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In this thesis I have investigated the regulation of eicosanoid synthesizing-enzymes by cannabinoid receptor agonists. Rat renal mesangial cells were used as a model system. I could show that all three (CB1, CB2, and GPR55) cannabinoid receptors are expressed on the mRNA level in rat renal mesangial cells – but with differing expression profiles. The CB1 and GPR55 receptors are expressed in comparable amounts, whereas the CB2 receptor is considerably less expressed than the CB1 and the GPR55 receptors. Furthermore I could show that stimulation of renal mesangial cells with CB1 receptor agonists, such as R(+)MA or ACEA, increased IL-1β-induced cPLA2, sPLA2-IIa, and COX2 protein and mRNA expression which subsequently led to an enhanced IL-1β-induced PGE2 formation. Additionally, the IL-1β- induced sPLA2-IIa promoter activity was also increased by CB1 receptor stimulation. Besides the modulated expression of the eicosanoid synthesizing enzymes, I could show that CB1 agonists also led to an increase of IL-1β-induced iNOS expression and subsequent NO formation. In contrast, stimulation with CB2 selective agonists led to a decrease in IL-1β- induced sPLA2-IIa protein expression and PGE2 formation. Accordingly, the IL-1β-induced sPLA2-IIa promoter activity was also reduced by CB2 receptor agonists. IL-1β-induced iNOS expression and subsequent NO formation were not influenced by CB2 recptor activation. Matching the results I obtained with CB1 receptor agonists on IL-1β-induced PGE2 formation, I could observe an increased cPLA2 protein and mRNA expression with a subsequent increase in IL-1β-induced PGE2 formation by GPR55 stimulation. Stimulation with THC, an unselective CB agonist, increased the IL-1β-induced sPLA2-IIa protein expression and subsequently led to an enhanced IL-1β-induced PGE2 formation. Subjecting the cells to higher THC concentrations surprisingly led to a reduction of the IL-1b-induced sPLA2-IIa protein expression and PGE2 formation. A possible explanation may be the differential expression of the three CB receptors. At low concentrations THC may predominantly activate CB1 and GPR55 and with increasing concentration CB2 receptors may also be activated, slightly reversing the enhancing effect. Moreover, I could show that the CB1 receptor stimulation mediated phosphorylation and hence the activation of ERK1/2 MAPK. Additionally to ERK1/2, there was also a phosphorylation and activation of NFkB observed by CB1 receptor stimulation. In my thesis I could show for the first time that PPARα was activated by IL-1β in rMC. The IL-1β-induced PPARα promoter activity was completely inhibited by addition of the CB2 receptor agonist, JWH015. These findings were confirmed by inhibition of the IL-1β-induced PGE2 formation by a PPARα antagonist (MK-886). In summary, I could show that activation of CB1 receptors in our system led to a worsening of an inflammatory condition, whereas activation of the CB2 receptors led to the complete opposite; namely a reduction of the inflammatory response by reducing the sPLA2-IIa expression and PGE2 formation. GPR55 activation did not display any alteration of inflammatory conditions, since the classical inflammatory pathway was not influenced.
The moderate halophile Halobacillus halophilus is the paradigm for chloride dependent growth in prokaryotes. Recent experiments shed light on the molecular basis of the chloride dependence that is reviewed here. In the presence of moderate salinities Halobacillus halophilus mainly accumulates glutamine and glutamate to adjust turgor. The transcription of glnA2 (encoding a glutamine synthetase) as well as the glutamine synthetase activity were identified as chloride dependent steps. Halobacillus halophilus switches its osmolyte strategy and produces proline as the main compatible solute at high salinities. Furthermore, Halobacillus halophilus also shifts its osmolyte strategy at the transition from the exponential to the stationary phase where proline is exchanged by ectoine. Glutamate was found as a second messenger" essential for proline production. This observation leads to a new model of sensing salinity by sensing the physico-chemical properties of different anions.
Reinhard Berger verstorben
(2008)
Reinheit als hermeneutisches und als paranoides Kalkül : der Rassediskurs der 1920er und '30er Jahre
(2008)
Eine kulturwissenschaftlich orientierte Untersuchung der nationalsozialistischen Rassenideologie muß sich möglicherweise zunächst grundsätzlich rechtfertigen. Jeder Versuch, die historischen Verbrechen des 20. Jahrhunderts und ihre ideologischen Vorbereitungen in historischen und kulturellen Kontexten zu beschreiben, scheint diesen a priori ihre Singularitat zu nehmen und sie mithin entschuldigen zu wollen. Dennoch versucht der folgende Beitrag, die Idee der "Reinheit" im deutschen Rassediskurs der 1920er und '30er Jahre zu analysieren. Das Konzept der "Reinheit: welches in jener Zeit als ein wesentliches Element von kultureller "Bedeutung" interpretiert wurde,' bildet eine prominente Verbindung zwischen Ideologie und Biologie, und infolgedessen auch zwischen kulturellen Diskursen und politischen Entscheidungen. Die folgende Untersuchung der Vorstellung "rassischer Reinheit" in den Rassediskursen versucht diese Übergänge nachzuzeichnen, und gleichzeitig zu zeigen, daß die "kulturelle" Logik hier eine alles andere als harmlose Wirkung entfaltet. Gerade dort, wo bestimmte "Ideen" nicht bruchlos auf die historische (und in diesem Fall: biologische) Realitat übertragen werden können, wurde eine zunehmende Radikalisierung möglich. Diese Radikalisierung der Idee der Reinheit möchte der folgende Beitrag beschreiben. Paradigmatisch sollen dabei ein "physiognomisches" Konzept von "Reinheit": (Ludwig Ferdinand Claus) und ein "ethisches Konzept" (Martin Staemmler) diskutiert werden.
Ataxin-2 is a novel protein, within which the unstable expansion of a polyglutamine domain can cause Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2 (SCA2), a neurodegenerative disease which belongs to the group of polyglutamine disorders. SCA2 is characterised by a progressive loss of neurons that first affects the cerebellum and brain stem and then may extend to other areas of the brain, like substantia nigra, motoneurons and thalamus. Several lines of research have attempted to determine therole of ataxin-2 in its normal and mutant version. Different animal models and cell culture approaches to study ataxin-2 function implicated ataxin-2 in RNA processing, embryonic development, apoptosis and cytoskeleton. However, the function of ataxin-2 still remains unclear. In this thesis, a protein interaction approach was chosen as an alternative to gain insights into the cellular function of ataxin-2. Full-length ataxin-2 was used as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of human adult brain cDNA. Among five candidate interactor proteins identified, two were the endophilins A1 and A3, proteins involved in vesicle endocytosis. Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirmed the association of these proteins in an endogenous complex of mouse brain. In vitro binding experiments narrowed the binding interfaces down to two proline-rich domains on ataxin-2, which interacted with the SH3 domain of endophilins A1/A3. Ataxin-2 and endophilins A1/A3 colocalised at the endoplasmic reticulum as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy of transfected cell lines, and by centrifugation fractionation studies of mouse brain. Importantly, the pattern observed in transfected cells was conserved in untransfected rat hippocampal neurons. In mouse brain, associations of ataxin-2 with endocytic proteins such as the adaptor CIN85, the ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl and also GRB2, in the last case by means of a SH3 domain array chip, were also demonstrated. GST pull-down assays showed ataxin-2 to interact directly with the SH3 domains A and C of CIN85, the C-terminal SH3 domain of GRB2, and the SH3 domain of Src, a kinase activated after receptor stimulation. Functional studies demonstrated that ataxin-2 affects endocytic trafficking of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by reducing the EGFR internalisation after EGF stimulation. Taken together, these data implicate ataxin-2 to play a role in endocytic receptor cycling.
Background Medical students come into contact with infectious diseases early on their career. Immunity against vaccine-preventable diseases is therefore vital for both medical students and the patients with whom they come into contact. Methods The purpose of this study was to compare the medical history and serological status of selected vaccine-preventable diseases of medical students in Germany. Results The overall correlation between medical history statements and serological findings among the 150 students studied was 86.7 %, 66.7 %, 78 % and 93.3 % for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella, conditional on sufficient immunity being achieved after one vaccination. Conclusions Although 81.2 % of the students medical history data correlated with serological findings, significant gaps in immunity were found. Our findings indicate that medical history alone is not a reliable screening tool for immunity against the vaccine-preventable diseases studied.
Religious conversion has become a dangerous social and individual problem. In Latin America, a traditional Catholic area, Protestant sects are successfully con-verting more and more Catholics into their own communities. Therefore the Pope demands a strict control of these activities. In India e.g., the Catholic hierarchy is critizising the Indian governments which have forbidden conversion on non-spiritual reasons. Hindu organizations have started even very successfully to re-convert Indian Christians particularly of Dalit and tribal background. Buddhists are very successful in indirect and even direct conversion of many Westerners. Wah-habit missionaries spread their Neo-Islam in the Muslim societies and get more and more even non-Muslim converts. We should add the forcible and sometimes ex-tremely cruel conversions the atheistic states had executed since the last century. ...
It has been suggested that the existence of a non-Gaussian fixed point in general relativity might cure the ultraviolet problems of this theory. Such a fixed point is connected to an effective running of the gravitational coupling. We calculate the effect of the running gravitational coupling on the black hole production cross section in models with large extra dimensions.
In 2007, a project named Adriatic Montenegro 2007 was initiated and realised under the protection of IDF. Stimulated by the suggestion of Vincent Kalkman from the European Invertebrate Survey, The Netherlands, distribution data for the Odonata of Adriatic Montenegro were collected and used to create distribution maps. These data and maps should then be used in the evaluation of conservation measures for individual odonate species as well as for the IUCN Red List of the Mediterranean countries (organized by the IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation) and the Project on an atlas of European dragonflies (a co-operation of all European countries organised by the European Invertebrate Survey, The Netherlands).
Background One of the central issues in ecology is the question what allows sympatric occurrence of closely related species in the same general area? The non-biting midges Chironomus riparius and C. piger, interbreeding in the laboratory, have been shown to coexist frequently despite of their close relatedness, similar ecology and high morphological similarity. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to investigate factors shaping niche partitioning of these cryptic sister species, we explored the actual degree of reproductive isolation in the field. Congruent results from nuclear microsatellite and mitochondrial haplotype analyses indicated complete absence of interspecific gene-flow. Autocorrelation analysis showed a non-random spatial distribution of the two species. Though not dispersal limited at the scale of the study area, the sister species occurred less often than expected at the same site, indicating past or present competition. Correlation and multiple regression analyses suggested the repartition of the available habitat along water chemistry gradients (nitrite, conductivity, CaCO3), ultimately governed by differences in summer precipitation regime. Conclusions We show that these morphologically cryptic sister species partition their niches due to a certain degree of ecological distinctness and total reproductive isolation in the field. The coexistence of these species provides a suitable model system for the investigation of factors shaping the distribution of closely related, cryptic species.
Requirements for the interaction of mouse Polkappa with ubiquitin and its biological significance
(2008)
Polkappa protein is a eukaryotic member of the DinB/Polkappa branch of the Y-family DNA polymerases, which are involved in the tolerance of DNA damage by replicative bypass. Despite universal conservation through evolution, the precise role(s) of Polkappa in this process has remained unknown. Here we report that mouse Polkappa can physically interact with ubiquitin by yeast two-hybrid screening, glutathione S-transferase pulldown, and immunoprecipitation methods. The association of Polkappa with ubiquitin requires the ubiquitin-binding motifs located at the C terminus of Polkappa. In addition, Polkappa binds with monoubiquitinated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) more robustly than with non-ubiquitinated PCNA. The ubiquitin-binding motifs mediate the enhanced association between monoubiquitinated PCNA and Polkappa. The ubiquitin-binding motifs are also required for Polkappa to form nuclear foci after UV radiation. However, the ubiquitin-binding motifs do not affect Polkappa half-life. Finally, we have examined levels of Polkappa expression following the exposure of mouse cells to benzo[a]pyrene-dihydrodiol epoxide or UVB radiation.
Prolonged treatment of leukemic cells with chemotherapeutic agents frequently results in development of drug resistance. Moreover, selection of drug-resistant cell populations may be associated with changes in malignant properties such as proliferation rate, invasiveness, and immunogenicity. In the present study, the sensitivity of cytarabine (1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, araC)-resistant and parental human leukemic cell lines (T-lymphoid H9 and acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia Molt-4) to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing was investigated. The results obtained demonstrate that araC-resistant H9 and Molt-4 (H9rARAC100 and Molt-4rARAC100) cell lines are more sensitive to NK cell-mediated lysis than their respective parental cell lines. This increased sensitivity was associated with a higher surface expression of ligands for the NK cell-activating receptor NKG2D, notably UL16 binding protein-2 (ULBP-2) and ULBP-3 in H9rARAC100 and Molt-4rARAC100 cell lines. Blocking ULBP-2 and ULBP-3 or NKG2D with monoclonal antibody completely abrogated NK cell lysis. Constitutive phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not pAKT was higher in araC-resistant cells than in parental cell lines. Inhibition of ERK using ERK inhibitor PD98059 decreased both ULBP-2/ULBP-3 expression and NK cell cytotoxicity. Furthermore, overexpression of constitutively active ERK in H9 parental cells resulted in increased ULBP-2/ULBP-3 expression and enhanced NK cell lysis. These results demonstrate that increased sensitivity of araC-resistant leukemic cells to NK cell lysis is caused by higher NKG2D ligand expression, resulting from more active ERK signaling pathway.
Resistenz polyklonaler, reifer T-Zellen gegenüber der Transformation durch retrovirale Transduktion
(2008)
Nach den ersten Erfolgen der Gentherapie bei angeborenen Immundefekten wurden einige Fälle von Leukämie nach gammaretroviralem Gentransfer in Blutstammzellen bei Patienten mit „severe combined immunodeficiency“ (SCID-X1) veröffentlicht. Diese entfachten eine Diskussion über das Risiko der Insertionsmutagenese bei der Verwendung gammaretroviraler Vektoren. Durch eine insertionsbedingte Transaktivierung potentieller Onkogene und damit verbundenen malignen Veränderungen können gammaretroviral transduzierte Blutstammzellen Leukämien hervorrufen. Aber nicht nur Blutstammzellen werden als Zielzellen in der Gentherapie genutzt. In der Gruppe von Laer wurde in den letzten Jahren eine neue Gentherapie der HIV-1 Infektion entwickelt. Hierbei werden dem Patienten genetisch geschützte, autologe T-Lymphozyten infundiert. Die Gefahr einer Leukämie durch Insertionsmutagenese sollte im Zuge dieser Studie für reife T-Lymphozyten evaluiert werden. In einer vergleichenden Analyse wurde untersucht, ob der gammaretrovirale Gentransfer in reife T-Lymphozyten die gleiche Genotoxizität birgt wie in hämatopoetische Stammzellen. Hierzu wurden reife T-Lymphozyten und hämatopoetische Progenitoren von C57BL/6(Ly5.1)-Mäusen mit multiplen Kopien gammaretroviraler Vektoren transduziert, die für die potenten T-Zell Onkogene LMO2, TCL1, dTrkA oder das Kontrollgen GFP kodierten. Es wurden sehr hohe Transduktionseffizienzen mit bis zu 70% für reife T-Lymphozyten und bis zu 98% für hämatopoetische Progenitoren erzielt, um möglichst leukämiefördernde Bedingungen zu schaffen. Nach Transplantation in kongene Rag-1 defiziente Empfängertiere (Ly5.2) entwickelten Onkogen-modifizierte Stammzellen nach einer charakteristischen Latenzperiode Leukämien/Lymphome. Am häufigsten wurden unreife, CD8+CD4+ doppelpositive T-Vorläufer Leukämien/Lymphome beobachtet. In einigen Rezipienten führte außerdem eine Überexpression von TCL1 in hämatopoetischen Stammzellen zu der Entwicklung von reifzelligen T-Zell Leukämien/Lymphomen und B-Zell Leukämien/Lymphomen. Die Integrationsanalyse ergab oligo- bis monoklonale Tumore, wobei keine offensichtlich tumorfördernden, die gammaretroviralen Insertionen flankierenden Gene identifiziert werden konnten. Bemerkenswerterweise entwickelte keines der T-Zell transplantierten Empfängertiere ein/e Lymphom/Leukämie, obwohl auch diese Zellen mit den gleichen Vektoren modifiziert wurden und über einen sehr langen Zeitraum persistierten. Um die Kontrollmechanismen dieser Resistenz näher zu untersuchen, wurde eine für den TCR monoklonale, adulte T-Zell Population mit dTrkA transduziert. Nach einer kurzen Latenzperiode entwickelten sich reifzellige T-Zell Leukämien/Lymphome. Anscheinend existiert eine Verbindung zwischen der relativen Transformationsresistenz reifer T-Lymphozyten und dem Konkurrenzverhalten verschiedener T-Zell Klone um stimulatorische MHC-TCR Nischen. Weiterhin wurde in vitro durch gammaretroviralen Transfer von LMO2 ein immortalisierter T-Zell Klon generiert. Dieser zeigte zwar nach einer langen Beobachtungszeit einen CD8-CD4-doppelnegativen Phänotyp, aber auch einen rekombinierten TCR. In vitro überwuchs er eine unmanipulierte Kompetitorpopulation, konnte jedoch nach Transplantation kein/e T-Zell Lymphom/Leukämie induzieren. Die LM-PCR Analyse des Klons lieferte eine sehr interessante Integration zwischen den Genen für die alpha-Ketten des IL-2 und des IL-15 Rezeptors, welche dadurch konstitutiv exprimiert wurden. Dies könnte das erste Beispiel für eine insertionsbedingte Immortalisierung eines adulten T-Zell Klons sein. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte zum ersten Mal eindeutig gezeigt werden, dass polyklonale, reife T-Zell Populationen in vivo eine hohe Transformationsresistenz aufweisen. Durch bestimmte Bedingungen können jedoch durchaus maligne Veränderung adulter, reifer T-Lymphozyten induziert werden. Für die Sicherheitsabschätzung gammaretroviraler Gentherapie-Studien mit reifen T-Lymphozyten sind die vorgestellten Ergebnisse von großer Bedeutung und könnten darüber hinaus Aufschluss über die populationsdynamischen Kontrollmechanismen reifer T-Zell Leukämien/Lymphome geben.
Background: A number of the deeper divergences in the placental mammal tree are still inconclusively resolved despite extensive phylogenomic analyses. A recent analysis of 200 kbp of protein coding sequences yielded only limited support for the relationships among Laurasiatheria (cow, dog, bat and shrew), probably because the divergences occurred only within a few million years from each other. It is generally expected that increasing the amount of data and improving the taxon sampling enhance the resolution of narrow divergences. Therefore these and other difficult splits were examined by phylogenomic analysis of the hitherto largest sequence alignment. The increasingly complete genome data of placental mammals also allowed developing a novel and stringent data search method. Results: The rigorous data handling, recursive BLAST, successfully removed the sequences from gene families, including those from well-known families hemoglobin, olfactory, myosin and HOX genes, thus avoiding alignment of possibly paralogous sequences. The current phylogenomic analysis of 3,012 genes (2,844,615 nucleotides) from a total of 22 species yielded statistically significant support for most relationships. While some major clades were confirmed using genomic sequence data, the placement of the treeshrew, bat and the relationship between Boreoeutheria, Xenarthra and Afrotheria remained problematic to resolve despite the size of the alignment. Phylogenomic analysis of divergence times dated the basal placental mammal splits at 95–100 million years ago. Many of the following divergences occurred only a few (2–4) million years later. Relationships with narrow divergence time intervals received unexpectedly limited support even from the phylogenomic analyses. Conclusion: The narrow temporal window within which some placental divergences took place suggests that inconsistencies and limited resolution of the mammalian tree may have their natural explanation in speciation processes such as lineage sorting, introgression from species hybridization or hybrid speciation. These processes obscure phylogenetic analysis, making some parts of the tree difficult to resolve even with genome data.
This post is dedicated to the memory of Rabbi Chaim Flom, late rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Ohr David in Jerusalem. I first met Rabbi Flom thirty years ago when he became my teacher at the Hebrew Youth Academy of Essex County (now known as the Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy; unfortunately, another one of my teachers from those years also passed away much too young, Rabbi Yaakov Appel). When he first started teaching he was known as Mr. Flom, because he hadn't yet received semikhah (Actually, he had some sort of semikhah but he told me that he didn't think it was adequate to be called "Rabbi" by the students.) He was only at the school a couple of years and then decided to move to Israel to open his yeshiva. I still remember his first parlor meeting which was held at my house. Rabbi Flom was a very special man. Just to give some idea of this, ten years after leaving the United States he was still in touch with many of the students and even attended our weddings. He would always call me when he came to the U.S. and was genuinely interested to hear about my family and what I was working on. He will be greatly missed.
Die "imaginäre Rache" der Unterlegenen erzeugt eine unglaubliche Dynamik: die "Wortergreifung" des Ressentiments, welche den Kampf der Rassen und der Klassen bewegt, nicht zuletzt die Wortführer in Gang setzt, die Intellektuellen: eine Gruppierung von Individualisten am Rande der Gesellschaft, die, was die Literatur angeht, ihr Ressentiment ungemein beredt macht, wortgewaltig und zerstörerisch, letztlich auch gegen sich selber. Nur dieser Komplex einer Verhaltens- und Handlungsweise aus einer tatsächlichen oder auch nur gedachten und gefühlten Unterlegenheit heraus soll mich im folgenden beschäftigen.
Von den in dieser Studie 163 untersuchten Patientinnen mit Carcinom der Cervix uteri wurden 56 mit entweder postoperativer oder alleiniger Radiochemotherapie und 107 mit entweder postoperativer oder alleiniger Radiotherapie behandelt. Die Radiotherapie bestand bei allen 163 Patientinnen aus perkutaner Hochvolttherapie, in 129 Fällen kombiniert mit intrakavitärer Kontaktbestrahlung. Die Chemotherapie bestand aus der wöchentlichen Gabe von Cisplatin. 62 Patientinnen wurden vor der Therapie operiert. Das mittlere Alter bei Diagnosestellung lag bei 55 Jahren mit eine Range von 21 bis 84 Jahren. Das Tumorstadium der untersuchten Patientinnen lag zwischen I und IVa, wobei die meisten Patientinnen Tumoren im Stadium II (36,8 %) oder III (27,6 %) aufwiesen. Allerdings wurde in vielen Fällen, in denen keine Operation erfolgte, das Tumorstadium nach FIGO und bei operierten Patientinnen das Tumorstadium nach TNM-Klassifikation erfasst. Bei 96,3 % der Tumoren handelte es sich histopathologisch um ein Plattenepithelcarcinom, in 3,7 % um ein Adenocarcinom. Obwohl 6 verschiedene Therapiemodalitäten eingesetzt wurden, war vor allem der Vergleich der Gruppe, die eine Radiochemotherapie erhalten hatten, mit jener, die eine alleinige Radiotherapie erhielt, von besonderem Interesse. Die akuten und chronischen Nebenwirkungen wurden nach den Richtlinien der RTOG-EORTC beurteilt. An 54 Patientinnen konnte über die Nachsorge hinaus ein Fragbogen zugesendet werden, der in Anlehnung an die Kriterien des LENT-SOMA Konzepts die subjektive Morbidität der Patientinnen abfragte. Die Gesamt 2-JÜR lag bei 70 %, die Gesamt 5-JÜR bei 58 % mit einer Rezidivrate für das Gesamtkollektiv von 14,1 %. Bei 17,4 % der Patientinnen traten Fernmetastasen sowie in 8 % der Fälle Lymphknotenmetastasen auf. Das Überleben bei Radiochemotherapie stellte sich gegenüber alleiniger Radiotherapie als verbessert (2-JÜR bei RCT von 82 % vs. 2-JÜR bei RT von 64% sowie 5-JÜR bei RCT von 69 % vs. 5-JÜR bei RT von 52 %) und die Rezidivrate (RCT 9 % vs. RT 14,1 %) als vermindert dar. Auch Fernmetastasen wurden in der RCT-Gruppe seltener verzeichnet (RCT 10,7 % vs. RT 18,3 %). Lediglich der Lymphknotenbefall war in beiden Gruppen nicht relevant unterschiedlich (RCT 7,1 % vs. RT 8,4 %). Postoperative Patientinnen wiesen zwar keine höhere Rezidivfreiheit jedoch längere Überlebensintervalle als nicht operierte Patientinnen auf. Die längsten Überlebensintervalle ließen sich für die postoperative RCT-Gruppe ermitteln. Im Vergleich wurden vor allem hämatogene Nebenwirkungen von Schweregrad 3 oder 4 in der Gruppe, die mit kombinierter Radiochemotherapie behandelt wurde, sehr viel häufiger festgestellt (RCT 35,7 % vs. RT 2,9 %). Allerdings wurde bei 32 Patientinnen der RT-Gruppe kein regelmäßiges Blutbild angefertigt. Die Therapie konnte in den meisten Fällen im geplanten Umfang erfolgen. Gastrointestinale Nebenwirkungen wurden in beiden Gruppen festgestellt, wobei keine großen Unterschiede zu beobachten waren. Akute Nebenwirkungen des Schweregrads 3 der Blase wurden in 2,5 % der Patientinnen ermittelt. An der Vagina war dies ebenfalls in 2,5 % der Fall. Urogynäkologische Nebenwirkungen des Schweregrads 4 wurden nicht verzeichnet. Es wurden ebenso wenig gastrointestinale Nebenwirkungen vom Grad 4 und insgesamt lediglich in 3 Fällen vom Grad 3 registriert, wobei diese alle in der RT-Gruppe (2,8 %) vorkamen. Die chronischen Nebenwirkungen waren insgesamt ebenfalls in der RCT-Gruppe etwas häufiger (RCT 17,9 % vs. RT 14 % für kumulative Häufigkeit aller chronischen Nebenwirkungen von Schweregrad 3 und 4), wobei die gastrointestinalen Nebenwirkungen in beiden Gruppen ähnlich waren (RCT 10,7 % vs. RT 10,3 % für kumulative Häufigkeit von Grad 3 und 4). Urologische Spätfolgen vom Grad 3 oder 4 wurden in der RCT-Gruppe jedoch weitaus häufiger ermittelt (kumulative Häufigkeit RCT 7,1 % vs. RT 1,9 %). Als weiterer Prognosefaktoren für Überleben wurde vor allem das Tumorstadium und ein Karnofsky-Index >70 identifiziert, wohingegen das Alter (ausgenommen die Gruppe der Patientinnen <80 Jahre) bei Therapiebeginn und vorhergehende operative Eingriffe keinen Einfluss auf die Prognose zu haben schienen. Vor allem für das Entstehen von chronischen Nebenwirkungen wurde eine Korrelation zwischen applizierter Gesamtdosis und Schwere sowie Häufigkeit von Spätfolgen der Schweregrade 3 oder 4 festgestellt (Für BED <110 Gy gastrointestinale chronische Nebenwirkungen Grad 3 und 4 in 4,5 % und der Blase in 3,4 % vs. BED >110 Gy gastrointestinale chronische Nebenwirkungen Grad 3 und 4 in 23,5 % und der Blase in 3,9 %). Patientinnen, die Grunderkrankungen wie Diabetes oder Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen in ihrer Anamnese hatten, litten etwas häufiger an gastrointestinalen Spätfolgen vom Schweregrad 4, während Spätfolgen vom Schweregrad 3 in der Gruppe ohne diese Grunderkrankungen häufiger ermittelt wurden. Bei der Befragung der Patientinnen wurden vor allem häufige Darmkrämpfe, Durchfälle und Schmerzen im Beckenknochen angegeben. 42,6% der Patientinnen gaben negative Auswirkungen der Therapie auf ihr Sexualleben an. Insgesamt deckt sich das Ergebnis aus dieser Arbeit mit den Ergebnissen der großen randomisierten Studien nach denen eine Radiochemotherapie eine Verbesserung der Prognose mit einer eher geringen Verstärkung von akuten und chronischen Nebenwirkungen für Patientinnen mit Carcinomen der Cervix uteri darstellt.
The Brazilian scarab beetle genus Microchilus Blanchard (Rutelinae: Geniatini) is reviewed. Based on examination of type specimens, Microchilus beckeri Martínez is transferred to the genus Leucothyreus becoming L. beckeri (Martínez), new combination; Leucothyreus bucki Machatschke is a new junior synonym of L. beckeri (Martínez).Microchilus is limited to two species, M. beckeri (Martínez) and a new species,Microchilus rodmani Jameson, here described. Characters that circumscribe the genus, biology, and species distribution are discussed. A key to the species is provided.
The genus Efferia Coquillett from the Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Jamaica is reviewed. The fauna now totals 16 species with 6 new species described (Ef. bellardii n. sp., Ef. bromleyi n. sp., Ef. hinei n. sp., Ef. insula n. sp., Ef. pina n. sp., and Ef. vinalensis n. sp.). Cuba has the greatest diversity with 10 species, Jamaica 3, the Bahamas 2, and the Cayman Islands 1. Efferia stylata (Fabricius) is removed from the species list of these West Indian islands. The wings of Ef. caymanensis Scarbrough and Ef. bromleyi, spermathecae of Ef. bromleyi, Ef. cubensis (Bromley), Ef. insula, Ef. nigritarsis (Hine), and terminalia of all species are illustrated. Keys for the identification of the species are provided. Specimens of two additional species from Cuba are in too poor a condition to be described but their terminalia are illustrated and the species are included in the key to the males.
Hervorgegangen aus einem interdisziplinären wissenschaftlichen Symposion, bietet der vorliegende Band aufschlussreiche Einblicke in höchst unterschiedliche literarische sowie künstlerische Harzreisen und deren jeweilige ästhetische Reflexion in jener Epoche des Übergangs zwischen der europäischen Romantik und Moderne. Der Harz präsentiert sich den Herausgebern als ein facettenreiches regionales Kulturphänomen mit internationaler Außenwirkung und als literarischer Imaginationsraum sui generis, dessen kulturelle und metaphorische Transformationen es näher zu erforschen gilt. Dankenswerterweise setzt der Eröffnungsbeitrag von Rolf Parr gleich eingangs einen Akzent kritischer Selbstreflexion, indem er unterschiedliche historische Varianten von Regionalgeschichtsschreibung vorstellt und durchleuchtet. Auf diese Weise gelingt ihm überzeugend die Abgrenzung der gegenwärtig geläufigen und repräsentativen Neuansätze innerhalb der Erforschung von Regionalkultur von den dunklen Kapiteln völkischer Literaturgeschichtsschreibung. Ein zeitgemäßes regionalgeschichtliches Unterfangen versteht sich demzufolge vor allem als kulturwissenschaftliche Analyse, die den diskursiven Vernetzungen und Überschneidungen der Verhandlungen über die Harzlandschaft angemessen Rechnung trägt und so beispielsweise eine sinnvolle Verbindung von genuin literaturwissenschaftlichen und kultursoziologischen Fragen erlauben kann.
Dass der Begriff 'Raum' in den gegenwärtigen Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften eine hohe Konjunktur besitzt, belegen nicht nur Begriffe wie spatial- oder topographical turn, sondern auch eine Vielzahl von Publikationen und Tagungen, die sich mit dem Raumbegriff auseinandersetzen. Trotz dieser immensen Präsenz der Raumtheorie wird immer wieder die Frage nach deren konkreter Anwendbarkeit gestellt. Diese Frage möchte Anja K. Johannsen in einer gut zweihundert Seiten langen Monographie für die Literaturwissenschaft beantworten. Sie wählt mit W. G. Sebald, Anne Duden und Herta Müller drei AutorInnen, in deren Werken Räume nicht nur ein "Modell der Struktur des Raumes der ganzen Welt" entwerfen (Lotmann nach Johannsen, S. 7), sondern auch zum organisierenden Modell des Textes werden. Dies bedeutet einerseits, dass sich die jeweiligen Raumentwürfe durch eine starke Semantisierung auszeichnen und andererseits, dass die literarischen Texte "ihr eigenes Funktionieren anhand dieser Raumfigurationen" beschreiben und damit drei Varianten "literarischer Selbstreflexion" vorlegen, "die auf je sehr spezifische Weise die Potentiale der Gegenwartsliteratur ausloten." (S.7) Der aktuellen Diskussion folgend, besitzt auch Anja K. Johannsen einen dynamischen Raumbegriff, der diesen als Produkt kultureller Bezüge begreift und als "Effekte körperlicher Praktiken" (S. 17) versteht. Für die Analyse des literarischen Raumes beruft sich Johannsen vorerst im Wesentlichen auf Elisabeth Bronfen, die zwischen drei Raumkategorien innerhalb der Textwelt unterscheidet, nämlich zwischen "konkret vorhandenen, begehbaren Räumen, Raummetaphern und Texträumen." (S. 19). Sich an diesem Muster orientierend arbeitet Johannsen mit drei Analyseschritten. Im ersten Schritt wird der Bestand aufgenommen, d.h., es werden die unterschiedlichen Raumtypen verzeichnet. Dann folgt die Analyse des Raums im Hinblick auf seine Semantisierung, also auf die Frage, inwiefern der beschriebene Raum eine "Ordnung des Koexistierenden" (S. 23) liefert. Im dritten und letzten Schritt geht es um die Bedeutung des Raums für die Struktur und Ordnung des Textes, folglich um die Reflexion seines Selbstverständnisses und der ihm zugrunde liegenden Poetologie. Diese Analyseschritte erweisen sich für Johannsens Vorhaben als äußerst zielführend und ermöglichen nicht nur kenntnisreiche, sondern auch nachvollziehbare Analysen.
Rezension zu: Klaus Bringmann – Dirk Wiegandt, Augustus, Schriften, Reden und Aussprüche (2008)
(2008)
Nachdem aus der Feder von KLAUS BRINGMANN in der Reihe „Gestalten der Antike“ bei der Wissenschaftlichen Buchgesellschaft eine neue Augustus-Biographie erst kürzlich (2007) erschienen ist, legt er nun zusammen mit DIRK WIEGANDT eine Neubearbeitung von HENRICA MALCOVATIs 1969 in fünfter Auflage erschienenen Sammlung „Imperatoris Caesaris Augusti operum fragmenta“ vor. Das Ziel der Autoren ist neben der neuerlichen Präsentation der bereits von MALCOVATI berücksichtigten Schriften, Reden und Aussprüche des Augustus die Erweiterung der Sammlung durch die seit 1969 publizierten Neufunde bzw. von MALCOVATI übersehenen Zeugnisse. In der Anordnung der Sammlung folgt die Ausgabe MALCOVATIs Einteilung in 15 Kapitel, auch wenn diese, wie BRINGMANN/WIEGANDT in ihrer ‚Einführung‘ zu Recht anmerken (21), nicht in jeder Hinsicht nachvollziehbar ist. Die schon von jener Forscherin einbezogenen Urkunden werden in jedem Abschnitt zuerst aufgeführt; angehängt sind alle weiteren neuen oder unbeachtet gebliebenen Zeugnisse. Neben der Hinzufügung neuer Texte haben BRINGMANN/WIEGANDT diejenigen, die ihrer Ansicht nach zu Unrecht von MALCOVATI aufgenommen worden sind, mit einem Stern versehen. Der jeweilige Kommentar erläutert ihre Bedenken. ...
Die Überwindung des postkolonialen Blicks scheint bereits in sich ein paradoxes Unterfangen zu sein, sehen sich doch viele postkoloniale Theorieansätze (zumal bei dem Begriff der Hybridität) dem Vorwurf ausgeliefert, auch noch in einem Gegenanschreiben koloniale Diskurse fortzuführen. Jochen Dubiel hat sich in seiner Dissertation gleich in mehrfacher Hinsicht diesem Problem gestellt, indem er Charakteristika und Konstanten des kolonialen Diskurses herausarbeitet und darüber hinausgehend ein poetologisches Modell zur Analyse von Hybridität entwickelt. Interessant ist in diesem Fall die Verschiebung, die weniger die Repräsentation des Fremden, sondern hybride literarische Darstellungsweisen über eine intrakulturelle Perspektive herleitet. Dabei reagiert Dubiel auf ein Forschungsdesiderat, denn im Rahmen seines literaturwissenschaftlich-komparatistischen Ansatzes wird eine postkoloniale Lektüre nunmehr auf deutschsprachige Texte (Wilhelm Raabe: "Stopfkuchen", Arno Schmidt: "Gelehrtenrepublik", Franz Kafka: "Ein Bericht für eine Akademie") angewendet, die oft genug noch von postkolonialen Fragestellungen ausgenommen werden. Getragen ist die Vorgehensweise von der Absicht nicht allein zu zeigen "wie Europa mittels diskursiver Strategien anderen Völkern Gewalt antut, sondern sich durch die Verstrickung in zahlreiche Widersprüche auch selbst hintergeht." (Dubiel, S. 24)
Rhetoric and global justice
(2008)
Activists have long recognized the importance of rhetoric and emotional appeal in building support for the global justice movement. However, many political theorists worry that the use of rhetoric may obstruct clear presentation of the issues at stake, and may result in our policies being determined by where the sympathies of the best rhetoricians lie. In this article I examine the ways in which contemporary theorists try to accommodate the need for rhetoric and emotional appeal, and I argue that their attempts are unsatisfactory because they view rhetoric as a tool or skill that can be used to manipulate people to support any position. Yet if we question the sharp separation between rhetoric and reason, then the aims of building support for a cause, identifying the causes we ought to support, and treating others with respect need no longer conflict. Re-examining the radical liberal theories of J.S. Mill, L.T. Hobhouse and J.A. Hobson, will help us to see how this separation might be questioned and rhetoric recovered as a respectful and respectable form of argument.
Ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa shows strong clinical efficacy against chronic hepatitis C, and is now established as the standard of care. However, the precise role of ribavirin is still being defined, suggesting that optimal ribavirin dose should be maintained over the whole treatment period. Ribavirin dosage varies by bodyweight for genotype 1 disease (1000 mg/day in patients ⩽75 kg and 1200 mg/day in patients >75 kg), whereas 800 mg/day is sufficient to ensure optimal response in all genotype 2/3 patients. Similarly, genotype 1 patients benefit from 48 weeks of therapy, while 24 weeks is sufficient for genotype 2/3 disease.
Recent data suggest treatment success is dependent on cumulative ribavirin exposure, as patients who receive <60% of the planned dose have lower response rates, regardless of whether reductions are from temporary interruptions or premature cessation of therapy. All patients should be monitored for hemolytic anemia, as early diagnosis allows management through small dose reductions and stepwise return to the target dose, maximizing cumulative exposure. Despite these recent advances in our knowledge, many questions remain, such as whether the role of ribavirin will change or even be eliminated as new therapies are developed.
Tuexenia erscheint jährlich in einem Band, der möglichst im Frühjahr fertiggestellt sein soll. Autoren erhalten von jeder Arbeit gemeinsam 30 Sonderdrucke kostenlos; weitere können gegen Rechnung bezogen werden.
Manuskripte sollten möglichst früh, spätestens bis Ende September des Vorjahres in zwei Exemplaren eingereicht werden. Später eintreffende Manuskripte werden nur akzeptiert, wenn sie vorher rechtzeitig mit Angabe des Umfanges angemeldet sind und noch Platz zur Verfügung steht.
Jedes Manuskript wird von zwei Gutachtern beurteilt, die über Annahme, eventuelle Korrekturen und Verbesserungen oder Ablehnung entscheiden. Bei zu hohem Eingang angenommener Manuskripte entscheidet für die Aufnahme das Datum der ersten Einreichung.
Introduction: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are exposed to bloodborne pathogens (e.g., contaminated devices). In the healthcare environment, needlestick injuries (NSI) represent a major risk factor in the transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Medical students are at risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne viruses following needlestick injuries during medical education. Reporting of needlestick injuries is an important step for initiating early prophylaxis or treatment. In the case of a bloodborne infection, pursuant to insure law could result in a claim. The objective of the present study was to describe occupational blood exposure of medical students through needlestick injuries.
Methods: Sixth-year medical students were invited to complete an anonymous questionnaire.
Results: In our study, 58.8% (n=183/311) of medical students recalled at least one needlestick injury during their studies. Overall, 284 needlestick injuries were reported. Only 38.3% of medical students reported all NSI to the appropriate hospital personnel. The main reason (54.0%) for not reporting NSI was being ashamed of having an NSI.
Conclusions: Occupational exposure to blood is a common problem among medical students. Efforts are required to ensure greater awareness among medical students about the risk of bloodborne pathogens. Proper training in procedures and how to act in case of injury should be offered to reduce the number of needlestick injuries.
Risk transfer with CDOs
(2008)
Modern bank management comprises both classical lending business and transfer of asset risk to capital markets through securitization. Sound knowledge of the risks involved in securitization transactions is a prerequisite for solid risk management. This paper aims to resolve a part of the opaqueness surrounding credit-risk allocation to tranches that represent claims of different seniority on a reference portfolio. In particular, this paper analyzes the allocation of credit risk to different tranches of a CDO transaction when the underlying asset returns are driven by a common macro factor and an idiosyncratic component. Junior and senior tranches are found to be nearly orthogonal, motivating a search for the whereabout of systematic risk in CDO transactions. We propose a metric for capturing the allocation of systematic risk to tranches. First, in contrast to a widely-held claim, we show that (extreme) tail risk in standard CDO transactions is held by all tranches. While junior tranches take on all types of systematic risk, senior tranches take on almost no non-tail risk. This is in stark contrast to an untranched bond portfolio of the same rating quality, which on average suffers substantial losses for all realizations of the macro factor. Second, given tranching, a shock to the risk of the underlying asset portfolio (e.g. a rise in asset correlation or in mean portfolio loss) has the strongest impact, in relative terms, on the exposure of senior tranche CDO-investors. Our findings can be used to explain major stylized facts observed in credit markets.
Risk transfer with CDOs
(2008)
Modern bank management comprises both classical lending business and transfer of asset risk to capital markets through securitization. Sound knowledge of the risks involved in securitization transactions is a prerequisite for solid risk management. This paper aims to resolve a part of the opaqueness surrounding credit-risk allocation to tranches that represent claims of different seniority on a reference portfolio. In particular, this paper analyzes the allocation of credit risk to different tranches of a CDO transaction when the underlying asset returns are driven by a common macro factor and an idiosyncratic component. Junior and senior tranches are found to be nearly orthogonal, motivating a search for the where about of systematic risk in CDO transactions. We propose a metric for capturing the allocation of systematic risk to tranches. First, in contrast to a widely-held claim, we show that (extreme) tail risk in standard CDO transactions is held by all tranches. While junior tranches take on all types of systematic risk, senior tranches take on almost no non-tail risk. This is in stark contrast to an untranched bond portfolio of the same rating quality, which on average suffers substantial losses for all realizations of the macro factor. Second, given tranching, a shock to the risk of the underlying asset portfolio (e.g. a rise in asset correlation or in mean portfolio loss) has the strongest impact, in relative terms, on the exposure of senior tranche CDO-investors. Our findings can be used to explain major stylized facts observed in credit markets.
Cytochrome P450 epoxygenases of the 2C family (CYP2C) are highly expressed in the endothelium and metabolize arachidonic acid to different regioisomers of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET). They have a number of roles in the regulation of vascular tone and homeostasis by activating different signal transduction pathways and have recently been reported to be involved in proliferation and angiogenesis. However, the exact mechanisms by which epoxygenases regulate angiogenesis are still unclear. Therefore, the initial aim of the present study was to characterize the relevance of major signalling molecules that are involved in angiogenesis and to investigate possible signalling pathways involved. Initially the effect of CYP2C9 overexpression on expression levels of EphB4, a tyrosine kinase that plays a role in a number of developmental processes, was investigated. EphB4 protein expression was increased in CYP2C9 overexpressing cells without any effects on expression levels of its ligand ephrinB2. To clarify whether EphB4 is a critical determinant of CYP2C9-induced angiogenesis, endothelial cell sprouting was assessed using a collagen gel-based in vitro angiogenesis assay. Following transfection with EphB4 antisense or scrambled oligonucleotides, capillary-like structures were clearly present after 24 hours in cells overexpressing CYP2C9, while EphB4 downregulation abolished CYP2C9-induced sprouting. In addition stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with VEGF resulted in an increase in CYP2C expression and a subsequent increase of 11,12-EET production; an effect that was abolished by the CYP epoxygenases inhibitor MSPPOH as well as when cells were infected with a dominant negative mutant of AMPK. In vivo 11,12-EET treatment increased EphB4 expression in mesenteric arteries as well as in Matrigel plugs; an effect that was abolished when plugs were impregnated at the same time with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for EphB4. Furthermore, impregnation of Matrigel plugs with VEGF resulted in endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell recruitment into a Matrigel plug and this effect was mediated by CYP2C9-derived EETs as it was prevented by 14,15-EEZE. When infiltration of EET impregnated plugs with endothelial cells and pericytes/smooth muscle cells in vivo was compared to the effects seen in VEGF treated plugs, it was apparent that only EET treatment resulted in the formation of tube like structures that were covered by smooth muscle cells. Therefore, the final aim of the study was to further define the consequences of EET signalling in vivo as well as to characterize its physiological relevance. This hypothesis could be assessed by isolectin injection through the tail-vein where isolectin was taken up only by the EET-impregnated plug. Moreover ultrasound measurements revealed accumulation of contrast agent in EET impregnated plugs compared to control plugs. Taken together our findings emphasize that CYP2C plays a crucial role in the vessel formation process by modulating the effects mediated by two important control elements of the angiogenic response, namely VEGF and EphB4. CYP2C-derived EETs not only participate as second messengers in the angiogenic response, but have the potential to influence much more than angiogenesis by enhancing smooth muscle cell/pericyte recruitment to endothelial cell tubes to promote vascular maturation.
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are rare neurological disorders that may be of genetic or infectious origin, but most frequently occur sporadically in humans. Their outcome is invariably fatal. The infectious agent has been defined as prion (from proteinaceous infectious only) in 1992 by Stanley B. Prusiner and represent mainly, if not solely, an abnormal, protease-resistant isoform (PrPSc) of a cellular protein, the prion protein or PrPC. According to the “protein only” hypothesis, the prion is devoid of informational nucleic acids and consists of an “infectious” protein that is capable of converting the normal host protein PrPC into a likeness of itself. TSEs can be distinguished from other neurodegenerative diseases because of their infectivity and transmission capability. The only organ system in which severe histopathological damage can be demonstrated as a consequence of infection with prions is the nervous system. The communal lesions are neuronal loss, spongiosis and astrogliosis, accompanied by an intra- and extracellular accumulation of PrPSc, occasionally in form of amyloid plaques. Even if a strong activation of microglia and astrocytes occurs, no immunological response is usually detectable as consequence of prion infection. Despite the considerable attention for its involvement in TSEs, the physiological role of the cellular, nonpathogenic isoform of PrPC, has not yet been determined. In the last years, several putative cellular functions have been attributed to PrPC: its localization in “lipid rafts” is consistent with a possible role in cell adhesion, transmembrane signalling or as a recognition molecule. Furthermore, PrPC has been implicated in protection against oxidative stress, copper metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation and in the regeneration of blood precursors stem cells in the adult. It has also been shown that PrPC interacts with the neuronal cell adhesion molecule NCAM, promoting neurite outgrowth. However, both the PrPC-mediated effects and the role of PrPC-dependent pathways on neuronal differentiation are still not elucidated. First objective of this Ph.D thesis was the establishment of a novel in vitro cellular model for the study of the role of PrPC in neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, an additional goal of this project was the indentification of the PrPC domains responsible for the induction of neuronal differentiation. A novel PrPC-depleted cell line (PrP0/0 ML) was derived from murine primary PrP-knockout neuronal cells by SV40 large T antigen-mediated immortalization. A temperature sensitive form of this oncogenic protein was used, allowing a temperature-mediated regulation of its expression. This cell line was then characterised for its growth potential, for the expression of specific cellular markers and for its ability to differentiate. It was found that, under culture conditions promoting the expression of the temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen, the cells expressed nestin, a specific marker of neuronal precursor cells. Therefore, the PrP0/0 ML cell line was identified as a potential neuronal stem cell line. In fact, under nonpermissive culture conditions when the expression of the temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen is downregulated, the PrP0/0 ML cells differentiated into neurons. Noteworthy, maintenance of the cells in conditions that promote cell differentiation induced a progressive reduction in the expression levels of nestin, an event that strongly correlated with the appearance of the specific neuronal markers MAP-2b and NeuN. In order to investigate the role of PrPC in the process of neuronal differentiation, the PrP0/0 ML cells were then reconstituted for the expression of either the full-length PrP or a N-terminal truncated PrPC form (PrPdel32-134). The differentiation potential of both reconstituted cell lines under nonpermissive culture conditions was then compared with that of the parenteral PrP0/0 ML cells. This in vitro study clearly highlights that PrPC expression in the PrP0/0 ML cell line accelerates neuronal differentiation and that the N-terminal domain of the prion protein is not necessary for this PrP-mediated function. Prion diseases like BSE, vCJK, Kuru and the majority of iatrogenic cases of CJK are caused by a peripheral infection. Infectious prions accumulate in the central and peripheral nervous system as well as in extracerebral tissues, such as the secondary lymphoid organs and muscles. The prion pathogenesis is a dynamic process which can be defined temporary and spatially in different phases: i) infection and peripheral replication, ii) neuroinvasion, transport of prions from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS), and iii) neurodegeneration. In the last years, progresses in the elucidation of the peripheral prion pathogenesis were achieved. The identification of the cell types involved in the lymphoreticular prion replication phase and the recognition of the role of the peripheral nervous system in the process of prion spread from the periphery to the CNS have elucidated some of the cellular mechanisms that are involved in prion uptake, replication and propagation. However, relatively little information is available about the mechanism(s) underlying intercellular prion transfer and tissue-to tissue prion spread. Microvesicles (MVs) are submicron vesicles (0,03-1 microm.) with a single membrane and are shed from most eukaryotic cells undergoing activation or apoptosis. The segregation of specific proteins is followed by blebbing of the membrane surface, leading to the formation of MVs and their release in the extracellular environment. MVs can be also secreted upon fusion of multivesicular endosomes with the plasma membrane (exosomes). The secretion of MVs is the result of a complex cellular process involving changes in the metabolism of lipids and proteins. The functional role of MVs is still largely unknown. However, there is evidence showing that they are important modulators of cell-to-cell communication, participate in a variety of intracellular adhesion processes and are able to induce cellular response(s). The release of PrPC and infectious PrPSc by prion infected epithelial, neuroglial and neuronal cells in association with exosomes has recently been highlighted. Furthermore, it has been shown that exosomes can propagate prion infectivity both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that PrPSc-bearing exosomes may provide a mechanism for intercellular transmission of infectious prions in addition to cell-to-cell contact. Second objective of this Ph.D thesis was to determine the possible role of plasma membrane-derived microvesicles in the propagation and transmission of prions. The release of MVs was first studied in different murine neuronal cell lines. Here it is shown for the first time that neurons also shed plasma membrane derived MVs, in addition to exosomes. Immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblot analyses clearly demonstrated the presence of PrPC on the membrane of MVs released from PrPC-expressing cells. Characterization of lipid rafts components in MVs highlighted the presence of the ganglioside GM2, the tyrosine kinase p59Fyn, flotillin-2 and the neuronal protein GAP-43. In order to investigate whether MVs are involved in the intercellular transmission of prions, MVs were first isolated from two prion infected murine neuronal cell lines, namely the Neuro-2a PK1 and the N2a58 cells, and then used for in vitro and in vivo infection assays. Immunoblot analyses after proteinase K treatment demonstrated the association of PrPSc with the secreted MVs. The PrPSc-bearing MVs were then used to perform infection experiments on noninfected cells. By the use of cell blot assay, a method that allows the detection of PrPSc-amplification and -accumulation in cultured cells, the kinetic of prion infection in the de novo infected cells was followed. Noteworthy, it was found that PrPSc-bearing MVs were capable to transmit prions in vitro and to stably infect the recipient cells. In order to investigate the role of MVs in the transmission of infectivity in vivo, PrPSc-bearing MVs as well as MVs isolated from noninfected cells (as negative control) were injected intracerebrally in PrPC-overexpressing indicator mice (tga20). The development of clinical disease was followed in a time-dependent manner. Clinical symptoms could be observed only in the group of indicator mice inoculated with the PrPSc-bearing MVs, which then succumbed to desease. These findings clearly demonstrated that MVs are biological carriers of both PrPSc and prion infectivity. MVs could therefore participate in vivo in the processes of intercellular prion transmission and propagation.
The growth of blood vessels is crucial for organ growth in the embryo and repair of wounded tissues in the adult. An imbalance in this process contributes to numerous malignant, inflammatory, ischemic, infectious and immune disorders (Ferrara et al., 2003). Postnatal neovascularization occurs through the recruitment of progenitor cells and angiogenesis. Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface molecules and are the main receptors for extracellular matrix proteins. Regulation of integrin activation is crucial during embryonic development and during adult life. Dysregulation of integrin activity leads to severe diseases. In this study, we have demonstrated that Rap1, a small GTPase regulating integrin activity, and its GEF Epac1 are expressed in both EPC and endothelial cells. Moreover, the pharmacological activator of Epac activates the small GTPase Rap1 in progenitor cells. In parallel the angiogenic growth factors VEGF and bFGF activate Rap1 in endothelial cells. In addition, the regulation of Rap1 activity in EPC and in endothelial cells plays an important role in the regulation of migration and adhesion to matrix proteins, by regulating the activity of different integrins, a mechanism known as integrin inside‐out signaling. Furthermore, regulation of Rap1 activity affects probably indirectly through outside‐in signaling of integrins the activity of several and crucial proteins such PKB/Akt and focal adhesion kinase in endothelial cells. In line with these results, we have demonstrated that Rap1 activity affect angiogenesis, homing of EPC to ischemic tissues and thereby postnatal neovascularization. The understanding how Rap1 regulates integrin activity in endothelial cells is still not completely clear, for example we have demonstrated that the known effectors of Rap1 mediating the increase of integrin activity in T and B cells, such as RAPL and RIAM are, respectively, either not increasing integrin activity or not expressed in endothelial cells. We aim to find the effector of Rap1 promoting integrin activity in endothelial cells and how RAPL regulates integrin functions and angiogenesis. Moreover data from us and others using genetic models and generation of Rap1a or Rap1b deficient mice or deficient for Rap1a and Rap1b led to embryonic lethality suggesting that Rap1 is a key node protein during embryonic development. The development of conditionnal Rap1a/b endothelial/pericytes restricted deficient mice will help us to decipher more precisely the role of Rap1 during vascular development and angiogenesis.
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) redistributes pulmonary blood flow from areas of low oxygen partial pressure to areas of normal or relativity high oxygen availability, thus optimising the matching of perfusion to ventilation and preventing arterial hypoxemia. Generalised alveolar hypoxia results in a sustained increase in pulmonary artery pressure which in turn leads to structural changes in the walls of the pulmonary vasculature (pulmonary vascular remodelling). Recent findings have indicated a role for cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Given that the intracellular concentration of EETs is determined by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which metabolises EETs to their less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), we assessed the influence of the sEH and EETs on pulmonary artery pressure, acute and chronic HPV, and pulmonary vascular remodelling in the mouse lung. In isolated lungs from wild-type mice, acute HPV was significantly increased by sEH inhibition, an effect abolished by pre-treatment with CYP epoxygenase inhibitors and the EET antagonist 14,15-EEZE. The acute hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction and EET production were greater in lungs from sEH-/- mice than from wild-type mice and sEH inhibition had no further effect on HPV in lungs from the former animals, while MSPPOH (CYP epoxygenase inhibitor) and 14,15-EEZE decreased the response. Exogenous application of 11,12-EET increased pulmonary artery pressure in a concentration-dependent manner and enhanced acute HPV in wild-type lungs, while 14,15-EET and 11,12-DHET were without significant effect on pulmonary artery pressure. 5-HT2A receptor antagonism or Rho kinase inhibition shifted the EET concentration-response curve to the right and abrogated the EET- and sEH inhibition-induced potentiation of acute hypoxic vasoconstriction. In lungs from wild-type and sEH-/- mice, hypoxic preconditioning (hypoxic ventilation for 10 minutes) enhanced the 5-HT response. 1-Adamantyl-3-cyclohexylurea (ACU), a sEH inhibitor, further amplified the hypoxia-induced 5-HT-hypersensitivity in wild-type mice. However, after hypoxic preconditioning, the sEH-/- lungs displayed a striking leftward shift in the 5-HT response. 11,12-EET can activate TRPC6 channels in endothelial cells by eliciting its translocation to the plasma membrane, more specifically to membrane domains enriched with the caveolae marker caveolin-1. This effect was also observed in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells overexpressing the channel. Exposure of the latter cells to acute hypoxia also stimulated the intracellular translocation of TRPC6 to caveolae, an effect that was sensitive to the EET antagonist. The EET-induced translocation of TRPC6 channels was prevented by a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist but not by a Rho kinase inhibitor. Moreover, while acute hypoxia and 11,12-EET increased pulmonary pressure in lungs from TRPC6+/- mice, lungs from TRPC6-/- mice did not respond to either stimuli. These results indicate that the sEH and CYP-derived EETs are involved in acute HPV and that EET-induced pulmonary contraction under normoxic and hypoxic conditions involves a TRPC6 channel, a 5-HT2A receptor-dependent pathway and Rho kinase activation. In the second part of the study the role of the sEH in the development of pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodelling induced in mice by exposure to hypoxia (10% O2) for 21 days was analysed. In wild-type mice, chronic hypoxia decreased the pulmonary expression/activity of the sEH, induced right heart hypertrophy and erythropoiesis, and increased the number of partially and fully muscularised pulmonary resistance arteries (by 3-fold). Moreover, in HEK 293 cells, hypoxia (1% O2 up to 24 h) decreased sEH promoter activity by 50%. In isolated lungs, pre-exposure to chronic hypoxia significantly increased baseline perfusion pressures and potentiated the acute HPV. While an sEH inhibitor, ACU, potentiated acute HPV in lungs from mice maintained in normoxic conditions, it had no effect on HPV in lungs from mice exposed to hypoxia. The EET antagonist, 14,15-EEZE, abolished the sEH inhibitor-dependent increase in acute HPV in normoxic lungs and decreased HPV in chronic hypoxic lungs. Hypoxia-induced right heart hypertrophy and erythropoiesis were more pronounced in sEH-/- than in wild-type mice. Under normoxic and hypoxic conditions the muscularisation of resistance pulmonary arteries was greater in lungs from sEH-/- mice than in lungs from wild-type mice. sEH-/- mice also displayed an enhanced acute HPV, compared to that observed in wild-type mice and chronic exposure to hypoxia did not further potentiate acute HPV. However, in the presence of 14,15-EEZE responses returned to levels observed in normoxic lungs from wild-type animals. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry demonstrated an extensive expression of the sEH in the medial wall of pulmonary arteries from human donor lungs. Whereas sEH expression was not detectable in samples from pulmonary hypertension patients, indicating that the sEH is involved in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodelling and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Taken together, the results presented in this thesis indicate that the expression/activity of the sEH is an important determinant of the magnitude of acute and chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodelling by inactivating vasoconstrictor CYP-derived EETs. As sEH inhibitors are currently being developed for the treatment of human systemic hypertension, it should be noted that these compounds may even promote the development of pulmonary hypertension.
Rolf Paproth – 70 Jahre
(2008)
Wenn über den Elbe-Biber im Elb-Havel-Winkel im Land Sachsen-Anhalt gesprochen wird, so ist dies nicht möglich ohne den Namen Rolf Paproth zu nennen. Dieser engagierte Naturfreund und -schützer leistete einen sehr wichtigen Beitrag zur naturkundlichen Erforschung seiner Heimat. Sein 70. Geburtstag am 11.Oktober 2008 ist Anlass, diese Leistungen zu würdigen.
Rolle der NADPH-Oxidase in der Thrombin-induzierten Signaltransduktion in glatten Gefässmuskelzellen
(2008)
Die Pathogenese der Atherosklerose besteht aus einem komplexen Netzwerk, bei dem anhand der hier vorliegenden Daten die vaskuläre NADPH-Oxidase eine zentrale Rolle spielt. In der Vergangenheit wurde bereits gezeigt, dass die Aktivierung der NADPH-Oxidase durch zahlreiche Mediatoren (u.a. Wachstumsfaktoren wie PDGF, Angiotensinogen II und Thrombin) mit vermehrter Freisetzung von Sauerstoffradikalen erfolgt. Ein spezifischer Nachweis, inwieweit die vaskuläre NADPH-Oxidase dabei tatsächlich involviert ist, stand bisher aus. Durch den Einsatz spezifischer Methoden (neutralisierende Antikörper, Antisense Oligonukleotide), wodurch die Untereinheiten der NADPH-Oxidase, p22phox und p47phox, gehemmt wurden, konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die NADPH-Oxidase die wichtigste Quelle der Sauerstoffradikalbildung darstellt. Durch den Einsatz von p22phox Antisense Oligonukleotide wurde gezeigt, dass es durch die Stimulation mit Thrombin zu einer vermehrten ROS-Produktion durch die p22phox-tragende NADPH-Oxidase mit erhöhter Aktivierung der p38 MAP-Kinase kommt. Des Weiteren wird die Expression des pro-atherogenen Chemokins MCP-1 bekannterweise durch Thrombin induziert. Auch hier konnte durch den Einsatz von p22phox Antisense-Oligonukleotide der p22phox-tragenden NADPH-Oxidase eine zentrale Rolle in der redoxmediierten Genexpression dieses Chemokins zugeschrieben werden. Fehlte die sich im inaktiven Zustand der Oxidase im Zytosol befindliche Untereinheit p47phox, wurde ebenfalls eine beeinträchtigte basale als auch Agonisten-induzierte ROSProduktion durch die NADPH-Oxidase beobachtet. Dabei scheint die Oxidase auch bei Fehlen von p47phox - im Gegensatz beim Fehlen der p22phox - aktiv zu sein, allerdings geringer als bei Vorhandensein aller Untereinheiten. Zusammenfassend konnten die vorliegenden Daten verdeutlichen, dass die p22phox- und p47phox-tragende NADPH-Oxidase eine zentrale Rolle in der ROS-Produktion spielt. Die Sauerstoffradikalbildung wird dabei durch die Expression der einzelnen Untereinheiten als auch der Aktivität der Oxidase bestimmt. Weiterhin sprechen die Daten dafür, dass es sich bei der vaskulären NADPH-Oxidase nicht um ein konsekutiv-aktives Enzym, sondern eher um eine durch Agonisten–induzierte Aktivität der Oxidase handelt.
Die Bezüge Mahlers zu Schubert scheinen auch ohne genaue Prüfung sinnfällig zu sein: Eine Fülle von Beispielen könnte, dies die wohl zuverlässige Annahme, Nähen und auch direkte Bezugnahmen sowie Filiationen belegen. Auf der Suche nach Nachweisen stößt man bald auf den "Lindenbaum", der in der "Winterreise" Müllers und Schuberts einem der wohl vollendetsten Lieder seinen Namen gegeben hat und an eben diesen Lindenbaum, den Gustav Mahler in seinem 4. Gesellenlied "Die zwei blauen Augen" an exponierter Stelle beruft. Die forschungsgestützte Suche nach konkreten Belegen für die Bezugnahme Mahlers auf Schubert führt zu - so scheint es zumindest - reichen Ergebnissen: Das Scherzo der 1. Symphonie erinnert sicherlich an Schubert, aber auch an Bruckner: Darauf hat Jens Malte Fischer ebenso hingewiesen wie auf die generelle Nähe der Mahlerschen Gesellenlieder zu den beiden großen Liederzyklen Schuberts und Wilhelm Müllers, ja noch im letzten Kindertotenlied Mahlers nimmt Jens Malte Fischer die Vorbildhaftigkeit des abschließenden Liedes aus der "Schönen Müllerin" "Des Baches Wiegenlied" wahr.