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For many services, consumers can choose among a range of optional tariffs that differ in their access and usage prices. Recent studies indicate that tariff-specific preferences may lead consumers to choose a tariff that does not minimize their expected billing rate. This study analyzes how tariff-specific preferences influence the responsiveness of consumers’ usage and tariff choice to changes in price. We show that consumer heterogeneity in tariff-specific preferences leads to heterogeneity in their sensitivity to price changes. Specifically, consumers with tariff-specific preferences are less sensitive to price increases of their preferred tariff than other consumers. Our results provide an additional reason why firms should offer multiple tariffs rather than a uniform nonlinear pricing plan to extract maximum consumer surplus.
Entzündliche Herzerkrankungen betreffen kombiniert oder isoliert den Herzmuskel und dessen Hülle. Endo-, Myo- und/oder Perikarditiden haben viele verschiedene Ursachen. Sie verlaufen als akute oder chronische Erkrankung. Neben Viren, die gegenwärtig als auslösende Agentien dominieren, sind weiterhin Bakterien, Pilze und Parasiten anzuführen. Autoimmunologische Prozesse sowie bestimmte Therapeutika, z.B. Cocain, gelten als Auslöser nicht infektiöser Myokarditiden. In 25% der Fälle findet sich bei bestehender Myokarditis eine Perikardbeteiligung. Nachfolgend sollen wichtige mikrobiologische Erreger und deren Nachweismöglichkeiten vorgestellt werden, die im Zusammenhang mit einer Myo- und/oder Perikarditis stehen.
In Europa zählen Viren zu den häufigsten Verursachern einer Myokarditis. Im Unterschied zur Perikarditis ist die Symptomatik der Myokarditis oft uncharakteristisch und erfordert den Einsatz von Laboruntersuchungen. Die Abklärung der Virusätiologie begnügt sich meist mit dem Nachweis einer zeitgleich ablaufenden Infektionskrankheit (Plausibilitätsdiagnose). Zur direkten Virusdetektion ist die Entnahme einer Herzbiopsie erforderlich. An diesem Material kann das Virus mittels immunhistologischer und molekularbiologischer Methoden unter gleichzeitiger Beurteilung des inflammatorischen Prozesses nachgewiesen werden. Der Einsatz der verschiedenen Untersuchungsmethoden richtet sich nach dem Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis.
Qualitative und quantitative serologische Verfahren können durch Interferenzen gestört sein. Wir konnten in einem exemplarischen Fall anhand des Influenza A/H1N1v-Hämagglutinationshemmtests (H1N1-HHT) zeigen, dass auch Hyposensibilisierungstherapie und Vakzination zu Interaktionen in der serologischen Diagnostik führen und die Aussagekraft des H1N1-HHT massiv beeinträchtigen. Vor dem Hintergrund, dass Hyposensibilisierung und Vakzination im Klinik- und Praxisalltag häufig erbrachte Leistungen darstellen, erscheint dieser Umstand berichtenswert.
Proteins of the Omp85 family are conserved in all kingdoms of life. They mediate protein transport across or protein insertion into membranes and reside in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Omp85 proteins contain a C-terminal transmembrane β-barrel and a soluble N terminus with a varying number of polypeptide-transport-associated or POTRA domains. Here we investigate Omp85 from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. The crystallographic three-dimensional structure of the N-terminal region shows three POTRA domains, here named P1 to P3 from the N terminus. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed a hinge between P1 and P2 but in contrast show that P2 and P3 are fixed in orientation. The P2-P3 arrangement is identical as seen for the POTRA domains from proteobacterial FhaC, suggesting this orientation is a conserved feature. Furthermore, we define interfaces for protein-protein interaction in P1 and P2. P3 possesses an extended loop unique to cyanobacteria and plantae, which influences pore properties as shown by deletion. It now becomes clear how variations in structure of individual POTRA domains, as well as the different number of POTRA domains with both rigid and flexible connections make the N termini of Omp85 proteins versatile adaptors for a plentitude of functions.
Moderately elevated levels of plasma plant sterols have been suspected to be causally involved in atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether plant sterols and other markers of sterol metabolism predicted all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in participants of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular health (LURIC) study. A total of 1,257 individuals who did not use statins and at baseline had a mean (± SD) age of 62.8 (± 11.0) years were included in the present analysis. Lathosterol, cholestanol, campesterol, and sitosterol were measured to estimate cholesterol synthesis and absorption. The mean (± SD) time of the follow-up for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was 7.32 (± 2.3) years. All-cause (P = 0.001) and cardiovascular (P = 0.006) mortality were decreased in the highest versus the lowest lathosterol to cholesterol tertile. In contrast, subjects in the third cholestanol to cholesterol tertile had increased all-cause (P < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (P = 0.010) compared with individuals in the first tertile. The third campesterol to cholesterol tertile was associated with increased all-cause mortality (P = 0.025). Sitosterol to cholesterol tertiles were not significantly related to all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. The data suggest that high absorption and low synthesis of cholesterol predict increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in LURIC participants.
Chromalveolates are a diverse group of protists that include many ecologically and medically relevant organisms such as diatoms and apicomplexan parasites. They possess plastids generally surrounded by four membranes, which evolved by engulfment of a red alga. Today, most plastid proteins must be imported, but many aspects of protein import into complex plastids are still cryptic. In particular, how proteins cross the third outermost membrane has remained unexplained. We identified a protein in the third outermost membrane of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum with properties comparable to those of the Omp85 family. We demonstrate that the targeting route of P. tricornutum Omp85 parallels that of the translocation channel of the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts, Toc75. In addition, the electrophysiological properties are similar to those of the Omp85 proteins involved in protein translocation. This supports the hypothesis that P. tricornutum Omp85 is involved in precursor protein translocation, which would close a gap in the fundamental understanding of the evolutionary origin and function of protein import in secondary plastids.
The donor-free silanimines tBu2Si=N-SiRtBu2 (R = tBu, Ph), which are prepared from tBu2ClSiN3 and NaSiRtBu2 at −78 ◦C inBu2O, decompose in benzene at room temperature with the formation of isobutene. Products of ene reactions of isobutene and tBu2Si=N-SiRtBu2 (R = tBu, Ph) are formed. X-Ray quality crystals of H2C=C(CH2SitBu2-NH-SiPhtBu2)2 (monoclinic, space group C2/c, Z = 4) were grown from a benzene solution at ambient temperature, whereas single crystals of H2C=C(CH2SitBu2-NH-SitBu3)2 (monoclinic, space group P21, Z = 2) were obtained by recrystallization from THF.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor saquinavir shows anticancer activity. Although its nitric oxide-modified derivative saquinavir-NO (saq-NO) was less toxic to normal cells, it exerted stronger inhibition of B16 melanoma growth in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice than saquinavir did. Saq-NO has been shown to block proliferation, upregulate p53 expression, and promote differentiation of C6 glioma and B16 cells. The anticancer activity of substances is frequently hampered by cancer cell chemoresistance mechanisms. Therefore, we here investigated the roles of p53 and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), and breast cancer resistance protein 1 (BCRP1) in cancer cell sensitivity to saq-NO to get more information about the potential of saq-NO as anticancer drug. Saq-NO exerted anticancer effects in lower concentrations than saquinavir in a panel of human cancer cell lines. Neither p53 mutation or depletion nor expression of P-gp, MRP1, or BCRP1 affected anticancer activity of saq-NO or saquinavir. Moreover, saq-NO sensitized P-gp-, MRP1-, or BCRP1-expressing cancer cells to chemotherapy. Saq-NO induced enhanced sensitization of P-gp- or MRP1-expressing cancer cells to chemotherapy compared with saquinavir, whereas both substances similarly sensitized BCRP1-expressing cells. Washout kinetics and ABC transporter ATPase activities demonstrated that saq-NO is a substrate of P-gp as well as of MRP1. These data support the further investigation of saq-NO as an anticancer drug, especially in multidrug-resistant tumors.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) gained considerable interest as a therapeutic target during chronic inflammatory diseases. Remarkably, the pathogenesis of diseases such as multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer is associated with impaired PPARγ expression. Considering that regulation of PPARγ expression during inflammation is largely unknown, we were interested in elucidating underlying mechanisms. To this end, we initiated an inflammatory response by exposing primary human macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and observed a rapid decline of PPARγ1 expression. Because promoter activities were not affected by LPS, we focused on mRNA stability and noticed a decreased mRNA half-life. As RNA stability is often regulated via 3′-untranslated regions (UTRs), we analyzed the impact of the PPARγ-3′-UTR by reporter assays using specific constructs. LPS significantly reduced luciferase activity of the pGL3-PPARγ-3′-UTR, suggesting that PPARγ1 mRNA is destabilized. Deletion or mutation of a potential microRNA-27a/b (miR-27a/b) binding site within the 3′-UTR restored luciferase activity. Moreover, inhibition of miR-27b, which was induced upon LPS exposure, partially reversed PPARγ1 mRNA decay, whereas miR-27b overexpression decreased PPARγ1 mRNA content. In addition, LPS further reduced this decay. The functional relevance of miR-27b-dependent PPARγ1 decrease was proven by inhibition or overexpression of miR-27b, which affected LPS-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-6. We provide evidence that LPS-induced miR-27b contributes to destabilization of PPARγ1 mRNA. Understanding molecular mechanisms decreasing PPARγ might help to better appreciate inflammatory diseases.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are implicated in the regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis. PPAR agonists have been shown to control inflammatory processes, in part by inhibiting distinct proinflammatory genes (e.g. Il-1β and IFN-γ). IL-8 is a member of the proinflammatory chemokine family that is important for various functions, such as mediating the adhesion of eosinophilic granulocytes onto endothelial cells. The influence of PPARδ activators on the expression of IL-8 in noninduced quiescent endothelial cells is unclear. Therefore, we explored the influence of PPARδ activators on the expression of IL-8 in nonstimulated endothelial cells. PPARδ agonists induce IL-8 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. This induction is demonstrated at the level of both protein and mRNA expression. Transcriptional activation studies using IL-8 reporter gene constructs and DNA binding assays revealed that PPARδ agonists mediated their effects via an NFκB binding site. It is well known that IL-8 is also regulated by mRNA stability. To provide further evidence for this concept, we performed mRNA stability assays and found that PPARδ agonists induce the mRNA stability of IL-8. In addition, we showed that PPARδ agonists induce the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, which are known to be involved in the increase of mRNA stability. The inhibition of these MAPK signaling pathways resulted in a significant suppression of the induced IL-8 expression and the reduced mRNA stability. Therefore, our data provide the first evidence that PPARδ induces IL-8 expression in nonstimulated endothelial cells via transcriptional as well as posttranscriptional mechanisms.
Experience-dependent alterations in the human brain's white-matter microstructure occur in early adulthood, but it is unknown whether such plasticity extends throughout life. We used cognitive training, diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI), and structural MRI to investigate plasticity of the white-matter tracts that connect the left and right hemisphere of the frontal lobes. Over a period of about 180 days, 20 younger adults and 12 older adults trained for a total of one hundred and one 1-h sessions on a set of three working memory, three episodic memory, and six perceptual speed tasks. Control groups were assessed at pre- and post-test. Training affected several DTI metrics and increased the area of the anterior part of the corpus callosum. These alterations were of similar magnitude in younger and older adults. The findings indicate that experience-dependent plasticity of white-matter microstructure extends into old age and that disruptions of structural interhemispheric connectivity in old age, which are pronounced in aging, are modifiable by experience and amenable to treatment.
Human exposure to endocrine disruptors is well documented by biomonitoring data. However, this information is limited to few chemicals like bisphenol A or phthalate plasticizers. To account for so-far unidentified endocrine disruptors and potential mixture effects we employ bioassays to detect endocrine activity in foodstuff and consequently characterize the integrated exposure to endocrine active compounds. Recently, we reported a broad contamination of commercially available bottled water with estrogenic activity and presented evidence for the plastic packaging being a source of this contamination. In continuation of that work, we here compare different sample preparation methods to extract estrogen-like compounds from bottled water. These data demonstrate that inappropriate extraction methods and sample treatment may lead to false-negative results when testing water extracts in bioassays. Using an optimized sample preparation strategy, we furthermore present data on the estrogenic activity of bottled water from France, Germany, and Italy: eleven of the 18 analyzed water samples (61.1%) induced a significant estrogenic response in a bioassay employing a human carcinoma cell line (MCF7, E-Screen). The relative proliferative effects ranged from 19.8 to 50.2% corresponding to an estrogenic activity of 1.9-12.2 pg estradiol equivalents per liter bottled water. When comparing water of the same spring that is packed in glass or plastic bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), estrogenic activity is three times higher in water from plastic bottles. These data support the hypothesis that PET packaging materials are a source of estrogen-like compounds. Furthermore, the findings presented here conform to previous studies and indicate that the contamination of bottled water with endocrine disruptors is a transnational phenomenon.
ϕ-meson production in In–In collisions at Elab=158A GeV: Evidence for relics of a thermal phase
(2010)
Yields and transverse mass distributions of the ϕ-mesons reconstructed in the ϕ→μ+μ− channel in In+In collisions at Elab=158A GeV are calculated within an integrated Boltzmann+hydrodynamics hybrid approach based on the Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) transport model with an intermediate hydrodynamic stage. The analysis is performed for various centralities and a comparison with the corresponding NA60 data in the muon channel is presented. We find that the hybrid model, that embeds an intermediate locally equilibrated phase subsequently mapped into the transport dynamics according to thermal phase-space distributions, gives a good description of the experimental data, both in yield and slope. On the contrary, the pure transport model calculations tend to fail in catching the general properties of the ϕ meson production: not only the yield, but also the slope of the mT spectra, compare poorly with the experimental observations at top SPS energies.
We demonstrate that a Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP) with a dilute admixture of heavy quarks has, in general, a lower speed of sound than a “pure” QGP without effects from heavy flavors. The change in the speed of sound is sensitive to the details of the theory, making the hydrodynamic response to “flavoring” a sensitive probe of the underlying microscopic dynamics. We suggest that this effect may be measured in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions by relating the event-by-event number of charm quarks to flow observables such as the average transverse momentum.
Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV have been measured by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC. The data are presented for central and peripheral collisions, corresponding to 0–5% and 70–80% of the hadronic Pb–Pb cross section. The measured charged particle spectra in |η|<0.8 and 0.3<pT<20 GeV/c are compared to the expectation in pp collisions at the same sNN, scaled by the number of underlying nucleon–nucleon collisions. The comparison is expressed in terms of the nuclear modification factor RAA. The result indicates only weak medium effects (RAA≈0.7) in peripheral collisions. In central collisions, RAA reaches a minimum of about 0.14 at pT=6–7 GeV/c and increases significantly at larger pT. The measured suppression of high-pT particles is stronger than that observed at lower collision energies, indicating that a very dense medium is formed in central Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC.
The first measurement of two-pion Bose–Einstein correlations in central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. We observe a growing trend with energy now not only for the longitudinal and the outward but also for the sideward pion source radius. The pion homogeneity volume and the decoupling time are significantly larger than those measured at RHIC.
The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton–proton collisions at s=900 GeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|η|<0.8) over the transverse momentum range 0.15<pT<10 GeV/c. The correlation between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity is also studied. Results are presented for inelastic (INEL) and non-single-diffractive (NSD) events. The average transverse momentum for |η|<0.8 is 〈pT〉INEL=0.483±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c and 〈pT〉NSD=0.489±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c, respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger 〈pT〉 than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET.
In this Letter we derive the gravity field equations by varying the action for an ultraviolet complete quantum gravity. Then we consider the case of a static source term and we determine an exact black hole solution. As a result we find a regular spacetime geometry: in place of the conventional curvature singularity extreme energy fluctuations of the gravitational field at small length scales provide an effective cosmological constant in a region locally described in terms of a de Sitter space. We show that the new metric coincides with the noncommutative geometry inspired Schwarzschild black hole. Indeed, we show that the ultraviolet complete quantum gravity, generated by ordinary matter is the dual theory of ordinary Einstein gravity coupled to a noncommutative smeared matter. In other words we obtain further insights about that quantum gravity mechanism which improves Einstein gravity in the vicinity of curvature singularities. This corroborates all the existing literature in the physics and phenomenology of noncommutative black holes.
In this Letter we study the radiation measured by an accelerated detector, coupled to a scalar field, in the presence of a fundamental minimal length. The latter is implemented by means of a modified momentum space Green's function. After calibrating the detector, we find that the net flux of field quanta is negligible, and that there is no Planckian spectrum. We discuss possible interpretations of this result, and we comment on experimental implications in heavy ion collisions and atomic systems.
Fuzziness at the horizon
(2010)
We study the stability of the noncommutative Schwarzschild black hole interior by analysing the propagation of a massless scalar field between the two horizons. We show that the spacetime fuzziness triggered by the field higher momenta can cure the classical exponential blue-shift divergence, suppressing the emergence of infinite energy density in a region nearby the Cauchy horizon.
In this Letter, we propose a new scenario emerging from the conjectured presence of a minimal length ℓ in the spacetime fabric, on the one side, and the existence of a new scale invariant, continuous mass spectrum, of un-particles on the other side. We introduce the concept of un-spectral dimension DU of a d-dimensional, euclidean (quantum) spacetime, as the spectral dimension measured by an “un-particle” probe. We find a general expression for the un-spectral dimension DU labelling different spacetime phases: a semi-classical phase, where ordinary spectral dimension gets contribution from the scaling dimension dU of the un-particle probe; a critical “Planckian phase”, where four-dimensional spacetime can be effectively considered two-dimensional when dU=1; a “Trans-Planckian phase”, which is accessible to un-particle probes only, where spacetime as we currently understand it looses its physical meaning.
This review critically analyzes the clinical data of patients with suspected kava hepatotoxicity and suggests recommendations for minimizing risk. Kava is a plant (Piper methysticum) of the pepper family Piperaceae, and its rhizome is used for traditional aqueous extracts in the South Pacific Islands and for commercial ethanolic and acetonic medicinal products as anxiolytic herbs in Western countries. A regulatory ban for ethanolic and acetonic kava extracts was issued in 2002 for Germany on the basis of reports connecting liver disease with the use of kava, but the regulatory causality assessment was a matter of international discussions. Based on one positive reexposure test with the kava drug, it was indeed confirmed that kava is potentially hepatotoxic. In subsequent studies using a structured, quantitative and hepatotoxicity specific causality assessment method in 14 patients with liver disease described worldwide, causality for kava ± co-medicated drugs and dietary supplements including herbal ones was highly probable (n = 1), probable (n = 4) or possible (n = 9) regarding aqueous extracts (n = 3), ethanolic extracts (n = 5), acetonic extracts (n = 4), and mixtures containing kava (n = 2). Risk factors included overdose, prolonged treatment, and comedication with synthetic drugs and dietary supplements comprizing herbal ones in most of the 14 patients. Hepatotoxicity occurred independently of the used solvent, suggesting poor kava raw material quality as additional causative factor. In conclusion, in a few individuals kava may be hepatotoxic due to overdose, prolonged treatment, comedication, and probably triggered by an unacceptable quality of the kava raw material; standardization is now required, minimizing thereby hepatotoxic risks.
Rhinoliths are mineralised foreign bodies in the nasal cavity that are a chance finding at anterior rhinoscopy. Undiscovered, they grow appreciably in size and can cause a foul-smelling nasal discharge and breathing problems. Giant nasal stones are now a very rare occurrence, since improved diagnostic techniques, such as endoscopic/microscopic rhinoscopy, now make it possible to identify foreign bodies at an early stage of development. We report the case of a 37-year-old patient who, at the age of 5-6 years, introduced a foreign body, probably a stone, into his right nasal cavity. On presentation, he complained of difficulty in breathing through the right nostril that had persisted for the last 10 years. For the past four years a strong fetid smell from the nose had been apparent to those in his vicinity. Under general anaesthesia, the stone was removed in toto from the right nasal cavity. The possible genesis of the rhinolith is discussed, our case compared with those described in the literature, and possible differential diagnoses are considered.
The present paper is a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the various relationships between language and law. It is impossible to deal with all these relationships in the present study. Therefore the relationship between language and law will be dealt with in this paper as far as it points out the relationships between linguistics and jurisprudence. Considering the diverse relationships between the fields of linguistics and jurisprudence, the interdisciplinary collaboration between these two disciplines could be improved by establishing a branch of study dealing with legal linguistics.
The following analysis is based on a practical experience of translation and tries to offer a series of solutions to the problem posed by culture-specific elements known in German translation studies as „Realia”. The recent translation studies generally acknoledge the importance of maintaining certain culture-specific elements as such in the target text; Antoine Berman speaks about ethic versus ethnocentric translation. Several authors describe four possible solutions for dealing with culture-specific elements in translation in order to preserve to a certain degree the cultural identity of the target text. The translation of „Realia” belonging to the sphere of nationalsocialism raised a series of difficulties during the actual translation of Das Buch Hitler, a document which was put together for Stalin by soviet intelligence in the years following WW II. Three types of „Realia” were identified in the source text and treated as such in the translation, following the theoretical guidelines proposed by Markussen and Berman.
Presenting the actual theoretical debates (of Göhlich, Welsch, de Nancy, Bachmann-Medick) with respect to the concept of transculturality, underlining the related aspects such as hybridity, intertextuality, globalisation, the author traces the aspects of transculturality in the process of the translations from Romanian to German. The success of the literary transfer is conditioned by the intra- and intercultural competence, by the knowledge of the identity factors, of the specific operational frame and of the key texts (translations or originals) from the literatures that come into contact with it. As in other countries, where there are specific basic cultural notions with a certain symbolic charge like „birch” in Russia, „hut” in the Czech republic, the traditional cultural universe affirmatively or polemically resorts to cultural words such as „plai” (poetic realm), „codru” (forest), „mioritic” (mioritical). Tracing by means of rich examples the history of translations, the author distinguishes the stages of translations motivated by philological, ethnographic, political interests and lastly and parallel to it, by aesthetical interests. These translations contribute to the identitary image of the Romanians, being normally recorded with an increased attention and sensibility. Concretely applying the discussed theoretical concepts on a text, the author presents the German translation of an essayistic text by Andrei Pleşu, arguing the possible interest of the German public for the writer, emphasizing the ironical hybrid and ludic signs that are important for the translation, with all untranslatabilities of the word games, in order to find at least an adequate, if not equivalent, transfer. The annotations and the translation (starting with the analysis of the title) constitute a demonstration of transculturality applied live.
In this work we aim to analyze the statute of the Romansh language and of its idioms in the Grison/Graubűnden Canton (Switzerland), from the Sursilvan lyrics perspective of Tresa Rűther-Seeli and her contemporary, Linard Candreia. Because of the massive split of the five Romanic idioms with own writing, of the fact that none of them had developed into a standard literary language, as well as of the massive decrease in the population who speaks them, the situation of these idioms becomes dramatic, in spite of and because of the intervention of the political factor to impose a standard official language – Romansh.
"Hoch soll er leben!" : Routineformeln als Forschungsaufgabe der phraseologischen Kontrastivik
(2010)
Phraseological issues are of great interest to researchers in the field of German studies outside German-speaking countries as well. If one looks back upon the achievements and insights of phraseological research elsewhere, it becomes obvious that there are lots of areas of investigation still to be expanded, as far as the German and the Romanian languages are concerned. The research approaches suggested here are meant to highlight more specific aspects of linguistic phraseological material.
The paper focuses on aspects of comparative phraseology and paremioloy between two languages, German and Romanian and aims at disclosing differences and similarities in connection with proverbs and idioms on “the devil”. 112 items circling around “the devil” and its synonyms are being analyzed as to the life experience, world perspective and superstitions reflected in the proverbs, by drawing parallels between the equivalent structures functioning in the two languages, their form and content.
The lexeme „Deisam” in the sense of ‘sourdough’ is part of the vocabulary our ancestors brought with them from the German speaking space. Here in Transylvania the word gained its own meanings along the centuries, which is evidenced in particular word constructions, with interesting semantic content. These form the basis of linguistic processes of mixture and compensation within the whole vernacular landscape, which are typical for a colonial dialect. Since Transylvanian Saxon is assigned to the Franconian dialects of the Middle Rhine, in my exposition I also make reference to the Rhenish and Palatine lexicons. Dialectical references taken from the two dictionaries are identified in the footnotes.
In the present article Bernhard Schwaiger, a Latin language teacher at a school in Thüringen, treats some aspects of the greater or lesser importance of some objects of study, in this case of the foreign languages, importance that is usually determined aleatorily. The article becomes a pleading for the study of the Romanian language as one of the most interesting Romance languages, the Romanian culture being complex and the tourist landscape from Romania very interesting as well. The conclusion of the article is that it is very important for pupils on their way to identity construction to know all the cultural components of Europe, to submit to a critical analysis any object defined „from the outside” as important, because the European continent consists not solely of important countries and languages (such as France, Spain, England, Italy) but also of a multitude of other languages and cultures.
In Auszügen rezipiert – Bemerkungen zu der Übersetzung von Max Frischs Tagebüchern ins Rumänische
(2010)
Romanian readers interested in Max Frisch’s literary diaries can find the Romanian translation of some heterogeneous notes or groups of notes, dispersed in different periodicals from 1972 to 2001, and the volume Journal (1984) including a selection of fragments from the diaries Tagebuch 1946-1949 and Tagebuch 1966-1971 translated by Corina Jiva. The present article emphasizes favorite as well as excluded thematic fields while making the selection and pinpoints the translator’s role as an authority endowed with preventive censorship.
Formelhafte Sprache als gattungskonstituierendes Element in Michel Beheims Vlad-Ţepeş-Gedicht
(2010)
The 15th century medieval German poet Michel Beheim is a marginal (and in terms of his writing not very well thought of) figure in the realms of German literature. In his poetic oeuvre, a 1070 verses long poem about the Valachian nobleman and ruler Vlad Ţepeş, better known as the original Dracula, can be found. This poem will serve here as an example of late medieval literary achievements, typical for the literature of this century. A close analysis of its style will reveal certain poetological aspects, that are central to its structure of composition, but hitherto have not been closely investigated and revealed. These formal aspects include various instances of formulaic speech, such as double-formulae („men and women”, „the young and the old” etc.), formulaic episode endings („and he did many worse things” etc.), and others. The massed and purposeful application of these instances of formulaic speech leads to the conclusion, that these are part of the poetological framework which the author applied in order to fulfil the needs of a literature which was directed primarily to an auditory performance and served entertainment purposes mainly. The disclosure of these formulaic aspects in 15th century literature and its functional reinterpretation in a context of contemporary performance might help to re-evaluate the German literature of this not very well investigated and estimated century.
The paper aims at pointing out some characteristics of postmodern theatre, starting from the fact that, theatre no longer favors the traditional concept of the Aristotelian drama, but tends to a mixture of discourses, of verbal and non verbal types of communication, as well as of interdisciplinary, intercultural and intertextual means of expression. Theoretical considerations are followed by the analysis of: the play Nyktophobie, oder: Mephistos später Gruß an Faust (Fear of the Dark, or Mephisto’s Belated Greetings to Faustus), an adaptation by C.E. Puchianu and R.G. Elekes, known as Duo Bastet. The analysis points out some didactic aspects of drama and theatre as well.
The analysis of the relationship between Word and God in the poetry of Paul Celan is obviously the purpose of this study. The starting point of my reflections is representing the prologue of the Gospel according to John 1:1: „In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” The question is: does the loss of Word at the logical-semantic level implicitly conduct to the loss of God in Celan’s poems?
„Der rechte Weg geht über Steine” : zur romantischen Dimension der Lyrik von Frida Binder-Radler
(2010)
In order to argue my hypothesis of the romantic dimension of poetry written by Frida Binder-Radler, a very little known Romanian-German author (1908-1986), better known as „poetess of the Saxon world”, I am referring to the poems of the author edited 2006 by her son Wolfgang Binder in Augsburg under the title Licht ins Dunkel (second enlarged edition). The volume contains fifty poems of which the first twenty-one were written in the German language, the other twenty-nine poems were translated from Transylvanian-Saxon dialect into German, most of them by the author herself, and published 1947 in the volume Gedichte. The idea of infinity that characterises romantic poetry, expressing itself as longing („Sehnsucht”) for a lost paradise, justifies the poems of love of Frida Binder-Radler. The elements of nature (flowers and birds, clouds and fog, moon, night and shadow), the melancholic atmosphere of her poems, but also the vivid imagery of her poetic language, its simplicity without being simple are diagnosed and interpreted as elements of a romantic-poetical arsenal.
The article analyses the early novels stillborn, Terminifera und Magma by Michael Stavarič in respect of their compliance with the theory of postmodern novels. The analysis concludes that the works of th e academically educated writer correspond in very high proportions to the theory and attitudes of post-modernism.
The paper analyzes the handling of sources in the historic and ethnographic literature about Roma. In it a tradition of copying can be found without sufficient acknowledgement of sources, the unchecked assumpti on of foreign statements and inadmissible generalization. These characteristic features are integrated into a pejorative structure. The historic and ethnographic literature is characterized by a moralizing condemnation of those referred to as „gypsies” whereas the social realities remain largely hidden. It is based on only a few sources, in which statements about Roma in the Transylvanian area take a key role. Texts from the 17th to the 19th century are referred to in context of this aspect and are analyzed on their contents.
On August 13, 2010 Horst Schuller, university professor, former head of the German Studies Department of the University of Sibiu, Romanian-born German critic and literary historian reached the age of 70 years. The present article pays homage to the well-known scientist at reaching the venerable age.
The present study which was presented at an international scientific session dedicated to the Bologna process and to its implementation in Romania – session organized in Sibiu in the period May 6-8, 2010 – makes reference to the structure of the Bologna-type structure within the German Studies of Sibiu. There have been taken into account the Bachelor’s, Master’s and Doctoral degrees as well as exemplifications regarding curricular aspects. The study points out both the strengths of the Bologna process and its weaknesses such as a more modest interaction between research and instruction within the Bachelor’s degree studies, whereas this desideratum can be better met within the Master’s degree programmes, the crowning achievement within the research activity being the doctorate.
In the 1930s and 40s the leading political figures of the German minority in Romania embraced a pro-fascist attitude. Therefore, after the WWII, Germans had to suffer expropriation, deportation and privation of civil rights. Since 1949 they were permitted to rebuild their cultural life which – according to the communist paradigm – had to be „Marxist in its content and national in shape“. In 1956 an Institute for Social Studies and the Humanities of the Romanian Academy was created in Sibiu in order to continue important scientific projects of the German minority, and since 1959 the review Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde appeared as a tribune of Transylvanian studies. Although the editorial staff had to make concessions to the communist regime, its members tried to keep high scientific standards. Therefore the review Forschungen, the sole scientific periodical of the Romanian Academy published in German, was one of the most important reviews of the time.
This essay deals with the intertextuality of the 21st century novel Zaira by the Swiss-Romanian writer Cătălin Dorian Florescu and the 21th century tragedy Zaire by Voltaire. It is analysed whether the name of the female protagonist Zaira is used by Florescu by accident or whether he refers to Voltaire. Furthermore, the differences between East and West brought up in the novel and the tragedy are examined. There are some similarities to be found as to the topoi of the selling respectively buying of women or fate deciding about the life of the protagonists. However, in the author’s opinion they don`t justify the assumption that Florescu knows the text by Voltaire or even uses it in his own novel.
The purpose of this work is the linguistic analysis of the German street names in Petreşti, a locality in the county of Alba situated 4 kilometers south of the town of Sebeş which has a German-Romanian bilingual population. We also want to develop a morpho-lexical analysis (compounds of two words and descriptive constructions formed by a preposition and a noun), as well as of aspects of orthography and spelling (we analyze especially the inconsequences which appeared in the spelling of the street names and in their orthography), and furthermore an analysis of onomastic interferences, starting from the comparison of the German and Romanian street names (translation calques and words resulted from calques).
Beispiel, Erfahrung, Theorie : Übersetzungswissenschaftliche Anmerkungen von Hermine Pilder-Klein
(2010)
The present article concentrates on the activity of Hermine Pilder-Klein as theoretician and translation critic. (Hermine Pilder-Klein: translator from Romanian to German of the second half of the 20th century carried out 80 translations from this cultural space in the period 1933-1972. Horst Schuller makes reference to 2 articles that are kept in the archive of the Museum of Gundelsheim: 1. a review of the volume Siebenbürgisch Sächsisches Wörterbuch (Transylvanian Saxon Dictionary) published in Bucharest. The review was published in the No. 4/1972 of the periodical Vierteljahresblätter in München; 2. a critical presentation of the volume Rumänische Volksmärchen (Romanian Folk Tales) edited by Ovidiu Bârlea and Felix Karlinger (the volume was published in 1969 in Düsseldorf/Köln: Eugen Diederichs Verlag), the work bearing the title Übersetzung-Schlüssel und Brücke (Translation – Key and Bridge) (1977), remained unpublished and was taken over by Horst Schuller in the present article.
Kultur und (Rechts)Sprache
(2010)
The content of the present paper can be outlined as follows:
1) Law is an integrative part of culture.
2) Legal terminology is system-bound. Thus, within one and the same language there are as many legal languages as there are legal orders that use that particular language as their legal language.
3) The representation of culture in legal texts is encountered both on word and on text level: on the one hand legal terms have often been referred to as culturemes, as they are informed by the respective legal order; on the other hand texts are being regarded as cultural products as they depend on the particular legal order.
The adequate assessment of lexicographical approaches to phraseologisms requires certain evaluation criteria. Among the aspects to be assessed are, besides the arrangement of the front, middle and back matter and the selection of material, the macrostructural organization and the quality of the microstructural components. The present article focuses on the lexicographical standards set for phraseological dictionaries by metalexicographical researchers in the field of German Studies, while it critically examines the macro- and microstructural profile of special phraseological dictionaries developed in Romania with German as a target and source language. This examination has revealed serious shortcomings regarding both the conceptual orientation and the construction of dictionary entries. These shortcomings may influence the use of dictionaries by translators and non-native speakers as well, who represent the actual target group.
Gradation and intensification can be subject to different linguistic procedures. The present paper focuses on aspects of intensification and gradation by means of word formation in adjectives. The argument is that German and Romanian, as languages belonging to different language families, operate with different means to express high intensity in adjectives. The critical analysis on dictionary items (German-Romanian) aims at disclosing how mental representations are being formally structured at language level. It argues that correct equivalence in translation work can be achieved only if the deep structure level is properly understood by the translator.
Dieter Schlesak’s novel VLAD. Die DraculaKorrektur tries to deconstruct in an original manner the myth of Dracula by proposing a new approach of the subject: instead of the homonymous literary motif, the author deals with the literary figure Vlad Ţepeş. The originality of this approach lies in the fact that Schlesak does not present the reader with a classical heroic figure, instead he deliberately prefers fiction to the attributes of the classic historic novel. Thus he operates not only with a polyphonic text, but also with intertextualism, creating a novel of impressing complexity. This way of dealing with the subject is sustained by the main character, conceived as a decadent Renaissance prince and a prisoner between two antagonic universes, as well as by the whole constellation of real and fictional characters that define his contradictory personality. Dieter Schlesak has accepted the risk of being criticised by his countrymen as well as by historians, deliberately trying to change the Western readers’ perception of this legendary Romanian figure. By creating a literary character that rejects the Western stereotypes and the Romanian prejudices, he manages to prove the potential of the literary figure of Dracula.
The poetic oeuvre of Franz Hodjak takes an intermediate position between modernism and postmodernism. While his early works show the influence of German modernist poetry (Georg Trakl, Bertolt Brecht), the poems of his last volume, entitled Die Faszination eines Tages, den es nicht gibt (2008), show most clearly the approach to postmodernism. The ironic, sarcastic tone, the robust and acrobatic language as well as the rebellion against all conventional poetical structures are amplified in these poems. Besides ontological questions regarding identity, the borderline status between two worlds – neither of them a home –, also the banalities of everyday life are treated sometimes in an elated tone, sometimes almost parodied.
Uwe Timm and Robert Schiff have both written an autobiographical text dealing with the premature death of an elder brother who was a combattant in the Waffen-SS in their childhood. Despite the frappantly similar biographical constellation, there are differences in narrative technique and thematical focus that stem from their respective sociocultural context. The analysis shows that Timm is in many ways a representative author of the German ‘68 generation that critically reevaluates the attitude of their parents during the national socialist period and points to omissions and falsifications in the oral family history, while the narration of Schiff, an emigrated author born in the pre-war milieu of the German minority of Southwest Romania, is mainly a reconstruction of the impact of big history on his childhood and thus also the effort to conserve the memory of a world that has passed away and to reconcile himself with the experience of loss.
Zum Quellenwert deutscher Sprachzeugnisse aus Südosteuropa für die Sprachgeschichte des Deutschen
(2010)
The history of the German language is not described adequately by the classification into Old, Middle High, Early New and New High German. Looking at regional varieties shows the simultaneous existence of older and newer manifestations in the language. Examples of older Transsylvanian writings and Danube-Swabian dialects from Romania and Hungary show how German varieties of South-Eastern Europe can be used for a more profound understanding of the history of the entire German language.
The novel written by the priest Schlattner, a Romanian born citizen of German origin, caught the attention of the German speaking world in 1998, the year of its publication. This novel describes the Saxon nation in Transylvania before World War II with its way of living, education, church, preachers and teachers, traditions and habits. The action takes place on August 23, 1944 when Romania turns against Germany. The story-teller, a teenager, remembers aspects of his family, which are the same with those of the whole community. The family stands for the whole community. Three generations are living under the same roof, which is typical for the middle class. Grandparents, parents and children are members of the same community, but they do not share the same beliefs. These characters are representatives of their own history and of the period of time when they lived. The grandparents had the opportunity to live in Hungary and also in Italy, but they chose to return to Transylvania. The parents are very different one from another. The mother stays at home and looks after the children. The father is a business man who has to support the family, but also to survive with his small family business on an insecure market. He is a typical example of an open-minded man without prejudices. The five children are of different ages, therefore with different preoccupations. Felix, the story-teller, is quite interesting for the reader. He tries to live in a community full of traditions, but also wants to stand up to the demands of the time. He works as a horde leader in the local Hitler-organization, but he fails. The servants also live in the same house, but they do not belong to the family. Nobody knows their last names, but without them the family wouldn’t be able to live properly. The essay ends with a conclusion about the narrator’s family, which can be seen as a model. Such families actually existed in small towns. Schlattner wrote this story in order to inform the next generations about their history and to reinforce the idea that the Saxon world as we knew does no longer exist.
The search for footing can be thought of as an essential human experience. Joachim Wittstock’s essays published in the anthology Einen Halt suchen reveal not only the socio-political repercussions of this pursuit but also establish its phenomenology and morphology. In my paper I will focus on the link between the search for footing and the mortal condition, thus demonstrating how the true nature of this pursuit for existential stability and security can be understood as life’s aversion towards death.
The present article written by Ch. Klein on the occasion of Joachim Wittstock’s 70th birthday concentrates on a kind of balance, starting from the story Karussellpolka of the writer from Sibiu. Wittstock wrote the above mentioned story at the age of 40 and, consciously or not, he suggests the necessity of each of us to make the balance of his/her own life as soon as possible. Ch. Klein regards the story Karussellpolka adequate to this purpose, i.e. for balance, as it is the only prose narrative which deals with such a balance, not only generally as a human condition, but also with regard to the community of the Saxons of Transylvania to which Joachim Wittstock belongs.
: The concept of the foreign view is a recurring theme throughout all of Herta Müller’s prose. This kind of view derives from her biography. Certainly an unique biography but it is also transferable to many other people. Expressions like „remaining in order to leave“ or „arrived, but long not here“ become guidelines of leaving and arrivals or non-arrivals. The individual acts in-between languages, worlds and in-between cultures. Identity has to change continuously, as it is always in a process.
The Chair of German Philology at the University of Sibiu delivered literary-historical studies on themes of the German Literature in Romania for several years. Together with the Forschungszentrum für Sozialwissenschaften (Research Centre for Social Studies), together with the local agency of the Romanian Academy Bucharest, denominated the Institute for Social and Humanistic Researches and together with other Chairs of the country there have been envisaged and performed community projects.
The contributor gives information on such projects on the basis of his knowledge of the involved staff, from the overview of agreements, methods and balances.
The present approach deals with an almost forgotten aspect of the oevre of Ludwig Hesshaimer, primarily known and appreciated for his drawings. Hesshaimer is nowadays known for his drawings and paintings from World War I. He also was very well known at his time as president of the Austrian Association of Philatelists. This approach starts with a brief biography, presenting the historical and family background of Hesshaimer, in order to position his work into the literary and historical context of the time. The second part of the present text refers to his autobiographical book Miniaturen aus der Monarchie printed in 1992 under the supervision of Hesshaimers daughter and granddaughter. Then it focuses on the analysis of his three stories about artists that are considered of general interest because they are almost unknown being published just once in 1928. Applied to the most interesting story Der nackte Fuß (The naked foot) follows an analysis of the stylistic phenomenon known as ekphrasis, which is a literary description of works of art.
Die Wende 1989 in Joachim Wittstocks Erzählung "In der Nachbarschaft. Von der Schwäche der Macht"
(2010)
The present article deals with Joachim Wittstock’s story In der Nachbarschaft. Von der Schwäche der Macht. Wittstock’s narration presents in the form of a diary the upheaval of 1989 in Sibiu, Romania. We try to analize the story in a wider context, as we consider that the changes of 1989 in Eastern Europe cannot be judged only within the context of their own country, they have to be judged against the European context. Overcoming dictatorship in 1989/91 in East-Central Europe can be regarded as a culturally formative era border; through the restoration of freedom there was a change within all societies of the former Soviet bloc.
How the Romanian Revolution is depicted in Wittstock’s text will be discussed in the following article. The importance of the text for the consolidation of the collective and cultural memory is also an issue stressed in the present analysis.
Doppeltgänger — man fasst diesen Begriff bei Jean Paul gerne im heutigen Sinne auf, also als Beschreibung zweier Menschen, die sich äußerlich gleichen und daher von dritten miteinander verwechselt werden. Das 18. und frühe 19. Jahrhundert hat jedoch vor allem die Dimension des "geistige[n] Doppeltgänger[s]" im Blick, also die psychische, ja psychopathologische Innenansicht einer solchen Verwechslung. Es handelt sich bei einem oder mehreren Doppeltgängern dementsprechend um "Leute, die sich selber sehen" oder genauer:'um "eine Person, von verbrannter Embildungskraft, welche wahnt, daß sie doppelt zu sehen sei, oder zu einer und derselben Zeit an zwei verschiedenen Orten zugleich sei".'
Der vorliegende Beitrag […] begründet […] die Relevanz des Kulturbegriffs in Fragen der Digitalisierung philologisch und geht erstens davon aus, daß kulturelle Kompetenz sich von philologischer Kompetenz nicht unterscheidet. Daraus läßt sich ein privilegiertes Mitspracherecht der Philologie in kulturellen Fragen ableiten. Dieses Mitspracherecht betrifft zweitens gerade Projekte der Digitalisierung, weil sie in einem engen Verhältnis zu einem der Kernbereiche der Philologie stehen: zur Edition. Die Diskussion um die "Google Buchsuche" hat bislang genau diesen Zusammenhang zwischen Kultur, Philologie und Digitalisierung vernachlässigt. Seine Berücksichtigung kann zu einer tiefenschärferen Bewertung des Unternehmens in kultureller Perspektive beitragen und zugleich den notorischen Rekurs auf den Kulturbegriff in der Google-Debatte erklären helfen.
Zu bedenken ist, daß nur die Literatur zwischen 1750 und 1806 jene Höhe erreicht, die es gestattet, von der Epoche prägender Kraft der Klassik zu reden. Die Künste unterliegen dem Gesetz des Ungleichzeitigen. Die deutsche bildende Kunst des Klassizismus ist im Verhältnis zur Literatur von geringerer Qualität. Annäherungen an Inhalt und künstlerische Qualität des Werkes von Tischbein sind daher auch auf diesen Vergleich hinzu überprüfen. Die Frage entsteht: Wieso kann ein Werk der bildenden Kunst, die sich nicht auf der Höhe der literarischen Klassik bewegt, das "Ereignis Weimar" so prägnant um- und beschreiben, daß es bis heute als ein Hauptwerk dieser Epoche gilt? - "Goethe in der Campagna" ist geprägt von einer Auffassung vom Dichter, die wir vom Maler Johann Heinrich Tischbein vor Augen geführt bekommen. Es handelt sich dabei um eine Interpretation von Goethes Persönlichkeit aus erster Hand.
Seit gut zwanzig Jahren sind keine Zweifel mehr erlaubt: Heinrich Heine ist in seine deutsche Heimat wieder definitiv heimgekehrt, und die große Heine-Ökumene scheint angebrochen. Denn wohl erstmalig in der Geschichte herrscht heute im deutschsprachigen Raum ein universeller und ungebrochener Konsens zu dem Dichter, daß er jedem, der die wechselhafte Geschichte dieses ungezogen Lieblings der Grazien in seinem Vaterlande kennt, fast verdächtig anmuten muß: Traut man doch gerade als alter Heine-Kämpe da dem Frieden, ja bisweilen den Augen nicht. Und so triumphal der Einzug - und selbst sein Heros Napoleon hat in Düsseldorf wohl keinen triumphaleren gehalten - , den der inzwischen allseits Gefeierte beispielsweise 1997 zum zweihundersten Jubiläum in seiner Geburtstadt hielt, das mit allem gebührenden Glanz und Gloria als mediale Event und internationales wissenschaftliches Happening, gar als germanistisches Love-In begangen wurde, überkam den eingefleischten Heine-Verehrer bei aller Genugtuung dabei doch fast ein leichtes Unbehagen, ein fast nostalgisches Heimweh nach jener nicht allzu fernen, doch nun versunken
anmutenden Äone, wo, wie die verklärende Erinnerung es suggeriert, um und über den Dichter noch so aufwühlend wie aufschlußreich gestritten wurde.
Die Frage nach dem "Erbe der Literatur" steht ihrerseits in einer Erbfolge. Nach 1945 stellte sie sich schon einmal im Kontext der Legitimierung einer sich neu definierenden Gesellschaftsformation. Der Anspruch der DDR, ein Hort der Bewahrung und Pflege des klassischen, bürgerlich-humanistischen Erbes zu sein, wurde in der westdeutschen Sicht der sechziger Jahre kritisch umgedeutet als Kulturkonservatismus, Traditionalismus und Antimodernismus, die als "bürgerliche" Haltungen genuin sozialistisch-revolutionäre Neuerungen und Traditionen abblockten. Erst in den siebziger Jahren wurde die literarische Erbetheorie in der DDR grundsätzlich reformuliert und für Modernisierungen zugänglich. Wie stellt sich aber die Frage nach dem (bürgerlichen) Erbe in der ostdeutschen Literatur nach der Wiedervereinigung? Hier können nur einige historische Skizzen und ästhetische Teilaspekte in einer feldanalytischen Perspektive im Sinne der Soziologie Pierre Bourdieus vorgestellt werden. Sie münden in die Betrachtung eines spezifischen Erbes von drei Vertretern der sogenannten Generation der "Hineingeborenen", nämlich Ingo Schulze, Durs Grünbein und Uwe Tellkamp.
Der Briefwechsel zwischen Ingeborg Bachmann und Paul Celan ist im August 2008 endlich erschienen, nachdem er von der Familie jahrelang sehr zum Leidwesen der Forscher unter Verschluß gehalten wurde und ursprünglich auch erst 2023, 50 Jahre nach Bachmanns Tod, der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht werden ollte.
Die Hauptargumentation soll zeigen, wie die Romane von Bobrowski und Drach die Unterscheidung zwischen der historiographischen Ebene des Erzählens und dem erzählten historischen Geschehen in ihrer paradoxen, da heißt prekären, aber konstitutiven Bedeutung für das Schreiben/Erzählen von Geschichte reflektieren. Dieser Zweck erfordert es auch, die Analytik Hayden Whites für die Narrativität der wissenschaftlichen Geschichtsschreibung in Gebrauch zu nehmen; außerdem werden die Methodologie des New Historicism und Leitsätze einer postkolonialen Historiographie herangezogen.
Als Rückseite des Erzählens ist das dynamisierte Unbewußte deessentialisiert und in gewissem Sinne deterritorialisiert. In dieser Hinsicht ist die Allegorisierung des Unbewußten als dem Verschütteten, das es auszugraben gilt, gerade nicht zutreffend. Das Erzählmodell, das dieser Erzählung zugrunde liegt, ist aber andererseits nur die Quintessenz des 19. Jahrhunderts, weil es zugleich auf eine restlose Essentialisierung und Reterritorialisierung hinausläuft. Das Verschüttete, das wiedergewonnen werden muß, ist ja die tote schwesterliche Geliebte als das globale Signifikat, auf das alle Signifikanten, alle Fehlleistungen verweisen (und das den Rückseiten des Erzählens allemal ein Ende setzt).
Es geht um Wahrheit: Und zwar nicht um die uninteressanten Wahrheiten, über die man einfach erzählen kann, sondern um die Wahrheiten, die überall offen zutage liegen und die dennoch niemand sieht – weil die eigenen Erwartungen und Erklärungsmuster einen diese nicht sehen lassen. Damit ist dieses Kino das Gegenteil von einem Kino, das bewußt an den Erwartungen und Erklärungsmustern der Zuschauer entlangproduziert wird (was auch heißen kann, diese um der Effekte willen gezielt zu durchkreuzen), also das Gegenteil von einem Kino, das mit Zuschauern rechnen kann.
Zum einen gilt es zu klären, inwiefern die im Zuge der empiristischen Neuausrichtung der Wissenschaften erfolgende Aufwertung von Beobachtungs- und Tatsachenwissen dem Archiv allgemein und der Bibliothek im besonderen die Rolle eines universalen Wissensspeichers zuweist und diesen Institutionen somit eine Schlüsselposition in der geplanten rationalen Erforschung und Beherrschung der Natur zukommen läßt. Zum anderen ist zu untersuchen, welchen Einfluß gesellschaftliche Demokratisierungsprozesse auf die Neukonzeption der Bibliothek ausüben, indem sie letztere in den Rang eines öffentlichen und möglichst pluralistisch verfaßten Meinungs- und Diskussionsforums zu erheben trachten. Erst im Kontrast zu diesen und doch auch im Anschluß an diese beiden historischen Typen eines Generalarchivs soll schließlich die Frage nach der Traum- bzw. Alptraumhaftigkeit des babylonischen Schriftkosmos erörtert werden, indem also eruiert wird, wie in Borges' literarischem Entwurf einer vollständigen Bibliothek der utopische Charakter des geschichtlichen Vollständigkeitsideals zugleich übernommen, radikalisiert und dabei doch auch im Geiste der Kombinatorik konsequent umgedeutet wird.
Von [den] Tatsächlichkeiten der Mediengesellschaft ausgehend, läßt sich rückblickend beobachten, wie in den klassischen Ehebruchsromanen die mediale Konstruktion und Reproduktion durch Geschriebenes und Gedrucktes, durch Gelesenes, Gesehenes und Gehörtes, durch Brief, Buch, Malerei und Musik wirksam waren. Insbesondere dann, wenn eben diese reproduktive und generative 'dritte Kraft' der "Medien" die einschlägigen Narrative nicht nur "transferiert", sondern in sie "interveniert": einbricht in die Liebes- und Verratsgeschichten […].
[E]ine Interpretation der Erzählung aus psychoanalytischem Blickwinkel […], die auf Texte und Theoriemodelle Freuds rekurriert, die ungefähr im selben Zeitraum wie Döblins Erzählung entstanden sind und die mit ihren eigenen Mitteln und eigenen Kategorien die damaligen gesellschaftlichen Beziehungsmuster, intrapsychischen Befindlichkeiten und kulturelle Semantik ebenfalls widerspiegeln.
Es ist nicht zu übersehen: Jene Schriftspur der Träne bildet das Medium der Sichtbarkeit eines ansonsten Nicht-Sichtbaren. Aufgrund dessen ist dem Objektiv der Träne ein transitorisches oder passageres, das heißt eine Grenze passierendes "Begreifen des Unsichtbaren" an den äußersten Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft möglich. Das Objektiv der Träne hält den Sehenden in der Blickbahn des 'selbanderen' Passanten, der – der Transitivität der Zeit zum Trotz - eine Topographie des Einzigen zum Vorschein bringt. So repräsentiert die Träne – die zugleich einen Schutzfilm bildet, um mit dem Leben davonzukommen – eine (un-)sichtbare Urspur des Unsichtbaren.
[Es] sollen hier einige wenige repräsentative Momente der Konstellation von Erinnerung und Bildlichkeit in das Blickfeld gerückt werden. In diesem Zurückrufen einiger Motive, das ein Offenes bleiben muß, sollen sich wesentliche Züge der Beziehung von Erinnerung und Bild bei Heidegger herauskristallieren, um diese Begriffe in seinem Denken in einem etwas weniger rätselhaften Lichte erscheinen zu lassen. Unter dem Gesichtspunkt dieser Beziehung läßt sich möglicherweise auch Heideggers ebenso grundsätzliche wie apodiktische Behauptung nachvollziehen, "vielleicht ist 'das Denken' stets 'Andenken'". So ließe sich für sie im Sinne einer Heideggerschen Erörterung unvorgreiflich ein Ort finden.
Hysterie und Mathematik : die zwei Modelle der Kriminalerzählung: E. A. Poe und E. T. A. Hoffmann
(2010)
In der Nachkriegszeit hat man versucht, das Phänomen der "Detektivgeschichte" von der Kriminalerzählung zu isolieren, um diese in ihrem Charakter als Rätselgeschichte zu erhalten. Die Aufteilung in diese beiden Gattungen wird sowohl mittels eines phänomenologischen als auch eines strukturierenden Ansatzes vorgenommen. Beide Versuche werfen das Problem einer zu scharfen Abgrenzung auf […]. Dabei wäre auch ein flexibleres Modell denkbar […]. Das Konstrukt der Kriminalerzählung wird nach dieser Vorstellung als Komponentenmodell verstanden, das auf zwei parallel existierenden Prototypen basiert, die jeweils einem Paradigma folgen [im Zentrum das Motiv oder die Spur]. […] Mit welch gegensätzlichen Mitteln diese beiden Modelle, repräsentiert von Hoffmann und Poe, arbeiten, soll ein Vergleich anhand der typischen Versatzteile einer jeden Kriminalgeschichte vor Augen führen.
Olmis Verfilmung ist mit Roths Text, mit dessen Schweben zwischen Glauben und Ironie durchaus kompatibel. Diese Feststellung wird im folgenden mit einer intermedialen Analyse belegt, die sich auf den Schluß von Vorlage und Verfilmung konzentriert, um Rauminszenierung als Phänomen von Diegesis und Mimesis zu untersuchen.
Uwe Timms Erzählung ist die Novelle einer Novelle, analog zu den in der Neuzeit zahlreichen Ansätzen zu Romanen eines Romans. Die gattungspoetologische Selbstreflexivität wird in der Verschachtelung der Sujets von Rahmen- und Binnenhandlung ausdrücklich verbalisiert. Mittels intertextueller literarischer Referenzen wird sie direkt evident, indem in einem Kreuzworträtsel, das der "gefangene" Bremer zum Zeitvertreib löst, die Frage nach einer griechischen Zauberin mit fünf Buchstaben ("Kirke") und die nach einer literarischen Gattung mit märchenhaften sieben Buchstaben ("Novelle") gestellt wird. Die logogriphische Siebenzahl verweist auf Kirkes Komplementärfigur "Kalypso" bei Homer, innertextuell auf die "vermittelnde" Protagonistin Lena "Brücker" bei Timm; metatextuell figuriert sie die gattungspoetologisch gestellte und aufgelöste Rätselfigur als gleitende Übergänglichkeit von "Novelle" und "Märchen".
In Fühmanns letzten Jahren ist die Erfahrung des Scheiterns an die Stelle getreten, die seit seinen literarischen Anfängen eine andere Erfahrung eingenommen hatte: die von Schuld und von der Notwendigkeit und Möglichkeit einer Wandlung. Wie beide Erfahrungen – Schuld und Scheitern – zusammenhängen, darum wird es im folgenden gehen.
Der Briefwechsel [zwischen Mann und Adorno] bietet […] im Kontext der Adornoschen Ästhetik sowie später Erzählungen und Romane Thomas Manns eine hervorragende Möglichkeit, die Arbeit am Spätwerk nachzuvollziehen und als Auseinandersetzung mit dem Alter zu diskutieren. Insbesondere erlauben es die umstrittene Erzählung "Die Betrogene" (1952) und Adornos diesbezügliche Interpretation, die Konstellation von Alter, ästhetischer Theorie und literarischem Schreiben zu diskutieren.
Dieses Eigene besteht vor allem darin, daß in [Maiers] Romanen die Problematik des Nihilismus mit dem Funktionieren der menschlichen Sprache und mit der (klein)bürgerlichen Konsumwelt verbunden wird. Im folgenden soll vor allem sein erster Roman, "Wäldchestag" […] einer genauen Analyse unterzogen werden. Dazu werden zunächst Maiers Poetikvorlesungen herangezogen. Die beiden späteren Romane werden dann, ausgehend von diesen Analysen, nur noch kurz erwähnt.
Das Monster ist die der Ordnung immanente Beliebigkeit oder Unordnung, das heißt aber auch: die Verantwortung, deren Aufscheinen am Nicht-nur-Objekt im Blick des Nicht-nur-Subjekts. Das rührt an jenes Wissen, das allein verboten sein kann, das verordnete Metaphysiken […] und ihre "totalitäre[n] Metaphysiker" vergessen machen wollen […]. Mit der beliebigen Verschiebung jenes Limes, der die Allgemeinheit von den Monstern scheidet, zeigt sich, wie viel die Monster vom Menschsein offenbaren, noch ehe man das Monster verklärt […]. Monster sind die Differenz zwischen Demo- und Ochlokratie, sind die Differenz von Rationalität und Rationalismus.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll untersucht werden, welche Akteur- und Zuschauerkonstellationen sich in Online-Communities aufweisen lassen, die Millionen individueller Nutzer durch Social Software miteinander verbinden. Sind spektatorische Situationen, in denen interagierende soziale Akteure auf einen Dritten treffen, der ihnen zuschaut, auch in medialisierten Formen des sozialen Verkehrs wirksam, in denen die Hauptbedingung der Face-to-Face-Kommunikation, die körperliche Kopräsenz von Akteuren, Co-Akteuren und zuschauenden Dritten, nicht mehr zwingend gegeben ist? Es hat sich erwiesen, daß die webbasierte Gruppendynamik nur dann angemessen zu erfassen ist, wenn die mehrstelligen Akteur- und Zuschauerkonstellationen analysiert werden, in denen sich die (Selbst-)Strukturierungsprozesse in sozialen Gruppen vollziehen. Die Herausforderungen des Web 2.0 haben Neuansätze zu sozial- und kulturwissenschaftlichen Akteurtheorien befördert; das Konzept der spektatorischen Situation, das sich auf Perspektiven- und Positionswechsel zwischen Ego-Akteuren, Alter-Akteuren und zuschauenden Dritten konzentriert, kann als eine Variante dieser neuen Akteurtheorien begriffen werden.
Da das Singuläre im Aktionsbereich des Literarischen einen angestammten Ort der Verhandlung und der Ausgestaltung hat, stellt sich die Frage, inwiefern der Literatur selbst eine hiatische Funktion, das heißt die Funktion einer "Atemwende", eines Richtungswechsels, oder weniger luftig gedacht: die Funktion eines Aktes, einer Veränderung bewirkenden Kraft zukommt.
Die Literaturgeschichte quillt über on Werken über den Krieg, aus dem Krieg, mit dem Krieg, gegen den Krieg. Ein Heldenepos schien jahrhundertelang nicht anders denkbar denn als Erzählung von Kämpfern, Kriegern, Eroberern. [...] Im 20. Jahrhundert entstehen, oft im Widerspruch zu solcher Privatisierung, neue Formen, mit dem Krieg, der dieses Jahrhundert noch entsetzlicher traf als vorhergegangene, literarisch fertig zu werden: Dokumentation, Erlebnisbericht, Lautgedicht, Medienkritik, aber auch Schriften, in denen Kriegskameraderie als Alternative zur bürgerlichen Lebenswelt erscheint. Die Jugoslawienkriege der neunziger Jahre haben Europa auch außerhalb der unmittelbar betroffenen Gebiete erschüttert. Innerhalb der deutschsprachigen Literatur haben ich in den letzten Jahren nicht wenige Autoren mit zeitgenössischen Kriegen befaßt. Aus der Fülle von Texten greife ich drei nicht-fiktionale heraus; drei Reiseberichte, wenn auch höchst unterschiedlicher Natur, von Angehörigen verschiedener Generationen verfßt. Peter Handke ist ein Kriegskind, 1942 geboren; Juli Zeh, Jahrgang 1974, hat die Jugoslawienkriege als Jugendliche über die Medien mitbekommen, Peter Waterhouse, Jahrgang 1956, steht zwischen den beiden Generationen, sein Vater war sowohl im Zweiten Weltkrieg wie auch im Kalten Krieg in einer Weise aktiv, die für den Autor Beweggrund zu vielerlei Fragen ist.
Die Ausrichtung der Blicke : Aspekte des Schauens und Angeschaut-Werdens im Werke W. G. Sebalds
(2010)
In der Art und Weise, wie Sebald Melancholie bei sich als "emotionale Disposition" begreift, überträgt er in seine Prosa eine Vorstellung von Melancholie, die nicht als reaktiver Zustand zu verstehen ist [...], sondern analog zu Hildesheimer als ein konstitutioneller Zustand in Erscheinung treten soll, als ein der Literatur innewohnender Gestus. Melancholie dient dabei einer Fiktionalisierung und darf zugleich nicht fiktionalisiert werden. Melancholie kommt vielmehr subtil zur Geltung; im Blick der Augen, im Blicken der Figuren, im gegenseitigen, kontemplativen Anblicken und in den bildlichen Ausblicken, die die Fotografien gewähren. Diese in die Texte eingelassenen Bilder, die immer auch Blicke nach den ihnen ganz eigenen Regeln und Gesetzen preisgeben, funktionieren wie Fenster, die "unentbehrlichen Requisiten der Melancholie". Für den lesenden Betrachter bedeuten sie nur auf den "ersten Blick" äußerliche Aussichten, denn vielmehr bieten sie Einblicke in
das melancholische Wesen der Sebaldschen Literatur.
Die Paradigmen des Schlachtgemäldes und der Schlachtbeschreibung dienen Sebald und Simon als Kontrastfolie für ihre Versuche, sich den historischen Katastrophen des 20. Jahrhunderts anzunähern. Auf unterschiedliche Weise demontieren beide Autoren den Anspruch dieser Paradigmen auf Transparenz und wenden sich damit auch gegen das Pathos einer bestimmten Tradition der Darstellung des Krieges. Aber zugleich reflektieren beide Autoren die sich zu einem einheitlichen und sinnhaften Ganzen zusammenfügenden Erfahrungen des 20. Jahrhunderts gerade in dieser auf Totalität abzielenden Form. Sie ermöglicht ihnen die spielerische Suggestion von Unmittelbarkeit und Intensität bei gleichzeitigem Beharren auf der Unverfügbarkeit einer Erfahrung, die nicht vergessen, aber auch nicht erinnert werden kann.
Die Neuen Kriege seit dem Epochenbruch von 1989 sind Thema der Gegenwartsliteratur geworden, und sie sucht im Raum der Fiktion eine eigene Anschaulichkeit und spezifische Vorstellungen vom Charakter dieser neuen Konflikte zu erzeugen. Zugleich sind diese Neuen Kriege ein Gegenstand der disziplinär erfaßten Diskurse der Wssenschaften, die nach den kurzen Friedenserwartungen im Anschluß an 1989/90 eine Theorie der Kriege im Zeichen einer neuen Globalisierung verstärkt diskutieren. Wenn das gegenwärtige Denken des Krieges literarisch und außerliterarisch seine Kontur gewinnt, erscheint die Relationierung beider Felder geboten, wie in einem neueren literaturwissenschaftlichen Forschungszweig nach dem Verhältnis von Literatur und Wissen bzw. von literarischen Texten und wissensehaftlichen Diskursen gefragt wird. Das Thema Neue Kriege läßt sich jedoch hier aus zwei Gründen nicht umstandslos einreihen. Der eine Grund ist theoretisch-methodischer Art. Nur die Dualität von disziplinär verfaßten historisch-politischen Diskursen und literarischem Text in den Blick zu nehmen ist zu wenig differenziert. Es ist nötig, sie um eine dritte Dimension zu erweitern: den Komplex der Medien, die als Wissensgeber vom Krieg, als eigene Kriegsmittel und als Gegenspieler der Literatur fungieren.
FINANCIAL SERVICES PROVIDERS ARE EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT SOURCES OF INSTITUTIONAL PRESSURE ARISING FROM THE INTENSE COMPETITION AND REGULATION IN THE BANKING SECTOR. AGAINST THIS BACKGROUND, THIS ARTICLE ANALYZES THE DETERMINANTS OF GRID ASSIMILATION AND THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL PRESSURE IN THE GRID ASSIMILATION PROCESS.
AS A MATTER OF COURSE, QUANTITATIVE DATA SUCH AS TIME SERIES AND QUARTERLY FIGURES ARE FREQUENTLY USED IN FINANCIAL ANALYSIS. SUCH DATA CAN BE PROCESSED AUTOMATICALLY AND INTERPRETED RATHER EFFICIENTLY. HOWEVER, A SIGNIFICANT PERCENTAGE OF RELEVANT INFORMATION ORIGINATES FROM UNSTRUCTURED SOURCES, PRIMARILY TEXTUAL DATA, WHICH REQUIRE MANUAL (HUMAN) INTERPRETATION. WE EXPLORE EMPIRICALLY HOW MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES CAN PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR ANALYZING AND INTERPRETING SUCH TEXTUAL DATA SOURCES.
THE EUROPEAN POST-TRADING LANDSCAPE IS RECENTLY CHANGING FUNDAMENTALLY DUE TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS, REGULATORY ACTIONS, AND THE STRONG LINKAGE OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL MARKETS. THE SYSTEMIC IMPORTANCE OF POST-TRADING INFRASTRUCTURES UNDERLINES THE INDUSTRY’S SIGNIFICANT DEPENDENCE ON SAFE AND EFFICIENT RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESSES. USING THE DELPHI METHODOLOGY IN A STUDY AMONG A MULTITUDE OF EXPERTS FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF POST-TRADING, WE TRIED TO DEVELOP A JOINT AND COHERENT VIEW OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ISSUES FOR THE EUROPEAN POST-TRADING SYSTEM IN THE NEAR FUTURE.
THE PRESENT ARTICLE TRIES TO DEMYSTIFY THE LINK BETWEEN THE SUBPRIME BANKING CRISIS AND THE SUBSEQUENT FALL IN GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT. AN UP-TO-DATE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE REAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE LOSS OF BANK LENDING CAPACITY IS PROVIDED, PRESENTING EVIDENCE OF A DECLINE IN NEW BANK LOANS ALONG WITH EVIDENCE OF CORPORATE REACTIONS TO THIS DECLINE. FINALLY, IT IS SHOWN HOW THE PRESENTED FACTS CAN ADD UP TO AN EVENT OF MACROECONOMIC DIMENSION.
The financial crisis – consequences for online banks : interview with Dr. Markus Walch, DAB bank
(2010)
NEW TECHNOLOGIES LIKE GRID COMPUTING WHICH CAN CONNECT RESOURCES AT DIVERSE LOCATIONS ARE MORE AND MORE ADOPTED FROM ORGANIZATIONS. SUCH TECHNOLOGIES CAN BOTH TRIGGER LINKAGES BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONS AND DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS IN ONE SINGLE ORGANIZATION. WE DEVELOP A MODEL WHICH ACCOUNTS BOTH FOR INTER- AND INTRA-ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCE FACTORS ON THE ADOPTION PROCESS AND EMPIRICALLY IDENTIFIES THE MOST SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE FACTORS.
IN THE PAST YEARS THE CUSTOMER FEEDBACK METRIC RECOMMENDATION INTENTION HAS GAINED IMPORTANCE, ESPECIALLY DUE TO THE WIDESPREAD CONCEPT NET PROMOTER SCORE (NPS). THE NPS CONCEPT IMPLIES A POSITIVE, NON-LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RECOMMENDATION INTENTION AND CUSTOMER VALUE. THIS ARTICLE INVESTIGATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RECOMMENDATION INTENTION OF INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMERS AND THEIR VALUE FOR THE FIRM. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT RECOMMENDATION INTENTION SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES CONTRIBUTION MARGIN BUT NEITHER RETENTION NOR CUSTOMER VALUE. THE METRIC SATISFACTION HAS A SIGNIFICANT, POSITIVE IMPACT ON CUSTOMER VALUE AND CAN THUS BE USED AS A LEADING INDICATOR. THEREFORE, THE RESULTS DO NOT CONFIRM THE SUPERIORITY OF THE NPS CONCEPT FOR CUSTOMER MANAGEMENT.