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Dictionary of Criminology
(2011)
In professional disciplines, just as in academics, the definition of basic concepts is fundamental for adequate understanding of issues. A dictionary of criminology may be regarded as irrelevant for the simple reason that criminology cannot be said to constitute an academic or professional discipline in East Africa. But this dictionary is not limited to criminological or sociological concepts alone. Just like any academic discipline, it covers other areas of social studies such as law, economics and politics. The dictionary covers some areas that, to the average reader, are least related to law and crime; but to the specialist, even the least likely entry, like race, tribe and democracy is, in some remote way, linked to the incidence of crime, delinquency or deviance.
Dichlorido(3-phenylindenylidene)bis(triphenylphosphane)ruthenium(II) tetrahydrofuran disolvate
(2011)
The RuII atom in the title compound, [RuCl2(C15H10)(C18H15P)2]·2C4H8O, has a distorted square-pyramidal conformation. The P and Cl atoms are at the base of the pyramid and the Ru-Cindenylidene bond is in the axial position. The two Cl ligands and the two phosphane ligands are in trans positions. The Cl-Ru-Cl and P-Ru-P angles are 157.71 (2) and 166.83 (2)°, respectively. The two independent tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent molecules are disordered. One THF molecule was refined using a split-atom model. The second THF molecule was accounted for by using program PLATON/SQUEEZE [Spek (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148-155]. The molecular conformation shows three intramolecular C-H...Cl contacts and two C-H...[pi] interactions while the crystal packing features an intermolecular C-H...Cl contact and two very weak intermolecular C-H...[pi] contacts.
Im Rahmen des DBU-Projekts „100 Äcker für die Vielfalt“ für den Schutz heimischer Ackerwildkrautvegetation wurden im Osten von Brandenburg sieben potenzielle Schutzackerflächen untersucht. Auf den sandigen bis lehmigen, z. T. basen- und kalkreichen Brachen oder Grünlandstandorten in Hanglage, die seit 2, 20 oder 50 Jahren nicht mehr ackerbaulich genutzt werden, wuchsen zur Zeit der Ackernutzung gefährdete Segetalarten wie Agrostemma githago, Arnoseris minima, Nigella arvensis und Stachys annua. Um herauszufinden, ob die genannten Arten noch in der Diasporenbank präsent sind, wurden Bodenproben in je drei Plots je Untersuchungsfläche entnommen und im Keimlingsauflaufverfahren (KAV) im Botanischen Garten analysiert. In einem zweiten Versuchsansatz – dem Freilandauflaufverfahren (FAV) – wurde der Boden kleinflächig (16 m²) im Bereich der Bodenprobenahmen umgebrochen. Bislang gibt es nur wenige Studien, die entsprechende Methoden verglichen haben. Auf den Flächen im Freiland konnten – auch bei langjähriger Brache – zwischen 21 und 47 Segetalarten nachgewiesen werden, darunter sieben der acht der gesuchten gefährdeten Arten (Zielarten). Es ist jedoch zweifelhaft, ob alle nachgewiesenen Arten seit der Stilllegung als Samen überdauert haben. Funde in Vegetationslücken und auf Wildschweinwühlstellen weisen darauf hin, dass einige Segetalarten fortwährend reproduktiv gewesen sein könnten. Durch das KAV konnte meist nur ein Nachweis der häufigen, nicht gefährdeten Arten erbracht werden, die vielfach auch auf Äckern verbreitet sind. Prozentual lag der Anteil der Therophyten höher als beim FAV (im Mittel 53% vs. 45%). Insgesamt wurden durch das KAV nur etwa zwei Drittel des Artenspektrums des FAVs erfasst (108 vs. 152 Arten). Dennoch waren auch einige Arten nur beim KAV aufgelaufen, vermutlich aufgrund des veränderten Mikroklimas und abweichender Bodenverhältnisse am Keimschalenstandort. Für die Suche nach seltenen Arten ist das FAV generell besser geeignet, da hier der Diasporenvorrat auf einer vergleichsweise großen Fläche aktiviert wird und somit auch Arten mit individuenarmer Diasporenbank regelmäßig erfasst werden. Die geringe Wahrscheinlichkeit, Arten beim KAV aufzufinden, resultiert darüber hinaus aus der räumlichen Variabilität der Verteilung der Diasporen als Folge limitierter Ausbreitung von der Mutterpflanze und kleinräumig variierender Standortbedingungen. Diese Variabilität begründet auch, warum die Artenspektren beim KAV innerhalb einer Untersuchungsfläche größere Unterschiede aufwiesen als beim FAV. Da sich manche der untersuchten ehemaligen Ackerstandorte bereits zu artenreichen Trockenrasen entwickeln, wird nicht empfohlen, diese wieder in Ackernutzung zu nehmen. Durch kleinflächiges Umbrechen könnten jedoch die Zielarten beider Habitate gefördert werden; eine höhere Artendiversität wäre die Folge.
The HITRAP linear decelerator currently being set up at GSI will provide slow, few keV/u highly charged ions for atomic physics experiments. The expected beam intensity is up to 105 ions per shot. To optimize phase and amplitude of the RF systems intensity, bunch length and kinetic energy of the particles need to be monitored. The bunch length that we need to fit is about 2 ns, which is typically measured by capacitive pickups. However, they do not work for the low beam intensities that we face. We investigated the bunch length with a fast CVD diamond detector working in single particle counting mode. Averaging over 8 shots yields a clear, regular picture of the bunched beam. Energy measurements by capacitive pickups are limited by the presence of intense primary and partially decelerated beam and hence make tuning of the IH-structure impossible. The energy of the decelerated fraction of the beam behind the first deceleration cavity was determined to about 10 % accuracy with a permanent dipole magnet combined with a MCP. Better detector calibration should help reaching the required 1%. Design of the detectors as well as the results of the measurements will be presented.
The crossbar H-mode (CH) cavity is an accelerating structure operated in the H21(0) mode. The robustness of the crossbar geometry allows one to realize room temperature as well as superconducting linac cavities. The shunt impedance characteristics of this structure are attractive to develop proton and heavy ion linacs in the low and medium beta range. A first room temperature eight-cell prototype has proven the feasibility of the crossbar design in terms of mechanical construction, copper plating, and cooling. An innovative rf coupling concept has been developed where two CH cavities are connected by a two gap E010-mode resonator which, at the same time, provides transverse focusing by a quadrupole triplet. The concept has been applied in the design of the new FAIR proton linac and a scaled model of the second cavity of this injector has been built and tested too. The full scale prototype is now under construction at the University of Frankfurt. In this paper, the room temperature CH cavity development as well as the general layout of the FAIR proton injector (70 MeV, 325 MHz, 70 mA) is presented and discussed.
Development of fragmented low-Z ion beams for the NA61 fixed-target experiment at the CERN SPS
(2011)
The NA61 experiment, aims to study the properties of the onset of deconfinement at low SPS energies and to find signatures of the critical point of strongly interacting matter. A broad range in T-μB phase diagram will be covered by performing an energy (13A-158A GeV/c) and system size (p+p, Be+Be, Ar+Ca, Xe+La) scan. In a first phase, fragmented ion beams of 7Be or 11C produced as secondaries with the same momentum per nucleon when the incident primary Pb-ion beam hits a thin Be target will be used. The H2 beam line that transports the beam to the experiment acts as a double spectrometer which combined with a new thin target (degrader) where fragments loose energy proportional to the square of their charge allows the separation of the wanted A/Z fragments. Thin scintillators and TOF measurement for the low energy points are used as particle identification devices. In this paper results from the first test of the fragmented ion beam done in 2010 will be presented showing that a pure Be beam can be obtained satisfying the needs of the experiment.
MYRRHA is conceived as an accelerator driven system (ADS) for transmutation of high level nuclear waste. The neutron source is created by coupling a proton accelerator of 600 MeV with a 4 mA proton beam, a spallation source and a sub-critical core. The IAP of Frankfurt University is responsible for the development of the 17 MeV injector operated at 176 MHz. The injector consists of a 1.5 MeV 4-Rod-RFQ and six CH-drifttube-structures. The first two CH-structures will be operated at room temperature and the other CH-structures are superconducting cavities assembled in one cryo-module. To achieve the extremely high reliability required by the ADS application, the design of the 17 MeV injector has been intensively studied, with respect to thermal issues, minimum peak fields and field distribution.