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In einer retrospektiven Analyse von 94 Fällen wurde unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Kyphosewinkels eine Empfehlung zur Therapie der Spondylitis herausgearbeitet. Die Patienten waren in den Jahren 1991 bis einschließlich 1997 aufgrund einer Spondylitis an der Orthopädischen Universitätsklinik Friedrichsheim in Frankfurt am Main in stationärer Behandlung. Die Ergebnisse wurden durch Auswertung der Krankenakten, Ausmessung der Röntgenbilder und einer Nachuntersuchung von 61 Patienten im Mittel von 4,6 Jahren nach dem stationären Aufenthalt erhoben. Das Durchschnittsalter der Patienten lag bei 56 Jahren. Von 94 Fällen waren 12 spezifische und 82 unspezifische Spondylitiden. Der Erregernachweis gelang in 49% der Fälle; Staphylococcus aureus war der am häufigsten nachgewiesene Keim (46%). Mycobacterium tuberculosis wurde bei 6 Patienten kulturell (13%) und in 9 Fällen histologisch (10%) nachgewiesen. Bei der Nachuntersuchung war die Beurteilung der Schmerzfreiheit in der ventralen und dorso-ventralen Patientengruppe identisch. Beide Methoden hatten den größten Anteil an schmerzfreien Patienten. Eine neurologische Symptomatik zu Therapiebeginn hatten 25 Patienten. Am Therapieende hatte sich bei 16 Patienten die Neurologie vollständig zurückgebildet. Zu einer Teilrückbildung der Neurologie kam es in 4 Fällen, und bei 5 Patienten wurden zur Rückbildung der Neurologie keine Angaben gemacht. Die Blutsenkungsgeschwindigkeit und das C-reaktive Protein waren zu Behandlungsbeginn erhöht, und die Leukozyten lagen im Normbereich. 9 Patienten wurden konservativ behandelt. 34 Patienten wurden einer ventralen Spondylodese zugeführt und 37 Patienten wurden dorso-ventral operiert. Weitere 14 Patienten wurden von dorsal mittels Fixateur interne stabilisiert. Bei 8 der 14 Patienten wurde der Entzündungsherd von dorsal ausgeräumt, und 9 der 14 Patienten bekamen zusätzlich dorsal, dorso-lateral oder transpedikulär Knochenspäne implantiert. Die durchschnittliche Knochenspaneinbauzeit war bei den ventralen und dorso-ventralen Spondylodesen etwa gleich lang (Brustwirbelsäule 5 respektive 5,4 Monate, Lendenwirbelsäule 3,8 respektive 3,9 Monate). Die durchschnittliche radiologische Ausheilung der Spondylitis bei den dorsalen Spondylodesen und den konservativ behandelten Patienten dauerte ebenfalls etwa gleich lang (Brustwirbelsäule 6,9 respektive 7,8 Monate, Lendenwirbelsäule 4,4 respektive 5 Monate). Für die Dauer des Knochenspaneinbaus scheint eine zusätzliche dorsale Stabilisierung unbedeutend. In den Fällen, bei denen eine Ausräumung des Entzündungsherds und Knochenspanimplantation erfolgte, ließ sich eine schnellere knöcherne Ausheilung der Spondylitis erkennen. Demzufolge scheint die Herdausräumung mit konsekutiver Knochenspanimplantation wesentlich für die Ausheilung der Spondylitis zu sein. Die Durchbauungsrate der nochenspanspondylodesen lag in allen Gruppen jeweils bei 100% (vorausgesetzt ein zeitlich kompletter, radiologischer Verlauf eines Patienten lag zur Beurteilung vor). Eine intraoperative Aufrichtung der kyphosierten Wirbelkörper gelang in 71 von 85 Fällen (84%). Die größten effektiven Korrekturgewinne wurden mit der dorso-ventralen Spondylodese erzielt (Vergleich präoperativ zu follow-up). Der größte Korrekturverlust entstand in den ersten drei postoperativen Monaten. Postoperative Korrekturverluste traten bei den ventralen Spondylodesen bis zu 3 Monaten, bei den dorso-ventralen Spondylodesen bis zu 6 Monaten und bei den dorsalen Spondylodesen über 6 Monate hinaus auf. Ursache hierfür ist die noch mangelnde Tragfähigkeit des im Umbau befindlichen Gewebes. Eine Ausheilung der Spondylitis trat in allen Fällen ein. Zwei Patienten entwickelten 1 Jahr respektive 1,5 Jahre später ein Rezidiv (2%). Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen dieser Arbeit ist die dorso-ventrale Operation zur Therapie der Spondylitis zu favorisieren. Durch die ventrale Spondylodese kommt es zu einer beschleunigten Ausheilung der Spondylitis. Eine intraoperative Aufrichtung des erkrankten Wirbelkörpersegments kann die Statik der Wirbelsäule wiederherstellen respektive erhalten. Eine Progredienz der Kyphose wird damit dauerhaft verhindert. Außerdem können Schmerzen und neurologische Defizite schnell behoben werden. Mit einem Fixateur interne kann das Operationsgebiet von dorsal gesichert werden. Eine Frühmobilisation des Patienten wird ermöglicht, was im Hinblick auf Komplikationen durch Immobilisation insbesondere bei älteren oder multimorbiden Patienten wesentlich erscheint. Weiterhin erlaubt die intraoperative Probeentnahme eine Erregerbestimmung mit zugehörigem Antibiogramm und eine histologische Diagnose. Bei geringer knöcherner Destruktion kann eine alleinige ventrale Operation mit Herdausräumung und Knochenspanimplantation ausreichend sein. Eine mehrwöchige Phase der postoperativen Immobilisation sollte bei diesem Vorgehen berücksichtigt werden. Eine konservative Therapie empfiehlt sich bei Patienten, deren Ausmaß der Erkrankung (knöcherne Destruktionen) sehr gering ist, oder die aufgrund ihres Allgemeinzustands nicht operabel sind.
Reform of the securities class action is once again the subject of national debate. The impetus for this debate is the reports of three different groups – The Committee on Capital Market Regulation, The Commission on the Regulation of U.S. Capital Markets In the 21st Century, and McKinsey & Company. Each of the reports focuses on a single theme: how the contemporary regulatory culture places U.S. capital markets at a competitive disadvantage to foreign markets. While multiple regulatory forces are targeted by each report’s call for reform, each of the reports singles out securities class actions as one of the prime villains that place U.S. capital markets at a competitive disadvantage. The reports’ recommendations range from insignificant changes to drastic curtailments of private class actions. Surprisingly, these current-day cries echo calls for reform heeded by Congress in the not too distant past. Major reform of the securities class action occurred with the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.5 Among the PSLRA’s contributions is the introduction of procedures by which the court chooses from among competing petitioners a lead plaintiff for the class. The statute commands that the petitioner with the largest financial loss suffered as a consequence of the defendant’s alleged misrepresentation is presumed to be the most adequate plaintiff. Thus, the lead plaintiff provision supplants the traditional “first to file” rule for selecting the suit’s plaintiff with a mechanism that seeks to harness to the plaintiff’s economic self interest to the suits’ prosecution. Also, by eliminating the race to be the first to file, the lead plaintiff provision seeks to avoid “hair trigger” filings by overly eager plaintiffs’ counsel which Congress believed too frequently gave rise to incomplete and insubstantially pled causes of action. The PSLRA also introduced for securities class actions a heightened pleading requirement8 as well as a bar to the plaintiff obtaining any discovery prior to the district court disposing of the defendants’ motions to dismiss. By introducing the requirement that allegations involving fraud must be plead not only with particularity, but also that the pled facts must establish a “strong inference” of fraud, the PSLRA cast aside, albeit only for securities actions, the much lower notice pleading requirement that has been a fixture of American civil procedure for decades. Substantive changes to the law were also introduced by the PSLRA. With few exceptions, joint and several liability was replaced by proportionate liability so that a particular defendant’s liability is capped by that defendant’s relative degree of fault. Similarly, contribution rights among co-violators are also based on proportionate fault of each defendant. Three years after the PSLRA, Congress returned to the topic again by enacting the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act;13 this provision was prompted by aggressive efforts of plaintiff lawyers to bypass the limitations, most notably the bar to discovery and higher pleading requirement, of the PSLRA by bringing suit in state court. Post-SLUSA, securities fraud class actions are exclusively the domain of the federal court. In this paper, we examine the impact of the PSLRA and more particularly the impact the type of lead plaintiff on the size of settlements in securities fraud class actions. We thus provide insight into whether the type of plaintiff that heads the class action impacts the overall outcome of the case. Furthermore, we explore possible indicia that may explain why some suits settle for extremely small sums – small relative to the “provable losses” suffered by the class, small relative to the asset size of the defendantcompany, and small relative to other settlements in our sample. This evidence bears heavily on the debate over “strike suits.” Part I of this paper sets forth the contemporary debate surrounding the need for further reforms of securities class actions. In this section, we set forth the insights advanced in three prominent reports focused on the competitiveness of U.S. capital markets. In Part II we first provide descriptive statistics of our extensive data set, and thenuse multivariate regression analysis to explore the underlying relationships. In Part III, we closely examine small settlements for clues to whether they reflect evidence of strike suits. We conclude in Part IV with a set of policy recommendations based on our analysis of the data. Our goals in this paper are more modest than the Committee Report, the Chamber Report and the McKinsey Report, each of which called for wide-ranging reforms: we focus on how the PSLRA changed securities fraud settlements so as to determine whether the reforms it introduced accomplished at least some of the Act’s important goals. If the PSLRA was successful, and we think it was, then one must be somewhat skeptical of the need for further cutbacks in private securities class action so soon after the Act was passed.
In the field of strongly correlated electron systems, there is a long standing discussion on whether lattice degrees of freedom play a role for several physical phenomena, among them the Mott MI transition and charge-ordering transition. Charge-transfer salts of the ..-(BEDT-TTF)2X and (TMTCF)2X families have been revealed as model systemss for the study of the latter phenomena. The (TMTCF)2X salts have been recognized as model systems for studying correlation effects in 1D, while the (BEDT-TTF)-based materials for such studies in 2D. In this work, high-resolution dilatometry experiments were performed in order to address these issues. The main results obtained are summarized below. ...
In this proceeding the emergence of a composite, adjoint-scalar field as an average over (trivial holonomy) calorons and anti-calorons is reviewed. This composite field acts as a background field to the dynamics of perturbative gluons, to which it is coupled via an effective, gauge invariant Lagrangian valid for temperatures above the deconfinement phase transition. Moreover a Higgs mechanism is induced by the composite field: two gluons acquire a quasi-particle thermal mass. On the phenomenological side the composite field acts as a bag pressure which shows a linear dependence on the temperature. As a result the linear rise with temperature of the trace anomaly is obtained and is compared to recent lattice studies.
Three-dimensional structure of the glycine-betaine transporter BetP by cryo electron crystallography
(2008)
The soil bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum has five secondary transporters for compatible solutes allowing it to cope with osmotic stress. The most abundant of them, the transporter BetP, performs a high affinity uptake of glycine-betain when encountering hyperosmotic stress. BetP belongs to the betaine/carnitine/choline/transporter (BCCT) family, and is predicted to have twelve transmembrane helices with both termini facing the cytoplasm. The goal of this thesis is to facilitate understanding of BetP function by determining a three dimensional (3D) model of its structure. Two-dimensional (2D) crystallization of wild-type (WT) BetP has been successfully performed by reconstitution into a mixture of E. coli lipids and bovine cardiolipin, which resulted in vesicular crystals diffracting to 7.5 Å resolution (Ziegler, Morbach et al. 2004). Diffraction patterns of these crystals however showed unfocused spots, generally due to high mosaicity. Better results were obtained by using the constitutively active mutant BetPdeltaC45 in which the first 45 amino acids of the positively charged C-terminus were removed. BetPdeltaC45 crystals obtained under the same conditions for BetP WT were concluded to be pseudo crystals, based on the inconsistence of symmetry. These crystals had BetPdeltaC45 molecules randomly up/downwards inserted into membrane crystals, and cannot be used for structure determination, even though they diffracted up to 7 Å. The problem of pseudo crystal formation could be solved by changing the lipids used for 2D crystallization to a native lipid extract from C. glutamicum cells. This change of lipids improved the crystals to well-ordered packing with exclusive p121_b symmetry. To understand the role of lipids in crystal packing and order, lipids were extracted at different stages during crystallization, and identified by using multiple precursor ion scanning mass spectrometry. The results show that phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) 16:0-18:1 is the most dominant lipid species in C. glutamicum membranes, and that BetP has a preference for the fatty acid moieties 16:0-18:1. Crystallization with synthetic PG 16:0-18:1 proved that an excess of this lipid prevents pseudo crystal formation, but these crystals did not reach the quality as previously achieved by using the C. glutamicum lipids. Apart from the effect of lipids in crystallinity, the concentration and type of salts influenced crystal growth and morphology. High salt conditions (>400 mM LiCl or KCl) yielded tubular crystals, whereas low salt conditions (<300 mM LiCl, NaCl or KCl) led to formation of up to 10 µm large sheet-like crystals. The intermediate concentration gave a mixture of sheet-like and tubular crystals. In terms of resolution, sheets diffracted better than tubes. The sheet-like crystals used for 3D map reconstruction were obtained from a dialysis buffer containing 200 mM NaCl combined with using C. glutamicum lipids. Electron microscopic images were taken from frozen-hydrated crystals using a helium-cooled JEOL 300 SFF microscope or a liquid nitrogen-cooled FEI Tecnai G2 microscope at 300 kV, which allowed optimal data collection and minimized radiation damage to the sample. More than 1000 images of tilt angles up to 50° were taken and evaluated using optical diffraction of a laser beam. The best 200 images were processed with the MRC image processing software package, and 79 images from different tilt angles were merged to the final data set used for calculation of a 3D map at a planar resolution of 8 Å. The structure shows BetPdeltaC45 as a trimer with each monomer consisting of 12 transmembrane alpha-helices. Protein termini and loop regions could not be determined due to the limited resolution of the map. Six of the twelve helices line a central cavity forming a potential substrate-binding chamber. Each monomer shows a central cavity in different sizes and shapes. Thus, the constitutively active BetPdeltaC45 thus forms an unusual asymmetric homotrimer. BetP most likely reflects three different conformational states of secondary transporters: the cytoplasmically open (C), the occluded (O), and the periplasmically open (P) states. The C and O states are similar to BetP WT projection structure, while the P state is discrepant and highly flexible due to the shape and size of the central cavity as well as the lowest intensity of the density. The observation of the P state corresponds well to the constitutively active property of BetPdeltaC45. For the high resolution structure of the C and O states are available, this work presents the first structural information of the P state of a secondary transporter.
Im Folgenden werde ich auf Texte von zwei Autoren eingehen, in denen das genaue Hinhören und das leise Rauschen zentrale Motive sind und zum Anlass für Schock und nervlichen Zusammenbruch werden. Es sind Erzählungen von Poe und Kafka, in denen das leise Ticken und Rauschen einer technisierten Moderne die Protagonisten heimsucht. Es ist wichtig für meine vergleichende Diskussion der beiden Texte, dass hier Geräusch nicht nur auf der Plotebene eingebettet ist, sondern auch in beiden Fällen an den medienhistorischen Kontext anschließt; in ihm sind das Ticken und Pochen in Poes Texten und das Rascheln und Rauschen in Kafkas Erzählungen zu verorten.
Einleitung: Das kolorektale Karzinom ist die zweithäufigste Karzinomart bei Frauen und Männern. Ziel dieser Studie war die Beschreibung der Morbidität und Mortalität nach standardisierter tiefer anteriorer Rektumresektion mit Anlage eines protektiven Ileostomas bei Patienten mit Rektumkarzinom. Sekundäres Studienziel war der Vergleich des vorbeschriebenen, standardisiert behandelten Kollektivs mit Daten aus der Literatur, in welchen zur Behandlung des Rektumkarzinoms eine Resektion desselben ohne Anlage eines protektiven Ileostomas erfolgt ist. Material und Methoden: Ein von 2000 bis 2005 therapiertes Patientengut aus 30 Männern und 20 Frauen des Klinikums Offenbach wurde detailliert retrospektiv aufgearbeitet und mit den Ergebnissen anderer Arbeitsgruppen verglichen. Die Altersgrenzen zum Zeitpunkt der Rektumresektion lagen bei 27 und 84 Jahren, der Altersmedian betrug 68. Die tiefe anteriore Rektumresektion ist die heutzutage präferierte Operationsmethode von Karzinomen des mittleren und, ganz besonders, des distalen Rektumdrittels. Ein Ileostoma dient dem Schutz der tiefen Anastomose. Ergebnisse: Bei 5 Patienten kam es zu intraoperativen Komplikationen. Häufigste Komplikation war eine Anastomoseninsuffizienz (n = 3), die bei der intraoperativen Dichtigkeitsprüfung offensichtlich wurde. In allen Fällen wurde die Anastomose intraoperativ neu angelegt beziehungsweise übernäht. Die postoperativen Komplikationen wurden im eigenen Kollektiv unterteilt nach allgemeinen und speziellen Komplikationen erfasst, wobei 16 Patienten eine allgemeine beziehungsweise 24 eine spezielle Komplikation zu beklagen hatten. Bei insgesamt 28 Karzinomträgern kam es zu einer Komplikation. Chirurgisch dominierten Wundheilungsstörungen und intraabdominelle Abszesse. Zu einer Leckage der Anastomose kam es im postoperativen Verlauf bei 3 Patienten. In 11 Fällen musste re-interventioniert werden. Bei 9 Patienten war eine Re-Operation erforderlich, während bei 2 Patienten eine CT-gesteuerte Punktion erfolgte. Im Durchschnitt (Mittelwert) betrug die Krankenhausverweildauer 30 ½ Tage. 48 Patienten des Krankenguts konnten das Krankenhaus verlassen, 2 Patienten verstarben während der postoperativen Behandlung. 14 Patienten hatten eine stomaimmanente Komplikation zu beklagen. Häufigstes Stoma-bezogenes Ereignis war eine Verwachsung des Intestinums mit der Stoma-zuführenden Ileumschlinge. Von diesen 8 Fällen mussten 2 operativ versorgt werden. Weitere Stoma-bezogene Ereignisse waren parastomale Abszesse (n = 3), parastomale Ekzeme (n = 2), parastomale Hernien (n = 2) und ein Stomaprolaps. 25 Ileostomaträger entschlossen sich, ihren künstlichen Darmausgang rückverlagern zu lassen. Die anderen 25 entschlossen sich dagegen, beziehungsweise war es bei einigen auf Grund des Allgemeinzustandes oder vorherigen Versterbens nicht möglich, die Rückverlagerung durchzuführen. Schlussfolgerung: Der Vergleich der eigenen Ergebnisse mit denen anderer Studien zeigt, dass das Auftreten einer Anastomoseninsuffizienz durch die Anlage eines protektiven Stomas nicht gänzlich verhindert werden kann, obwohl in dieser Studie die Rate mit 6% sehr gering war. Wichtiger erscheinen in diesem Zusammenhang die möglichen Folgen einer Leckage. Es wird deutlich, dass Patienten mit einem protektiven Ileostoma weniger gravierende Folgen zu beklagen haben und signifikant seltener re-operiert werden müssen. Auch die Stoma-bezogene Morbidität ist ein wichtiger Punkt in der Bewertung der Daten, wobei sich die Inzidenz schwerer Komplikationen als gering erwies. Auch wenn die meisten Stoma-bezogenen Komplikationen gelinde und selbstlimitierend verlaufen, bleibt die Inzidenz von schweren Komplikationen und die Rate an Re-Operationen bedeutend. Eine Optimierung der perioperativen Versorgung, besonders bei älteren Patienten, könnte jedoch die Inzidenz von Komplikationen bei Stoma-Patienten reduzieren. Nicht von der Hand zu weisen ist die auch in dieser Studie festgestellte Tatsache, dass eine gewisse Anzahl von Patienten ihr Ileostoma dauerhaft behält. Dies hat diverse Gründe, jedoch sollte jeder Patient vor dem Eingriff auf diese Möglichkeit hingewiesen werden, da ein dauerhaftes Stoma einen Einfluss auf die individuelle Lebensqualität hat. Des Weiteren muss auf die geringe Anzahl der Patienten im eigenen Krankengut eingegangen werden. Die statistische Aussagekraft mancher Ergebnisse ist daher begrenzt, wobei die sorgfältige Auswertung anderer Studien eine präzise Analyse der Materie gewährleistet hat. Beide Eingriffe, Anlage und Rückverlagerung eines Ileostomas, sind mit gewissen Risiken verbunden. Jedoch erscheinen die Folgen einer möglichen Komplikation bei Patienten ohne protektives Ileostoma im Vergleich deutlich schwerwiegender. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines letalen Verlaufs infolge einer Anastomoseninsuffizienz wird durch ein vorgeschaltetes Ileostoma beträchtlich reduziert. Schließlich bestärkt die Analyse der gewonnenen Daten und ihr Vergleich mit den angeführten Studien die eigene Ansicht, dass ein operatives Vorgehen mit Anlage eines protektiven Ileostomas die beste Methode zur Behandlung eines tiefen Rektumkarzinoms darstellt und die Indikation zur Anlage eines solchen Stomas weit gestellt werden sollte.
Die Frage nach dem Zusammenspiel von Dingen und Zeichen beherrscht Strindbergs Prosastücke, Artikel und Abhandlungen. Sein geradezu manisches Unterfangen zu vernetzen, was die Semiotik in natürliche, ikonische und symbolische Zeichen unterschieden hat, stößt nicht selten vor in weltbewegende und kosmische Dimensionen, entzündet sich aber in der Regel an einem konkreten Gegenstand. Was er schreibt, sieht wie wissenschaftliche Fallstudien aus, aber Strindbergs unruhiges Fragen überwältigt oft Strindbergs Beobachtungen. Ein Beispiel dafür ist die kleine Anhandlung "Der Totenkopfschwärmer. Versuch in rationalem Mystizismus" von 1896. Darin beschäftigt er sich mit einer Erklärungsaufgabe, mit der Frage, wie das Abbild eines Totenkopfes auf den Körper eines Schmetterlings gekommen ist.
Titabet and the Takumbeng
(2008)
Titabet and the Takumbeng is a play that relives the unprecedented political upheaval of the 1992 first ever multiparty presidential elections in Cameroon. Following the controversial elections, Bamenda - the stronghold of the main opposition party, the Social Democratic Front (SDF) - was plunged into a tense and intense civil disobedience campaign. The violence which ensued pitted SDF militants who claimed their victory was stolen against regime loyalists. The government reacted by imposing a curfew on Bamenda. The army that was dispatched to keep the peace committed ferocious kidnapping, rape, theft and torture, driving women, children and men into the arms of terror. Titabet the protagonist emerges as the leader of the oppressed. He and the sacred women's cult of Takumbeng were the only hope for the people. The sacred cleansing cult and Titabet's courageous resistance apparently brought an end to what would have been too devastating a tale to narrate. Kehbuma Langmia teaches courses in Mass Communications, Broadcast Journalism and Media Studies at Bowie State University. With previous degrees in fine arts, television and film, he earned his PhD in Mass Communication and Media Studies from Howard University. He also has an MA degree in theatre arts from the University of Yaound?, Cameroon. He is also a graduate from the Television Academy in Munich, Germany. Dr. Langmia writes, produces and directs independent productions, and serves as executive producer for students' television projects at Bowie State University.
Predmet interesa ovoga rada dvije su ustaljene sveze riječi koje su dio hrvatskoga pomorskog nazivlja, a u jeziku se često koriste s frazeološkim značenjem. U radu se analizira njihovo podrijetlo, moguća frazeološka značenja i konteksti u kojima se upotrebljavaju. Potencijalni frazemi uspoređuju se i s njihovim ruskim frazeološkim značenjskim ekvivalentima.
Ključne riječi: hrvatska frazeologija; ruska frazeologija; hrvatsko pomorsko nazivlje; potencijalni frazemi mali od palube i mali od kužine
This talk concerns the copula system in Buli, a Ghanaian language which has also been attested in Bahia (Rodrigues 1935, Zwernemann 1968). Special focus will be put on the categorization of two copula-reminiscent elements for which I will propose a discoursepragmatic analysis.
Plastids are complex plant organelles fulfilling essential physiological functions, such as photosynthesis and amino acid metabolism. The majority of proteins required for these functions are encoded in the nuclear genome and synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes as precursors, which are subsequently translocated across the outer and inner membrane of the organelle. Their targeting to the organelle is ensured by a so called transit peptide, which is specifically recognized by GTP-dependent receptors Toc159 and Toc34 at the cytosolic side of outer envelope. They cooperatively regulate the insertion of the precursor protein into the channel protein Toc75, thereby initiating the translocation process. Toc34 is regarded as the primary receptor, while Toc159 probably provides the driving force for the insertion. Precursor transfer is achieved by the physical interaction between both receptors in the GTP loaded state. One translocon unit, also called the Toc core complex, is formed by four molecules Toc34, four molecules Toc75 and one molecule Toc159. In the GDP-loaded state, Toc34 preferably forms homodimers, whose physiological function was investigated in the presented study. It could be shown that the dissociation of GDP and therefore the nucleotide exchange are inhibited by the homodimeric state of Toc34. Dissociation of the homodimer is induced by the recognition of a precursor protein, which renders the binding of GTP and subsequent interaction with Toc159 possible. Thus, the homodimeric conformation could reflect an inactive state of the translocon, preventing GTP consumption in the absence of a precursor protein. Both homodimerization as well as heterodimerization of the receptor are regulated by phosphorylation, which could be demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo approaches using atToc33 from Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system. Since the phosphorylated form of Toc34 cannot be assembled with the Toc core complex, it can be concluded that the interactions between GTPase domains not only regulate the transfer of precursor proteins, but also warrant the integrity of the translocon.
Venezuela steht wegen seiner großen Rohstoffreichtümer im Blickpunkt der Vereinigten Staaten. Aber das besondere Augenmerk der Hegemonialmacht gilt dem bolivarischen Prozeß in Venezuela, denn das Land spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Integration des Kontinents und der damit verbundenen Möglichkeiten für fundamentale Veränderungen, die Venezuelas internationale Politik anderen Ländern eröffnet. ...
Buli is an Oti-Volta tone language spoken in Northern Ghana. This paper outlines the basic features of its tonal system and explores whether and in which way pitch respectively phonemic tone is approached as a means to indicate the pragmatic category of focus. Pursued are cases with focus-related surface tone changes as well as cases where pitch could help to disambiguate between broad and narrow foci. It is argued that focus is not consistently encoded by pitch or tone. Parallel findings for the closely related languages Kopen o (phonetic symbol)nni and Dagbani suggest that the apparent lack of significant prosodic focus signals in Buli might pertain to a larger group of tonal languages of the Gur family.
Top Dogs, Top Actors, Top Audience : Chronik der Rezeption eines Schweizer Erfolgsstücks in Rumänien
(2008)
Piesa „Top Dogs“ a fost scrisă de Urs Widmer “la cerere” pentru Teatrul Neumarkt din Zürich şi tematizează problema concedierilor în rândurile angajaţilor de elită. Această piesă a fost prezentată şi în ţara noastră, în mai multe concepţii regizorale şi mai multe limbi: germană, română, maghiară. Articolul de faţă urmăreşte receptarea piesei „Top Dogs“ în România, compară concepţiile regizorale ale regizorilor români atât între ele cât şi cu premiera din Zürich şi evidenţiază pe lângă diferenţele regizorale şi pe cele textuale.
U ovome se radu na temelju terenskog istraživanja obrađuje toponimija danas gotovo posve napuštenoga sela Dubljani u Popovu u istočnoj Hercegovini. U mjesnoj su toponimiji najzastupljeniji toponimi antroponimnoga postanja s pomoću kojih se upoznajemo s negdašnjim i današnjim imovinsko-pravnim ustrojem srednjovjekovnog Huma, toponim Satùlija (‘Sanctus Elias’) spomen je na davne romansko-hrvatske dodire, a na primjeru toponima Sačìvišće upoznajemo se s veoma složenom dijalektnom slikom istočne Hercegovine.
The relation between reality and language, the instability of language as a signification system, the representation crisis, and the borders of interpretation are the controversial issues that have engaged not only philosophers, but also many authors, translators, and literary critics. Some philosophers like Derrida accuse Western thinking of being obsessed with binary oppositions. In Derrida's view, Western tradition resorts to external references as God, truth, origin, center and reason to stabilize the signification system. Since these concepts lack an internal sense and there is no transcendental signified that can fix these signifiers, language turns to an instable system by means of which no fixed meaning can be created. Many authors like Beckett, Stoppard, and Caryl Churchill also noticed this impossibility of language. While Derrida's deconstructive approach to this crisis has an epistemological nature, these playwrights present an aesthetic solution by turning the deconstructive potential of language against itself in text and performance. This dissertation aims at exploring their performing methods and dramatic texts to demonstrate how their delogocentric strategies work. By analyzing their plays, I will examine if their use of signifiers that have no references in reality, intentional misconceptions, disintegrated subjectivities, decentered narratives, and experimental performances can help them undermine the prevailing logocentrism of Western thought. The examination of the change in aesthetic strategies from Beckett, who belongs to earlier stages of post modernism, to Caryl Churchill, who should perform in a globalized world with increasing dominance of speed and information, is another aim of this research. In my view,Beckett's obsession with unspeakable, absurdity, and disintegration of subjectivity develops to Stoppard's language games, metadrama, and anti-representation and culminates in Churchill's anti-narrative texts and pluralistic performances. The monophony of Beckett's dramatic texts is replaced by the polyphony of Churchill's performances, which are a mixture of theater, dance and music. However, all explored dramatic texts in this dissertation have something in common: they are language games, which have no claim on a faithful representation of reality or transcendental truth.
A data set of annual values of area equipped for irrigation for all 236 countries in the world during the time period 1900 - 2003 was generated. The basis for this data product was information available through various online data bases and from other published materials. The complete time series were then constructed around the reported data applying six statistical methods. The methods are discussed in terms of reliability and data uncertainties. The total area equipped for irrigation in the world in 1900 was 53.2 million hectares. Irrigation was mainly practiced in all the arid regions of the globe and in paddy rice areas of South and East Asia. In some temperate countries in Western Europe irrigation was practiced widely on pastures and meadows. The time series suggest a modest rate of increase of irrigated areas in the first half of the 20th century followed by a more dynamic development in the second half. The turn of the century is characterized by an overall consolidating trend resulting at a total of 285.8 million hectares in 2003. The major contributing countries have changed little throughout the century. This data product is regarded as a preliminary result toward an ongoing effort to develop a detailed data set and map of areas equipped for irrigation in the world over the 20th century using sub-national statistics and historical irrigation maps.