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A webinar series that was organised by the Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences Biopharmaceutics focus group in 2021 focused on the challenges of developing clinically relevant dissolution specifications (CRDSs) for oral drug products. Industrial scientists, together with regulatory and academic scientists, came together through a series of six webinars, to discuss progress in the field, emerging trends, and areas for continued collaboration and harmonisation. Each webinar also hosted a Q&A session where participants could discuss the shared topic and information. Although it was clear from the presentations and Q&A sessions that we continue to make progress in the field of CRDSs and the utility/success of PBBM, there is also a need to continue the momentum and dialogue between the industry and regulators. Five key areas were identified which require further discussion and harmonisation.
Purpose: Optimization of local therapies in synovial sarcoma (SS) considered unresectable at diagnosis is needed. We evaluated the effects of neoadjuvant versus adjuvant radiation versus surgery only on long-term outcomes.
Methods: Patients with macroscopic SS tumors before chemotherapy (IRS-group-III) in the trials CWS-81, CWS-86, CWS-91, CWS-96, CWS-2002-P and SoTiSaR-registry were analyzed. Local therapies were scheduled after 3 neoadjuvant chemotherapy cycles.
Results: Median age of 145 patients was 14.5 years. 106 survivors had median follow-up of 7.0 years. Tumor site was 96 extremities, 19 head–neck, 16 shoulder/hip, 14 trunk. Tumors were < 3 cm in 16, 3–5 cm in 28, 5–10 cm in 55, > 10 cm in 34 patients. In a secondary resection during chemotherapy, R0-status was accomplished in 82, R1 in 30, R2 in 21 (12 missing). Radiotherapy was administered to 115 (R0 61, R1 29, R2 20, missing 5), thereof 57 before and 52 after tumor resection. 23 were treated with surgery only. For all patients, 5 year event-free (EFS) and overall survival (OS) was 68.9% ± 7.6 (95%CI) and 79.1% ± 6.9. To establish independent significance, tumor site, size, surgical results and sequencing of local therapies were analyzed in a Cox regression analysis. Variables associated with EFS and OS are site, size and sequencing of local therapies. Variables associated with local recurrence are site, surgical results and sequencing of local therapies. The only variable associated with suffering metastatic recurrence is tumor size.
Conclusion: Differences in sequencing of local therapy procedures are independently associated with outcomes. Best local control is achieved when tumors are irradiated pre-operatively and undergo R0 or R1 resection thereafter.
Objectives: To discuss optimal management of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women. About every second woman experiences at least one UTI in her lifetime, of those 30% experience another UTI, and 3% further recurrences. Especially young healthy women without underlying anatomical deficiencies suffer from recurrent UTIs (rUTI), which are associated with significant morbidity and reduction in quality of life.
Methods: This is a narrative review, investigating publications dealing with recurrent UTI in women. Risk factors and options for management are discussed.
Results: The increased susceptibility of women to rUTI is based on the female anatomy in addition to behavioural, genetic, and urological factors. However, why some women are more likely than others to develop and maintain rUTI remains to be clarified. Invasive characteristics of certain uropathogenic Escherichia coli that are able to form extra- and intracellular biofilms and may therefore cause delayed release of bacteria into the bladder, may play a role in this setting. Treatment recommendations for an acute episode of rUTI do not differ from those for isolated episodes. Given the nature of rUTI, different prophylactic approaches also play an important role. Women with rUTI should first be counselled to use non-antibiotic strategies including behavioural changes, anti-adhesive treatments, antiseptics, and immunomodulation, before antibiotic prophylaxis is considered. In addition to the traditional treatment and prophylactic therapies, new experimental strategies are emerging and show promising effects, such as faecal microbiota transfer (FMT), a treatment option that transfers microorganisms and metabolites of a healthy donor’s faecal matter to patients using oral capsules, enemas, or endoscopy. Initial findings suggest that FMT might be a promising treatment approach to interrupt the cycle of rUTI. Furthermore, bacteriophages, infecting and replicating in bacteria, have been clinically trialled for UTIs.
Conclusion: Due to the limitation of available data, novel treatment options require further clinical research to objectify the potential in treating bacterial infections, particularly UTIs.
Despite recent advances in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), resistance development after taxane treatments is inevitable, necessitating effective options to combat drug resistance. Previous studies indicated antitumoral properties of the natural compound amygdalin. However, whether amygdalin acts on drug-resistant tumor cells remains questionable. An in vitro study was performed to investigate the influence of amygdalin (10 mg/mL) on the growth of a panel of therapy-naïve and docetaxel- or cabazitaxel-resistant PCa cell lines (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP cells). Tumor growth, proliferation, clonal growth, and cell cycle progression were investigated. The cell cycle regulating proteins (phospho)cdk1, (phospho)cdk2, cyclin A, cyclin B, p21, and p27 and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway proteins (phospho)Akt, (phospho)Raptor, and (phospho)Rictor as well as integrin β1 and the cytoskeletal proteins vimentin, ezrin, talin, and cytokeratin 8/18 were assessed. Furthermore, chemotactic activity and adhesion to extracellular matrix components were analyzed. Amygdalin dose-dependently inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor clones in all (parental and resistant) PCa cell lines, accompanied by a G0/G1 phase accumulation. Cell cycle regulating proteins were significantly altered by amygdalin. A moderate influence of amygdalin on tumor cell adhesion and chemotaxis was observed as well, paralleled by modifications of cytoskeletal proteins and the integrin β1 expression level. Amygdalin may, therefore, block tumor growth and disseminative characteristics of taxane-resistant PCa cells. Further studies are warranted to determine amygdalin’s value as an antitumor drug.
There are different avenues for obtaining postgraduate doctoral/Ph.D. degrees in Germany and abroad. Depending on their interests and career plans, candidates can choose a postgraduate doctorate/Ph.D. that focuses on a career in academia or a doctorate that does not involve all elements of a Ph.D. and is obtained for the title’s sake. Germany offers this type of diversity and flexibility, whereas the USA postgraduate doctorate model presents a more structured doctorate. The current article provides insight regarding various and more flexible pathways for obtaining a postgraduate doctorate by comparing the German and the American model. The diversity of academic degrees in dentistry and medicine, such as postgraduate doctoral degrees and the higher postdoctoral degrees available in Germany for graduates interested in academia, makes educational evaluation processes and credentials recognition challenging. The lack of transparency and a systematic approach for the academic acknowledgment of the different scientific values of each doctorate type is creating confusion, primarily when German postgraduate doctorate holders pursue academic careers internationally. The current article aims to enhance the knowledge about the different academic degrees and facilitate the educational evaluations, specialty applications, and employment processes. Understanding the additional scientific value of each doctorate type offered in Germany is imperative for their credential recognition internationally.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in early childhood. While highly heterogeneous, the core manifestations always include persistent difficulties in social interaction and communication, as well as a pattern of restricted interests, repetitive behaviours, and abnormal sensory processing [1]. In addition, psychiatric comorbidity is high [2], and there are genetic risk overlaps with some other mental and neurodevelopmental disorders. In the vast majority of cases, the condition persists into adulthood [3], albeit with various behavioural features and variable mental and somatic comorbidity over a given lifespan. ASD is associated with high societal, educational, and health care costs, and, in many cases, a dramatic impact on the quality of life of patients and their families. ASDs are highly heritable [4], and a multitude of genetic studies have been published. In addition, more recent reviews also emphasize the role of genetic and environmental factors in the pathophysiology of ASD [5,6], which are mediated by lasting epigenetic changes. The genetic architecture of ASD comprises common and rare variations as well as cytogenetic disturbances, such as copy number variations, translocations, inversions, and numerical chromosomal aberrations [7]. Based on the genes affected and the respective functional effects, the idea of personalised medicine is to eventually use that information for the development of targeted treatments or towards the ability to predict the response to a specific intervention, mainly pharmacological but also psychosocial, given the individual’s genetic and environmental risk constellation. The current Special Issue aims to highlight some core aspects regarding basic and applied science approaches in advancing this field of science.
Currently, psychopharmacological treatment in ASD can improve many comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or aggressive behaviour, and the core symptoms of restricted and repetitive behaviours [8,9]. No pharmacological options targeting social interaction and communication are available. Social communication and other strongly relevant targets of intervention in ASD [10], such as adaptive behaviour, cognitive and language development, or quality of life may be improved by early behavioural intervention [11]. Still, individual outcomes are highly variable, even with the same kind of psychosocial intervention approach. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this broad range of symptoms and abilities, as well as their longitudinal course, is a crucial first step towards the development of personalised treatments.
Given the heterogeneity regarding the ASD phenotype and its underlying etiology, such as diverse genetic variation and additional environmental risks with the related neurobiological mechanisms, discovering new pharmacological treatments for the condition is a huge challenge. This challenge is at the heart of this Special Issue. Here, we have collected a set of contributions providing state-of-the-art coverage, ranging from the theoretical framework, linking genetics to human behaviour and therapy, to initial practical examples of how genetics can provide valuable insights into the personalized clinical management of autistic individuals. To introduce the papers of this Special Issue, a broad summary of the many challenges related to the development of personalised medicine in ASD is given here. In the final statement from the editors, the specific contributions of the articles included in this Special Issue will be summarised.
Due to ongoing demographic changes, the need for care is increasing in Germany. The number of outpatient care services is also rising, and with it, the number of employees in outpatient care, who are also continuously becoming older. Workplace health promotion (WHP) becomes relevant in this context, as it can reduce negative strain reactions and promote employees’ health. The aim of this study was (1) to reveal implemented WHP interventions in German outpatient care services; (2) to examine the potential challenges regarding a successful implementation of WHP measures; and (3) to illuminate further requests and needs experienced by outpatient careworkers. In qualitative field research, 30 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with German caregivers, using the problem-centered interview method. The collected data were deductively and inductively evaluated and interpreted, using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. Outpatient caregivers reported various WHP measures known from their workplaces, such as the provision of fruit baskets, programmes to increase physical activity, or a subsidy for a personal gym. They further reported WHP, such as back training, known from other care services. However, the respondents spoke of the challenges regarding the implementation or the use of WHP interventions in general. The most frequently named barriers were a lack of time after work and interventions that were only offered in their leisure time. In the same course, the participants still needed offers to increase physical activity, joint activities, or relaxation techniques. However, respondents highlighted that they preferred the interventions to take place during working hours. This way, they would also be more likely to take advantage of the interventions. The results of this study provide an insight into various WHP measures that already exist, or that are desirable for implementation with regard to caregivers’ needs. Subjectively perceived challenges for a successful implementation of WHP measures represent the importance of adjustments in the work organization of caregivers. It becomes clear that WHP is not yet established in the ambulant care sector, although it appears to be imperative for keeping caregivers healthy. Considering the different needs of employees, the results can provide a basis for the development of needs-based health promotion measures for caregivers.
Purpose: The management of patients with suspected appendicitis remains a challenge in daily clinical practice, and the optimal management algorithm is still being debated. Negative appendectomy rates (NAR) continue to range between 10 and 15%. This prospective study evaluated the accuracy of a diagnostic pathway in acute appendicitis using clinical risk stratification (Alvarado score), routine ultrasonography, gynecology consult for females, and selected CT after clinical reassessment.
Methods: Patients presenting with suspected appendicitis between November 2015 and September 2017 from age 18 years and above were included. Decision-making followed a clear management pathway. Patients were followed up for 6 months after discharge. The hypothesis was that the algorithm can reduce the NAR to a value of under 10%.
Results: A total of 183 patients were included. In 65 of 69 appendectomies, acute appendicitis was confirmed by histopathology, corresponding to a NAR of 5.8%. Notably, all 4 NAR appendectomies had other pathologies of the appendix. The perforation rate was 24.6%. Only 36 patients (19.7%) received a CT scan. The follow-up rate after 30 days achieved 69%, including no patients with missed appendicitis. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic pathway was 100% and 96.6%, respectively. The potential saving in costs can be as much as 19.8 million €/100,000 cases presenting with the suspicion of appendicitis.
Conclusion: The risk-stratified diagnostic algorithm yields a high diagnostic accuracy for patients with suspicion of appendicitis. Its implementation can safely reduce the NAR, simultaneously minimizing the use of CT scans and optimizing healthcare-related costs in the treatment of acute appendicitis.
Purpose: Classification and treatment of WHO grade II/III gliomas have dramatically changed. Implementing molecular markers into the WHO classification raised discussions about the significance of grading and clinical trials showed overall survival (OS) benefits for combined radiochemotherapy. As molecularly stratified treatment data outside clinical trials are scarce, we conducted this retrospective study.
Methods: We identified 343 patients (1995–2015) with newly diagnosed WHO grade II/III gliomas and analyzed molecular markers, patient characteristics, symptoms, histology, treatment, time to treatment failure (TTF) and OS.
Results: IDH-status was available for all patients (259 mutant, 84 IDH1-R132H-non-mutant). Molecular subclassification was possible in 173 tumors, resulting in diagnosis of 80 astrocytomas and 93 oligodendrogliomas. WHO grading remained significant for OS in astrocytomas/IDH1-R132H-non-mutant gliomas (p < 0.01) but not for oligodendroglioma (p = 0.27). Chemotherapy (and temozolomide in particular) showed inferior OS compared to radiotherapy in astrocytomas (median 6.1/12.1 years; p = 0.03) and oligodendrogliomas (median 13.2/not reached (n.r.) years; p = 0.03). While radiochemotherapy improved TTF in oligodendroglioma (median radiochemotherapy n.r./chemotherapy 3.8/radiotherapy 7.3 years; p < 0.001/ = 0.06; OS data immature) the effect, mainly in combination with temozolomide, was weaker in astrocytomas (median radiochemotherapy 6.7/chemotherapy 2.3/radiotherapy 2.0 years; p < 0.001/ = 0.11) and did not translate to improved OS (median 8.4 years).
Conclusion: This is one of the largest retrospective, real-life datasets reporting treatment and outcome in low-grade gliomas incorporating molecular markers. Current histologic grading features remain prognostic in astrocytomas while being insignificant in oligodendroglioma with interfering treatment effects. Chemotherapy (temozolomide) was less effective than radiotherapy in both astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas while radiochemotherapy showed the highest TTF in oligodendrogliomas.
Background; Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are a common health problem among dentists. Dental treatment is mainly performed in a sitting position. The aim of the study was to quantify the effect of different ergonomic chairs on the sitting position. In addition, it was tested if the sitting position of experienced workers is different from a non-dental group.
Methods; A total of 59 (28 m/31f) subjects, divided into two dentist groups according to their work experience (students and dentists (9 m/11f) < 10 years, dentists (9 m/10f) ≥ 10 years) and a control group (10 m/10f) were measured. A three-dimensional back scanner captured the bare back of all subjects sitting on six dentist’s chairs of different design. Initially, inter-group comparisons per chair, firstly in the habitual and secondly in the working postures, were carried out. Furthermore, inter-chair comparison was conducted for the habitual as well as for the working postures of all subjects and for each group. Finally, a comparison between the habitual sitting posture and the working posture for each respective chair (intra-chair comparison) was conducted (for all subjects and for each group). In addition, a subjective assessment of each chair was made.
For the statistical analysis, non-parametric tests were conducted and the level of significance was set at 5%.
Results: When comparing the three subject groups, all chairs caused a more pronounced spinal kyphosis in experienced dentists. In both conditions (habitual and working postures), a symmetrical sitting position was assumed on each chair.
The inter-chair comparisons showed no differences regarding the ergonomic design of the chairs. The significances found in the inter-chair comparisons were all within the measurementerror and could, therefore, be classified as clinically irrelevant.
The intra-chair comparison (habitual sitting position vs. working sitting position) illustrated position-related changes in the sagittal, but not in the transverse, plane. These changes were only position-related (forward leaned working posture) and were not influenced by the ergonomic sitting design of the respective chair. There are no differences between the groups in the subjective assessment of each chair.
Conclusions; Regardless of the group or the dental experience, the ergonomic design of the dentist’s chair had only a marginal influence on the upper body posture in both the habitual and working sitting postures. Consequently, the focus of the dentist’s chair, in order to minimize MSD, should concentrate on adopting a symmetrical sitting posture rather than on its ergonomic design.
Background; Salivary gland carcinomas (SGC) cover a heterogeneous group of malignancies with a lack of data of high-level evidence.
Methods; Clinical data of 127 patients treated for SGC at a university cancer center between 2002 and 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. The association of clinicopathological characteristics, treatment modalities, adverse events, and outcome was assessed.
Results: Patients received surgery (n = 65), surgery followed by (chemo-)radiotherapy (n = 56), or primary (chemo-)radiotherapy (n = 6). Injury to the cranial nerves or their branches was the most frequent surgical complication affecting 40 patients (33.1%). Ten year overall and progression-free survival rates were 73.2% and 65.4%, respectively. Parotid tumor site, advanced tumor, and positive nodal stage remained independent negative prognostic factors for overall survival, loco-regional and distant tumor control in multivariate analysis.
Conclusions: Optimizing treatment strategies for SGC, depending on distinct clinicopathological factors, remains challenging due to the low incidence rates of the disease.
The heterogeneity and complexity of glycosylation hinder the depth of site-specific glycoproteomics analysis. High-field asymmetric-waveform ion-mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) has been shown to improve the scope of bottom-up proteomics. The benefits of FAIMS for quantitative N-glycoproteomics have not been investigated yet. In this work, we optimized FAIMS settings for N-glycopeptide identification, with or without the tandem mass tag (TMT) label. The optimized FAIMS approach significantly increased the identification of site-specific N-glycopeptides derived from the purified immunoglobulin M (IgM) protein or human lymphoma cells. We explored in detail the changes in FAIMS mobility caused by N-glycopeptides with different characteristics, including TMT labeling, charge state, glycan type, peptide sequence, glycan size, and precursor m/z. Importantly, FAIMS also improved multiplexed N-glycopeptide quantification, both with the standard MS2 acquisition method and with our recently developed Glyco-SPS-MS3 method. The combination of FAIMS and Glyco-SPS-MS3 methods provided the highest quantitative accuracy and precision. Our results demonstrate the advantages of FAIMS for improved mass spectrometry-based qualitative and quantitative N-glycoproteomics.
Patienten mit akuter Dekompensation einer Leberzirrhose (AD) oder einem akut-auf-chronischen-Leberversagen (ACLF) stellen ein vulnerables Kollektiv für den Erhalt eines Erythrozytenkonzentrates (EK) dar. Zu den Ursachen zählen das häufige Auftreten einer gastrointestinalen Blutung, die Koagulopathie oder das Vorliegen einer chronischen Anämie. Während für viele andere Patientenkollektive das richtige Transfusionsmanagement bereits erforscht worden ist, fehlen diese Studien für Patienten mit Leberzirrhose, insbesondere für die neue Entität ACLF. Die vorliegende Studie soll die Auswirkung einer EK-Transfusion auf Morbidität und Mortalität dieser Patienten untersuchen.
Insgesamt wurden 498 Patienten mit der Diagnose einer Leberzirrhose, die zwischen den Jahren 2015 und 2019 auf eine Intensivstation der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt aufgenommen worden sind, retrospektiv analysiert. Für die statistische Auswertung wurde ein Prospensity-Score-Matching nach EK-Transfusion mit Adjustierung für mögliche Konfundierungseffekte durchgeführt. Der Einfluss der Transfusion auf die Mortalität wurde mithilfe von Kaplan-Meier-Kurven und multivariater Cox-Regression untersucht. Für die ACLF-Kohorte wurden ROC-Kurven zum Versuch der Identifizierung eines Transfusionstriggers und eines Zielhämoglobinwertes nach Transfusion angefertigt.
In der Gesamtkohorte wiesen transfundierte Patienten eine signifikant höhere Mortalitätsrate als Nicht-Transfundierte auf (28-Tages-Mortalität: 39,6% vs. 19,5%, p<0,001). Dabei wirkte sich die Transfusion primär bei Patienten mit ACLF negativ auf das Überleben aus. Nach Matching der Patienten nach Erhalt eines EKs und Adjustierung für potentielle Konfundierungseffekte blieb die Kurzzeitmortalität bei transfundierten Patienten mit ACLF weiterhin signifikant erhöht (28-Tages-Mortalität: 72,7% vs. 45,5%, p=0,03). Bei AD Patienten zeigte die Transfusion keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Überleben. Die multivariate Cox-Regression identifizierte die EK-Transfusion als unabhängigen Risikofaktor der Kurzzeitmortalität im ACLF (HR: 2,55; 95% KI 1,26 – 5,15, p=0,009). Die Identifizierung eines Transfusionstriggers oder eines Zielhämoglobinwertes war nicht möglich.
Die vorliegende Studie konnte zeigen, dass die EK-Transfusion einen Risikofaktor der Kurzzeitmortalität im ACLF, aber nicht für AD Patienten darstellt. Dieses Ergebnis macht fortführende Untersuchungen zur Ursachenforschung und zur Evaluierung des richtigen Transfusionsmanagements für Patienten mit ACLF notwendig.
Langzeitergebnisse nach 10 Jahren unterstützender Parodontitistherapie: Zahnbezogene Parameter
(2022)
Ziel: Die Einschätzung der Prognose eines parodontal erkrankten Zahnes zu Beginn der unterstützenden Parodontaltherapie (UPT) ist Teil der Behandlungsplanung. Ziel dieser Studie war es, Zahnverlust bei parodontal kompromittierten Patienten über einen Zeitraum von 10 Jahren zu evaluieren und einflussnehmende zahnbezogene Risikofaktoren zu identifizieren.
Material und Methoden: Die Patienten wurden 120 ± 12 Monate nach aktiver Parodontaltherapie nachuntersucht. Zahnverlust während der UPT wurde als Hauptzielkriterium definiert. Zahnbezogene Faktoren [Pfeilerstatus, Furkationsbeteiligung (FB), Lockerungsgrad (LG), mittlere Sondierungstiefe (ST) und Attachmentlevel (AL) zu Beginn der UPT, initialer Knochenabbau (KA)] wurden mittels adjustierter logistischer Multilevel-Regressionsanalyse analysiert.
Ergebnisse: Siebenundneunzig Patienten (51 weiblich, Ø Alter 65,3 ± 11 Jahre) verloren 119 von initial 2323 Zähnen [Gesamtzahnverlust (GZV): 0,12 Zähne/Patient/Jahr] während 10 Jahren UPT, hiervon 40 aus parodontalen Gründen [parodontal bedingter Zahnverlust (PZV); 0,04 Zähne/Patient/Jahr]. Signifikant mehr Zähne wurden aus anderen Gründen extrahiert (p <0,0001). PZV (GZV) trat nur bei 5,9 % (14,7 %) der Zähne mit KA ≥ 80 % auf. Nutzung als Pfeilerzahn, FB III, LG I und II sowie mittlere ST und AL korrelierten positiv mit dem GZV. Bezüglich des PZV konnten ein FB III sowie ein LG III und mittlere AL als zahnbezogene Risikofaktoren identifiziert werden (p <0,05).
Schlussfolgerungen: Nach 10 Jahren UPT konnte ein Großteil (96,4 %) der parodontal vorerkrankten Zähne erhalten werden. Dies unterstreicht den positiven Effekt eines etablierten Behandlungskonzepts. Bereits bekannte zahnbezogene Risikofaktoren für Zahnverlust konnten bestätigt werden.
Die vorliegende Studie wurde durch die Stiftung Carolinum (Frankfurt am Main) finanziell unterstützt.
Hintergrund: Das Vestibularisschwannom ist der dritthäufigste gutartige intrakranielle Tumor. Besonders die Entität des KOOS Grad IV Vestibularisschwannoms stellt auch in der heutigen Zeit eine große Herausforderung für die behandelnden Chirurgen dar. Hierbei gilt es, die Problematik zwischen hochgradiger Tumorresektion und gleichzeitig optimalem Funktionserhalt der beeinträchtigten Nerven zu erkennen und zu bewältigen. Unter diesen Aspekten haben wir in dieser Arbeit versucht, die aktuellen operativen Prinzipien zu bewerten, einzuordnen und eine ideale Grenze für das Resektionsausmaß zu definieren, bei dem sowohl das funktionelle Ergebnis als auch das residuale Tumorwachstum berücksichtigt werden und in einer guten Balance zueinanderstehen.
Methodik: Alle Patienten, die zwischen 2000 und 2019 in der Klinik für Neurochirurgie am Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt mit einem KOOS Grad IV Vestibularisschwannom operativ behandelt wurden, sind in die Studie eingeschlossen worden. Alle Patienten wurden über einen retrosigmoidalen Zugang und unter intraoperativem Neuromonitoring, mit dem Ziel der sub- bis annähernd totalen Tumorresektion und Funktionserhalt des N. facialis, operiert. Die zu untersuchenden Parameter umfassten, neben standardmäßigen Patienten- und Tumormerkmalen, das Resektionsausmaß, das funktionelle Ergebnis des N. facialis, N. trigeminus und der kaudalen Hirnnerven sowie die Hörfunktion. Weiterhin wurden Daten zum operativen Verlauf und zu Komplikationen erhoben und in der Nachsorge wurde regelmäßig das funktionelle Ergebnis anhand klinischer Untersuchungen, sowie das residuale Tumorwachstum durch eine Bildgebung mittels MRT bewertet.
Ergebnisse: In die finale Analyse konnten 58 Patienten eingeschlossen werden. Das mittlere Tumorvolumen betrug 17,1 ± 9,2cm3 und es konnte ein durchschnittliches Resektionsausmaß von 81,6 ± 16,8 % erreicht werden. In die Analyse der Nachsorge konnten aufgrund von fehlenden Daten nur noch 51 Patienten eingeschlossen werden. Die durchschnittliche Nachsorgezeit betrug circa 3 Jahre. In Bezug auf das residuale Tumorwachstum konnte bei 11 Patienten (21,6 %) eine Progression und bei 12 Patienten (23,5 %) eine Regression festgestellt werden. Bei 15 Patienten (29,4 %) wurde postoperativ eine adjuvante Behandlung durchgeführt, entweder durch stereotaktische Bestrahlung oder erneute Operation. Die funktionellen Ergebnisse bei Entlassung zeigten bei 38 Patienten (74,5 %) einen Erhalt der Hörfunktion und bei 34 Patienten (66,7 %) eine gute Funktion des N. facialis. Im Verlauf der Nachsorge verbesserte sich das funktionelle Ergebnis signifikant und stieg bezüglich einer guten Funktion des N. facialis auf 82,4 % an. Außerdem konnte ein ideales Resektionsausmaß von ≤ 87 % (OR 11,1) als unabhängiger Prädiktor für ein residuales Tumorwachstum definiert werden. Dagegen zeigte sich bei einem Resektionsausmaß von > 87 % nur in 7,1 % der Fälle eine Resttumorprogression in der Nachsorge (p = 0,008).
Schlussfolgerung: Die sub- bis annähernd totale Resektion stellt ein angemessenes therapeutisches Verfahren für das KOOS Grad IV Vestibularisschwannom dar und ist besonders bei jeglicher Art von Hirnstammkompressionen die Methode der Wahl. Dieses Verfahren zeigt gute Ergebnisse, vor allem in Bezug auf den Erhalt der Hörfunktion und den Funktionserhalt des N. facialis bei gleichzeitig geringen Raten an Progression des Resttumors. Bei der operativen Versorgung sollte auf ein Resektionsausmaß von > 87 % geachtet werden, um die Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Tumorprogress möglichst zu reduzieren.
Introduction and Objective: Identifying patients that benefit from cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy is a major issue in the management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). The purpose of this study is to correlate “luminal” and “basal” type protein expression with histological subtypes, to investigate the prognostic impact on survival after adjuvant chemotherapy and to define molecular consensus subtypes of “double negative” patients (i.e., without expression of CK5/6 or GATA3).
Materials and Methods: We performed immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of CK5/6 and GATA3 for surrogate molecular subtyping in 181 MIBC samples. The mRNA expression profiles for molecular consensus classification were determined in CK5/6 and GATA3 (double) negative cases using a transcriptome panel with 19.398 mRNA targets (HTG Molecular Diagnostics). Data of 110 patients undergoing radical cystectomy were available for survival analysis.
Results: The expression of CK5/6 correlated with squamous histological subtype (96%) and expression of GATA3 was associated with micropapillary histology (100%). In the multivariate Cox-regression model, patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy had a significant survival benefit (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.19 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.1–0.4, p < 0.001) and double-negative cases had decreased OS (HR: 4.07; 95% CI: 1.5–10.9, p = 0.005). Double negative cases were classified as NE-like (30%), stroma-rich (30%), and Ba/Sq (40%) consensus molecular subtypes and displaying different histological subtypes.
Inflammation or injury to the somatosensory nervous system may result in chronic pain conditions, which affect millions of people and often cause major health problems. Emerging lines of evidence indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide, are produced in the nociceptive system during chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain and act as specific signaling molecules in pain processing. Among potential ROS sources in the somatosensory system are NADPH oxidases, a group of electron-transporting transmembrane enzymes whose sole function seems to be the generation of ROS. Interestingly, the expression and relevant function of the Nox family members Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in various cells of the nociceptive system have been demonstrated. Studies using knockout mice or specific knockdown of these isoforms indicate that Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 specifically contribute to distinct signaling pathways in chronic inflammatory and/or neuropathic pain states. As selective Nox inhibitors are currently being developed and investigated in various physiological and pathophysiological settings, targeting Nox1, Nox2, and/or Nox4 could be a novel strategy for the treatment of chronic pain. Here, we summarize the distinct roles of Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in inflammatory and neuropathic processing and discuss the effectiveness of currently available Nox inhibitors in the treatment of chronic pain conditions.
Background: Polytrauma and respiratory tract damage after thoracic trauma cause about 25% of mortality among severely injured patients. Thoracic trauma can lead to the development of severe lung complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, and is, therefore, of great interest for monitoring in intensive care units (ICU). In recent years, club cell protein (CC)16 with its antioxidant properties has proven to be a potential outcome-related marker. In this study, we evaluated whether CC16 constitutes as a marker of lung damage in a porcine polytrauma model.
Methods: In a 72 h ICU polytrauma pig model (thoracic trauma, tibial fracture, hemorrhagic shock, liver laceration), blood plasma samples (0, 3, 9, 24, 48, 72 h), BAL samples (72 h) and lung tissue (72 h) were collected. The trauma group (PT) was compared to a sham group. CC16 as a possible biomarker for lung injury in this model, and IL-8 concentrations as known indicator for ongoing inflammation during trauma were determined by ELISA. Histological analysis of ZO-1 and determination of total protein content were used to show barrier disruption and edema formation in lung tissue from the trauma group.
Results: Systemic CC16 levels were significantly increased early after polytrauma compared vs. sham. After 72 h, CC16 concentration was significantly increased in lung tissue as well as in BAL in PT vs. sham. Similarly, IL-8 and total protein content in BAL were significantly increased in PT vs. sham. Evaluation of ZO-1 staining showed significantly lower signal intensity for polytrauma.
Conclusion: The data confirm for the first time in a larger animal polytrauma model that lung damage was indicated by systemic and/or local CC16 response. Thus, early plasma and late BAL CC16 levels might be suitable to be used as markers of lung injury in this polytrauma model.
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is essential for the production of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the building block of glycosaminoglycans, thus playing a crucial role in cartilage anabolism. Although O-GlcNAcylation represents a protective regulatory mechanism in cellular processes, it has been associated with degenerative diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). The present study focuses on HBP-related processes as potential therapeutic targets after cartilage trauma. Human cartilage explants were traumatized and treated with GlcNAc or glucosamine sulfate (GS); PUGNAc, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase; or azaserine (AZA), an inhibitor of GFAT-1. After 7 days, cell viability and gene expression analysis of anabolic and catabolic markers, as well as HBP-related enzymes, were performed. Moreover, expression of catabolic enzymes and type II collagen (COL2) biosynthesis were determined. Proteoglycan content was assessed after 14 days. Cartilage trauma led to a dysbalanced expression of different HBP-related enzymes, comparable to the situation in highly degenerated tissue. While GlcNAc and PUGNAc resulted in significant cell protection after trauma, only PUGNAc increased COL2 biosynthesis. Moreover, PUGNAc and both glucosamine derivatives had anti-catabolic effects. In contrast, AZA increased catabolic processes. Overall, “fueling” the HBP by means of glucosamine derivatives or inhibition of deglycosylation turned out as cells and chondroprotectives after cartilage trauma.
Fallzahlaufkommen und Qualitätsindikatoren bei der Versorgung des abdominellen Bauchaortenaneurysmas
(2021)
Hintergrund: Der MTL30 ist ein Surrogatparameter, der bisher in visceralchirurgischen Registern verwendet wird, um eine Prognose über die Qualität verschiedener komplikationsträchtiger Eingriffe abzugeben. Der Marker wird als positiv gewertet, wenn ein Patient am 30. postoperativen Tag verstorben (mortality) ist, in ein anderes Akutkrankenhaus verlegt (transfer) werden musste oder weiterhin im Krankenhaus verweilen muss (length of stay >30 days).
Zielsetzung: In dieser Arbeit sollte untersucht werden, ob der MTL30 eine Aussage über die Qualität der operativen Versorgung des Bauchaortenaneurysmas (AAA) abgeben kann. Dazu sollten Kliniken mit unterschiedlichem Fallaufkommen hinsichtlich Letalität und MTL30 miteinander verglichen werden. Zusätzlich sollten Literaturempfehlungen zu Mindestmengen des Fallaufkommens überprüft werden.
Methodik: Insgesamt wurden 18.205 elektive Eingriffe aus dem AAA- Register des Deutschen Instituts für Gefäßmedizinische Gesundheitsforschung (DIGG) der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gefäßchirurgie und Gefäßmedizin (DGG) analysiert. 14.282 Patienten wurden mittels endovaskulärer Aortenaneurysmaversorgung (EVAR) und 3.923 Patienten mittels offener Versorgung (OAR) behandelt. Die Ergebnisse wurden zum Fallaufkommen der Kliniken in Beziehung gesetzt.
Ergebnisse: Weder für die Letalität noch für den MTL30-Wert konnten Volumen- Ergebnisbeziehungen gefunden werden. Bei EVAR lag die Sterblichkeit im Quintil 1 des Fallaufkommens bei 1,0% und im Quintil 5 bei 1,3%. Auch beim MTL30 ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Quintil 1 und 5, der MTL30 belief sich jeweils auf 5,3%. Bei OAR war die Klinikletalität in dem Quintil mit dem geringsten Fallaufkommen (Quintil 1) mit 5,8% verglichen mit Quintil 5 (höchstes Fallaufkommen, Klinikletalität 3,5%) im Trend höher, aber nicht signifikant unterschiedlich (p= 0,505). Auch bei OAR korrelierte der MTL30 nicht mit dem Fallaufkommen (Quintil 1: 16,4% vs. Quintil 5:12,2%, p=0,110). Jedoch korrelierte die Liegedauer bei EVAR und OAR sowohl mit der Letalität (EVAR: Quintil 1 der Liegezeit 1,69% vs. Quintil 5 1,02%, p= 0,042; OAR: Quintil 1: 6,78% vs. Quintil 5: 2,16%, p= 0,000) als auch mit dem MTL30 (EVAR: Quintil 1 der Liegezeit 7,35% vs. Quintil 5 2,85%, p=0,000; OAR: Quintil 1 26,28% vs. Quintil 5 5,19%, p= 0,000).
Folgerung: Es konnte weder bei EVAR noch bei OAR ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem jährlichen Fallaufkommen und der Letalität bzw. dem MTL30 gefunden werden. Ob der MTL30 gegenüber der alleinigen Erfassung der Klinikletalität als Qualitätsparameter einen Zusatznutzen bietet, muss offenbleiben. Ein vielversprechenderer Marker scheint die stationäre Liegedauer zu sein, die zusätzlich zur Letalität als Qualitätsparameter verwendet werden könnte.