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Current atmospheric models do not include secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production from gas-phase reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Recent studies have shown that primary semivolatile emissions, previously assumed to be inert, undergo oxidation in the gas phase, leading to SOA formation. This opens the possibility that low-volatility gas-phase precursors are a potentially large source of SOA. In this work, SOA formation from gas-phase photooxidation of naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN), 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN), and 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene (1,2-DMN) is studied in the Caltech dual 28-m3 chambers. Under high-NOx conditions and aerosol mass loadings between 10 and 40 μg m, the SOA yields (mass of SOA per mass of hydrocarbon reacted) ranged from 0.19 to 0.30 for naphthalene, 0.19 to 0.39 for 1-MN, 0.26 to 0.45 for 2-MN, and constant at 0.31 for 1,2-DMN. Under low-NOx conditions, the SOA yields were measured to be 0.73, 0.68, and 0.58, for naphthalene, 1-MN, and 2-MN, respectively. The SOA was observed to be semivolatile under high-NOx conditions and essentially nonvolatile under low-NOx conditions, owing to the higher fraction of ring-retaining products formed under low-NOx conditions. When applying these measured yields to estimate SOA formation from primary emissions of diesel engines and wood burning, PAHs are estimated to yield 3–5 times more SOA than light aromatic compounds. PAHs can also account for up to 54% of the total SOA from oxidation of diesel emissions, representing a potentially large source of urban SOA.
Active chlorine species play a dominant role in the catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone in the polar vortices during the late winter and early spring seasons. Recently, the correct understanding of the ClO dimer cycle was challenged by the release of new laboratory absorption cross sections (Pope et al., 2007) yielding significant model underestimates of observed ClO and ozone loss (von Hobe et al., 2007). Under this aspect, Arctic stratospheric limb emission measurements carried out by the balloon version of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS-B) from Kiruna (Sweden) on 11 January 2001 and 20/21 March 2003 have been reanalyzed with regard to the chlorine reservoir species ClONO2 and the active species, ClO and ClOOCl (Cl2O2). New laboratory measurements of IR absorption cross sections of ClOOCl for various temperatures and pressures allowed for the first time the retrieval of ClOOCl mixing ratios from remote sensing measurements. High values of active chlorine (ClOx) of roughly 2.3 ppbv at 20 km were observed by MIPAS-B in the cold mid-winter Arctic vortex on 11 January 2001. While nighttime ClOOCl shows enhanced values of nearly 1.1 ppbv at 20 km, ClONO2 mixing ratios are less than 0.1 ppbv at this altitude. In contrast, high ClONO2 mixing ratios of nearly 2.4 ppbv at 20 km have been observed in the late winter Arctic vortex on 20 March 2003. No significant ClOx amounts are detectable on this date since most of the active chlorine has already recovered to its main reservoir species ClONO2. The observed values of ClOx and ClONO2 are in line with the established chlorine chemistry. The thermal equilibrium constants between the dimer formation and its dissociation, as derived from the balloon measurements, are on the lower side of reported data and in good agreement with values recommended by von Hobe et al. (2007). Calculations with the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry model (EMAC) using established kinetics show similar chlorine activation and deactivation, compared to the measurements in January 2001 and March 2003, respectively.
Fractional release factors of long-lived halogenated organic compounds in the tropical stratosphere
(2009)
Fractional release factors (FRFs) of organic trace gases are time-independent quantities that influence the calculation of Global Warming Potentials and Ozone Depletion Potentials. We present the first set of vertically resolved FRFs for 15 long-lived halo carbons in the tropical stratosphere up to 34 km altitude. They were calculated from measurements on air samples collected on board balloons and a high altitude aircraft. We compare the derived dependencies of FRFs on the mean stratospheric transit times (the so-called mean ages of air) with similarly derived FRFs originating from measurements at higher latitudes and find significant differences. Moreover a comparison with averaged FRFs currently used by the World Meteorological Organisation revealed the latter to be imprecise measures due to their observed vertical and latitudinal variability. The presented data set could thus be used to improve future ozone level and climate projections.
"The whole is more than the sum of its parts." This idea has been brought forward by psychologists such as Max Wertheimer who formulated Gestalt laws that describe our perception. One law is that of collinearity: elements that correspond in their local orientation to their global axis of alignment form a collinear line, compared to a noncollinear line where local and global orientations are orthogonal. Psychophysical studies revealed a perceptual advantage for collinear over non-collinear stimulus context. It was suggested that this behavioral finding could be related to underlying neuronal mechanisms already in the primary visual cortex (V1). Studies have shown that neurons in V1 are linked according to a common fate: cells responding to collinearly aligned contours are predominantly interconnected by anisotropic long-range lateral connections. In the cat, the same holds true for visual interhemispheric connections. In the present study we aimed to test how the perceptual advantage of a collinear line is reflected in the anatomical properties within or between the two primary visual cortices. We applied two neurophysiological methods, electrode and optical recording, and reversibly deactivated the topographically corresponding contralateral region by cooling in eight anesthetized cats. In electrophysiology experiments our results revealed that influences by stimulus context significantly depend on a unit’s orientation preference. Vertical preferring units had on average a higher spike rate for collinear over non-collinear context. Horizontal preferring units showed the opposite result. Optical imaging experiments confirmed these findings for cortical areas assigned to vertical orientation preference. Further, when deactivating the contralateral region the spike rate for horizontal preferring units in the intact hemisphere significantly decreased in response to a collinear stimulus context. Most of the optical imaging experiments revealed a decrease in cortical activity in response to either stimulus context crossing the vertical midline. In conclusion, our results support the notion that modulating influences from stimulus context can be quite variable. We suggest that the kind of influence may depend on a cell’s orientation preference. The perceptual advantage of a collinear line as one of the Gestalt laws proposes is not uniformly represented in the activity of individual cells in V1. However, it is likely that the combined activity of many V1 neurons serves to activate neurons further up the processing stream which eventually leads to the perceptual phenomenon.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertationsarbeit ist die durchflusszytometrische Bestimmung Cytomegalievirus-spezifisch aktivierbarer CD4+T-Lymphozyten bei Patienten nach Lungentransplantation. Virusinfekte, insbesondere mit dem Cytomegalievirus (CMV), sind häufige Komplikationen nach Lungentransplantation. Bei Untersuchungen zu knochenmark-, leber-und nierentransplantierten Patienten konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine enge Korrelation zwischen der virusspezifischen, zellvermittelten T-Zellreaktion und der viralen Replikation besteht [Sesters, M. et. al., 2001 Transplantation 71, 1287-1294]. Zur Klärung der Frage, inwieweit ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Auftreten einer CMVInfektion und dem Anteil CD4+ T-Zellen mit de-novo-Synthese von Interferon-γ (INF-γ) und CD69 bei Patienten nach einer Lungentransplantation existiert, wurde bei n=22 Patienten nach Lungentransplantation während 12 Monate der Anteil [%] virusspezifisch aktivierbarer CD4+ Lymphozyten mit de-novo-Synthese von INF-γ und CD69 gemessen. Dazu wurde peripheres venöses Blut mit CMV-KBR-Antigen inkubiert und der Anteil virusspezifisch stimulierbarer CD4+ Lymphozyten durchflusszytrometrisch quantifiziert. Bei n=7 CMV-positiven Patienten ohne akuten CMV-Infekt während des Beobachtungszeitraums (kein Nachweis von CMV-DNA und CMV-pp65) reagierten 6,13 % (median; Spannweite: 0,86-45,15%) der CD4+ T-Lymphozyten auf die Simulation mit dem Virusantigen mit einer de-novo-Synthese von INF-γ und CD69. Im Vergleich dazu zeigte sich bei n=5 CMV-positiven Patienten mit akuter CMV-Infektion im Beobachtungszeitraum ein deutlich verringerter Anteil CD4+ T-Zellen mit de-novo-Synthese von INF-γ und CD69 (0,99%; 0,01-3,20%). CMV-negative Patienten (n=10) wiesen im Vergleich zu den CMV-positiven Patienten mit und ohne CMV-Infekt im Untersuchungszeitraum einen geringeren Anteil CD4+ T-Zellen mit de-novo-Synthese von INF-γ und CD 69 (0,04%; 0,02-0,41%) auf. Bei der durchflusszytometrischen Bestimmung spezifisch aktivierbarer CD4+ T-Lymphozyten im peripheren Blut lungentransplantierter Patienten konnte ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Anteil der virusspezifisch aktivierbaren T-Zellen und der viralen Replikation gezeigt werden. Die Methode ermöglicht eine Eingrenzung von Risikopatienten im Hinblick auf eine CMVReaktivation und kann das bestehende CMV-Monitoring sinnvoll ergänzen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse können Ausgangspunkt für weitere Studien zu virusspezifisch aktivierbaren T-Lymphozyten bei lungentransplantierten Patienten sein.
Zielsetzung: In dieser Arbeit sollte untersucht werden, ob sich der Knochenformationsmarker P1NP zur frühen Diagnostik von Knochenmetastasen bei Patienten mit Prostata -, Nierenzell - und Ovarialkarzinomen eignet. Zum Vergleich wurden der bereits in der klinischen Routine etablierte Knochenmarker AP, sowie weitere spezielle Tumormarker (PSA, CEA, CA 125) herangezogen. Patienten und Methoden: Die Messung von P1NP erfolgte mit Hilfe des Immunoassays „ECLIA“ und dem Analysenautomat Elecsys 2010 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Insgesamt wurden Serumproben von 54 Patienten mit Knochenmetastasen und 128 Patienten ohne Knochenmetastasen analysiert. Die 182 Patienten wurden in 3 Kollektive aufgeteilt: 100 Patienten mit benigner Prostatahyperplasie und Prostatakarzinom, 36 Patienten mit Nierentumor und 46 Patientinnen mit Ovarialkarzinom. Ergebnisse: Patienten mit Knochenmetastasen zeigen signifikant (p < 0,001) höhere P1NP Werte als Patienten ohne Knochenmetastasen. Unter Chemotherapie sinken die Serumkonzentrationen von P1NP in den Normbereich. Es fällt auf, dass Frauen insgesamt höhere P1NP Werte haben als männliche Kollektive. P1NP erreicht für die Diagnostik von ossären Metastasen eine Sensitivität von 89,6% und eine Spezifität von 74,2%. Vergleicht man die Flächen (AUC) unter den Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves (ROC) erkennt man, dass P1NP unabhängig von der Tumorpathologie eine sehr gute diagnostische Leistung von ca. 90% aufweist. Nur mit PSA (AUC 91,1%) erhält man beim Prostatakarzinom eine vergleichbar sichere Diagnose. Die Aussagefähigkeit der AP schwankt zwischen 60 - 80%, die der gynäkologischen Tumormarker CEA und CA 125 zwischen 50 - 60%. Schlussfolgerung: P1NP ist den in der Routine etablierten Markern und radiologischen Verfahren zur frühen Diagnostik von Knochenmetastasen deutlich überlegen und eignet sich auch, um 103 bei Patienten mit Knochenmetastasen den Erfolg einer Chemotherapie zu überwachen. Aufgrund der postmenopausalen Osteoporose müssen für Frauen bei der Diagnostik von Knochenmetastasen höhere Cutoff Werte verwendet werden.
In Anbetracht der Bedeutung einer Metastasierung eines Mamma- Karzinoms in Hinblick auf Therapie und Prognose der Patientin ist es von Bedeutung, möglichst sensitive und spezifische Methoden zum frühzeitigen Nachweis von Metastasen anzuwenden. Nach wie vor stehen diesbezüglich radiologische Verfahren an erster Stelle, sind jedoch mit einer Reihe von Nachteilen behaftet. Aufgrund dieser Tatsache wurden in einer Vielzahl von Studien eine Reihe von Knochenmarkern bezüglich ihrer Aussagekraft beim metastasierten Mamma- Karzinom untersucht. Der Knochenmarker Prokollagen Typ I aminoterminales Propeptid wird im Rahmen der Kollagensynthese beim Knochenaufbau freigesetzt und erlaubt somit Rückschlüsse auf den Knochenstoffwechsel. Inwieweit die Werte von Prokollagen Typ I aminoterminales Propeptid einen veränderten Knochenstoffwechsel beim metastasierten Mamma- Karzinom repräsentieren, war Ziel dieser Studie. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die Serum Proben von 80 Patientinnen mit Mamma- Ca untersucht. Die Bestimmung der Werte für den Knochenmarker Prokollagen Typ I aminoterminales Propeptid erfolgte mit Hilfe des ElektroChemiLumineszenz Immuno Assay „ECLIA“ von Roche Diagnostics. Um die Aussagekraft des Markers weiter zu bestimmen, erfolgte eine Unterteilung des Patientenkollektivs in Patientinnen prä- und postmenopausal. Die Werte für Prokollagen Typ I aminoterminales Propeptid wurden nun bezüglich ihrer Relation zum Ausmaß der Metastasierung weiter untersucht. Im Rahmen dieser Studie konnte ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe der Prokollagen Typ I aminoterminales Propetid Werte und einer Knochenmetastasierung aufgezeigt werden. Dennoch scheint der Knochenmarker Prokollagen Typ I aminoterminales Propeptid aufgrund unterlegener Spezifität und Sensitivität nicht geeignet, herkömmliche Methoden zum Nachweis von Knochenmetastasen zu ersetzen. Es ist jedoch denkbar, die Bestimmung von Prokollagen Typ I aminoterminales Propeptid als zusätzliche Methode zur Einschätzung und Überwachung der Entwicklung von Knochenmetastasen einzusetzen.
The purpose of this thesis was to investigate different aspects of the promotion of selfregulated learning in primary and secondary school education by focussing on its effectiveness, and on its assessment from different perspectives. Theoretically, the thesis is based on contemporary social-cognitive and constructivist theories of self-regulated learning. Two meta-analyses were conducted, an observation instrument was developed which was tested and employed in two observation studies, and a multi-method study was conducted to investigate different perspectives on the topic. Common to all studies is the evaluation of different aspects of the promotion of self-regulated learning among students. The results of this investigation are reported in four research articles (Studies 1-4), which have been accepted for publication (Study 1 and 2) or submitted to scientific peer reviewed journals (Study 3 and 4). The data are analyzed by applying a multi-method approach, using several sources of data (primary studies, self-reports, video data, interviews) and diverse methods (meta-analysis, observation analysis, survey analysis). The present data generally indicate that self-regulated learning can be enhanced both at primary and secondary school. The results of the first and the second study showed that primary and secondary school students partly benefit from different training characteristics. However, there were also common aspects of effective training characteristics that hold for both school levels. Moreover, the third study revealed that it was possible to develop an instrument to observe teachers’ promotion of self-regulated learning in a reliable way, which can be applied in several contexts. The results indicated that the stability of teachers’ promotion of selfregulated learning varies among the school subjects. Furthermore, the results showed that only little instruction of self-regulated learning takes place in primary and secondary school mathematics lessons. Yet, secondary school teachers showed more promotion of cognitive strategies than primary school teachers did, although the former included more constructivist characteristics in the learning environment. The observation studies produced a rich pool of data, serving as pilot studies for future studies with a larger sample sizes that are needed to further strengthen the results. As the fourth study indicated, teacher ratings differ significantly from video-based observations in perceiving their promotion of self-regulated learning. However, for some aspects they agree with their students’ perception. Finally, it was found that students’ perception on their teachers’ promotion of self-regulated learning had the highest impact on their self-regulation competence. In the future, it will be crucial to include the instruction of self-regulated learning from a theoretical and a practical perspective in the teacher training curriculum. Moreover, in future research the implementation of the promotion of self-regulated learning should be investigated, and in experimental settings different ways of supporting such an implementation should be examined. A close collaboration with teachers would be helpful to get deeper insights into teachers’ behaviour and attitudes. The promotion of self-regulated learning should start as early as in primary school as students are already able to learn it then and as it takes many years to develop it fully. In addition, when investigating teachers’ promotion of self-regulated learning, the school subject should be taken into account during assessment. Long-term measurements could acknowledge such a potential instability. Moreover, in further studies, observation data of a large sample of teachers should be gathered in order to get a representative overview of teachers’ promotion of self-regulated learning. Furthermore, research on the promotion of self-regulated learning should account for the impact of students’ perspectives referring on this.
The membrane-bound heterotrimeric nitrate reductase A (NarGHI) catalyzes the oxidation of quinols in the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli and reduces nitrate to nitrite in the cytoplasm. The enzyme strongly stabilizes a menasemiquinone intermediate at a quinol oxidation site (Q(D)) located in the vicinity of the distal heme b(D). Here molecular details of the interaction between the semiquinone radical and the protein environment have been provided using advanced multifrequency pulsed EPR methods. (14)N and (15)N ESEEM and HYSCORE measurements carried out at X-band ( approximately 9.7 GHz) on the wild-type enzyme or the enzyme uniformly labeled with (15)N nuclei reveal an interaction between the semiquinone and a single nitrogen nucleus. The isotropic hyperfine coupling constant A(iso)((14)N) approximately 0.8 MHz shows that it occurs via an H-bond to one of the quinone carbonyl group. Using (14)N ESEEM and HYSCORE spectroscopies at a lower frequency (S-band, approximately 3.4 GHz), the (14)N nuclear quadrupolar parameters of the interacting nitrogen nucleus (kappa = 0.49, eta = 0.50) were determined and correspond to those of a histidine N(delta), assigned to the heme b(D) ligand His-66 residue. Moreover S-band (15)N ESEEM spectra enabled us to directly measure the anisotropic part of the nitrogen hyperfine interaction (T((15)N) = 0.16 MHz). A distance of approximately 2.2 Abetween the carbonyl oxygen and the nitrogen could then be calculated. Mechanistic implications of these results are discussed in the context of the peculiar properties of the menasemiquinone intermediate stabilized at the Q(D) site of NarGHI.
We previously proposed that the dimeric cytochrome bc(1) complex exhibits half-of-the-sites reactivity for ubiquinol oxidation and rapid electron transfer between bc(1) monomers (Covian, R., Kleinschroth, T., Ludwig, B., and Trumpower, B. L. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 22289-22297). Here, we demonstrate the previously proposed half-of-the-sites reactivity and intermonomeric electron transfer by characterizing the kinetics of ubiquinol oxidation in the dimeric bc(1) complex from Paracoccus denitrificans that contains an inactivating Y147S mutation in one or both cytochrome b subunits. The enzyme with a Y147S mutation in one cytochrome b subunit was catalytically fully active, whereas the activity of the enzyme with a Y147S mutation in both cytochrome b subunits was only 10-16% of that of the enzyme with fully wild-type or heterodimeric cytochrome b subunits. Enzyme with one inactive cytochrome b subunit was also indistinguishable from the dimer with two wild-type cytochrome b subunits in rate and extent of reduction of cytochromes b and c(1) by ubiquinol under pre-steady-state conditions in the presence of antimycin. However, the enzyme with only one mutated cytochrome b subunit did not show the stimulation in the steady-state rate that was observed in the wild-type dimeric enzyme at low concentrations of antimycin, confirming that the half-of-the-sites reactivity for ubiquinol oxidation can be regulated in the wild-type dimer by binding of inhibitor to one ubiquinone reduction site.