Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (5330)
- Doctoral Thesis (1508)
- Part of Periodical (211)
- Conference Proceeding (189)
- Preprint (171)
- Book (86)
- Contribution to a Periodical (67)
- Review (50)
- Working Paper (22)
- Part of a Book (17)
Language
Keywords
- inflammation (80)
- COVID-19 (60)
- SARS-CoV-2 (48)
- Inflammation (38)
- apoptosis (38)
- cancer (38)
- glioblastoma (38)
- breast cancer (34)
- autophagy (29)
- prostate cancer (28)
Institute
- Medizin (7671) (remove)
Background: To determine whether there is a significant saving of time when using a digital cataract workflow for digital data transfer compared to a manual approach of biometry assessment, data export, intraocular lens calculation, and surgery time.
Methods: In total, 48 eyes of 24 patients were divided into two groups: 24 eyes were evaluated using a manual approach, whereas another 24 eyes underwent a full digital lens surgery workflow. The primary variables for comparison between both groups were the overall time as well as several time steps starting at optical biometry acquisition until the end of the surgical lens implantation. Other outcomes, such as toric intraocular lens misalignment, reduction of cylinder, surgically induced astigmatism, prediction error, and distance visual acuity were measured.
Results: Overall, the total diagnostic and surgical time was reduced from 1364.1 ± 202.6 s in the manual group to 1125.8 ± 183.2 s in the digital group (p < 0.001). The complete time of surgery declined from 756.5 ± 82.3 s to 667.3 ± 56.3 (p < 0.0005). Compared to the manual approach of biometric data export and intraocular lens calculation (76.7 ± 12.3 s) as well as the manual export of the reference image to a portable external storage device (26.8 ± 5.5 s), a highly significant saving of time was achieved (p < 0.0001).
Conclusions: Using a software-based digital approach to toric intraocular lens implantation is convenient, more efficient, and thus more economical than a manual workflow in surgery practice.
Background: Nearly all patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma experience recurrence following standard-of-care radiotherapy (RT) + temozolomide (TMZ). The purpose of the phase III randomized CheckMate 548 study was to evaluate RT + TMZ combined with the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab (NIVO) or placebo (PBO) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma with methylated MGMT promoter (NCT02667587).
Methods: Patients (N = 716) were randomized 1:1 to NIVO [(240 mg every 2 weeks × 8, then 480 mg every 4 weeks) + RT (60 Gy over 6 weeks) + TMZ (75 mg/m2 once daily during RT, then 150-200 mg/m2 once daily on days 1-5 of every 28-day cycle × 6)] or PBO + RT + TMZ following the same regimen. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients without baseline corticosteroids and in all randomized patients.
Results: As of December 22, 2020, median (m)PFS (blinded independent central review) was 10.6 months (95% CI, 8.9-11.8) with NIVO + RT + TMZ vs 10.3 months (95% CI, 9.7-12.5) with PBO + RT + TMZ (HR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.9-1.3) and mOS was 28.9 months (95% CI, 24.4-31.6) vs 32.1 months (95% CI, 29.4-33.8), respectively (HR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.9-1.3). In patients without baseline corticosteroids, mOS was 31.3 months (95% CI, 28.6-34.8) with NIVO + RT + TMZ vs 33.0 months (95% CI, 31.0-35.1) with PBO + RT + TMZ (HR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.9-1.4). Grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse event rates were 52.4% vs 33.6%, respectively.
Conclusions: NIVO added to RT + TMZ did not improve survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma with methylated or indeterminate MGMT promoter. No new safety signals were observed.
Activated SUMOylation restricts MHC class I antigen presentation to confer immune evasion in cancer
(2022)
Activated SUMOylation is a hallmark of cancer. Starting from a targeted screening for SUMO-regulated immune evasion mechanisms, we identified an evolutionarily conserved function of activated SUMOylation, which attenuated the immunogenicity of tumor cells. Activated SUMOylation allowed cancer cells to evade CD8+ T cell–mediated immunosurveillance by suppressing the MHC class I (MHC-I) antigen-processing and presentation machinery (APM). Loss of the MHC-I APM is a frequent cause of resistance to cancer immunotherapies, and the pharmacological inhibition of SUMOylation (SUMOi) resulted in reduced activity of the transcriptional repressor scaffold attachment factor B (SAFB) and induction of the MHC-I APM. Consequently, SUMOi enhanced the presentation of antigens and the susceptibility of tumor cells to CD8+ T cell–mediated killing. Importantly, SUMOi also triggered the activation of CD8+ T cells and thereby drove a feed-forward loop amplifying the specific antitumor immune response. In summary, we showed that activated SUMOylation allowed tumor cells to evade antitumor immunosurveillance, and we have expanded the understanding of SUMOi as a rational therapeutic strategy for enhancing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies.
Purpose: To investigate the diagnostic performance of noise-optimized virtual monoenergetic images (VMI+) in dual-energy CT (DECT) of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) compared to standard reconstructions. Method: This retrospective, single-center study included 107 patients (68 men; mean age, 60.1 ± 10.7 years) with malignant or cirrhotic liver disease and suspected PVT who had undergone contrast-enhanced portal-phase DECT of the abdomen. Linearly blended (M_0.6) and virtual monoenergetic images were calculated using both standard VMI and noise-optimized VMI+ algorithms in 20 keV increments from 40 to 100 keV. Quantitative measurements were performed in the portal vein for objective contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) calculation. The image series showing the greatest CNR were further assessed for subjective image quality and diagnostic accuracy of PVT detection by two blinded radiologists. Results: PVT was present in 38 subjects. VMI+ reconstructions at 40 keV revealed the best objective image quality (CNR, 9.6 ± 4.3) compared to all other image reconstructions (p < 0.01). In the standard VMI series, CNR peaked at 60 keV (CNR, 4.7 ± 2.1). Qualitative image parameters showed the highest image quality rating scores for the 60 keV VMI+ series (median, 4) (p ≤ 0.03). The greatest diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of PVT was found for the 40 keV VMI+ series (sensitivity, 96%; specificity, 96%) compared to M_0.6 images (sensitivity, 87%; specificity, 92%), 60 keV VMI (sensitivity, 87%; specificity, 97%), and 60 keV VMI+ reconstructions (sensitivity, 92%; specificity, 97%) (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: Low-keV VMI+ reconstructions resulted in significantly improved diagnostic performance for the detection of PVT compared to other DECT reconstruction algorithms.
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and their derivates are the most promising cell source for cell therapies in regenerative medicine. The application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as cell-free therapeuticals requires particles with a maximum regenerative capability to enhance tissue and organ regeneration. The cargo of mRNA and microRNA (miR) in EVs after hypoxic preconditioning has not been extensively investigated. Therefore, the aim of our study was the characterization of mRNA and the miR loading of EVs. We further investigated the effects of the isolated EVs on renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. We found 3131 transcripts to be significantly regulated upon hypoxia. Only 15 of these were downregulated, but 3116 were up-regulated. In addition, we found 190 small RNAs, 169 of these were miRs and 21 were piwi-interacting RNAs (piR). However, only 18 of the small RNAs were significantly altered, seven were miRs and 11 were piRs. Interestingly, all seven miRs were down-regulated after hypoxic pretreatment, whereas all 11 piRs were up-regulated. Gene ontology term enrichment and miR-target enrichment analysis of the mRNAs and miR were also performed in order to study the biological background. Finally, the therapeutic effect of EVs on human renal tubular epithelial cells was shown by the increased expression of three anti-inflammatory molecules after incubation with EVs from hypoxic pretreatment. In summary, our study demonstrates the altered mRNA and miR load in EVs after hypoxic preconditioning, and their anti-inflammatory effect on epithelial cells.
Whereas the clinical approach in pediatric cancer patients with febrile neutropenia is well established, data on non-neutropenic infectious episodes are limited. We therefore prospectively collected over a period of 4 years of data on all infectious complications in children treated for acute lymphoblastic or myeloid leukemia (ALL or AML) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) at two major pediatric cancer centers. Infections were categorized as fever of unknown origin (FUO), and microbiologically or clinically documented infections. A total of 210 patients (median age 6 years; 142 ALL, 23 AML, 38 NHL, 7 leukemia relapse) experienced a total of 776 infectious episodes (571 during neutropenia, 205 without neutropenia). The distribution of FUO, microbiologically and clinically documented infections, did not significantly differ between neutropenic and non-neutropenic episodes. In contrast to neutropenic patients, corticosteroids did not have an impact on the infectious risk in non-neutropenic children. All but one bloodstream infection in non-neutropenic patients were due to Gram-positive pathogens. Three patients died in the context of non-neutropenic infectious episodes (mortality 1.4%). Our results well help to inform clinical practice guidelines in pediatric non-neutropenic cancer patients presenting with fever, in their attempt to safely restrict broad-spectrum antibiotics and improve the quality of life by decreasing hospitalization.
Bei fehlender Milz nach einer totalen Splenektomie kann es unter anderem zum lebensgefährlichen Postsplenektomie-Syndrom (overwhelming postplenectomy infection, OPSI) kommen, weshalb die partielle Splenektomie (PS) zunehmend in den Fokus rückt. Die Reduktion perioperativer Komplikationen erscheint zudem wünschenswert, weswegen der laparoskopische Operationsansatz zunehmende medizinische Resonanz genießt. Letzteren verbinden Chirurgen häufig mit geringeren postoperativen Schmerzen für den Patienten, besseren kosmetischen Ergebnissen und einer Reduktion chirurgischer Komplikationen.
Ziel dieser Studie war es, anhand verschiedener Parameter die perioperativen Ergebnisse zwischen der laparoskopischen partiellen Splenektomie (LPS) und der offenen partiellen Splenektomie (OPS) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zu vergleichen. Betrachtet wurde ein Zeitraum von etwa zehn Jahren (2008-2018), wobei insgesamt 26 Patienten die Einschlusskriterien erfüllten. 10 Patienten unterzogen sich der LPS, während bei 16 Patienten eine OPS durchgeführt wurde. Anhand der digitalen Patientenakten wurden verschiedene perioperative Parameter erhoben, welche unter anderem die postoperative Schmerzstärke, den Analgetikabedarf, verschiedene hämatologische Variablen sowie die perioperativen Komplikationen umfassten.
Zwischen den beiden Gruppen unterschieden sich das postoperative Schmerzbefinden mit entsprechend analgetischer Therapie, der zeitliche Beginn des oralen Kostaufbaus und der postoperativen Mobilisation sowie die Dauer des stationären Aufenthalts nicht signifikant. Ferner wurden die chirurgischen Komplikationen anhand der Clavien-Dindo-Klassifikation (CDC) in verschiedene Grade eingeteilt und konnten sowohl in der laparoskopischen als auch in der offen-chirurgisch operierten Gruppe zeigen, dass hauptsächlich leichte Komplikationen vorlagen, bei denen ein Großteil der Patienten lediglich eine medikamentöse Therapie (80.8%) für die aufgetretenen Komplikationen (CDC ≤ II) benötigte. Lediglich bei 13% der offen operierten Patienten bedurfte es einer chirurgischen bzw. endoskopischen Intervention (CDC ≥ III).
Die Operationsdauer zwischen den beiden Gruppen unterschied sich jedoch signifikant. Bei der partiellen Splenektomie nahm der laparoskopische Zugangsweg signifikant mehr Zeit in Anspruch als bei der offen-chirurgisch operierten Gruppe. Darüber hinaus wurde der perioperative Blutverlust anhand der Mercuriali-Formel berechnet und zeigte bei der LPS-Gruppe einen signifikant höheren perioperativen Blutverlust als bei der OPS.
Die durch diese Studie erzielten Resultate zeigen anhand verschiedener perioperativer Parameter, dass die LPS im Vergleich zur etablierten OPS trotz signifikanter Unterschiede in der Operationszeit und dem perioperativen Blutverlust beide sichere und praktikable Operationsverfahren sind. Zusammenfassend stellten sich hinsichtlich der weiteren perioperativen Ergebnisse keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen beiden Gruppen dar.
Im Rahmen unserer Untersuchung konnte zudem dargestellt werden, dass die postoperativen Rekonvaleszenzvariablen sowie die Scores zur Erfassung der chirurgischen Komplikationen keinen signifikanten Unterschied ergaben. Ebenso wies die postoperativ dokumentierte Schmerzstärke der Patienten und der daraus resultierende Analgetikabedarf keine signifikanten Unterschiede auf.
Der Forschung von Kardiologen wie etwa Joseph C. Wu, Professor an der kalifornischen Stanford-Universität, ist es zu verdanken, dass die Sterblichkeit nach einem Herzinfarkt von ehemals 15 Prozent auf nur noch 2 bis 3 Prozent gesunken ist. Auf Einladung der Friedrich-Merz-Stiftungsgastprofessur besuchte Wu, Präsident der »American Heart Association« und derzeit einer der prominentesten Herz-Forscher, für eine Woche die Goethe-Universität, um sich sowohl mit Forschenden als auch mit Studierenden auszutauschen. In einem Bürgergespräch stellte er sich außerdem den Fragen der Frankfurter Bevölkerung, unter anderem zusammen mit Stefanie Dimmeler, Sprecherin des »Deutschen Zentrums für Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen« und Leiterin des Exzellenzclusters »Cardio-Pulmonary Institute«.
Purpose: We evaluated efficacy and safety profile of patients with anticoagulation therapy (AT) undergoing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP).
Methods: Within our prospective institutional database (11/2017 to 11/2019), we analyzed functional outcomes and 30-day complication rates of HoLEP patients according to Clavien–Dindo classification (CLD), stratified according to specific AT vs. no AT. Further analyses consisted of uni- and multivariate logistic regression models (LRM) predicting complications.
Results: Of 268 patients undergoing HoLEP, 104 (38.8%) received AT: 25.7% were treated with platelet aggregation inhibitors (PAI), 8.2% with new oral anticoagulants (NOAC) and 4.9% with AT-combinations or coumarins bridged with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH/combination). Patients receiving AT were significantly more comorbid (p < 0.01). Pre- and postoperative maximal flow rates, residual void urine and IPSS at 3 months after surgery were invariably improved after HoLEP for patients with/ without AT. Overall complication rate was 19.5% in patients with no AT vs. 26.1% vs. 27.3 vs. 46.2%, respectively, in patients with PAI, NOAC and LMWH/combination (p < 0.01). Major complications (CLD ≥ 3b) occurred in 6.1% of no AT patients vs. 4.3% vs. 4.5 vs. 0% in patients with PAI, NOAC and LMWH/combination, respectively (p < 0.01). In multivariate LRM, AT was not significantly associated with higher complication rates, whereas high ASA status (OR 2.2, p = 0.04), age (OR 1.04, p = 0.02) and bioptical or incidental prostate cancer (OR 2.5, p = 0.01) represented independent risk factors.
Conclusion: Despite higher overall complication rates in AT patients, major complications were not more frequent in AT patients. HoLEP is safe and effective in anticoagulated patients.
Zinc finger proteins (ZNF) are a large group of transcription factors with diverse functions. We recently discovered that endothelial cells harbour a specific mechanism to limit the action of ZNF354C, whose function in endothelial cells is unknown. Given that ZNF354C has so far only been studied in bone and tumour, its function was determined in endothelial cells. ZNF354C is expressed in vascular cells and localises to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Overexpression of ZNF354C in human endothelial cells results in a marked inhibition of endothelial sprouting. RNA-sequencing of human microvascular endothelial cells with and without overexpression of ZNF354C revealed that the protein is a potent transcriptional repressor. ZNF354C contains an active KRAB domain which mediates this suppression as shown by mutagenesis analysis. ZNF354C interacts with dsDNA, TRIM28 and histones, as observed by proximity ligation and immunoprecipitation. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that the ZNF binds to specific endothelial-relevant target-gene promoters. ZNF354C suppresses these genes as shown by CRISPR/Cas knockout and RNAi. Inhibition of endothelial sprouting by ZNF354C is dependent on the amino acids DV and MLE of the KRAB domain. These results demonstrate that ZNF354C is a repressive transcription factor which acts through a KRAB domain to inhibit endothelial angiogenic sprouting.
Aim: Assessment of the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on haematological parameters in patients with grades B (BP) and C periodontitis (CP).
Methods: Eight BP and 46 CP patients received full-mouth periodontal debridement within 48 h, if positive for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans with adjunctive systemic antibiotics (4 BP, 17 CP). Clinical data were collected prior and 12 weeks after periodontal therapy. Blood was sampled prior to and 1 day as well as 6 and 12 weeks after the first SD visit. Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin value, haematocrit (HCT), mean erythrocyte volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration (MCHC), platelets (PLT) and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) were assessed.
Results: Both groups showed significant clinical improvement (p < 0.05). Using univariate analysis, MCV was noticeably lower in CP than BP at all examinations, HCT only at baseline. For CP, MCHC was noticeably higher 12 weeks after SD than at baseline and 1 day (p ≤ 0.005) and Hsp27 increased noticeably at 1 day (p < 0.05). Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed African origin to be associated with lower MCV and female sex with lower MCHC.
Conclusion: Based on multivariate analysis, periodontal diagnosis (BP/CP) was not associated with haematological parameters measured in this study or serum Hsp27. In CP, nonsurgical periodontal therapy improved MCHC 12 weeks after SD. Also in CP Hsp27 was increased 1 day after SD.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play crucial roles in tissue homeostasis and pathologies by remodeling the extracellular matrix. Previous studies have demonstrated the biological activities of MMP-derived cleavage products. Furthermore, specific fragments can serve as biomarkers. Therefore, an in vitro cleavage assay to identify substrates and characterize cleavage patterns could provide important insight in disease-relevant mechanisms and the identification of novel biomarkers. In the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), MMP-2, -8, -9 and -13 are of vital importance. However, it is unclear which protease can cleave which matrix component. To address this question, we established an in vitro cleavage assay using recombinantly expressed MMPs and the two cartilage matrix components, COMP and thrombospondin-4. We found a time- and concentration-dependent degradation and an MMP-specific cleavage pattern for both proteins. Cleavage products can now be enriched and purified to investigate their biological activity. To verify the in vivo relevance, we compared the in vitro cleavage patterns with serum and synovial fluid from OA patients and could indeed detect fragments of similar size in the human samples. The cleavage assay can be adapted to other MMPs and substrates, making it a valuable tool for many research fields.
Different treatment options for acetabular fractures in the elderly and nonagenarians exist; a consistent guideline has not been established, yet. The purpose of this study is to give an overview of how those fractures can be handled and compares two different surgical treatment methods.
A total of 89 patients ≥ 18 years between 2016 and 2021 with acetabular fractures in our department received a surgical intervention with plate fixation via the Stoppa approach or a total hip arthroplasty with a Burch–Schneider ring and integrated cup. 60 patients ≥ 65 were compared in two groups, 29 patients between 65 and 79 and 31 patients ≥ 80. For comparison, data on operation times, hospitalization, complications during operation and hospital stay, blood loss and postoperative mobilization were collected.
Characteristics could be found for indications for operative osteosynthesis or endoprosthetics based on the X-ray analysis. There was a tendency to treat simple fractures with osteosynthesis. Patients between 65 and 79 with an osteosynthesis had benefits in almost every comparison. Patients ≥ 80 with a plate fixation had advantages in the categories of postoperative complications, blood loss and transfusion of erythrocyte concentrates. Statistical significant differences were noticed in both groups regarding the operation time. Patients between 65 and 79 with osteosynthesis had significant benefits for postoperative complications, hospitalization, number of blood transfusions and postoperative mobilization.
Finding the best supportive treatment option is difficult, and decision-making must respect fracture patterns and individual risk factors. This study shows that plate fixation via the Stoppa approach has some benefits.
Ziel unserer retrospektiven Studie war es, die refraktiven und kornealen Veränderungen nach DMEK bei pseudophaken Patienten, die sich auf Grund einer endothelialen Hornhauterkrankung behandeln ließen, zu untersuchen. Durch unsere einheitlich pseudophake Patientenkohorte wollten wir untersuchen, ob sich die refraktiven Veränderungen nach DMEK von den bereits bekannten Änderungen bei einer simultan durchgeführten Katarakt- und DMEK-Operation sogenannte „Triple“-DMEK unterscheiden. Primärer Endpunkt der Studie war die Veränderung der Refraktion unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des sphärischen Äquivalents (SEQ) des jeweiligen pseudophaken Auges nach DMEK. Sekundäre Endpunkte umfassten die Entwicklung des Visus, der CCT, der ECD und verschiedener kornealer Parameter, die mittels Scheimpflug- Tomographie ermittelt wurden.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgte hierzu die retrospektive Analyse von Daten, die in den Patientenakten dokumentiert und digital gespeichert waren (Pentacam® HR). Es wurden 109 Augen von 95 Patienten, die sich im Zeitraum von Februar 2015 bis Dezember 2018 mittels DMEK in unserem Zentrum behandeln ließen, in die Studie eingeschlossen. Davon stammten 66 Augen (61%) von weiblichen und 43 Augen (39%) von männlichen Patienten. Es handelte sich bei 61 Augen (56%) um ein linkes und bei 48 Augen (44 %) um ein rechtes Auge. Die Patienten waren 20 bis 91 Jahre alt. Das mittlere Alter zum Zeitpunkt der DMEK-Operation betrug 71,9 Jahre (SD ±10,23). Der Altersmittelwert der Männer lag bei 70,4 Jahren (SD 11,23, Spannweite: 20-84) und der der Frauen bei 72,9 Jahren (SD 9,49, Spannweite: 47-91). Der mittlere Nachbeobachtungszeitraum betrug 10,47 Monate (SD 6,78, Spannweite: 1-28 Monate).
Für das SEQ konnte bei Betrachtung aller ausgewerteten Daten eine leichte Tendenz in Richtung eines „hyperopen shifts“ mit einer mittleren Veränderung des SEQ von + 0,1 D gezeigt werden, die jedoch nicht statistisch signifikant war. Zwischenzeitlich kam es im Nachbeobachtungszeitraum zu einer klaren Tendenz hinsichtlich einer Myopisierung bei Betrachtung aller ausgewerteten Daten. Der „hyperope shift“ konnte erst am Ende, möglicherweise infolge einer deutlich reduzierten Patientenzahl, beobachtet werden. In der Subgruppe „vollständige Kontrollen“ für das SEQ zeigte sich eine Tendenz hinsichtlich einer leichten Abnahme des SEQ, die jedoch ebenfalls nicht statistisch signifikant war und aufgrund der geringen Gruppengröße (n=32) kritisch betrachtet werden sollte. In unserer Kohorte konnte somit keine eindeutige Aussage über eine postoperative Änderung des SEQ in Richtung eines „hyperopen shifts“ oder „myopen shifts“ gemacht werden. Die Refraktion verhielt sich in unserem Patientenkollektiv nach DMEK insgesamt weitestgehend stabil. Insofern sind refraktive "Überraschungen", wie sie weiterhin häufig nach "Triple"-DMEK zu beobachten sind, bei zuvor pseudophakisierten Patienten in einem weitaus geringeren Maße zu erwarten. Unter den mittels Scheimpflug-Technologie untersuchten kornealen Parametern wies lediglich der posteriore Astigmatismus signifikante Veränderungen im Sinne einer Reduktion der kornealen Krümmung auf. Indirekt heben unsere Ergebnisse damit die Bedeutung des posterioren Hornhautprofils auf die postoperative Refraktionsentwicklung und somit auch auf die IOL-Kalkulation bei "Triple"-DMEK-Prozeduren hervor. Außerdem scheint der postoperative Anstieg der Sehschärfe mit den gleichfalls signifikanten Änderungen der kornealen Densitometrie in der 2-6 mm Zone, des Hornhautvolumens und der zentralen Hornhautdicke umgekehrt korreliert zu sein.
Darüber hinaus lässt sich festhalten, dass auch unsere Untersuchung in einem gewissen Maße die Überlegenheit der DMEK gegenüber etablierten Techniken, wie beispielsweise der PK verdeutlicht. Sowohl anhand der refraktiven Stabilität als auch der Visusergebnisse konnten wir belegen, dass das DMEK-Verfahren nach der anfänglichen Lernkurve die wohl besten funktionellen Ergebnisse in der Behandlung von Patienten mit endothelialen Hornhauterkrankungen liefert. Besonders bei bereits pseudophaken Patienten weist die DMEK durch die zu erwartende hohe postoperative refraktive Stabilität viele Vorteile auf
und erscheint insbesondere hinsichtlich der Vorhersagbarkeit des postoperativen refraktiven Ergebnisses der „Triple“- DMEK überlegen.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is still associated with high morbidity and mortality incidence rates, and also bears an elevated risk of subsequent chronic kidney disease. Although the kidney has a remarkable capacity for regeneration after injury and may recover completely depending on the type of renal lesions, the options for clinical intervention are restricted to fluid management and extracorporeal kidney support. The development of novel therapies to prevent AKI, to improve renal regeneration capacity after AKI, and to preserve renal function is urgently needed. The Special Issue covers research articles that investigated the molecular mechanisms of inflammation and injury during different renal pathologies, renal regeneration, diagnostics using new biomarkers, and the effects of different stimuli like medication or bacterial components on isolated renal cells or in vivo models. The Special Issue contains important reviews that consider the current knowledge of cell death and regeneration, inflammation, and the molecular mechanisms of kidney diseases. In addition, the potential of cell-based therapy approaches that use mesenchymal stromal/stem cells or their derivates is summarized. This edition is complemented by reviews that deal with the current data situation on other specific topics like diabetes and diabetic nephropathy or new therapeutic targets.
Untersuchung von long non-coding RNA im Entzündungsmodell mit mesenchymalen Stamm-/Stromazellen
(2022)
Entzündungsprozesse sind essentiell zur Abwehr exogener und endogener Pathogene sowie bei der Geweberegeneration. Ihre Dysregulation ist an unzähligen Krankheitsprozessen beteiligt. Die Auslösung einer Entzündung ist besonders gut untersucht bei Toll-like Rezeptoren, die Strukturen von Mikroorganismen erkennen können und durch Signalkaskaden beispielsweise ΝF-κB aktivieren. LncRNAs regulieren die Genexpression und wurden dabei bereits im Rahmen von Entwicklung, Proliferation, Karzinogenese und Entzündung nachgewiesen. ASC sind für die regenerative Medizin aufgrund ihrer einfachen Gewinnung und ihrer Differenzierbarkeit höchst interessant. Zudem haben sie einen Einfluss auf inflammatorische Prozesse. Daher könnte es relevant sein, welche Rolle lncRNAs während Entzündungsprozessen bei ASC spielen. Daraus könnten sich auch potentielle Ansätze für Diagnostik und Therapie entwickeln.
Es wurde ein Entzündungsmodell mit ASC etabliert, welche mit Bakterientoxinen stimuliert wurden. Das Modell wurde mit einem im nephrologischen Labor etablierten Modell mit renalen Epithelzellen hinsichtlich der Entzündungsantwort verglichen. Diese Entzündungsantwort wurde anhand der Zytokinproduktion auf mRNA- und Proteinebene quantifiziert. Anschließend erfolgte eine RNA-Sequenzierung und Vergleich der RNA bei stimulierten und nicht-stimulierten ASC. Die detektierten veränderten lncRNAs wurden mittels qPCR validiert. Zuletzt wurde durch knockdown einer ausgewählten lncRNA versucht, Einfluss auf die Entzündungsprozesse zu nehmen.
Die vorgelegte Arbeit zeigt deutlich, dass ASC eine stärkere Entzündungsantwort als renale Epithelzellen zeigen. Als Mittelweg aus maximaler Entzündungsantwort und realistischen Stimulationsbedingungen wurde eine Stimulation mit 10 ng/ml LPS für 4 h gewählt. Nach der RNA-Sequenzierung zeigte die funktionelle Analyse der veränderten codierenden RNA Hinweise auf Entzündungsprozesse, Zellmigration, Chemotaxis, Differenzierung, Proliferation sowie Alkoholismus, Atherosklerose, Diabetes mellitus und Insulinresistenz. Diese Ergebnisse lassen sich mit dem aktuellen Stand der Forschung in Einklang bringen und legen die Bedeutung von Entzündung und ASC in diesen Bereichen dar. Bei den lncRNAs ergab die Sequenzierung insgesamt 48 expressionsveränderte Transkripte, H19 konnte hierbei erfolgreich validiert werden. Diese lncRNA war im Rahmen der LPS-induzierten Entzündung expressionsvermindert. Aufgrund donorspezifischer Einflussfaktoren auf die Genexpression bei ASC wie Körpergewicht und Morbidität sowie allgemeiner interindividueller Schwankung der Expression von lncRNA sind aber weitere Untersuchungen zur Detektion relevanter lncRNAs erforderlich. Die Transfektionsversuche zeigten Hinweise darauf, dass der H19-knockdown möglicherweise die LPS-vermittelte Entzündungsantwort bei ASC verstärkt.
Zusammenfassend wurde ein Modell zur Untersuchung von lncRNA bei LPS-induzierter Inflammation in ASC etabliert sowie im Rahmen dessen H19 als relevante lncRNA detektiert, die den Ausgangspunkt für weitere Forschung darstellt.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignancy of lymphoid progenitor cells occurring at an annual incidence rate of approximately 1.1 to 2.1 per 100,000 person-years globally. Approximately 40% of annual ALL cases occur in adults, yet estimated 5-year overall survival rates are about 40% to 50% in adults (and vary broadly by age) compared with 90% in children. Although the addition and/or intensification of asparaginase as a key treatment strategy for pediatric ALL is well recognized, further research is needed to clarify the benefit/risk ratio in adult patients with ALL. This review emphasizes the importance of efficient management of adverse events to increase asparaginase efficacy and explores novel strategies for optimizing asparaginase treatment, including new formulations of asparaginase, pharmacokinetic-based dosing, and pharmacogenetic profiling. Upcoming results of adult ALL trials should further clarify the role of asparaginase, building on the results of the large NOPHO 2008, CALGB 10403, GRAALL-2005, GMALL 07/2003, and UKALL14 trials.
Autophagy is the highly conserved catabolic process, which enables the survival of a cell under unfavorable environmental conditions. In a constantly changing environment, cells must be capable of dynamically oscillating between anabolism and catabolism in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. In this context, the activity of the mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) is of major importance. As a central signaling node, it directly controls the process of macroautophagy and thus cellular metabolism. Thereby, the control of mTORC1 is equally crucial as the regulation of cellular homeostasis itself, whereby particular importance is attributed to amino acid sensory proteins. In this review, we describe the recent findings of macroautophagy and mTORC1 regulation by upstream amino acid stimuli in different subcellular localizations. We highlight in detail which proteins of the sensor complexes play a specific role in this regulation and point out additional non-canonical functions, e.g. in the regulation of macroautophagy, which have received little attention so far.
Systematic protein localization and protein-protein interaction studies to characterize specific protein functions are most effectively performed using tag-based assays. Ideally, protein tags are introduced into a gene of interest by homologous recombination to ensure expression from endogenous control elements. However, inefficient homologous recombination makes this approach difficult in mammalian cells. Although gene targeting efficiency by homologous recombination increased dramatically with the development of designer endonuclease systems such as CRISPR/Cas9 capable of inducing DNA double-strand breaks with unprecedented accuracy, the strategies still require synthesis or cloning of homology templates for every single gene. Recent developments have shown that endogenous protein tagging can be achieved efficiently in a homology independent manner. Hence, combinations between CRISPR/Cas9 and generic tag-donor plasmids have been used successfully for targeted gene modifications in mammalian cells. Here, we developed a tool kit comprising a CRISPR/Cas9 expression vector with several EGFP encoding plasmids that should enable tagging of almost every protein expressed in mammalian cells. By performing protein-protein interaction and subcellular localization studies of mTORC1 signal transduction pathway-related proteins expressed in HEK293T cells, we show that tagged proteins faithfully reflect the behavior of their native counterparts under physiological conditions.