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Objectives To examine the dose-response relationship between cumulative exposure to kneeling and squatting as well as to lifting and carrying of loads and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) in a population-based case-control study. Methods In five orthopedic clinics and five practices we recruited 295 male patients aged 25 to 70 with radiographically confirmed knee osteoarthritis associated with chronic complaints. A total of 327 male control subjects were recruited. Data were gathered in a structured personal interview. To calculate cumulative exposure, the self-reported duration of kneeling and squatting as well as the duration of lifting and carrying of loads were summed up over the entire working life. Results The results of our study support a dose-response relationship between kneeling/squatting and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. For a cumulative exposure to kneeling and squatting > 10.800 hours, the risk of having radiographically confirmed knee osteoarthritis as measured by the odds ratio (adjusted for age, region, weight, jogging/athletics, and lifting or carrying of loads) is 2.4 (95% CI 1.1-5.0) compared to unexposed subjects. Lifting and carrying of loads is significantly associated with knee osteoarthritis independent of kneeling or similar activities. Conclusions As the knee osteoarthritis risk is strongly elevated in occupations that involve both kneeling/squatting and heavy lifting/carrying, preventive efforts should particularly focus on these "high-risk occupations".
Dicer and Drosha are the major enzymes involved in microRNA processing. Using siRNA targeting Dicer and Drosha, thereby downregulating a substantial number of microRNAs in EC, we demonstrate a crucial role of both enzymes in angiogenic processes. Interestingly, Dicer inhibition exerts more profound effects on processes like migration and viability of EC in comparison to Drosha inhibition. Moreover, Dicer effects in vivo angiogenesis, a process which is unaffected by Drosha. This discrepancy might be partially due to the involvement of Dicer in other cellular processes like heterochromatin formation and to the fact that Dicer and Drosha target mainly different subsets of microRNAs. In addition, we identified miR-92a as a novel endogenous repressor of the angiogenic program in EC, which impairs their angiogenic functions in vitro and in vivo. Consistent with these data, blocking miR-92a by systemic infusion of antagomirs enhances neovascularization and functional recovery after ischemia in vivo. At first sight, the anti-angiogenic function of miR-92a in EC appears to contradict the previously identified anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic activities of the miR-17~92 cluster in tumor cells. However, this apparent discrepancy might be well rationalized by a predominant function of miR-18a and miR-19a in tumor cells, which are responsible for the tumorigenic and non-cell autonomous pro-angiogenic functions of the miR-17~92 cluster. Instead, miR-92a expression is specifically upregulated in ischemic tissues and appears to cell-autonomously repress the angiogenic potential of EC. Among the various targets and verified regulated genes identified by microarray, we confirmed the downregulation of Integrin a5 in vitro and in vivo. The relevance of this miR-92a target is evidenced by severe vascular defects in the absence of Integrin a5. In addition, endothelial miR-92a interferes with the expression pattern of genes controlling key EC functions at various levels, some of which, e.g. eNOS, might be secondarily affected by directly targeted genes. Obviously, our data do not formally exclude effects of antagomir-92a on perivascular and other cell types, but surely include effects on EC. Regardless of this, the capacity of miR-92a to target various downstream effectors might be an advantage of miRNA-based therapeutic strategies and may overcome the limited therapeutic capacity of single growth factor or single gene therapies in ischemic diseases, since the highly organized process of vessel growth, maturation and functional maintenance is well known to require the fine-tuned regulation of a set of genes.
Sexual deception of male bees is one of the most remarkable mechanisms of pollination (Ackermann 1986, Proctor & al. 1996). Flowers of the orchid genus Ophrys mimic females of their pollinator species, usually bees and wasps, to attract males, which try to copulate with the flowers. During this so-called “pseudocopulation” the male removes the pollinia and transfers them to another flower to ensure pollination. Apart from visual and tactile cues, floral scent was shown to be most important for eliciting mating behaviour in males (Kullenberg 1961, Schiestl & al. 1999, Ayasse & al. 2003). Pollination in Ophrys is highly specific and usually each Ophrys species attracts only one pollinator species (Paulus & Gack 1990). The high degree of specialization provides the means of reproductive isolation between the intercrossable Ophrys-species (Ehrendorfer 1980). The complex odour-bouquets released by the flowers are species-specific and often consist of more than 100 different chemical compounds (Borg-Karlson & al. 1985, Ayasse 2006). Speciation in Ophrys-orchids may be brought about by changes in the pollinator attracting floral scent. The attraction of a new pollinator may act as a pre-zygotic isolation barrier (Stebbins 1970, Paulus & Gack 1990, Soliva & al. 2001). We investigated three sympatrically occuring Ophrys-species on Sardinia. O. chestermanii and O. normanii are endemic and are both pollinated by males of the bumblebee B. vestalis. O. tenthredinifera is pollinated by Eucera nigrilabris. There are different opinions concerning the taxonomic status of O. normanii. It has been described as an actual hybrid between O. chestermanii and O. tenthredinifera (Wood 1983). Paulus & Gack (1995) suggested that it is an own species, that either has developed from a hybrid between O. chestermanii and O. normanii or that has evolved by radiation from O. tenthredinifera. By conducting behavioural-tests with B. vestalis males, performing gas chromatographic analyses and electrophysiological studies we wanted to identify pollinator attracting scent and to clarify the taxonomic status of O. normanii.
The degradation of the poly(A) tail is crucial for posttranscriptional gene regulation and for quality control of mRNA. Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN) is one of the major mammalian 3’ specific exo-ribonucleases involved in the degradation of the mRNA poly(A) tail, and it is also involved in the regulation of translation in early embryonic development. The interaction between PARN and the m7GpppG cap of mRNA plays a key role in stimulating the rate of deadenylation. Here we report the solution structures of the cap-binding domain of mouse PARN with and without the m7GpppG cap analog. The structure of the cap-binding domain adopts the RNA recognition motif (RRM) with a characteristic a-helical extension at its C-terminus, which covers the b-sheet surface (hereafter referred to as PARN RRM). In the complex structure of PARN RRM with the cap analog, the base of the N7-methyl guanosine (m7G) of the cap analog stacks with the solvent-exposed aromatic side chain of the distinctive tryptophan residue 468, located at the C-terminal end of the second b-strand. These unique structural features in PARN RRM reveal a novel cap-binding mode, which is distinct from the nucleotide recognition mode of the canonical RRM domains.
Type I interferons (IFNs) signal for their diverse biological effects by binding a common receptor on target cells, composed of the two transmembrane IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 proteins. We have previously differentially enhanced the antiproliferative activity of IFN by increasing the weak binding affinity of IFN to IFNAR1. In this study, we further explored the affinity interdependencies between the two receptor subunits and the role of IFNAR1 in differential IFN activity. For this purpose, we generated a panel of mutations targeting the IFNAR2 binding site on the background of the IFNalpha2 YNS mutant, which increases the affinity to IFNAR1 by 60-fold, resulting in IFNAR2-to-IFNAR1 binding affinity ratios ranging from 1000:1 to 1:1000. Both the antiproliferative and antiviral potencies of the interferon mutants clearly correlated to the in situ binding IC(50) values, independently of the relative contributions of the individual receptors, thus relating to the integral lifetime of the complex. However, the antiproliferative potency correlated throughout the entire range of affinities, as well as with prolonged IFNAR1 receptor down-regulation, whereas the antiviral potency reached a maximum at binding affinities equivalent to that of wild-type IFNalpha2. Our data suggest that (i) the specific activity of interferon is related to the ternary complex binding affinity and not to affinity toward individual receptor components and (ii) although the antiviral pathway is strongly dependent on pSTAT1 activity, the cytostatic effect requires additional mechanisms that may involve IFNAR1 down-regulation. This differential interferon response is ultimately mediated through distinct gene expression profiling.
Freeze (1992) argued on the basis of data from several different languages that there is a close relationship between existential sentences (stating the existence of an entity) and locative sentences (stating the location of an entity). Freeze (1992) proposes that they are both derived from the same base structure and that the surface differences are rather due to the distinct information structures.This paper argues against this position with the data from Serbian existentials, which show clear syntactic differences from the locatives. Thus, the close relationship between existential and locative sentences that Freeze (1992) observes is conceptual, but not (necessarily) part of the syntax of the language. In order to account for the data, we propose that existential sentences originate from a different syntactic predication structure than the locative ones. The existential meaning arises, as we will show, from the interaction of this predication structure with the structure and meaning of the noun phrase.
The timing of feedback to early visual cortex in the perception of long-range apparent motion
(2008)
When 2 visual stimuli are presented one after another in different locations, they are often perceived as one, but moving object. Feedback from area human motion complex hMT/V5+ to V1 has been hypothesized to play an important role in this illusory perception of motion. We measured event-related responses to illusory motion stimuli of varying apparent motion (AM) content and retinal location using Electroencephalography. Detectable cortical stimulus processing started around 60-ms poststimulus in area V1. This component was insensitive to AM content and sequential stimulus presentation. Sensitivity to AM content was observed starting around 90 ms post the second stimulus of a sequence and most likely originated in area hMT/V5+. This AM sensitive response was insensitive to retinal stimulus position. The stimulus sequence related response started to be sensitive to retinal stimulus position at a longer latency of 110 ms. We interpret our findings as evidence for feedback from area hMT/V5+ or a related motion processing area to early visual cortices (V1, V2, V3).
The Tragedy of Mr No Balance
(2008)
The Travail of Dieudonné
(2008)
Dieudonnes life is spun from the threads of one of Africa's grand moral dilemmas, in which personal responsibility is intertwined with the social catharsis occasioned by ambitions of dominance and ever diminishing circles. We encounter Dieudonne at the tail end of his service as 'houseboy' to the Toubaabys, a patronising expatriate couple. In the company of a lively assortment of characters and luring music at the Grand Canari Bar, Dieudonne recounts his life. As he peels layer after layer of his vicissitudes, he depicts the everyday resilience of the African on a continent caught in the web of predatory forces. Yet, this enchanting failure also celebrates the infinite capacity of the African to find happiness and challenge victimhood.
The study investigates the contribution of tactile and auditory feedback in the adaptation of /s/ towards a palatal prosthesis. Five speakers were recorded via electromagnetic articulography, at first without the prosthesis, then with the prosthesis and auditory feedback masked, and finally with the prosthesis and auditory feedback available. Tongue position, jaw position and acoustic centre of gravity of productions of the sound were measured. The results show that the initial adaptation attempts without auditory feedback are dependent on the prosthesis type and directed towards reaching the original tongue palate contact pattern. Speakers with a prosthesis which retracted the alveolar ridge retracted the tongue. Speakers with a prosthesis which did not change the place of the alveolar ridge did not retract the tongue. All speakers lowered the jaw. In a second adaptation step with auditory feedback available speakers reorganised tongue and jaw movements in order to produce more subtle acoustic characteristics of the sound such as the high amplitude noise which is typical for sibilants.
The Wayeyi [: phrasebook]
(2008)
Wörterbuch: Redewendungen Bantu-English
A collection of six thought-provoking stories, four of which were award-winning-stories at the 1990 literary contest of the national Association of Cameroonian Poets and Writers (APEC). The stories are set in different localities in Africa and Cameroon in particular. The author in a lucid manner explores the theme of women lib- the African way in the lead story. Ebenye, the protagonist, representing the sharp-witted African woman cannot understand why she should cook food without tasting of it. So she decides to take the bold step of eating a piece of the python that she has been ordered to cook for the men of her community. The other stories tackle themes of corruption, poverty, alcoholism, endurance, love and more.
In our present-day landscape in Central Europe major parts of the xylobiontic especially of the saproxylic beetle fauna belong to the group of endangered species assemblages (Speight 1989, Geiser 1994). Oaks, in Central Europe mainly Quercus robur and Q. petraea, are well known for their large number of associated insect species and harbour the highest beetle diversity, especially for dead wood inhabiting species, of all broadleaved tree species in this region (e.g. Palm 1959). A characteristic species associated with oaks in its life-cycle is the endangered Great Capricorn Cerambyx cerdo. C. cerdo is one of the protected species explicitly named in the Habitats Directive of the European Union with the goal of maintaining existing populations and establishing long-term survival (Council of the European Communities 1992). The last remaining colonised areas of this longhorn beetle in Central Europe are well known for the enormous number of very rare xylobiontic beetle species. Thus, we are interested in the following research questions: 1) Are there typical species associated with C. cerdo? 2) If so, what kind of relationship do these associated species have to C. cerdo from a nature conservation point of view?
Theater ohne Autoren: ist die Zukunft dramatisch? : Impulsreferat beim Berliner Theatertreffen 2008
(2008)
Der Titel klingt schon wieder nach Krise, Untergang und Waldsterben. Keine Angst und auch keine Hoffnung: ich mache hier nicht die Kassandra für den angeblich oder wirklich vom Untergang bedrohten Autor. Im Gegenteil: ich möchte aufräumen und die Fenster aufreißen. Denn die Debatte um das Theater und seine angeblich immerwährenden Krisen ist weitaus verblödeter als das Theater in seinen Hervorbringungen. Sie klebt immer noch an Vorgestern. Die Klischees, mit denen Theaterleute und ihre sich antilobbyistisch gerierende kritische Lobby gern hantieren, ermüden seit langem. Mit seiner Begabung, längst geschlagene Schlachten wieder aufzuwärmen, selbst wenn sich die Konfliktlinien seit langem verschoben haben, ist das Theater übrigens in guter schlechter Gesellschaft, in der der Politik nämlich. Alte Schemata werden hier wie dort mit Lust gedankenlos weitergetragen, als ideologische Nebelkerzen gegen den wahren Stand der Dinge. Besonders beliebt ist es, im Rahmen solcher Debatten für die Unterdrückten und Entrechteten Partei zu ergreifen: das sind im Theater in der Regel der arme Schauspieler und der vergewaltigte Autor während der Folterknecht fast immer der Regisseur ist.
TheaterSport : Einar Schleef bewegt Elfriede Jelinek ; zum Verhältnis von Bild, Raum und Sprache
(2008)
Their Champagne Party Will End! Poems in Honor of Bate Besong : Poems in Honor of Bate Besong
(2008)
Das Ziel der Studie bestand einerseits in der Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge zwischen der sich im Vorschulalter entwickelnden Theory of Mind und dem sich ebenfalls zu diesem Zeitpunkt ausbildenden episodischen Gedächtnis unter der Berücksichtigung verschiedener potentieller Einflussfaktoren, wie beispielsweise den sprachlichen und exekutiven Fähigkeiten der Kinder. Auf der anderen Seite sollten zudem die Veränderungen innerhalb der einzelnen Konstrukte im zeitlichen Verlauf zwischen dem vierten und fünften Lebensjahr abgebildet werden. Dazu wurden 40 Kindern an zwei im Abstand von einem Jahr stattfindenden Erhebungszeitpunkten verschiedenste Aufgaben zur Erfassung ihrer jeweiligen Fähigkeiten in den unterschiedlichen kognitiven Bereichen vorgelegt. Das Durchschnittsalter der Kinder zum Zeitpunkt der ersten Messung betrug M = 38.73 Monate (SD = 2.84) und beim zweiten Messzeitpunkt M = 51.03 Monate (SD = 2.89). Anhand der erhobenen Daten konnte gezeigt werden, dass neben dem Zeitverständnis vor allem die Fähigkeit der dreijährigen Kinder zur Perspektivübernahme einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Erklärung ihrer späteren Kompetenzen auf dem Gebiet des episodischen Gedächtnisses leistet. Weiterhin konnten mittels der zwei Messzeitpunkte sowohl die quantitativen als auch qualitativen Veränderungen innerhalb der unterschiedlichen Theory of Mind-Kompetenzen bzw. innerhalb des sich wandelnden Repräsentationsverständnisses abgebildet werden. Zudem konnte ebenfalls die bedeutende Rolle der Sprache als optimales Medium zum verbalen Austausch über die verschiedenen Perspektiven von sich und anderen sowie über vergangene, gegenwärtige oder zukünftige Erlebnisse konstatiert werden. Im Gegensatz zu den Befunden anderer Studien scheint hingegen den vorliegenden Befunden nach dem Einfluss der exekutiven Fähigkeiten auf die Theory of Mind-Kompetenzen der Kinder keine so grundlegende Bedeutung zuzukommen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Störungen der Atem-, Sprech-, Stimm- und Schluckfunktion bei Patienten mit diagnostiziertem Morbus Parkinson. Diese Störungen zeigen sich in einem komplexen Erscheinungsbild, welches durch die charakteristische Körperfehlhaltung geprägt ist und sich in besonderer Weise über die Muskulatur der Schulter-, Hals-, und Kopfregion auf die funktionellen Abläufe der Atmung, des Sprechens und der Stimme auswirkt. Mit dieser Untersuchung sollte gezeigt werden, wie mit einem strukturierten und körperorientierten Therapieansatz, bei dem verschiedene Therapiemethoden kombiniert zum Einsatz kamen, auf dieses multikausale Erscheinungsbild eingewirkt werden kann. Während des Beobachtungszeitraums vom Februar 1997 bis August 1997 wurden im Rahmen einer Rehabilitationsmaßnahme 60 Patienten, mit einem Altersschnittvon 67;3 Jahren, zum Therapiebeginn untersucht und ausführlich zu den Störungen der Atmung, des Sprechens, der Stimme und des Schluckens befragt. Für die Auswertung wurde das Störungsbild in zwei funktionelle Gruppen unterteilt. In Gruppe eins wurden die orofazialen Störungen, also die Schluckstörungen, die Hypersalivation, die Sensibilität und die Mundmotorik dargestellt. In Gruppe zwei wurden die Störungen der Atmung, des Sprechens und der Stimme nach Schweregraden dargestellt. Die Patienten wurden mit dem beschriebenen Therapieansatz therapeutisch versorgt und die so gewonnen Ergebnisse aus zwei Messzeitpunkten retrospektiv evaluiert. Dabei ging es erstens um die Frage, inwieweit über einen körperorientierten Ansatz die Störungen der Atmung, des Sprechens, der Stimme und des Schluckens therapeutisch zu beeinflussen sind. Zweitens ob es möglich ist, über die Arbeit am Körpertonus und der Körperhaltung die Voraussetzungen für funktionelle Bewegungsabläufe zu schaffen, um diese für die Patienten auch spürbar und "übbar" zu machen. Drittens sollte geklärt werden, ob sich verschiedene Funktionskreise mit anderen Bewegungsabläufen trainieren lassen um so die Patienten über basale Übungen in die komplexen motorischen Abläufe der Atmung, des Sprechens, der Stimme und des Schluckens zu führen. Erste Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung werden dargestellt und diskutiert.