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Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes play an important role in the protection against viral infections, which they detect through the recognition of virus-derived peptides, presented in the context of MHC class I molecules at the surface of the infected cell. The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) plays an essential role in MHC class I–restricted antigen presentation, as TAP imports peptides into the ER, where peptide loading of MHC class I molecules takes place. In this study, the UL49.5 proteins of the varicelloviruses bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) are characterized as members of a novel class of viral immune evasion proteins. These UL49.5 proteins interfere with MHC class I antigen presentation by blocking the supply of antigenic peptides through inhibition of TAP. BHV-1, PRV, and EHV-1 recombinant viruses lacking UL49.5 no longer interfere with peptide transport. Combined with the observation that the individually expressed UL49.5 proteins block TAP as well, these data indicate that UL49.5 is the viral factor that is both necessary and sufficient to abolish TAP function during productive infection by these viruses. The mechanisms through which the UL49.5 proteins of BHV-1, PRV, EHV-1, and EHV-4 block TAP exhibit surprising diversity. BHV-1 UL49.5 targets TAP for proteasomal degradation, whereas EHV-1 and EHV-4 UL49.5 interfere with the binding of ATP to TAP. In contrast, TAP stability and ATP recruitment are not affected by PRV UL49.5, although it has the capacity to arrest the peptide transporter in a translocation-incompetent state, a property shared with the BHV-1 and EHV-1 UL49.5. Taken together, these results classify the UL49.5 gene products of BHV-1, PRV, EHV-1, and EHV-4 as members of a novel family of viral immune evasion proteins, inhibiting TAP through a variety of mechanisms.
"Si potrebbe credere, che i due concetti 'stato territoriale' e 'feudo' siano fino a un certo grado opposti": così Ernst Klebel introduce, aprendo nel 1956 Territorialstaat und Lehen, la contraddizione a suo avviso insita nell’accostare due forme tanto diverse di organizzazione politica, quali sono quella che fonda la propria autorità su un principio astratto di ordinamento territoriale e l’altra che afferma invece la propria superiorità attraverso legami personali come quelli vassallatici. ...
THIS PAPER WILL conduct a critical investigation of the famous argument against atomism first made by the 4th century CE Indian Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu in his idealist treatise Vim. ´satik¯a Vij ˜naptim¯atrat ¯asiddhi (The Twenty Verses of Mind-Only). Although the present exposition will be more conceptual than historical in focus, it will first unfold the Abhidharmic Buddhist precursors of the Mind–Only epistemology. With the necessary background in place, I shall then attempt a rational reconstruction of the substance of Vasubandhu’s argument against atomism, rendering it intelligible to the modern reader by transposing it into contemporary philosophical idiom. Finally, I will employ the analysis of atomism and the external world in the Mind–Only school as a point of departure from which to further probe closely related concerns of Buddhist transcendental philosophy having to do with the nature of empirical knowledge, the power of skeptical argument, and the status of apperception. ...
The vegetation of Gibraltar Range National Park and adjoining parts of eastern Washpool National Park, 65 km east of Glen Innes (29° 31’S 152° 18’E) on the eastern escarpment of New South Wales is described. In total 124, 20m x 50m full vascular plant floristic sites were recorded and information from an additional 53 sites was collated. Thirteen vegetation assemblages are defined based on flexible UPGMA analysis of cover-abundance scores of all vascular plant taxa. Many of the vegetation communities are typical of what is found along the north eastern escarpment of NSW. Three communities are considered to be rare and two vulnerable. A total of 878 vascular plant taxa from 138 families were recorded, of which only 21 (2%) were of introduced origin and 81 (9%) were found to be of conservation significance. Pattern diversity, species density, species accumulation and average geographic range size, along with general measures of richness and diversity, were analysed for all communities. Each of the communities described varied considerably in the diversity attributes measured. Communities with a high number of shrubs had greater constancy between sites compared to those that contained a high number of closed forest species. The community from rock outcrops had the largest average geographical range size.
Panta rhei = Alles fließt. Mit diesem Ausspruch bekräftigte der griechische Philosoph HERAKLITOS (514–483 v. u. Z.) seine Erkenntnis, dass sich alle Erscheinungen in immerwährender Veränderung befinden. Dies gilt sowohl für den Makrokosmos als auch für den Mikrokosmos. Das Naturgesetz der immerwährenden Veränderung gilt somit auch für die Lebensgemeinschaften unserer Naturschutzgebiete. Wenn wir die Pflanzen- und Tiergemeinschaften in diesen Gebieten schützen wollen, so sollten wir uns immer bewusst sein, dass unsere Schutzobjekte einem ständigen Wandel unterliegen. Dieser Veränderungsprozess vollzieht sich naturgemäß unterschiedlich schnell, ist aber nicht aufzuhalten. Beispiele für Vegetationsdynamik sind in der pflanzensoziologischen Literatur außerordentlich zahlreich. Schon AICHINGER äußerte sich 1954 ausführlich über statische und dynamische Betrachtung in der pflanzensoziologischen Forschung. Allein an der Universität Halle fanden mehrere internationale Symposien zu Fragen der Vegetationsveränderungen statt (SCHUBERT & SCHUH 1980, SCHUBERT & HILBIG 1987). Auch in der Gegenwart wird in mehreren Forschungsvorhaben über Vegetationsveränderungen unter dem Gesichtspunkt unterschiedlicher Zeithorizonte intensiv gearbeitet. Durch die Einflussnahme des Menschen auf den Naturhaushalt und globale Veränderungen des Klimas auf unserer Erde gewinnt diese Forschung immer mehr an Aktualität.
Verb agreement and epistemic marking : a typological journey from the Himalayas to the Caucasus
(2008)
Studies of the epistemic categories expressed in Tibetan auxiliaries and copulas have mostly compared the phenomena with mirativity marking, and this is no doubt the correct comparandum in diachronic research. However, synchronic descriptions are also often tempted to compare the relevant categories with agreement systems or similar reference-related structures, at least for expository purposes when explaining how the system works (e. g. Denwood 1999, Tournadre 1996, Goldstein et al. 1991).