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U ovome su radu obradena 232 obiteljska nadimka u Puciscima na otoku Bracu. Obiteljski su nadimci, kao dodatan vid identifikacije koji se razvio još u pretprezimenskome razdoblju, a kasnije je sve zastupljeniji zbog brojnosti nositelja pojedinih prezimena, svojevrsni specifikum hrvatskih otoka koji dosad nije dostatno proucen. U Puciscima se obiteljski nadimci bilježe od konca 16. st. te se na temelju njihove motivacije može djelomicno rekonstruirati fond osobnih imena (odnos hrvatskih narodnih imena te hrvatskih i novijih romanskih prilagodenica kršcanskih imena), vanjština (posebice tjelesne mane), karakterne crte (uglavnom nekonvencionalne) te podrijetlo i svakodnevni život Puciscana. Fond je obiteljskih nadimaka znatno otvoreniji inojezicnim sustavima (poglavito romanskim) te je odraz svojevrsne tisucljetne hrvatsko-romanske simbioze na istocnoj obali Jadranskoga mora.
U ovome se članku obrađuju posuđenice mletačkoga podrijetla u sjevernočakavskom govoru Boljuna u sjeveroistočnoj Istri. Cilj rada bio je etimološki obraditi pridjeve i imenice iz semantičke domene karakternih osobina koji nisu bili uvršteni u Skokov Etimologijski rječnik ni u Vinjine Jadranske etimologije. Polazišna građa ekscerpirana je iz rukopisnoga Rječnika boljunskih govora Ivana Francetića, provjerena je na terenu te je etimološkom i leksičkom analizom dovedena u vezu s istromletačkim, venecijanskim, tršćanskim i talijanskim (etymologia proxima) te s latinskim ili drugim etimonom (etymologia remota), a na sinkronijskoj i dijatopijskoj razini s rječničkim potvrdama u ostalim čakavskim govorima Istre, Kvarnera i Dalmacije.
U ovom članku razmatraju se dokazi koje posuđenice nude za vrste kontakata između Praslavena i njihovih germanskih susjeda, Gota i različitih zapadnogermanskih naroda. Germanske posuđenice u praslavenskome uglavnom pripadaju određenom skupu semantičkih polja. Posuđene riječi mogu se podijeliti u nekoliko semantičkih polja: vlast i vojska, tehnička terminologija, novac i trgovinska razmjena, mjesta za pohranu (bačve, kutije itd.), kršćanska terminologija i imanje. Tehničke riječi i kršćanske riječi vjerojatno su zapadnogermanskoga podrijetla, dok sve ostale semantičke kategorije sadrže i gotske i zapadnogermanske posuđenice.
The article discusses current transformations in the education systems worldwide. Focusing on the European Union (EU) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as policy actors, it argues that these transformations imply a triple economization of education policy which can be observed at all levels of the education sector. The increasing importance of these organizations in educational issues marks a transition to a "postnational constellation" also in the education field insofar as the national educational sovereignty is being at least readjusted. The economization of education policy is however not restricted to bringing education closer to the needs of the economy and to turning its services into tradable goods. Rather, it also impinges on the operative level of education. A logics of production is being implemented in the self-description of the institutions of the education system, which are no longer bureaucratically administered establishments, but are rather conceived of as managerially conducted production business in which entrepreneurial action is needed. This new governance raises the problem of democratic legitimation of political decisions which ideally combines three elements: democratic, expertocratic, and ethico-professional. The article discusses the consequences of a shift in the balance of the three components with reference to Germany.
Nusa Tenggara Timor, a south-eastern province of Indonesia, is populated mainly by Christians. The Alor-Pantar Archipelago has a majority of Protestant inhabitants who were baptized by Dutch Calvinists in the first half of the twentieth century. In addition, there are some coastal enclaves that have been inhabited by Muslims for centuries. In some areas, such as in the headland of Muna (Tanjung Muna) forming the northeast of Pantar Island, there is an even greater diversity of monotheistic religions, with some Catholic families living next to Protestants and Muslims. All adherers of the three religious faiths living at Tanjung Muna share core elements of the local adat, which consists of core rules relating to social behavior. It is believed that the ancestors will notice transgressions of these rules, and may use their supernatural power to punish their human descendants. In Indonesia, the term adat was first used by Muslims to distinguish the non-Islamic practices from Muslim faith (Keane 1997:260-261). This is definitely not the case in the village of Pandai at the coast of Tanjung Muna, where Islam tolerates ancestral worship. The same is true for the Catholics in the inland village of Helangdohi, who do not only tolerate but even support such customs. Some villagers from Helangdohi had become acquainted with this kind of Catholicism on the nearby island of Flores, where ancestral worship is encouraged by the missionaries of the Societas Verbi Divini (SVD). The attitude of Protestantism, at least in the Alor Archipelago, is quite the contrary of the permissive views held by Catholicism and Islam. In the 1930s the Protestant-Calvinist missionaries banned any kind of ancestral worship and destroyed most relics (Dalen 1928: Picture 1). These drastic measures demanded the disavowal of the ancestors, including the destruction of heirlooms and omitting of rituals.
U radu se raspravlja o etimologiji hrvatske riječi jaram i srodnih riječi u ostalim slavenskim jezicima. Prikazuje se da je ta riječ u baltoslavenskome bila množinski oblik imenice koja je dala hrvatsko rame. Raspravljaju se formalne teškoće te etimologije i analiziraju se brojne usporedne izvedenice u slavenskome.
This paper proposes a new sound rule for Proto-Slavic, according to which *g (from PIE *g, *gw, *gh, and *gwh) was lost before *m. This development was posterior to Winter’s law and the merger of voiced and aspirated stop in Slavic. The operation of the rule is illustrated by new etymologies of four Slavic words: *ama, *jama ‘hole, pit’, *těmę ‘sinciput’, *mąžь ‘husband, man’, and *remy ‘leather belt’.
U članku se raspravlja o istrorumunjskim nazivima koji su u bilo kakvoj svezi sa stablom (općenito). Obrađeni su oblici dio opsežnijega korpusa od preko 8000 oblika koji smo sami prikupili (istraživanja su obavljana u više navrata od 1985. godine – posljednje provjere i dopune korpusa obavljene su tekuće, 2010., godine i to u svim mjestima gdje se i danas govori istrorumunjski: Žejane, Šušnjevica, Nova Vas, Jesenovik, Letaj, Brdo, Škabići, Trkovci, Zankovci, Miheli, Kostrčan). Uz svaku obrađenu riječ navode se odgovarajuće iz svih dostupnih nam istrorumunjskih repertoara. Za svaku riječ daje se etimologijsko tumačenje do kojeg se dolazi usporedbom pojedinog termina s odgovarajućim čakavskim i istromletačkim okolnim govorima, a ako je riječ domaća, daju se i paralele iz ostala tri rumunjska dijalekta. U obrađenoj građi prevladavaju posuđenice iz čakavskih govora. Domaćih je riječi 14, no za neke se to ne može s potpunom sigurnošću utvrditi jer se u potpunosti poklapaju s čakavskim ekvivalentima. Izravnih posuđenica iz (istro)mletačkoga nema.
U radu se analiziraju eliptični oblici anglizama u ruskome i hrvatskome jeziku i dopunjuje pristup njihove dosadašnje kvalifikacije i klasifikacije. Preciznijim definicijama stupnja elipse u anglizmu predlaže se jednostavnije i jasnije određivanje njihovih granica i razlika. Na temelju rezultata analize anglizama uočene su nove mogućnosti u njihovu formiranju. U formiranju eliptičnoga oblika anglizma nije nužno samo ispuštanje određenih elemenata, već se eliptični oblik anglizma može formirati i s pomoću kombinacija drugih tvorbenih načina: kombinacijom elipse i supstitucije, elipse i kompozicije, elipse i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i kompozicije te kombinacijom elipse, adicije i kompozicije.
U članku se na temelju podataka dobivenih usmjerenim terenskim istraživanjem u govoru Novalje na otoku Pagu prikazuju naglasni tipovi imenica u tom govoru s obzirom na mjesto i vrstu naglaska (i podtipovi s obzirom na postojanje prednaglasnih duljina te varijante s obzirom na stupanj inovativnosti): a) tip a sa stalnim mjestom naglaska na vokalu osnove, b) tip b sa stalnim mjestom naglaska na vokalu nastavka, c) tip c s alterniraju263;im mjestom naglaska na vokalu osnove i na vokalu nastavka.
U radu se analizira poglavlje Sprichwörter – Prirečja iz Kristijanovićeva Anhanga, aneksnog rječnika dodanog njegovoj Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart. Prirečja sadrže kajkavsku paremiološku građu s njemačkim ekvivalentima koja se analizira s obzirom na njezine izvore i leksikografsku obradbu. Pokazuje se da osim poslovica rječnik sadrži i frazeme i kolokvijalne izraze. Posebna se pozornost posvećuje semantičkoj analizi poslovica i naznačuje na koji se aspekt ljudskog života pouka i poruka odnose.
Elision of /h, ?/ in the Shirazi Dialect of Persian (SHDP) : an optimality theory based analysis
(2010)
Until recently, many researchers have shown interest in studying lenitions, which are examples of the most common universal types of phonological processes. Elision of laryngeals (glottal fricative /h/ and glottal stop /?/) is one of the most common phonological alternations exhibited in the Shirazi dialect of Persian (SHDP) which to the knowledge of the researchers, has not been studied to date. This paper seeks to provide a description of the facts about this common phonological alternation in the addressed regional dialect of Persian and points out some main differences between the behavior of these processes in SHDP and Standard Persian (SP). The analysis is cast in an Optimal Theoretic (OT) framework (McCarthy and Prince 1995, 2001), which holds that linguistic forms are the outcome of interaction among violable universal constraints. The present study shows that the addressed processes of consonant deletion in SHDP are restricted by syllabic position and are conditioned by coda position, intervocalic position or consonant clusters. They are usually blocked in the onset, but there are cases where reduction is allowed in the onset of the stressed syllable. Thus, the study adds SHDP to the list of languages which permit lenition in the onset of the stressed syllable. The addressed processes of elision are always blocked in word-initial position and laryngeal elision is always followed by Compensatory lengthening (CL), even after deletion from the onset of the stressed syllable.
Key words: lenition or weakening, laryngeal elision, phonological processes, Optimality Theory
Rani razvoj goranskih govora
(2010)
U radu se razmatra povijest hrvatskih govora u Gorskome kotaru, koji se obično smatraju kajkavskim govorima. Obrađuju se različite promjene u akcentuaciji, konsonantizmu i vokalizmu do približno 16. stoljeća. One se uspoređuju sa sličnim promjenama u susjednim kajkavskim, slovenskim, čakavskim i štokavskim dijalektima. Najstarije nam izoglose pokazuju da goranske govore ne možemo smatrati doseljenim izdaleka ili miješanim. Moramo ih smjestiti u Gorski kotar već prije otomanskih nadiranja u 15. i 16. stoljeću. Raspravlja se o tome da je Gorski kotar dijalektno područje kroz koje teče više izoglosa koje postaju razumljive kad smještamo ovo područje u perspektivu okolnih južnoslavenskih narječja.
Prema opisima u suvremenim hrvatskim gramatikama dalo bi se zaključiti da hrvatski koordinativne složenice ili ne poznaje ili da ih je toliko malo da ne traže opis. U članku se podsjeća da je u starijim gramatikama o njima bilo riječi, a da svojom suvremenom količinom i različitim ostvarajima (imeničke, pridjevske, priložne, sa spojnicima -o- i -0-) gramatički opis itekako zaslužuju. Pokazuje se zbog kojih se svojih odlika takve složenice mogu smatrati riječima, a ne spojevima riječi, sintagmama. Na primjeru jezika Anke Žagar pokazuje se da model koordinativnih složenica kao potencija može unutar poezije poprimiti i jezičnostvaralačke inačice.
Dijalekti u Gorskom kotaru
(2010)
U Gorskome kotaru govori se svim našim narječjima, kajkavskim, štokavskim i čakavskim, ali rijetki su dijalektolozi koji ih istražuju. U radu se iznosi pregled osnovnih fonoloških i morfoloških karakteristika zabilježenih u dosadašnjim istraživanjima na tom području. Uz zabilježene potvrde promatranih osobina, radu je priložen fonološki zapis jednoga goranskoga idioma.
U radu je ponuđena raščlamba stilskih i govorničkih figura u poeziji i u putopisima fra Ivana Franje Jukića, angažiranoga franjevačkoga pisca i borca za političku samostalnsot Bosne. Autor je utvrdio da Jukić u svoj književni izraz unosi elemente narodnih govora, što se posebno zapaža u uporabi pučkih fraza i kolokacija. S druge strane, izbor tzv. knjiških figura otkriva utjecaj franjevačke tradicije, posebno jezika starijih franjevačkih ljetopisa.
Posljedice globalizacijskih procesa vidljive su i u jeziku kao tendencija k internacionalizaciji. Internacionalizacija, ili možda preciznije angloamerikanizacija, zahvatila je sve jezike modernoga svijeta. Hrvatski jezik nije iznimka. U ovom ćemo radu spomenuti samo neke od posljedica internacionalizacije, i to na leksičkoj, tvorbenoj i semantičkoj razini.
U prilogu se s kontrastivnog aspekta analiziraju frazemi hrvatskoga i češkoga jezika kojima je sastavnica zoonim. Životinja je još od pradavnih vremena najbliži čovjekov suputnik. U svim se narodima životinjama pripisuju simbolična značenja i ljudske osobine i to najčešće one negativne što ćemo i pokušati dokazati ovim prilogom. Naime, ljudi su kroz povijest pripisivali životinjama određene stereotipe. Tako se pozitivno određuju domaće životinje i to one od kojih čovjek ima više koristi, za razliku od divljih prema kojima je puno kritičniji i skloniji negativnome određenju. S obzirom na to da zoonimska frazeologija obuhvaća širok dijapazon različitih značenja u ovome ćemo se prilogu baviti onim frazemima koji svojim značenjem ulaze u koncept ljudskih osobina, stanja, izgleda, načina kretanja te odnosa prema jelu i piću. Pri tome se objašnjava i simbolika pojedine životinje jer se time razumije i pozadinska slika pojedina frazema. Također u prilogu se provodi i kontrastivna analiza izdvojenih hrvatskih i čeških frazema s obzirom na navedene koncepte te se utvrđuju podudarnosti i razlike.
Ključne riječi: frazem; zoonim; frazemska pozadinska slika; kontrastivna analiza; hrvatski jezik; češki jezik
Structured RNA regions are important gene control elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we show that the mRNA of a cyanobacterial heat shock gene contains a built-in thermosensor critical for photosynthetic activity under stress conditions. The exceptionally short 5´-untranslated region is comprised of a single hairpin with an internal asymmetric loop. It inhibits translation of the Synechocystis hsp17 transcript at normal growth conditions, permits translation initiation under stress conditions and shuts down Hsp17 production in the recovery phase. Point mutations that stabilized or destabilized the RNA structure deregulated reporter gene expression in vivo and ribosome binding in vitro. Introduction of such point mutations into the Synechocystis genome produced severe phenotypic defects. Reversible formation of the open and closed structure was beneficial for viability, integrity of the photosystem and oxygen evolution. Continuous production of Hsp17 was detrimental when the stress declined indicating that shutting-off heat shock protein production is an important, previously unrecognized function of RNA thermometers. We discovered a simple biosensor that strictly adjusts the cellular level of a molecular chaperone to the physiological need.
The plastids of cryptophytes, haptophytes, and heterokontophytes (stramenopiles) (together once known as chromists) are surrounded by four membranes, reflecting the origin of these plastids through secondary endosymbiosis. They share this trait with apicomplexans, which are alveolates, the plastids of which have been suggested to stem from the same secondary symbiotic event and therefore form a phylogenetic clade, the chromalveolates. The chromists are quantitatively the most important eukaryotic contributors to primary production in marine ecosystems. The mechanisms of protein import across their four plastid membranes are still poorly understood. Components of an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery in cryptophytes, partially encoded by the reduced genome of the secondary symbiont (the nucleomorph), are implicated in protein transport across the second outermost plastid membrane. Here, we show that the haptophyte Emiliania huxleyi, like cryptophytes, stramenopiles, and apicomplexans, possesses a nuclear-encoded symbiont-specific ERAD machinery (SELMA, symbiont-specific ERAD-like machinery) in addition to the host ERAD system, with targeting signals that are able to direct green fluorescent protein or yellow fluorescent protein to the predicted cellular localization in transformed cells of the stramenopile Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Phylogenies of the duplicated ERAD factors reveal that all SELMA components trace back to a red algal origin. In contrast, the host copies of cryptophytes and haptophytes associate with the green lineage to the exclusion of stramenopiles and alveolates. Although all chromalveolates with four membrane-bound plastids possess the SELMA system, this has apparently not arisen in a single endosymbiotic event. Thus, our data do not support the chromalveolate hypothesis. Key words: Emiliania huxleyi, secondary endosymbiosis, chromalveolate, hypothesis, complex plastid, plastid protein import, algal evolution
Studienführer
(2010)
The reason is not small
(2010)
"Don’t forget the sugar!" my husband called after our son who was already running down the road, hopping across puddles and skirting garbage mounds. He leaned back in his chair and sighed. The plastic covered wires were stretching to the point that they would break soon. We would get it restrung again. (...)
Sababu man dògòn
(2010)
The Alborz Mountains are forming a ~100 km wide, E-W trending mountain chain where individual summits are up to 5000 m in elevation. The Alborz Mountains range are part of the Alpine orogen and are straddling a 2000 km wide area S of the Caspian Sea. The rocks of the Alborz Mountains consist of Neogen sediments, which are affected by folding and faulting. In the western part of the Alborz Mountains the folds and faults are trending NW-SE, whereas in the eastern part they are trending NE-SW. GPS data confirm N-S shortening including dextral strike-slip along ESE-WNW trending faults, and sinistral strike-slip along ENE-WSW trending faults. The present thesis is focusing on the active Garmsar salt nappe, the fragmented roof of which is pierced by rock salt which extruded near the front of the Alborz Mountains Range. During the past 5 m.y. the front of the Alborz chain migrated towards SSW on top of the salt of the Garmsar basin. The salt was squeezed towards SSW and took place at the Great Kavir. The extruded salt is forming the Eyvanekey plateau between the cities of Eyvanekey and Garmsar. Both the Garmsar salt nappe and the Eyvanekey plateau are dextrally displaced for ca. 9 km along the Zirab-Garmsar fault. Structural analyses of the Garmsar salt nappe indicate three different groups of joints which are trending perpendicular and parallel to the local mechanical anisotropy. The folds of the study area are congruent (type 2 and 3 after Ramsay) resulting from viscose inhomogeneous flow. InSAR-Investigations suggest the Alborz Mountains to be lifted up by ca. 1 cm/a, while horizontal shortening is active at a rate of 8 ±2 mm/a. These values are consistent with GPS data. Based on nine „Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar“ (ASAR) scenarios, produced by the ENVISAT satellite of the European space agency between 2003 and 2006, we used interferograms to map the displacement via 22 increments during 2 – 18 months. The results suggest that the topographic height of the surface of the salt is changing at a rate which is controlled by the season. The displacement ranges from subsidence at -40 to -50 mm/a to uplift of 20 mm/a. In order to investigate the time-dependent deformation with high spatial resolution, we used algorithms which are based on data of small base lines (SBAS). The resulting interferometric SAR time series analyses also suggest that the study area is largely subsiding at a rate that is controlled by the seasons. The map with the averaged LOS deformation velocities, on the other hand, suggests the subsidence to increase from the upper part of the salt nappe towards deeper topographic 5 levels of the agricultural lowlands. The major part of subsidence is probably caused by the annual rainfall which results in subrosion of salt. The spatial changes in the subsidence rate are probably controlled by the distribution of fountains, mining activity at the margin of the salt glacier, and faults and fractures inside the salt. Striking seasonal imprints are obvious along the agricultural areas which are surrounding the Garmsar salt nappe. These areas are rapidly subsiding in summer and spring when groundwater is used for irrigations. The maximum rate of subsidence (40-50 mm/a) is located E and W of the Eyvanekey plateau, where large areas are irrigated. The maximum displacement is 20 mm/a in the farmland and 5 mm/a in the center of the salt nappe. Depth estimates using Euler deconvolution method for gravimetric and magnetic data suggest the salt to extrude from a depth less than ca. 2000 m. The gravity field of the study area is characterized by strong anomalies in the SW and weak anomalies in the NE. A considerable negative anomaly in the N indicates that the northern part subsided, whereas the southern part was lifted up. The seismic data show three major horizons inside the Miocene sediments: the Lower Red Formation, the Qom Formation, and the Upper Red Formation. The western part of the study area seems to be free from salt domes. The layers of the upper part of the Qom Formation show thinning along the NE and NW trending faults. In some areas the seismic reflectors indicate steep faults close the saddle of the folds. NE-SW-, NW-SE and E-Wtrending faults prevail. Analogue experiments have been carried out to extend our knowledge about the evolution of the Garmsar salt dome. We used a scaled model (34 cm * 25 cm * 2.5 cm) that was shortened perpendicular to its long side. The wedge shape of the Alborz Mountains was simulated by a wedge consisting of Styrofoam. Rock salt was simulated using Polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS), a linear viscous material with a viscosity of 2.3*104 Pa s and a density of 0.96 g/cm3 at room temperature. Other sediments were modeled using dry quartz sand. The experimental results can be used to simulate the structural evolution of the study area: The Alborz deformation front was emplaced on top of the salt rocks in the Garmsar area while migrating towards SSW. A salt basin and a salt extrusion have also been produced in the model. Cross sections through the wedge shaped analogue model indicate N- and S-dipping reverse faults, which are in line with the wedge shape of the Alborz chain. Moreover, ENE-WSW trending sinistral and ESE-WNW trending dextral strike-slip faults led to N-S shortening during the Miocene. Structural marker horizons, 6 which have been turned into Z-folds on the western fold limbs and to S-folds on the eastern fold limbs, are comparable with the folds of the study area. Solving the problem of waste is one of the central tasks of environmental protection. It is becoming increasingly difficult to find suitable sites that are acceptable to the public. Salt and salt formations have relevant properties to be utilizing as a repository for each kind of waste. The favorable properties make rock salt highly suitable as a host rock, in particular for nonradioactive and radioactive wastes. The Qom and Garmsar basins are the nearest salt diapirs to the Tehran province, and there are suitable repositories for waste disposal. Based on surface and subsurface data, the Garmsar salt diapir has been investigated as a case example for its suitability as a host and repository for various types of waste. The data used are based on field studies, interferometry, and geophysical investigations. The results of this study suggest the deep bedded salt of the Garmsar Salt Basin to be an appropriate host for the deposition of industrial waste. Rock salt of surficial layers or domes, on the other hand, is not regarded as an appropriate candidate for waste disposal.
Im Rahmen einer Projektarbeit zum Thema Argumentationstheorie im WS 2008/09 haben sich die teilnehmenden Studentinnen und Studenten der Universität zu Köln das Ziel gesetzt, ca. 600 Kommentare zur Frage „Do smoking bans mean a cultural shift for Paris and Berlin?“ des „Have your say“-Forums der BBC auf ihre Argumentationsmuster hin zu analysieren. Die Ausgangsfrage im BBC-Forum richtete sich also nach dem „cultural shift“, also der kulturellen Veränderung, die das Rauchverbot in Kneipen und Cafés für die beiden Metropolen bedeuten könnte. Sehr bald ergab unsere Analyse jedoch, dass dies nicht die Frage war, die innerhalb der Kommentare im Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit stand: Stattdessen wurde in erster Linie darüber diskutiert, wie das Rauchverbot generell – und zwar nicht nur in den beiden genannten Städten – bewertet werden sollte. Gut zwei Drittel der Beiträge bezogen klar Stellung für oder gegen ein Rauchverbot in der Gastronomie. Für unsere Analyse der Argumentationsmuster haben wir zum einen die klassischen argumentationstheoretisch relevanten Faktoren berücksichtigt wie Fallacies und verdeckte Prämissen. Hinzu kamen dann zwei weitere Arten von Parametern: erstens Faktoren, die in argumentationstheoretischen Abhandlungen eher nur am Rande berücksichtigt werden wie z.B. Evidenztyp und Überzeugungskraft, und zweitens Informationen, die speziell mit der Art des Diskussionsforums bzw. dem Inhalt der Diskussion zu tun haben, wie etwa Selbstauskünfte über das eigene Raucherverhalten.
Die vorliegende Arbeit geht hervor aus dem Hauptseminar „Argumentationstheorie“, das im Wintersemester 2008/09 am Institut für Linguistik der Universität zu Köln unter der Leitung von PD Dr. Leila Behrens abgehalten wurde. Ziel dieses Seminars war es, ausgehend von traditionellen Begriffen der Rhetorik, Dialektik und Logik, in die Terminologie sowie in zentrale Modelle der zeitgenössischen Argumentationsforschung einzuführen. Die dabei erworbenen Kenntnisse sollen im Folgenden bei der Analyse von Beiträgen eines Diskussionsforums im Internet angewendet werden. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein sogenanntes „newsforum“ der BBC mit dem Titel „Have Your Say“ (BBC 2008), in dem aktuelle Themen und Nachrichten von Internetnutzern weltweit diskutiert werden können. Im untersuchten Fall behandeln wir die Frage, wie mit der Unabhängigkeitserklärung des Kosovo vom 17. Februar 2008 umzugehen sei: „Should the world recognise an independent Kosovo?“ […]. Zu dieser Fragestellung wurden insgesamt 3195 Beiträge im Forum veröffentlicht, von denen hier 780 ausgewertet werden. Diese folgen chronologisch aufeinander und umfassen den Zeitraum zwischen 7:49 Uhr (mittlere Greenwich-Zeit) und 14:26 Uhr des 17. Februar 2008.
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) do not eliminate micropollutants completely and are thus important point sources for these substances. In particular, concerns about en-docrine disrupting compounds in WWTP effluents give rise to the implementation of advanced treatment steps for the elimination of trace organic contaminants. The present study investigated ozonation (O3) and activated carbon treatment (AC) at two WWTPs. For an ecotoxicological assessment at WWTP Regensdorf, conventionally treated wastewater, wastewater after ozonation, and ozonated wastewater after sand filtration were evaluated in parallel via the fish early life stage toxicity test (FELST) using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Additionally, a comparative toxicity evalu-ation of ozonated and activated carbon treated effluents was performed at the pilot scale treatment plant in Neuss (WWTP Neuss). For this purpose, four invertebrate tests and one higher plant toxicity test were selected to assess potential biological effects on or-ganisms [Lemna minor growth inhibition test, chironomid toxicity test with Chironomus riparius, Lumbriculus variegatus toxicity test, comet assay with haemolymph of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), reproduction test with Potamopyrgus antipo-darum]. All in vivo assays were performed on site at the treatment plants in flow-through test systems. Furthermore, the present study investigated the effects of ozona-tion and activated carbon treatment on endocrine activities [estrogenicity, anti-estrogenicity, androgenicity, anti-androgenicity, aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonistic activity] with yeast based bioassays using solid phase extracted water samples. To evaluate the removal of in vitro non-specific toxicity, a cytotoxicity assay using a rat cell line was applied. The FELST at WWTP Regensdorf revealed a considerable developmental retardation of test organisms exposed to ozonated WW. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in body weight and length compared to reference water, to the conventionally treated WW, and to the ozonated water after sand filtration. Hence sand filtration obvi-ously prevents from adverse ecotoxicological effects of ozonation. An additional test – starting with yolk-sac larvae – resulted in a significant reduction of vitellogenin levels in fish exposed to ozonated wastewater compared to fish reared in conventionally treat-ed wastewater. This demonstrates the effective removal of estrogenic activity by ozonation. At WWTP Neuss, the reproduction test with the mudsnail P. antipodarum exhibited a decreased reproductive output after advanced treatment compared to conventional treatment. This indicates an effective estrogenicity removal by ozonation and activated carbon treatment and is confirmed by results of the yeast estrogen screen with a reduc-tion of in vitro estrogenic activity by > 75%. The L. variegatus test revealed a signifi-cantly enhanced toxicity after ozonation compared to conventional treatment, whereas this effect was reduced following subsequent sand filtration. When ozonation was applied, a significantly increased genotoxicity was observed, detected with the comet assay using haemolymph of the zebra mussel. Again, this effect was removed by subsequent sand filtration to the level of conventional treatment. Activated carbon treatment even resulted in a significant reduction of genotoxicity. At both treatment plants, adverse effects after ozonation may have been a result of the formation of toxic oxidation by-products. However, sand filtration reduced toxication effects, indicating that these oxidation by-products are readily degradable or adsorbable. The results point out that, in any case, ozonation should not be applied without subsequent biologically active post treatment appropriate for oxidation by-products removal (e.g. sand filtration). However, only activated carbon achieved a toxicity reduction compared to the conventional treated wastewater. Thus, it cannot be excluded that po-tential beneficial effects due to ozonation might be masked by residual toxic oxidation by-products passing the sand filter or ozonation is not as effective in toxicity removal as PAC treatment. The yeast based assays with solid phase extracted samples revealed an effective endo-crine activity removal during ozonation and activated carbon filtration (estrogenicity: 77 – 99%, anti-androgenicity: 63 – 96%, AhR agonistic activity: 79 – 82%). The cyto-toxicity assay exhibited a 32% removal of non-specific toxicity after ozonation com-pared to conventional treatment. Ozonation in combination with sand filtration reduced cytotoxic effects by 49%, indicating that sand filtration contributes to the removal of toxicants. Activated carbon treatment was the most effective technology for cytotoxici-ty removal (61%). Sample evaporation reduced cytotoxic effects by 52% (after activated carbon treatment) to 73% (after ozonation), demonstrating that volatile substances contribute considerably to toxic effects, particularly after ozone treatment. These results confirm an effective removal or transformation of toxicants with receptor mediated mode of action and non-specific toxicants during both investigated treatment steps. However, due to the limited extractability, polar ozonation by-products were neglected for toxicity analysis, and hence non-specific toxicity after O3 is underestimated. In the long run, only on-site comparisons at WW receiving water bodies (e.g. communi-ty analysis of fish, macroinvertebrates, plants, microorganisms) – before and after up-grading WWTPs – allow drawing environmentally relevant conclusions regarding bene-fits and risks of advanced WW treatment methods. Conclusively, the benefits and possible negative impacts have to be carefully evaluated to prove that not more environmental impact will be induced than removed by advanced treatment technologies as each additional treatment requires considerable amounts of energy, resources, and infrastructure facilities. Accordingly, comprehensive sustainable approaches for pollution prevention and wastewater treatment (e.g. source control and source separation) are preferable compared to end-of-pipe treatment systems.
Im weiteren Teil dieses Einleitungsartikels werde ich […] auf einige offene Fragen in der Argumentationstheorie generell eingehen und dann auf solche, die speziell durch die beiden Arbeiten in diesem Arbeitspapier aufgeworfen wurden. Danach werde ich auf die Wahl des Datenmaterials eingehen und auf die speziellen Probleme, die das gewählte Medium (Internet-Forum) mit sich bringt. Anschließend werden sowohl konvergente als auch divergente Ergebnisse der beiden Arbeiten diskutiert, letztere insbesondere in Hinblick auf die Frage, ob sie durch den unterschiedlichen Diskussionsgegenstand bedingt sind. Zum Schluss werden dann noch einige terminologische Details angesprochen.
Dieses Arbeitspapier geht aus einem Hauptseminar zur Argumentationstheorie hervor, das [von Leila Behrens] im Wintersemester 2008/09 am Institut für Linguistik der Universität zu Köln gehalten [wurde]. In den beiden Arbeiten in diesem Band (Badtke et al. und Benning et al.) stellen die Studierenden dieses Hauptseminars die Ergebnisse vor, die sie (in zwei parallelen Projektgruppen mit unterschiedlichen Diskussionsgegenständen) bei der empirischen Analyse von Argumentationen in einem Internet-Forum gewonnen haben. Der Gegenstand der Diskussion betraf bei der einen Gruppe (Badtke et al.) die Unabhängigkeit des Kosovo, bei der anderen Gruppe (Benning et al.) die Einführung eines generellen Rauchverbots in europäischen Hauptstädten.
Employing NMR spectroscopy, it is not only possible to calculate the three dimensional structures of single proteins, but also to study dynamics and conformational changes of protein-complexes. In fact that is an important aspect, since the protein function depends on dynamics and interactions with other molecules. Therefore the study of protein-protein interactions is of highest importance for a better understanding of biological processes. Based on NMR methods, in this thesis we were able to determine protein-protein interactions within the enterobacterial Rcs signalling complex which is regulated via a phosphorelay. Originally identified as regulator of capsule synthesis, the Rcs phosphorelay is now considered to be implicated in stress response caused by disturbances in the peptidoglycan layer. Beyond that the Rcs system is involved in multiplex transcriptional networks including cell division, motility, biofilm formation and virulence. Because of such global nature and its extraordinary structural organisation involving membrane integrated sensor proteins (RcsC, RcsD), coactivators (RcsF, RcsA) and a transcription factor (RcsB), the Rcs system is one of the most remarkable phosphorelays in the family of enterobacteriacaea. During the complex phosphotransfer the histidine phosphotransferase (HPt) domain of the intermediary RcsD protein mediates the phosphotransfer between RcsC and RcsB, and probably modulates the phosphorylation state of the response regulator RcsB. Therefore the present work has been focused on the interface between RcsD and RcsB in more detail. In the first part of the thesis a new domain within the RcsD protein has been identified and structurally analysed by liquid NMR spectroscopy. RcsD is an inner membrane bound hybrid sensor like-kinase composed of a periplasmic sensor domain and a cytoplasmic portion. The cytoplasmic part contains the histidine like-kinase (HK) domain and the histidine phosphotransferase (HPt) domain. By analysis of the secondary structure in more detail, it was shown here that the two domains are intermitted by an additional 13.3 kDa domain. Corresponding to the position of the ABL (α−β−loop) domain of RcsC, located C-terminal to the RcsC-HK domain, the new identified domain was named RcsD-ABL. The central structural element of RcsD-ABL is a β-sheet composed of six strands with a β1−β2−β3−β4−β6−β5 topology and surrounded by two α-helices α1 and α2. In the second part of the thesis, RcsD-ABL is identified as a binding domain for the response regulator RcsB by NMR titration experiments. Such a binding domain for a response regulator has so far only been described for the histidine kinase CheA. In reportergene assays with β-galactosidase and ONPG as substrate it was shown that overexpression of RcsD-ABL in high amounts inhibited binding of RcsB to its target promoter. The β-galactosidase activity was reduced by 80 % with respect to cells carrying no plasmid encoding RcsD-ABL. The mapping of the binding interface was successfully achieved by chemical shift perturbations, a fast mapping protocol and selective labelling. It was shown that the interaction between RcsD-ABL and RcsB takes place via a binding interface comprising mainly the two α-helices of RcsD-ABL and the α-helices α7, α8 and α10 in the effector domain of RcsB. In the third part of the thesis, the interaction of RcsB with RcsD-ABL was related to that with RcsD-HPt. Using NMR titration experiments and ITC measurements, a comparison of the binding constants (Kd) of RcsB interacting either with the isolated RcsD-ABL (2 PM) or the isolated RcsDHPt domain (40 PM) revealed a higher affinity of RcsD-ABL to RcsB. A conjugate of RcsD-ABL-HPt interacting with RcsB decreased the Kd in the one-site fitting mode to 10 PM. However, the two-site fitting mode applied for RcsD-ABL-HPt/RcsB interaction resulted in a Kd (RcsD-ABL) of 2 PM and a Kd (RcsD-HPt) of 8 PM, indicating that RcsD-ABL enhances the binding of RcsD-HPt to RcsB. In the last part of the thesis, it was partly possible together with the data obtained from NMR titration experiments, PRE measurements and a HADDOCK protocol to develop a geometrical model for the interaction of RcsD with RcsB. In this model the receiver domain of RcsB interacts with the RcsD-HPt domain and the RcsB effector domain interacts with the RcsD-ABL domain. These results lead to surprising insights on the regulation of phosphorelays, since normally the effector domain binds to DNA. Here the effector domain is recognized by the newly identified RcsD-ABL domain. Prospectively, further investigations of phosphorylation affects and mutational studies will be of great interest.
Die vorliegende Promotionsarbeit fokussiert auf das transfusionsbedingte Infektionsrisiko bezüglich Hepatitis B-Virus Infektionen. Da das Restinfektionsrisiko bezüglich Hepatitis B deutlich höher als das Restinfektionsrisiko bezüglich Hepatitis C oder HIV-Virus Infektionen anzusehen ist, konzentriert sich die vorliegende Arbeit auf den Stellenwert von Anti-HBc Antikörper für das Blutspenderscreening. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zunächst unterschiedliche Anti-HBs Screening Assays synoptisch bezüglich der Sensitivität und Spezifität sowie anderer Test-Parameter miteinander verglichen und die Prävalenz und Infektiosität Anti-HBc-Ak positiver Blutspenden des Blutspendedienstes Hessen / Baden-Württemberg untersucht. Anschließend erfolgte eine Screening an fünf unterschiedlichen Standorten in Deutschland zur Prävalenz von Anti-HBc sowie zum Prozentsatz von chronisch infizierten Hepatitis B positiven Spendern. Anhand von Lookback Untersuchungen von chronisch infizierten Anti-HBc positiven und HBV DNA positiven Spendern konnte untersucht werden, inwieweit die Transfusion dieser niedrig virämischen Spender zu einer Übertragung von Hepatitis B in der Vergangenheit geführt hat. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Fall-Kontroll-Studie durchgeführt, mit der Fragestellung, inwieweit allein das Vorhandensein von Hepatitis B Antikörper (Anti-HBc Antikörper und Anti-HBe Antikörper) ohne Nachweis von HBV DNA, bereits ein erhöhtes Transfusionsrisiko darstellt. Zusätzlich wurden Daten bezüglich der heutigen Relevanz der HBs-Ag Testung im Blutspendewesen erhoben. Anschließend wurden alle drei für die Doktorarbeit relevanten Screeningparameter bezüglich Hepatitis B für das Blutspenderscreening (HBV Minipool PCR, HBs-Ag Test und Anti-HBc Test) bezüglich der Kosten pro gewonnenen QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Years) berechnet und wieder synoptisch miteinander verglichen. In der abschließenden Diskussion wurden unterschiedliche Screening Szenarien auf ihre Wertigkeit bezüglich der Sicherheit der Blutprodukte sowie auf ihre Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse hin betrachtet. Festgestellt wurde, dass durch die Anti-HBc-Ak Diagnostik im Blutspendewesen eine erhöhte Sicherheit bezüglich einer transfusionsbedingten HBV Transmission erzielt werden kann. Unter ca. 1,4 Millionen untersuchten Spendern konnten 21 HBV DNA positive Spender (alle niedrige HBV DNA Konzentrationen) ermittelt werden. Bei keinem der jeweiligen Empfänger konnte eine Infektion bestätigt werden, bei einem wäre sie möglich gewesen. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich das PRISM® HBcore™ Testsystem wegen guter Sensitivität aber auch gleichzeitig guter Spezifität (signifikant besser als PRISM® HBc™) am besten zur Anti-HBc-Ak Routinetestung im Blutspendedienst eignet und selbst bei sehr hohem Probenaufkommen bewährt hat. Im Vergleich unterschiedlicher Testsysteme hatte der AxSym® CORE™ die höchste analytische Sensitivität, im weiteren Vergleich schnitten die untersuchten Assays annähernd gleich ab, zwischen dem PRISM® HBcore™ und PRISM® HBc™ konnte kein weiterer signifikanter Unterschied festgestellt werden. Des weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass Anti-HBc-Ak einen guten und sinnvollen Parameter zur HBV Diagnostik darstellt, der, in Verbindung mit der Pool-PCR, eventuell sogar die HBs-Ag Testung abzulösen in der Lage ist. Anhand der im Rahmen dieser Studie erhobenen Daten wären alle HBs-Ag positiven Blutprodukte auch mittels der Pool-PCR und Anti-HBc-Ak Diagnostik identifiziert worden. Darüber hinaus wurden einige HBV positive Blutprodukte mit diesen Verfahren erkannt, die mittels der klassischen HBs-Ag Testung übersehen worden wären. Bestätigt Anti-HBc-Ak positive Spender lassen sich anhand zusätzlicher serologischer Parameter (Anti-HBe-Ak und Anti-HBs-Ak) und wiederholter Testung bestimmen und so auch bestätigen; Die gemessenen S/CO-Werte der einzelnen untersuchten Testsysteme sind in der Lage einen Hinweis auf eine mögliche unspezifische Anti-HBc-Ak Reaktivität geben, so dass in Verbindung mit zusätzlichen HBV Parametern (z.B. Anti-HBe-Ak), die Richtigkeit des Ergebnisses besser eingeschätzt werden kann. Mittels Testung auf weitere HBV Marker (Einzelproben-PCR, Anti-HBs-Ak) können, wie es bereits gesetzlich geregelt wurde, Anti-HBc-Ak positive Blutprodukte durch ein „Re-Entry“ Verfahren wieder der Patientenverwendung zugeführt werden, ohne das HBV Transmissionsrisiko zu erhöhen. Die vorliegende Studie bestätigt diese Annnahme: Es konnte keine einzige HBV Transmission durch Anti-HBc-Ak positives Blut bewiesen werden, welches HBV PCR negativ (Sens. < 5,6 IU/ml) war. Die Prävalenz der Anti-HBc-Ak positiven Blutspender betrug vor Einführung der Anti-HBc-Ak Testung ca. 1,61%, im Spenderkollektiv wird sie aber wegen Selektionierung in den nächsten Jahren stark rückläufig sein.
Das visuelle Arbeitsgedächtnis (AG) kann visuelle Information enkodieren, über eine kurze Zeitperiode aktiv halten und mit neu wahrgenommener Information vergleichen. Dadurch ermöglicht es eine Reihe höherer kognitiver Funktionen ( z.B. Kopfrechnen). Störungen des visuellen AGs sind ein relevantes Symptom neurologischer und psychiatrischer Erkrankungen. Die funktionellen und neuronalen Prozesse, die dem visuellen AG unterliegen, stellen eine fundamentale Frage der kognitiven Neurowissenschaft dar. Bisherige Forschung hat bereits einen großen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Vorgänge während der Enkodierungs- und Halte-Phase des AGs geleistet. Die neuronalen Korrelate der Wiedererkennung (WE) hingegen sind relativ unbekannt. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die neuronalen Mechanismen der WE anhand zweier Modulationen (Gedächtnisbelastung und Ähnlichkeit zwischen Merk- und Test-Stimulus) zu erforschen. Den neuronalen Grundlagen von Ähnlichkeit zwischen wurde bislang nahezu keine Beachtung geschenkt, ihre Untersuchung stellte deshalb eine wesentliche Motivation der Arbeit dar. Da erhöhte Gedächtnislast bei einer endlichen Anzahl an Stimuli zu einer erhöhten Anzahl an möglichen ähnlichen Test-Stimuli und auf diese Weise zu einer erhöhten Ähnlichkeit zwischen Merk- und Test-Stimulus führen kann, sind die Effekte beider Modulationen konfundiert. Es sollte deshalb zusätzlich der Nachweis für einen ähnlichkeitsunabhängigen Lasteffekt erbracht werden. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation stand der zeitliche Ablauf der zu erwartenden kortikalen Aktivationen im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Aus diesem Grund kam die Magnetenzephalographie (MEG) mit ihrem hervorragenden zeitlichen und guten räumlichen Auflösungsvermögen zum Einsatz. Die neuronale Aktivität von 17 Probanden wurde mittels MEG erfasst. Zusätzlich wurden Verhaltensdaten (VD) in Form von Reaktionszeit (RZ) und Korrektheit (KH) der Antworten aufgezeichnet. Als Stimuli dienten 15 verschiedene Farben, die einmal den gesamten Farbkreis abbildeten. 1 oder 3 verschiedenfarbige Quadrate dienten als Merk-Stimuli und ein farbiges Quadrat, das einem der vorher gezeigten glich (G), ihm ähnlich (Ä) oder unähnlich (U) war, folgte als Test-Stimulus. Die Probanden antworteten per Fingerheben aus einer Lichtschranke, ob der Test-Stimulus dem Merk-Stimulus glich (G) oder nicht glich (Ä, U). Insgesamt führten die 2 Belastungsmodulationen und die 3 Ähnlichkeitsmodulationen zu einem 2 x 3 Design, das eine Untersuchung der Haupteffekte und Interaktionen von Ähnlichkeit und Last ermöglichte. Die Ergebnisse der VD decken sich mit früheren Erkenntnissen, die mit ansteigender Gedächtnislast und Ähnlichkeit von einer signifikanten Verminderung der KH der Antworten sowie einer signifikanten Zunahme der RZ berichteten. Zusätzlich konnte eine signifikante Interaktion beider Modulationen beobachtet werden. Mit zunehmender Gedächtnislast verlängerte sich die RZ, bzw. verminderte sich die KH der Antworten für gleiche Testreize stärker als für ungleiche (Ä, U). Es konnten wesentliche neue Erkenntnisse über die neuronalen Korrelate der WE im visuellen AG gewonnen werden. Für die Ähnlichkeits-Modulation konnten drei zeitlich, räumlich und funktionell distinkte Ereigniskorrelierte-Felder (EKF)-Komponenten detektiert werden: eine frühe Komponente, die stärker auf U im Vergleich zu Ä und G Stimuli ansprach, eine mittlere, die mit der Schwierigkeit der Aufgabe assoziiert war sowie eine späte Komponente, die als Korrelat einer kategorialen Entscheidung interpretiert wurde. Diese Ergebnisse replizieren Befunde von Studien über die Entscheidungsfindung und die summierte Ähnlichkeit im Langzeitgedächtnis (LZG) und liefern gleichzeitig neue Hinweise für eine funktionelle Dissoziation verschiedener Komponenten der WE im visuellen AG. Die WE scheint aus der Berechnung der summierten Ähnlichkeit, der Entscheidungsfindung sowie der Evidenzevaluation unter schwierigeren Bedingungen zu bestehen. Es gelang außerdem der Nachweis eines ähnlichkeitsunabhängigen Effektes der Lastmodulation. Es konnte eine bilateral parieto-okzipitale sowie eine linksseitig fronto-temporale Aktivierung erfasst werden, die wahrscheinlich allgemeinen Schwierigkeitseffekten entsprechen. Unter ansteigender Gedächtnisbelastung kam es zu einer Zunahme der Amplitude beider Aktivitäten. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen Befunde über die Amplitudenentwicklung während der Halte-Phase, die als Heranziehung zusätzlicher Ressourcen unter schwierigeren Bedingungen gedeutet wurden. Die EKF-Daten konnten jedoch keine Bestätigung des in den VD nachgewiesenen Interaktionseffektes bringen. Vielversprechende Ansätze für zukünftige Studien bieten eine präzisere Bestimmung der räumlichen Verteilung sowie eine weitere Evaluation der kognitiven Funktion der neuronalen Aktivität der Ähnlichkeit, da die Ähnlichkeit zwischen Merk- und Test-Stimulus eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Beschränkung der WE-Leistung einzunehmen scheint.
Fluviale Sedimente und Ablagerungen aus küstennahen Bereichen werden im mediterranen Raum häufig herangezogen, um die Reaktionen von Fusssystemen auf Klimawandel, menschliche Einflussnahme und andere Faktoren zu rekonstruieren. Arbeiten, die mit systembasierten Ansätzen auf Einzugsgebietsebene quantitative Aussagen ermöglichen, sind jedoch rar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird für das Einzugsgebiet des Rio Palancia, Spanien, ein quantifizierter Sedimenthaushalt vorgestellt, der die Sedimentproduktion des Hinterlandes über die Sedimentpfade mit der Speicherung im Einzugsgebiet und der Lieferung zum Flussdelta verbindet. Ziel ist es, den anteiligen Einfluss von Steuergrößen wie Neotektonik, Klimawandel und Landnutzung auf den spätquartären Sedimentfluss in dem 969,9 km2großen Einzugsgebiet zu bestimmen. Das Einzugsgebiet des Rio Palancia ist Teil der südlichen Ausläufer der Iberischen Kette und mündet bei Sagunto in das Mittelmeer. Mit Hilfe von photogrammetrischen und geomorphologischen Kartierungen, Felddaten (Aufschlussuntersuchung, Rammkern-sondierung) sowie geophysikalischen Messmethoden wurden die Geometrien sowie die internen Strukturen von Sedimentablagerungen untersucht. Auf diesen Grundlagen konnte ein GIS-basiertes Sedimentbudget mit quantitativen Abschätzungen für Budgetkomponenten entlang der Sedimentkaskade erstellt werden. Der Talboden des Rio Palancia-Einzugsgebietes wird dominiert von mehreren pleistozänen und holozänen Degradierungsniveaus, die sich in pleistozäne Kiese und Sande eingeschnitten haben. Bedeutende holozäne, fluviale Sedimentation kann hauptsächlich im mittleren und unteren Einzugsgebiet belegt werden. Obwohl ausgedehnte landwirtschaftliche Terrassenanlagen auf dem Talboden und den Hängen von einem starken anthropogenen Einfluss zeugen, ist davon auszugehen, dass die Degradierung des Talbodens noch bis etwa 390 AD auf den Ausgleich eines sich erhöhten Flussgradienten durch vorangegangene Aggradation zurückzuführen ist. Landwirtschaftliche Nutzung durch Terrassenfeldbau, die seit dem dritten Jahrhundert BC im Arbeitsgebiet belegt ist, deutet auf eine nachhaltige Abkopplung der Sedimentlieferung von den Hängen und pleistozänen bzw. holozänen Sedimentquellen zum aktiven Flussbett hin. Dies resultiert seit dem Mittelalter in einer Potenzierung des vorherrschenden Verengungs- bzw. Einschneidungstrend des aktiven Gerinnebettes. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf ein kompliziertes Zusammenspiel von neotektonischem Erbe, klimagesteuertem Abflussregime und späterer menschlicher Einflussnahme hin, die den Sedimentfluss vom Hinterland zur Küstenzone maßgeblich steuern.
Die kumulative Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der atmosphärischen Konzentration von Eiskeimen, einer Unterklasse des atmosphärischen Aerosols, die bei der Eisbildung in Wolken eine zentrale Bedeutung besitzt. Messungen der Eiskeimkonzentration am Taunusobservatorium (Kleiner Feldberg) (nahe Frankfurt am Main) wurden mit dem Verfahren einer Vakuum-Diffusionskammer durchgeführt. Die Arbeit umfasst die Darstellung des angewandten Messverfahrens und die Analyse und Bewertung der Messergebnisse für den Raum Zentraleuropa, anhand von u.a. Rückwärtstrajektorien und Korrelationen zu aerosolphysikalischen Parametern. Ein signifikanter Einfluss von Mineralstaub-Ferntransport aus Wüstengebieten auf die Eiskeimkonzentration in Zentral-Europa wurde ermittelt.
Osoma na waatikha wa Ekoti
(2010)
Mwani : grammatical sketch
(2010)
Kimwani, the language of the Wamwani or Mwani people, is spoken by about 80,000 people in the Cabo Delgado province of Mozambique. The language is related to Swahili, but the two are not mutually intelligible.
The prestige dialect of Kimwani is KiWibu, spoken on Ibo Island and surroundings, as well as by the majority of Mwani in the provincial capital, Pemba. KiWibu forms have consistently been followed in this write-up, unless otherwise indicated. For differences with other dialects, see Appendix E "Dialectical variations and their characteristics".
Maziwa a pakifuwa ca mama
(2010)
Índice Gramática Lição Adjectivos 4.1 Demonstrativos 12.1 Interrogativos 13.1 Números cardinais 4.2 Possessivo nominal 11.1 Possessivo pronominal 9.2 Pronomes pessoais 1.2 Substantivo: classes 1-10 2.1 Substantivos: classes 1-18 6.1 Verbo: infinitivo 1.1 Verbo: infinitivo negativo 3.1 Verbo: optativo 8.2 Verbo: passado recente e remoto 14.1 Verbo: prefixo do objecto 8.1 Verbo: prefixo do sujeito 1.3 Verbo: prefixo do sujeito (classes 3-14) 7.1 Verbo: presente contínuo 2.2 Verbo: presente contínuo negativo 3.3 Verbo: presente do indicativo 1.4 Verbo: presente negativo 3.2
Ler e escrever em Ekoti
(2010)
Kukoresa muku rat
(2010)
Kokoresa membe
(2010)
Kittaphi miiya za Akoti
(2010)
Um dicionário contribui para a permanência e a padronização duma língua. O desenvolvimento das línguas moçambicanas serve para enriquecer e fortalecer esta nação. Alem disso, facilita a transição do povo para a aprendizagem da língua portuguesa. A ortografia usada neste dicionário segue as recomendações de NELIMO, o Núcleo de Estudo de Línguas Moçambicanas. A única excepção é o uso da letra j para o som ‘dj’ ou ‘tj’: NELIMO recomenda que seja escrita com c. Estamos abertos para receber quaisquer sugestões que eventualmente surgirem pela parte dos prezados leitores.
Enthält: Bibel. Lukasevangelium, 23,33-46 ; Bibel. Lukasevangelium, 24,1-10
Hantisi khumi za Ekoti
(2010)
Enthält:
Mafunzo a 1: Siri ya Mama
Mafunzo a 2: Jamazake Zuwana ziwapata tafauti nyingi
Mafunzo a 3: Atari za jamazake Zuwana
Mafunzo a 4: Zuwana kawanawo tamaa
Mafunzo a 5: Alideya ya Zuwana warifunda kuhusu HIV na SIDA
Hadisi ya ujanja wa sungula
(2010)
Prefácio Este esboço gramatical teve origem nos trabalhos da Sociedade Internacional de Linguística (SIL) em Moçambique. O que se procura nesta modesta contribuição ao ambiente sociocultural é apresentar um modelo simples da descrição de aspectos gramaticais para encorajar o uso da língua local e facilitar ao público um melhor acesso a um aspecto da sua rica cultura. O esboço aqui apresentado é uma breve introdução à língua Ekoti que foi produzido durante um seminário linguístico em Julho 2004 no escritório do programa Ekoti em Angoche. Este pequeno estudo segue o padrão das “Notas Gramaticais sobre a Língua Emakhuwa”, o primeiro estudo na série “Monografias Linguísticas Moçambicanas, elaborado em 2003, imprimido em 2006. Queremos endereçar os nossos agradecimentos calorosos ao Governo Distrital do Distrito de Angoche, ao Conselho Municipal, e à Direcção Distrital da Educação e Cultura que facilitam um clima vantajoso para o desenvolvimento e a pesquisa da língua Ekoti. Também queríamos agradecer ao povo Koti que tem o orgulho de elogiar a sua própria língua e sabedoria cultural. Akhili maali 'Ideias são riqueza' (provérbio local) Os autores Angoche, Abril de 2007
Erste große Studie zum Leben in FrankfurtRheinMain ++ Institutsbericht 2010 erscheint im November ++ Projektteil „Sanitation and water re-use“ startet in Namibia ++ Capacity Development im Wassersektor ++ Projekt REZIPE: Datenbank für Elektrofahrzeuge online ++ ENEF-Haus Abschlusskonferenz zu energieeffizienter Sanierung ++ Buch zu nachhaltiger Pharmazie im Springer Verlag erschienen ++ Projekt start2 schließt mit Strategievorschlägen ab ++ Termine ++ Publikationen
ENEF-Haus: Hausbesitzer sanieren nur zögerlich ++ Vortrag zur Sozialen Ökologie ++ CuveWaters: Regenwassersammlungsanlagen in Namibia fertig ++ Konferenz „Sustainable Pharmacy“ ++ Marktforschung: „Smart Home“ ++ Evaluation der Kampagne „Gut beraten starten“ ++ Intelliekon: Nutzer schätzen Stromfeedback ++ Future Fleet: Prototyp der Strom-Zapfsäulen ++ Termine ++ Publikationen
Innovativer Umbau der Wasserinfrastrukturen machbar ++ Institutsbericht 2010 erschienen ++ Tagung „Biodiversity and the UN Millennium Development Goals“ in Frankfurt ++ ENEF-Haus: Abschlusskonferenz und Handlungsleitfaden ++ Neues Projekt zu Synergien zwischen Umwelt- und Sozialpolitik ++ Entsalzungsanlagen in Namibia offiziell eingeweiht ++ Projekt zu Wasserressourcen-Management in Isfahan gestartet ++ Klimaprojekte am ISOE beginnen ++ Termine ++ Publikationen
Internationale Wasserkonferenz in Frankfurt ++ ISOE in neuem EU-Forschungsprojekt zu CSR ++ Neuerscheinung: Methoden transdisziplinärer Forschung ++ Erste Ergebnisse im Projekt Nachhaltig Handeln ++ Biodiversität: Wald im Klimawandel ++ ISOE startet im Projekt REZIPE ++ Future Fleet auf dem Elektromobilitätsgipfel ++ Briefing-Papier zu Mobilität für EU ++ Termine ++ Publikationen
Yezu owedda vaddulu va manje
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Yezu onokurumuca pevo
(2010)
Omeza wotikiniya
(2010)
Obaliwa wa nabuya Yezu
(2010)
Muneri
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Matelo a oKana
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Maliipo a siifwa
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Maliipo a siifwa
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Kithaapu za Yuunusa
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Juau ononbatiza Yezu
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Davidi na Goliya
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Daudi namu Goliashi
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Yaakopo
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Siita: mamusepelo
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MuSamariya a ikharari
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Efesta ya ashinama a manyaka
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Aaparahamu ni Isaaki
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Yonasi
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Mananna owiirattavelela SIDA
(2010)
Isukuhuulu yonama conyaka
(2010)