmektir.
Sucrose- and H+-dependent charge movements associated with the gating of sucrose transporter ZmSUT1
(2010)
Background: In contrast to man the majority of higher plants use sucrose as mobile carbohydrate. Accordingly proton-driven sucrose transporters are crucial for cell-to-cell and long-distance distribution within the plant body. Generally very negative plant membrane potentials and the ability to accumulate sucrose quantities of more than 1 M document that plants must have evolved transporters with unique structural and functional features.
Methodology/Principal Findings: To unravel the functional properties of one specific high capacity plasma membrane sucrose transporter in detail, we expressed the sucrose/H+ co-transporter from maize ZmSUT1 in Xenopus oocytes. Application of sucrose in an acidic pH environment elicited inward proton currents. Interestingly the sucrose-dependent H+ transport was associated with a decrease in membrane capacitance (Cm). In addition to sucrose Cm was modulated by the membrane potential and external protons. In order to explore the molecular mechanism underlying these Cm changes, presteady-state currents (Ipre) of ZmSUT1 transport were analyzed. Decay of Ipre could be best fitted by double exponentials. When plotted against the voltage the charge Q, associated to Ipre, was dependent on sucrose and protons. The mathematical derivative of the charge Q versus voltage was well in line with the observed Cm changes. Based on these parameters a turnover rate of 500 molecules sucrose/s was calculated. In contrast to gating currents of voltage dependent-potassium channels the analysis of ZmSUT1-derived presteady-state currents in the absence of sucrose (I = Q/τ) was sufficient to predict ZmSUT1 transport-associated currents.
Conclusions: Taken together our results indicate that in the absence of sucrose, ‘trapped’ protons move back and forth between an outer and an inner site within the transmembrane domains of ZmSUT1. This movement of protons in the electric field of the membrane gives rise to the presteady-state currents and in turn to Cm changes. Upon application of external sucrose, protons can pass the membrane turning presteady-state into transport currents.
Bakhtin and Dostoevsky shared the conviction that human life must be understood in terms of temporality. Both thinkers were obsessed with time’s relation to life as people experience it. For each, a rich sense of humanity demanded a chronotope of open time. In many respects, the views of Bakhtin and Dostoevsky coincide. Theologically speaking, one could fairly call them both heretics, as we shall see. Their differences reflect their different starting points. Bakhtin began with ethics, whereas Dostoevsky thought about life first and foremost in terms of psychology. For Bakhtin, any viable view of the world had first of all to give a rich meaning to moral responsibility. Dostoevsky could accept no view that was false to his sense of how the human mind thought and felt.
As Bakhtin noted, chronotopes arise from the density and fusion of temporal and spatial indicators. In prose narrative, the density of temporal and spatial indicators arises as a natural consequence of setting scenes and explaining action, and those indicators are fused by the centripetal forces of plot, character and so on that encourage us to read the various elements of the text as aspects of a coherent story and world. In non-narrative poetry, however, there is no story to drive the setting of scene or generation of character; there may not even be scene or character. As a result, temporal and spatial indicators can be quite sparse, and there may be little centripetal force to encourage their fusion. In a textual environment bereft of character, plot, scene, in which even the centripetal forces of syntax are frayed by linebreaks and other poetic devices, how can chronotopes form and function? [...] In the centripetal environment afforded by most prose narratives, the stable chronotopes and the relationships among them define consciousness, world and values. In the centrifugal environment of non-narrative poetry, chronotopes flicker and flow in a series of hints, glimpses, dissolves, defining consciousness, world and values via evanescence rather than stability. However, as I hope to show below, the evanescence of chronotopes in non-narrative poetry can be as central to the vitality and meaning of those texts as the stability of chronotopes is to the vitality and meaning of prose narratives.
In this contribution, I would like to examine the way in which Bakhtin, in the two essays dedicated to the chronotope, lays the foundations for a theory of literary imagination. […] His concept of the chronotope may be interpreted as a contribution to a tradition in which Henri Bergson, William James, Charles Sander Peirce and Gilles Deleuze have been key figures. Like these four authors, Bakhtin is a philosopher in the school of pragmatism. His predilection for what Gary Saul Morson and Caryl Emerson have called “prosaics” puts him right at the heart of a philosophical family that calls forth multiplicity against metaphysical essentialism, and prefers the mundane to the universal. It seems wise to proceed carefully in the attempt to reconstruct Bakhtin’s theory of imagination. In this contribution to the debate, I choose to develop a philosophical dialogue between Bakhtin and the above-mentioned philosophical family. More specifically, it seems to me that the ideal point of departure for examining the way in which Bakhtin attempts to get to the bottom of the mysteries of literary imagination is Gilles Deleuze’s synthesis of Bergson’s epistemological view on knowledge as “the perception of images”, as well as Peirce’s theory of experience based on a typology of images. In the following, I show that Bakhtin’s view of the temporal-spatial constellations in literature demonstrates a strong affinity to the Bergsonian view that perception of the spatial world is colored by the lived time experienced by the observer. Based on this observation, I then develop a typology of images which places the concept of the chronotope in a more systematic framework.
The Fugue of Chronotope
(2010)
As the survey by Nele Bemong and Pieter Borghart introducing this volume makes clear, the term chronotope has devolved into a veritable carnival of orismology. For all the good work that has been done by an ever-growing number of intelligent critics, chronotope remains a Gordian knot of ambiguities with no Alexander in sight. The term has metastasized across the whole spectrum of the human and social sciences since the publication of FTC in Russian in 1975, and (especially) after its translation into English in 1981. As others have pointed out, one of the more striking features of the chronotope is the plethora of meanings that have been read into the term: that its popularity is a function of its opacity has become a cliché. In the current state of chronotopic heteroglossia, then, how are we to proceed? The argument of this essay is that many of the difficulties faced by Bakhtin’s critics derive from ambiguities with which Bakhtin never ceased to struggle. That is, instead of advancing yet another definition of my own, I will investigate some of the attempts made by Bakhtin himself to give the term greater precision throughout his long life. In so doing, I will also hope to cast some light on the foundational role of time-space in Bakhtin’s philosophy of dialog as it, too, took on different meanings at various points in his thinking.
Bakhtin argues that each literary genre codifies a particular world-view which is defined, in part, by its chronotope. That is, the spatial and temporal configurations of each genre determine in large part the kinds of action a fictional character may undertake in that given world (without being iconoclastic, a realist hero cannot slay mythical beasts, and a questing knight cannot philosophize over drinks in a café). Recent extensions of Bakhtin’s theory have sought to define the chronotopes of new and emergent genres such as the road movie, the graphic novel, and hypertext fiction. Others have challenged Bakhtin’s characterization of certain chronotopes, such as those of epic and lyric poetry, arguing that these genres (and their chronotopes) are far more dynamic and dialogic than Bakhtin’s analysis seems at first glance to allow. Rather than taking issue with Bakhtin’s characterization of particular genres here, however, I wish to argue that we should pay closer attention to the heterochrony, or interplay of different chronotopes, in individual texts and their genres. As Bakhtin’s own essay demonstrates, what makes any literary chronotope dynamic is its conflict and interplay with alternative chronotopes and world-views. Heterochrony (raznovremennost) is the spatiotemporal equivalent of linguistic heteroglossia, and if we examine any of Bakhtin’s readings of particular chronotopes closely enough, we will find evidence of heterochronic conflict. This clash of spatiotemporal configurations within a text, or family of texts, provides the ground for the dialogic inter-illumination of opposing world-views.
This paper proposes a reflection on the potential of the chronotope as a heuristic tool in the field of adaptation studies. My goal is to situate the chronotope in the context of adaptation studies, specifically with regard to perhaps the most central treatise in the field of literary adaptation, Gérard Genette’s “Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree”, and to draw attention to perhaps one of the most overlooked works in the field of adaptation studies, Caryl Emerson’s chronotope-inspired “Boris Godunov: Transpositions of a Russian Theme”. I will demonstrate how the chronotope might be used in the study of literary adaptation by examining the relationships between Daniel Defoe’s “Robinson Crusoe”, its historical sources, and Michel Tournier’s twentieth-century adaptation of the Robinson story, “Friday”. My analysis draws upon three of the semantic levels of the chronotope presented in the introduction to this volume: (1) chronotopic motifs linked to two opposing themes: enthusiasm for European colonial expansionism and skepticism regarding the supremacy of European culture; (2) major chronotopes that determine the narrative structure of a text; and (3) the way in which such major chronotopes may be linked to broader questions of genre.
In this contribution we try to probe the generic chronotope of realism, which, judging from its astonishing productivity in the nineteenth century and the profound impact it has had on literary evolution and theory ever since, can be designated nothing less than a hallmark in the general history of narrative. Although we are primarily concerned with the description of the principles of construction underlying the realistic, “documentary”, chronotope, we would also like to touch upon some of its rather evident, but still somewhat under-discussed similarities with the genre of historiography. For, despite an abundance of what could be called “touches of realism” in a plethora of literary texts and genres (both narrative and poetic) since the very beginnings of literary history itself, the direct germs of realism as it developed into a particular narrative genre or generic chronotope during the nineteenth century may well be situated in “prescientific” historiographical works such as those of Gibbon or Michelet.
The aim of this introductory article [to the volume of the same title], firstly, is to recapitulate the basic principles of Bakhtin’s initial theory as formulated in “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel: Notes toward a Historical Poetics” (henceforth FTC) and “The Bildungsroman and its Significance in the History of Realism (Toward a Historic Typology of the Novel)” (henceforth BSHR). Subsequently, we present some relevant elaborations of Bakhtin’s initial concept and a number of applications of chronotopic analysis, closing our state of the art by outlining two perspectives for further investigation. Some of the issues which we touch upon receive more detailed treatment in other contributions to this volume. Others may offer perspectives for future Bakhtin scholarship.
One of the most fundamental problems of systemic approaches to literature is the question of how systemic principles might be translated into a manageable methodological framework. This contribution proposes that a combination of functionalistsystemic theories (in casu Itamar Even-Zohar’s Polysystem theory – especially the textually oriented versions – and the prototypical genre approach proposed by Dirk De Geest and Hendrik Van Gorp 1999) with Mikhail Bakhtin’s chronotope theory shows great promise in this respect. Since I am primarily interested in literary genres, the prototypical genre approach assumes a central position in my theoretical framework. My main argument is that Bakhtin’s chronotope concept offers interesting perspectives as a heuristic tool within a functionalist-systemic approach to genre studies, enabling the study not only of the constitutive elements of genre systems, but also of their mutual relations. Bakhtin’s own vague definitions of the concept somewhat hamper the process of putting it into practice for this purpose, but with the aid of the distinction between generic and motivic chronotopes, that problem can be solved. A detailed, comprehensive account of the theoretical premises underlying my proposal can be found in Bemong (under review); here I restrict myself to the basics.
This paper forms part of a larger, ongoing project, to investigate how certain narrative possibilities that seem to have crystallized for the first time in the ancient Greek novel have proved persistent and productive over time, undergoing subtle transformations during formative later periods in the history of the genre, notably the twelfth century (simultaneously in Old French and in Byzantine Greek) and the eighteenth (the time when, according to a narrower definition, the novel is said to originate). For the present, my more limited aim is to revisit the two main essays in which Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope (and of the “historical poetics” of the novel) are developed, and to extrapolate what seem to me to the most significant and productive lines of his approach, both in general, and with specific reference to the ancient Greek novel. I will then attempt simultaneously to apply and to modify Bakhtin’s model, in the light of a reading of Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon and with reference to previous critiques. The final part of the paper examines how this approach can be productive for a reading of a much later text, often regarded as “foundational” for the modern development of the genre, especially in English, Fielding’s Tom Jones (1749).
This edited volume is the first scholarly tome exclusively dedicated to Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of the literary chronotope. This concept, initially developed in the 1930s and used as a frame of reference throughout Bakhtin’s own writings, has been highly influential in literary studies. After an extensive introduction that serves as a ‘state of the art’, the volume is divided into four main parts: Philosophical Reflections, Relevance of the Chronotope for Literary History, Chronotopical Readings and Some Perspectives for Literary Theory. These thematic categories contain contributions by well-established Bakhtin specialists such as Gary Saul Morson and Michael Holquist, as well as a number of essays by scholars who have published on this subject before. Together the papers in this volume explore the implications of Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope for a variety of theoretical topics such as literary imagination, polysystem theory and literary adaptation; for modern views on literary history ranging from the hellenistic romance to nineteenth-century realism; and for analyses of well-known novelists and poets as diverse as Milton, Fielding, Dickinson, Dostoevsky, Papadiamandis and DeLillo
Der Aufsatz analysiert die Sudelbuchaufzeichnung J 528 als Modellstudie zu grundsätzlichen aufklärerischen Fragen und als Beispiel für Lichtenbergs besonderes Denk- und Schreibverfahren in drei Hinsichten: 1) in epistemologischer beleuchtet Lichtenbergs Text das Verhältnis der Vernunft zu anthropologischen und sozialen Faktoren und gibt eine Art Genealogie des Rationalen; 2) in methodologischer und poetologischer ist der Text ein Paradigma für den Transfer wissenschaftlicher Methodik auf nichtwissenschaftliche Gegenstände; 3) in rezeptionstheoretischer findet diese Poetik ihr Pendant in einer von Lichtenberg ebenfalls bedachten aktiven, gegenstandgenerierenden Lektüre. In anderen Notaten in den Sudelbüchern ist er wahrnehmungsphysiologischen und -psychologischen Problemen auf der Spur, die die Gestalttheorie des 20. Jahrhunderts beschäftigen werden. Kritisch gegen selbstverschuldete Unmündigkeit wie gegen Rationalismus betreibt er Aufklärung über Aufklärung.
The present essay outlines a project, which aims to catalogue and tap the potential of medieval German manuscripts in the collections of both church and secular libraries and archives in Romania. The project complements current efforts to catalogue and explore medieval German manuscripts in Eastern European countries. At the same time, the project prepares the ground for a regionally oriented literary history of Transylvania. Here, too, the aim is to build on current trends in medieval German studies in particular. Instead of a concept of literary history based almost exclusively on individual authors and their work, these trends advocate a literary historiography that turns to regional factors and manuscript transmission in describing literary activity in a particular area.
Das Wiedemann-Beckwith-Syndrom (WBS, OMIM 130650) gehört zu den angeborenen
Übergrößensyndromen und tritt mit einer Häufigkeit von 1:8000 bis 1:14000 Neugeborene
auf. Das Syndrom wurde erstmals zwischen 1963 und 1964 von HR Wiedemann und JB
Beckwith beschrieben. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 52 Betroffene (24 weibliche, 28
männliche) aus ganz Deutschland untersucht, welche größtenteils der WBS-Selbsthilfegruppe
angehörten, darunter auch Patienten aus dem Institut für Humangenetik der Universitätsklinik
Frankfurt am Main. Bisher basierte die Phänotypbeschreibung des Wiedemann-Beckwith-
Syndroms häufig auf Literaturbeschreibungen und Einzelfallanalysen. Diese Studie ist neben
den Studien von Pettenati et al. (1986) und Elliot et al. (1994) eine mit dem größten
Patientenkollektiv.
Die Makroglossie war mit 96,2% das häufigste Symptom, dem folgten mit 75% die
Bauchwanddefekte (darunter in 36,2% die Omphalozele) und mit 72,5% die Makrosomie.
Alle Patienten zeigten kraniofaziale Auffälligkeiten. Neben der Makroglossie waren dies:
Naevus flammeus im Gesicht (57,7%), Infraorbitalfalten (51,9%), Gesichtshemihypertrophie
(40,4%), antevertierte Nares (21,2%), Exophthalmus (15,4%), Gaumenspalte (9,8%),
Mittelgesichtshypoplasie (9,6%) und flache Wangenknochen (3,8%). 82,4% der Patienten
hatten Ohrauffälligkeiten wie Ohrkerben, Ohrgrübchen und Ohreindellungen.
45,1% der Betroffenen hatten eine postnatale Hypoglykämie, die nicht länger als 3 Monate
dauerte. Eine Viszeromegalie trat bei 73,9% der Patienten und eine Hemihypertrophie bei der
Hälfte der Patienten auf. 7 Patienten hatten einen Herzfehler.
In 48% der Fälle wurden bereits pränatal Ultraschallauffälligkeiten wie Makroglossie,
Gigantismus, Polyhydramnion und große Plazenta festgestellt. 53,8% der Kinder wurden vor
der 38. SSW geboren. Nach der Geburt mußten 78,8% der Neugeborenen wegen
Hyperbilirubinämie, Omphalozele, Hypoglykämie, Atemnotsyndrom durch Makroglossie
oder frühgeburtlichen Komplikationen intensivmedizinisch betreut werden. Die Omphalozele
wurde in den ersten Lebenstagen operativ behandelt. 78,8% der Betroffenen erhielten wegen
der Makroglossie eine Therapie, darunter 44,2% eine operative Zungenverkleinerung.
Die kraniofazialen Auffälligkeiten und die Hemihypertrophie verbesserten sich in 80% der
Fälle im Laufe der Kindheit. Die Wachstumsrate verlangsamte sich im Verlauf und die
Körperlänge näherte sich der 90. bzw. der 97. Perzentile bis zur Adoleszenz.
In unserer Studie wurden bei 9 Patienten 9 Tumoren diagnostiziert, wovon 6 Tumoren
bösartig (darunter 4 Wilm’s-Tumoren) und 3 Tumoren gutartig waren.
Aufgrund des erhöhten Risiko für embryonale Tumoren ist ein regelmässiges, engmaschiges
Tumorscreening indiziert.
Die geistige Entwicklung verläuft bei WBS-Patienten in der Regel normal. Es wurden aber
auch Entwicklungsverzögerungen beobachtet, die durch WBS-spezifische Komplikationen
wie z.B. unerkannte postpartale Hypoglykämie, Frühgeburtlichkeit, und Makroglossie
bedingte Apnoe-Anfälle entstehen können. In unserer Studie hatte ein Patient eine mentale
Retardierung, weitere 16 Patienten hatten mehr oder weniger ausgeprägte Sprachprobleme
und /oder eine motorische Entwicklungsverzögerung.
Die meisten Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit waren vergleichbar mit anderen
Studienergebnissen (z.B. Pettenati et al., 1986, Elliot et al., 1994) über das Wiedemann-
Beckwith-Syndrom. Jedoch kamen maligne Tumoren, Hemihypertrophie,
Entwicklungsverzögerung und Gaumenspalte bei unseren Patienten häufiger vor.
Das Wiedemann-Beckwith-Syndrom ist eine genetisch heterogene Störung, die durch
Mutationen, Epimutationen und veränderte Expression mehrerer benachbarter Gene auf
Chromosom 11p15 entsteht, die dem genomischen Imprinting unterliegen. Die an der
Ätiologie von WBS beteiligten Gene sind die väterlich exprimierten (wachstumsfördernden)
IGF2- und KCNQ1OT1-Gene und die mütterlich exprimierten (wachstumshemmenden) H19-,
CDKN1C- (P57KIP2) und KCNQ1-Gene.
Ca. 15% der WBS-Fälle treten familiär und ca. 85% der Fälle treten sporadisch auf. Bei
familiären Fällen erfolgt die Vererbung autosomal-dominant mit reduzierter Penetranz und
variabler Expressivität. Die familiären Fälle werden überwiegend mütterlich übertragen.
Chromosomenaberrationen sind nur für 1-2% der Patienten verantwortlich. Das individuelle
Wiederholungsrisiko hängt von der genetischen Ursache ab, so dass bei jedem Patienten eine
genetische Untersuchung und Beratung erfolgen sollte.
Die frühzeitige Diagnose (eventuell sogar pränatal) des Wiedemann-Beckwith-Syndroms ist
für das Management der Patienten und die Prognose sehr wichtig. Die primäre Diagnose
erfolgt anhand der klinischen Merkmale. Die genetische Diagnostik wird zur genaueren
Prognose für den zu erwartenden Krankheitsverlauf, Komplikationen (Tumorrisiko),
Möglichkeiten der Prävention und Einschätzung des Wiederholungsrisikos bei weiteren
Geschwistern bzw. eigenen Nachkommen durchgeführt.
Die Operation nach Ross ist ein sicherer und effektiver Weg zur Behandlung von Patienten mit bikuspiden Aortenklappen. Es handelt sich dabei um eine komplexe und technisch anspruchsvolle Operation, die einen potentiell lebenslang haltbaren Ersatz für eine erkrankte Aortenklappe ohne Notwendigkeit einer dauerhaften Antikoagulantientherapie bietet. Sie stellt daher für viele Patienten eine attraktive Alternative zu herkömmlichen Aortenklappenersatz-Operationen dar. Potentielle postoperative Risiken jedoch sind die Entwicklung von Insuffizienzen des pulmonalen Autografts bzw. Stenosen des pulmonalen Homografts. Anpassung der asymmetrischen Aortenwurzel an die Symmetrie des Autograft ist entscheidend für das Erreichen einer primär kompetenten und spannungsfreien Klappenaktion. Reoperation bei Entwicklung eines Pseudoaneurysmas ist eine Hauptkomplikation und unterstreicht die Bedeutung der Verstärkung der verbliebenen subaortalen Anuluswand durch z.B. ein Perikardpatch nach Ringdekalzifikation. In dieser retrospektiven Studie wurden deshalb die klinischen und echokardiographischen Ergebnisse der Anwendung des pulmonalen Autografts in Wurzelersatztechnik an 75 Patienten innerhalb eines Zeitraums von bis zu 10 Jahren dargestellt. Eine Aortenklappeninsuffizienz dritten bis vierten Grades zeigte sich bei zwei Patienten, die jedoch zu einem Klappenersatz mittels mechanischer Prothese führten. Der maximale transaortale Druckgradient befand sich bei den meisten Patienten im physiologischen Bereich. Im Spätverlauf wurden ein Homograft- und fünf Autograftwechsel vorgenommen. Die Freiheit von klappenbezogenen Todesfällen betrug 97,3 %, die Freiheit von klappenbedingten Reoperationen 86,7 %. Der Vergleich mit Untersuchungen anderer Operationsteams zeigte ähnlich gute Ergebnisse – auch wenn unterschiedliche Implantationstechniken verwendet wurden. In dieser Studie führte die Ross-Operation zu exzellenten Ergebnissen bei einer Nachbeobachtungszeit von bis zu 10 Jahren.
Der durchflusszytometrische Nachweis antigenspezifischer T-Lymphozyten über die
Zytokinproduktion nach Kurzeitstimulation ermöglicht Aussagen über die zelluläre
Immunität, was in bestimmten Patientenkollektiven wie z. B. stammzelltransplantierten
Patienten von großem Wert sein kann. Infektionen mit Herpesviren wie z.B. dem
humanen Zytomegalievirus (CMV) oder den Herpes-Simplex-Viren (HSV) können in
diesem Kollektiv zu schweren, zum Teil auch letal verlaufenden Erkrankungen führen.
Zwar wurde diese Methode inzwischen durch die Entwicklung kommerzieller Testkits
zum Nachweis dieser Lymphozyten direkt aus Vollblut vereinfacht. Dennoch ist die
Durchführung dieses Tests nur wenig standardisiert und sehr aufwendig. In dieser
Arbeit wurde die Methode der Bestimmung antigenspezifischer T-Lymphozyten aus
Vollblut daher im Bezug auf die Durchführbarkeit optimiert sowie die Anwendbarkeit
dieser Methode bei Patienten mit bestehender Lymphopenie evaluiert.
Im Einzelnen wurde zunächst die Messung antigenspezifischer CD4+ T-Lymphozyten
anhand des Superantigens Staphylokokkenenterotoxin-B (SEB) sowie der Herpesviren
CMV und HSV-1 eingeführt. Hierzu wurde die Spezifität der Lymphozytenreaktionen
im Hinblick auf den Immunstatus von Probanden getestet und die Reproduzierbarkeit
der Messergebnisse ermittelt. Zur Vereinfachung der Stimulation wurde der
Thermoblock eingeführt, der die Inkubation der Proben automatisch nach einer
vorgegebenen Zeitspanne beendet. Vergleichende Ansätze nach der herkömmlichen
Methode mit einer Inkubation im Brutschrank ergaben keine Differenzen zwischen den
Inkubationsmethoden hinsichtlich der Resultate. Weiterhin wurde versucht, die Proben
zu konservieren, um so das Zeitfenster zwischen Blutentnahme und Verarbeitung der
Blutprobe zu vergrößern. Hierfür wurden die Proben mit dem Reagenz CytoChex®
behandelt, einem Zellstabilisator, der der Konservierung von Leukozyten dient. Trotz
mehrfacher Abwandlung des Protokolls gelang es nicht, die Blutproben für die
antigenspezifische Stimulation zu konservieren.
Ein zentraler Teil dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit der Fragestellung nach der
Anwendbarkeit dieses Testes zum Nachweis CMV-spezifischer T-Lymphozyten im
Rahmen einer Lymphopenie. Dies wurde bei einem Kollektiv stammzelltransplantierter
Patienten untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass in diesem Kollektiv der Test durchführbar ist,
wenn mindestens 1.000 CD8+ T-Lymphozyten bzw. 3.000 CD4+ T-Lymphozyten durchflusszytometrisch nachgewiesen werden konnten. Anhand dieses Kollektivs wurde
zuletzt die Effizienz dieser Methode durch Weglassen der Kontrollantigenmessungen in
bestimmten Fällen und Einführung eines Auswertungstemplates zur indirekten
Ermittlung CD4+ T-Lymphozyten aus der CD8+ T-Lymphozytenmessung gesteigert.
Zusammenfassend bringen die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Modifikationen der
Standardmethode eine deutliche Vereinfachung mit sich. Weiterhin wird es möglich,
auch im Rahmen einer Lymphopenie antigenspezifische T-Lymphozyten nachzuweisen.
Dies ermöglicht zumindest weitere Untersuchungen im Hinblick auf die Fragestellung
nach einer ausreichenden Immunantwort gegen CMV bei immunsupprimierten
Patienten. So können in Zukunft auch bei Patienten mit hohem Risiko für eine CMVReaktivierung
und Erkrankung Aussagen über die Immunsituation gemacht werden um
möglicherweise eine Verbesserung der diagnostischen und damit auch therapeutischen
Situation dieser Patienten zu erzielen.
Background: Occupational demands of educators are not very well researched. Nevertheless their work is subject to several requirements. Whether these demands have an effect on the work ability and the health status of employees has also not been examined. Furthermore it is unclear if the ownership type of day care centres have an influence on job satisfaction and work ability of the pedagogical staff and what kind of resources do exist. Previous studies were mainly based on questionnaire data. Objective data does not exist. Therefore the aim of this investigation is to collect precise data relating to work of educators.
Methods: Effects of different types of ownership of day care centres on job satisfaction and work ability of educators will be assessed with the help of objective real time studies in combination with multi-level psycho diagnostic measurements.
Discussion: The present study is the first of its kind. Up to now there are no computer-based real time studies on workflow of pedagogical staff with regard to assess their work-related stress. Following an exhaustive documentation of educators work processes the day-to-day task can be estimated and approaches for prevention can be developed. This can substantially contribute to an overall improvement of child care in Germany.
Background: Due to constantly rising air pollution levels as well as an increasing awareness of the hazardousness of air pollutants, new laws and rules have recently been passed. Although there has been a large amount of research on this topic, bibliometric data is still to be collected. Thus this study provides a scientometric approach to the material published on this subject so far.
Methods: For this purpose, data retrieved from the "Web of Science" provided by the Thomson Scientific Institute was analyzed and visualized both with density-equalizing methods and classic data-processing methods such as tables and charts.
Results: For the time span between 1955 and 2006, 26,253 items were listed and related to the topic of air pollution, published by 124 countries in 24 different languages. General citation activity has been constantly increasing since the beginning of the examined period. However, beginning with the year 1991, citation levels have been rising exponentially each year, reaching 39,220 citations in the year 2006. The United States, the UK and Germany were the three most productive countries in the area, with English and German ranked first and second in publishing languages, followed by French. An article published by Dockery, Pope, Xu et al. was both the most cited in total numbers and in average citation rate. J. Schwartz was able to claim the highest total number of citations on his publications, while D.W. Dockery has the highest citation rate per publication. As to the subject areas the items are assigned with, the most item were published in Environmental Sciences, followed by Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences and Public, Environmental & Occupational Health. Nine out of the ten publishing journals with more than 300 entries dealt with environmental interests and one dealt with epidemiology.
Conclusions: Using the method of density-equalizing mapping and further common data processing procedures, it can be concluded that scientific work concerning air pollution and related topics enjoys unbrokenly growing scientific interest. This can be observed both in publication numbers and in citation activity.
Background: Leishmaniasis is a chronic disease that is found in various countries of the world. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of leishmaniasis on the world's research output. The present study assessed benchmarking of research output for the period between 1957 and 2006. Using large database analyses, research in the field of leishmaniasis was evaluated. Furthermore, cooperation between different countries was identified.
Results: The number of publications increased with time. Most publications came from Western countries such as the US, UK or Germany. Interestingly, countries like Brazil and India had a high research output. We found a substantial amount of cooperation between countries.
Conclusion: Although leishmaniasis is of limited geographic distribution it attracts a wide research interest. The central hub of research cooperation is the USA.
Aus dem Bildungsstreik im Wintersemester 2009/10 entstand an der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main eine Arbeitsgruppe von Studierenden und Lehrenden, die sich mit den aktuellen Bedingungen von Lehre und Studium auseinandersetzte. Mit der Aufsatzsammlung „Hochschule im Neoliberalismus“ legt die Gruppe eine auf gemeinsamen Analysen und ergänzenden Texten basierende Kritik der Hochschule vor: nicht nur am Studium nach Bologna, sondern ebenso am Wissenschaftsbetrieb, an den Arbeitsverhältnissen, an der Hochschulstruktur und ihrer Entwicklung, am „Sicherheits“-Management sowie an den Bildungsprotesten selbst – bis hin zur Bedeutung von Bildung und Wissenschaft in einer kapitalistischen Gesellschaft.
Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einleitung I. STELLUNG UND FUNKTION DES BILDUNGSWESENS IN DER KAPITALISTISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT 1. Bildung und Wissenschaft im Kapitalismus (Emanuel Kapfinger und Thomas Sablowski) II. HISTORISCHE ENTWICKLUNG DER UNIVERSITÄT 2. Über die Grenzen der Bildung. Anmerkungen zu ihrem bürgerlichen Charakter (Thomas Gehrig) 3. 1968 zwischen Bildungskatastrophe und Bildungsreform, oder: Von Picht zu Pisa (Margit Rodrian-Pfennig) III. HOCHSCHULE IM NEOLIBERALISMUS 4. Neoliberale Hochschulpolitik, oder: Wie die Hochschulen durch umfassende Etablierung eines Pseudo-Wettbewerbs zugrunde gerichtet werden (Oliver Brüchert) 5. Kritische Anmerkungen zum Hessischen Hochschulgesetz (Juliane Hammermeister) 6. Paradigmenwechsel. Anmerkungen zum Umzug der Uni Frankfurt (Charly Außerhalb) IV. LEHR- UND FORSCHUNGSBEDINGUNGEN HEUTE 7. Prekäre Arbeitsbedingungen in Lehre und Forschung (Christoph Bauer) V. STUDIENBEDINGUNGEN HEUTE 8. „Und ständig gibt es noch zusätzliche Mechanismen, wie man Studierende hier unter Druck setzt...“. Interview mit Benjamin Ortmeyer 9. Die Enteignung der Bildung durch den Bologna-Prozess (Emanuel Kapfinger) 10.Universität in Sicherheit. Um wessen Sicherheit geht es eigentlich, wenn von Sicherheit in der unternehmerischen Hochschule die Rede ist? (Anna Kern) VI. BILDUNGSPROTESTE UND IHRE KRITIK 11.Kritik und Protestformen im Bildungsstreik 2009/10 (Corina Färber) 12.Über die Schwierigkeiten basisdemokratischer Selbstorganisation (Carolin Mauritz) VII.ANHANG
Transnationale Verlagerung von Care-Arbeit in Hinblick auf Ausbeutungs- und Emanzipationsaspekte
(2010)
Soil biogenic NO emissions (SNOx) play important direct and indirect roles in chemical processes of the troposphere. The most widely applied algorithm to calculate SNOx in global models was published 15 years ago by Yienger and Levy (1995), was based on very few measurements. Since then numerous new measurements have been published, which we used to build up a atabase of field measurements conducted world wide covering the period from 1978 to 2009, including 108 publications with 560 measurements.
Recently, several satellite based top-down approaches, which recalculated the different sources of NOx (fossil fuel, biomass burning, soil and lightning), have shown an underestimation of SNOx by the algorithm of Yienger and Levy (1995). Nevertheless, to our knowledge no general improvements of this algorithm have yet been published.
Here we present major improvements to the algorithm, which should help to optimize the representation of SNOx in atmospheric-chemistry global climate models, without modifying the underlying principal or mathematical equations. The changes include: 1) Using a new up to date land cover map, with twice the number of land cover classes, and using annually varying fertilizer application rates; 2) Adopting the fraction of SNOx induced by fertilizer application based on our database; 3) Switching from soil water column to volumetric soil moisture, to distinguish between the wet and dry state; 4) Tuning the emission factors to reproduce the measured emissions in our database and calculate the emissions based on their mean value. These steps lead us to increased global yearly SNOx, and our total SNOx source ends up being close to one of the top-down approaches. In some geographical regions the new results agree better with the top-down approach, but there are also distinct differences in other regions. This suggests that a ombination of both top-down and bottom-up approaches could be combined in a future attempt to provide an even better calculation of SNOx.
Residual circulation trajectories and transit times into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere
(2010)
Transport into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere (LMS) can be divided into a slow part (time-scale of several months to years) associated with the global-scale stratospheric residual circulation and a fast part (time-scale of days to a few months) associated with (mostly quasi-horizontal) mixing (i.e. two-way irreversible transport, including stratosphere-troposphere exchange). The stratospheric residual circulation can be considered to consist of two branches: a deep branch more strongly associated with planetary waves breaking in the middle to upper stratosphere, and a shallow branch more strongly associated with synoptic-scale waves breaking in the subtropical lower stratosphere. In this study the contribution due to the stratospheric residual circulation alone to transport into the LMS is quantified using residual circulation trajectories, i.e. trajectories driven by the (time-dependent) residual mean meridional and vertical velocities. This contribution represents the advective part of the overall transport into the LMS and can be viewed as providing a background onto which the effect of mixing has to be added. Residual mean velocities are obtained from a comprehensive chemistry-climate model as well as from reanalysis data. Transit times of air traveling from the tropical tropopause to the LMS along the residual circulation streamfunction are evaluated and compared to recent mean age of air estimates. A clear time-scale separation with much smaller transit times into the mid-latitudinal LMS than into polar LMS is found that is indicative of a clear separation of the shallow from the deep branch of the residual circulation. This separation between the shallow and the deep circulation branch is further manifested in a clear distinction in the aspect ratio of the vertical to meridional extent of the trajectories as well as the integrated mass flux along the residual circulation trajectories. The residual transit time distribution reproduces qualitatively the observed seasonal cycle of youngest air in the extratropical LMS in fall and oldest air in spring.
Tubular carbonate concretions of up to 1 m in length and perpendicular to bedding, occur abundantly in the Upper Pliensbachian (upper Amaltheus margaritatus Zone, Gibbosus Subzone) in outcrops (Fontaneilles section) in the vicinity of Rivière-sûr-Tarn, southern France. Stable isotope analyses of these concretions show negative δ13C values that decrease from the rim to the center from −18.8‰ to −25.7‰ (V-PDB), but normal marine δ18O values (−1.8‰). Carbon isotope analyses of Late Pliensbachian bulk carbonate (matrix) samples from the Fontaneilles section show clearly decreasing C-isotope values across the A. margaritatus Zone, from +1‰ to −3‰ (V-PDB). Isotope analyses of coeval belemnite rostra do not document such a negative C-isotope trend with values remaining stable around +2‰ (V-PDB). Computer tomographic (CT) scanning of the tubular concretions show multiple canals that are lined or filled entirely with pyrite. Previously, the formation of these concretions with one, two, or more central tubes, has been ascribed to the activity of an enigmatic organism, possibly with annelid or arthropod affinities, known as Tisoa siphonalis. Our results suggest tisoan structures are abiogenic. Based on our geochemical analyses and sedimentological observations we suggest that these concretions formed as a combination of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction within the sediment. Fluids rich in methane and/or hydrocarbons likely altered local bulk rock carbon isotope records, but did not affect the global carbon cycle. Interestingly, Tisoa siphonalis has been described from many locations in the Grands Causses Basin in southern France, and from northern France and Luxemburg, always occurring at the same stratigraphic level. Upper Pliensbachian authigenic carbonates thus possibly cover an area of many thousand square kilometers. Greatly reduced sedimentation rates are needed to explain the stabilization of the sulfate-methane transition zone in the sedimentary column in order for the tubular concretions to form. Late Pliensbachian cooling, reducing run-off, and/or the influx of colder water and more vigorous circulation could be responsible for a halt in sedimentation. At the same time (thermogenic) methane may have destabilized during a major phase of Late Pliensbachian sea level fall. As such Tisoa siphonalis is more than a geological curiosity, and its further study could prove pivotal in understanding Early Jurassic paleoenvironmental change.
Floodplains play an important role in the terrestrial water cycle and are very important for biodiversity. Therefore, an improved representation of the dynamics of floodplain water flows and storage in global hydrological and land surface models is required. To support model validation, we combined monthly time series of satellite-derived inundation areas (Papa et al., 2010) with data on irrigated rice areas (Portmann et al., 2010). In this way, we obtained global-scale time series of naturally inundated areas (NIA), with monthly values of inundation extent during 1993–2004 and a spatial resolution of 0.5°. For most grid cells (0.5°×0.5°), the mean annual maximum of NIA agrees well with the static open water extent of the Global Lakes and Wetlands database (GLWD) (Lehner and Döll, 2004), but in 16% of the cells NIA is larger than GLWD. In some regions, like Northwestern Europe, NIA clearly overestimates inundated areas, probably because of confounding very wet soils with inundated areas. In other areas, such as South Asia, it is likely that NIA can help to enhance GLWD. NIA data will be very useful for developing and validating a floodplain modeling algorithm for the global hydrological model WGHM. For example, we found that monthly NIAs correlate with observed river discharges.
Introduction: Researchers experience increasing pressures to connect with bodies that finance their projects. In this climate, critical scholars face many obstacles as they seek to navigate the treacherous waters of securing external funds. To debate these challenges, the ACME Editorial Collective organized a panel for the 2009 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Las Vegas. This intervention represents a follow-up discussion and collective writing process among some of the panelists and members of the audience who attended the panel.
Below, we examine the neoliberalization of the current funding systems, discuss the implications for research practice, and make suggestions for critical engagement and transformation. Our suggestions, however, will not be easy to implement, as we can infer from the experience of the radical scholars of the post-1968 generation whose ascension into the upper echelons of North American and European university systems was also associated with the neoliberalization of the funding systems. This intervention represents a modest contribution in the tradition of critical research practice of creating the possibilities for progressive change.
The KADoNiS (Karlsruhe Astrophysical Database of Nucleosynthesis in Stars) project is an online
database (www.kadonis.org) for cross sections relevant to the s-process and the p-process.
The first version was an updated sequel to the previous Bao et al. [1] compilations from 1987
and 2000 for (n; g) cross sections relevant to Big Bang and s-process nucleosynthesis. The first
update, KADoNiS v0.2, was published in 2006 [2]. It contained mainly Maxwellian averaged
(n; g) cross sections relevant to the s-process, and some experimental charged particle induced
reaction relevant to the p-process. After that a second update was presented in 2009 [3].
Recently, we started to collect and review all existing experimental data relevant for p-process
nucleosynthesis and to provide a user-friendly database based on the KADoNiS framework. The
p-process part of the KADoNiS database is currently being extended and will include all available
experimental data from (p; g), (p;n), (p;a), (a,g), (a;n) and (a; p) reactions in or close to the
respective Gamow window.
Schülerinnen und Schüler mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland schneiden in nationalen und internationalen Schulleistungsstudien deutlich schlechter ab als Schülerinnen und Schüler ohne Migrationshintergrund. Auch hinsichtlich der Lesekompetenz im Deutschen sind die Ergebnisse eines großen Teils der Schülerinnen und Schüler mit Migrationshintergrund immer wieder bedenklich schlecht. Um die Frage, welche Förderung gegen Defizite in der Deutsch-Lesekompetenz bei dieser Schülergruppe eingesetzt werden sollte, hat sich in Deutschland eine wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit breiter öffentlicher Wirkung entwickelt. Die drei Beiträge der vorliegenden Dissertation liefern aus unterschiedlicher Perspektive einen Beitrag zur Erforschung der Lesekompetenz von Personen mit unterschiedlicher Sprachbiographie.
Beitrag I (Rauch & Hartig, 2010) zeigte, dass es möglich ist, mit den Mitteln der mehrdimensionalen Item Response Theorie den diagnostischen Nutzen eines Deutsch-Lesekompetenztests zu erhöhen. Für Schülerinnen und Schüler, die zu Hause nicht das Deutsche zur Kommunikation nutzen, zeigte sich, dass sie insbesondere bei Basisfähigkeiten, die zur Bewältigung höherer Lesekompetenzprozesse notwendig sind, gegenüber ihren deutschsprachigen Mitschülerinnen und Mitschülern benachteiligt sind. Beitrag II (Rauch, Jurecka & Hesse, 2010) belegte, dass Türkisch-Deutsch bilinguale Schülerinnen und Schüler über niedrigere Deutsch-Lesekompetenzen verfügen als ihre monolingual Deutsch aufgewachsenen Mitschülerinnen und Mitschüler. In der Englisch-Lesekompetenz wurde kein Gruppenunterschied nachgewiesen. Es fand sich darüber hinaus ein signifikant positiver Effekt der Türkisch-Lesekompetenz auf die Englisch-Lesekompetenz, aber nicht auf die Deutsch-Lesekompetenz. Beitrag III (Rauch, Jude & Naumann, in Druck) zeigte, dass Türkisch-Deutsch bilinguale Schülerinnen und Schüler, die in beiden Sprachen Texte selbständig lesen und verstehen können, besser im Englisch-Lesekompetenztest abschneiden als monolingual aufgewachsene Schülerinnen und Schüler. Türkisch-Deutsch bilinguale Schülerinnen und Schüler, die über niedrigere Lesekompetenzen im Türkischen und Deutschen verfügen, schnitten im Englisch-Lesekompetenztest schlechter ab als beide anderen Vergleichsgruppen. Zudem zeigte Beitrag III, dass Sprachbewusstheit den Zusammenhang zwischen Biliteralität und drittsprachlicher Lesekompetenz teilweise mediiert.
Aus den Ergebnissen kann gefolgert werden, dass es für die Förderung der Deutsch-Lesekompetenz von Schülerinnen und Schülern, die zu Hause nicht das Deutsche zur Kommunikation nutzen, sinnvoll ist, insbesondere auf die Förderung der Bildung von adäquaten Makrostrukturen und die Vermittlung von Lesestrategien abzuheben. Die unterschiedlichen Befunde zur Interdependenz von Kompetenzen im Türkischen einerseits und im Deutschen und Englischen andererseits wurden auf die Art des schulischen Unterrichts in Deutsch und Englisch zurückgeführt. Während Schülerinnen und Schüler mit Herkunftssprache Türkisch im Englischunterricht, der das Englische im formalen Sprachunterricht vermittelt, in der Lage sind, Bezüge zu ihrer Herkunftssprache herzustellen, ist dies im Deutschunterricht, der das Deutsche selbst weitgehend voraussetzt, nicht möglich. Ein Teil des wiederholt in der Literatur berichteten Befundes, dass bilinguale Schülerinnen und Schüler, die in ihren beiden Sprachen lesen können, in drittsprachlichen Lesekompetenztests besser abschneiden als monolinguale Schülerinnen und Schüler, scheint auf erhöhte Sprachbewusstheit zurückzuführen zu sein. Dieses besondere Potential bilingualer Schülerinnen und Schüler könnte durch Herkunftssprachlichen Leseunterricht und einen auf Sprachbewusstheit ausgerichteten Unterricht weiter ausgeschöpft werden.
Der folgende Text stellt ein Online-Projekt vor, das seit April 2007 mit einer Laufzeit von fünf Jahren auf Initiative des Kunstgeschichtlichen Instituts in Frankfurt und des Kunsthistorischen Instituts in Florenz entwickelt, zusammen mit den Partnerinstitutionen Städel Museum und Historisches Museum in Frankfurt durchgeführt und gemeinsam von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft finanziert wird.
In letzter Zeit wird in Bezug auf alte Bücher und Büchersammlungen immer häufiger der Blick auf die Rezeptionsgeschichte geworfen, sei es für Biografien, wenn ermittelt werden soll, welche Bücher die porträtierte Person besessen und genutzt hat, oder sei es für kulturgeschichtliche Arbeiten, wenn gefragt wird, wer zu welcher Zeit welche Lektüre betrieb. Auch die Fragen, welche Informationen über Bücher wann und wohin verbreitet wurden und welche Auswirkungen dies in Politik, Wirtschaft und Kunst hatte, scheinen zunehmend interessanter. Große Datensammlungen zu Rezeption und Provenienzgeschichte sind indes noch selten. Deshalb ist es angebracht, den Blick in Bibliotheken mit großen Altbestandsteilen zu werfen. Beispielhaft soll im Folgenden die "Sammlung Frankfurter Drucke" der Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg in Frankfurt am Main (UB Ffm) betrachtet werden. Es soll geklärt werden, wie häufig Lese- oder andere Benutzungsspuren in Frankfurter Drucken des 16. Jahrhunderts zu finden sind. Außerdem soll versucht werden, einige der frühen Besitzer dieser Drucke zu identifizieren.
"Nur die oberflächlichen Eigenschaften dauern", so Oskar Wilde in seinen 'Sätzen und Lehren zum Gebrauch der Jugend': "Des Menschen tieferes Wesen ist bald entlarvt". Ausgehend von der These, dass der Poetik Jelineks ein "Lob der Oberfläche" eingeschrieben ist, möchte ich im folgenden die Rolle der Mode beleuchten, und zwar nicht nur als Oberflächenphänomen, sondern auch als Übergangsphänomen, das an der Schwelle zwischen Oberfläche und Tiefe in Erscheinung tritt.
Wir Philologen haben gut reden. Wir sehen zu, wie andere, die zumeist nicht zu unserer Zunft gehören, die unübersehbare Fülle von Geschriebenem aus seiner jeweiligen Ursprache in alle möglichen Sprachen bringen, und wir verhalten uns dazu als interessierte Zuschauer. Wir haben allen Grund, uns daran zu freuen: Ohne diesen grenzüberschreitenden Waren- und Gedankentausch bliebe das Feld, auf dem wir grasen, enger und parzellierter, als es nach der Intention der Autoren und auch der Sache nach sein müsste. Wir können (sofern wir den nötigen Überblick haben) das loben, was die Übersetzer zu Wege gebracht haben: die Entsprechungen, die sie entdeckt oder erfunden haben, die Kraft, Geschmeidigkeit und Modulationsvielfalt, die sie in ihren Zielsprachen mit Tausenden von einleuchtenden Funden oder mit dem ganzen Ton und Duktus ihrer Übersetzungen erst aktiviert haben. Wenn wir es uns zutrauen, können wir ihnen ins Handwerk pfuschen und einzelne Stellen oder ganze Werke selber übersetzen. Wir können sie kritisieren, wo uns die vorgelegten Übersetzungen zu matt erscheinen oder wo sie sachlich oder stilistisch mehr als nötig ‚hinter dem Original zurückbleiben; wir können Verbesserungsvorschläge machen. Wenn wir Übersetzungen zitieren und es nötig finden, sie abzuwandeln, bewegen wir uns in einer Grauzone zwischen dem Respekt vor dem Übersetzer, der Lust an noch weiteren erkannten Potenzen des Textes und dem Drang, möglichst ‚alles, was wir aus dem Original herausgelesen haben, in der eigenen Sprache den Hörern oder Lesern nahezubringen.
Unsere Ausgangsthese ist, dass sich die unterschiedlichen methodischen Zuspitzungen und Richtungswechsel, die die Philologie seit ihrer disziplinären Ausdifferenzierung im 19. Jahrhundert erlebt hat, als Parametrisierung des Verhältnisses von Konjektur und Krux beschreiben lassen. Anders gewendet: Konjektur und Krux markieren die Grenzen eines epistemischen Bezirks, der von unterschiedlichen philologischen Methodenpolitiken konfiguriert wird. Die sich daraus ergebende "disziplinäre Matrix" an Verfahrensweisen, die den Anspruch erheben, 'Methode' zu sein, hat insofern politischen Charakter als die Entscheidung für bzw. gegen eine bestimmte Verfahrensweise implizit oder explizit ein Interesse verfolgt, das in aller Regel über das Anliegen einer bloßen Textrekonstruktion entschieden hinausreicht: Es geht darum, die Bedingungen festzulegen, unter denen eine philologische Aussage als 'wissenschaftlich qualifiziert' gelten darf.
Wir möchten im folgenden den Versuch unternehmen, das zu skizzieren, was wir die 'philologische Frage' nennen. Darunter verstehen wir die Frage nach dem epistemischen Status philologischer Theorie und der daraus resultierenden Praxis: Auf welche philologischen Traditionen und theoretischen Prämissen nehmen die hier versammelten Texte Bezug, in welchem Kontext stehen sie? Auf welche Ziele wird die philologische Tätigkeit hin ausgerichtet – wie wird das 'Erkenntnisinteresse' der Philologie definiert? Welches Autorschaftskonzept und welches Textverständnis werden zugrunde gelegt? Der Ausgangspunkt all dieser Fragen ist die etymologische Bedeutung des Begriffs „philologia“, gefasst als 'Liebe zum Wort'. Der Philologe ist demgemäß ein Wort-Liebhaber. Doch was heißt hier 'Liebe'? Und was ist überhaupt ein Wort?
Politeness has become a key qualification in intercultural competence and didactics. The paper presents parts of an empirical research of the development and shaping of verbal politeness in critical incidents investigating the way German and Turkish students of the German language deal with criticism and complimenting. The findings show that Turkish students of German as a foreign language avoid direct criticism and prefer manners considered to be polite in German. Complimenting is an expression of their own positive feelings and acts as “messages about oneself”, whereas the German students prefer “meritorious praise” referring to merits. The discriminating effects of migration within the Turkish students are smaller than expected perhaps because of the increase of transcultural knowledge. This should give new ideas for the didactics of politeness.
Even if translation has a long tradition within the conveyance of foreign languages, there has been a vehement discussion on its role since the 1970s – at least with respect to some languages, such as English. In the context of German as a foreign language this topic has been discussed only to some extent. With this in mind, the following article aims to examine the role of translation in the field of the German as a foreign language with specific focus on the advantages and limitations associated with its conveyance and the resultant consequences.
This study concentrates on the problems of subtitling, mainly focusing on compensating strategies in the context of its restrictions with respect to time and space. With the help of a corpus analysis, what kind of information is condensed in the subtitling and whether these reductions have a role on the reception of the film will be analysed with regard to the confrontation of 1119 translating segments.
This study examines the theory and practice of Kussmauls creative translating idea during the translating process of metaphors by Lakoff and Johnson. Creative translating could be functionalized for the process of literary translation. In this case it will be a vehicle for problem solving by the translation of the holistically metaphors defined by Lakoff/Johnson. These kinds of metaphors determine our live and are significant points of the language we use every day. Mostly they are very important for the receptively understanding of literary language and aims of the author and his text.
In terms of their functions and issues, the use of selection posters is possible in language teaching. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the didactic potential of selection posters in German language teaching. Because of this reason, with this study, it is tried to show that the selection posters can be dealt with as materials in the courses in German Language teaching, which can be used parallel to the needs and interests. Accordingly, the alternative ways or approaches are tried to be made concrete throughout the courses. Consequently, the selection posters constitutes a wide range in German language teaching in terms of local culture, vocabulary knowledge, the processes of linguistic studies, visualization, authenticity, actuality, and spoken and written studies.
Speakers of Russian from the former Soviet Union and speakers of Turkish form the two biggest groups of immigrants in Germany. There is a number of surveys, that focus on early second language acquisition of kindergarten and primary school children in these ethnic groups. In this article, I will discuss differences and similarities of the second language acquisition process, that Russian and Turkish speaking children go through. I will compare not only the interlingual development (pronunciation, lexicon, syntax and morphology) but also the sociocultural context. For this purpose the data of my case studies will be contrasted with the other research results.
After giving an overview of the implementation of Business German in the curricula of German Departments outside of Germany and showing which place Business German has taken within these departments today, this article focuses on the teaching goals and contents as well as on the competences that ought to be achieved by the students in the German Department at Istanbul University in order to explain which chances and opportunities this study field opens up to students of German language and literature.
The article addresses the growing importance of corpus-based research in the field of German foreign language acquisition. German corpora in general and learner corpora in particular are briefly introduced. A short overview of existing German learner corpora is followed by a detailed description of the error-annotated learner corpus Falko, a learner corpus of advanced learner German, which is accessible via internet (without any prior registration) and free of charge. Finally, a short example analysis demonstrates some of the functionalities of Falko. The aim of the article is to encourage researchers to employ corpora as helpful tools in their own work.
Islamophobia has arisen following to the event on 11 of September 2001 in Christian world. Remembering first reaction, all “Muslim” world was accused and new “Crusades” were on agenda. Concept and concept pairs of “Muslim Radicalism” “Muslim Terror” “Radical/Extreme Islam” “Radicalism” “Islamic” in pressor media after September 11 attacks and first shock. The aim was to differentiate “Islam” and terrorist who lost their identity via İslam. Representatives of the muslim world declared that these terrorist never represented Islam in any manner. The declaration was mutual and right. Despite mutual constructive efforts, due to discussion appeared after attacks, disintergration and polarization occured among believers of two monotheistic religions. In my opinion, regardless of place of birth, poets and writers who are philosopher, have specific issues national and local or world issues which they share, communicate and have information exchange on. Two main means of communication are philosophy and literature. The aim of the current paper is to discuss philosophic information included in “Avicenna and the Aristotelic Left” (Suhrkamp Verl.) by Ernst Bloch who lived in Tübingen released in 1963 and philosophic foundations of literature theory by Bertolt Brecht. My aim is to hope to declare that (Far) East and West have more in common compared to differences within limits of time and place given.
Mediengestützter Deutschunterricht im türkischen universitären Bereich : eine Bestandsaufnahme
(2010)
A trend in nature of a permanent increase towards multimedia lifestyle has arisen in all stratas of the society. Thus, rather than using written course-books, publishing houses prefer to encourage use of multimedia which are dependent to course-book or which are independent of course-book and language learners prefer to learn with multimedia. Thus it is encouraged that courses are supported in that manner. This study aims to examine scope and limits of computer aided German teaching which is flourishing as a foreign language within Turkey university education recently. This study has been applied in preparatory classes of departments which provide four-year education. Results of a survey on use of multimedia dependent on course-book or independent of course-book within courses within Turkey university education has been given within scope of this study. Evidences on competence of German teachers and learners in use of multimedia has been given and have been visualized through use of graphics. Problems of multimedia aided German courses and solutions offers will be submitted.
The paper sketches out the framework of a transcultural model of language learning and teaching. In doing so it illuminates linguistic, psycholinguistic, hermeneutical und didactic aspects of the complex field of language learning rather than limiting itself to discussing mere methodological phenomena. The paper argues that the language learning and teaching profession can only advance by taking transcultural concepts of language acquisition, of linguistic systems, of language processing and of media use into account and by integrating them into a coherent system of language didactics.
Over the last years history has become an important issue in ‚Germanturkish’ literature. The question is which possibilities are created to take part in the history of a country under the conditions of migration. Analysing historical writing in Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s novel “The Bridge of the Golden Horn”, this article concentrates on three aspects: First, the description of places in Berlin from a migrant’s viewpoint. Second, to discover Berlin as the entrance into German pre-wall-falling-history. Third, the narrator as a brilliant describer of German society in an everyday life microcosmos.