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Zur Vorhersage der Konformationen organischer Moleküle in wässriger Lösung wurde ein explizites Solvatationsmodell (TPA3) für das Kraftfeldprogramm MOMO entwickelt, getestet und erfolgreich angewendet. Für jede zu optimierende Konformation wird eine der räumlichen Ausdehnung entsprechende Solvathülle generiert. Dadurch werden zu große Solvathüllen mit vielen Wassermolekülen vermieden. Diesem ersten Schritt liegt das Aneinanderreihen von Eiselementarzellen und ungeordneten Wasserzellen zugrunde. Überschneidungen oder unrealistisch nahe Orientierungen von Wassermolekülen zu dem solvatisierten Molekül werden ausgeschlossen. Gleichzeitig wird sichergestellt, dass in der Umgebung von Wasserstoffbrücken-Donoren und -Akzeptoren im solvatisierten Molekül Wassermoleküle zu finden sind.
Die Optimierung vereinfachter Wassermoleküle ohne molekularen Zusammenhalt basiert auf vektoriellen Ausgleichsbewegungen, in die die Bewegungsvektoren der minimierten Wassermolekül-Atome eingehen. Dadurch ist es möglich, ein einziges Potential für Coulomb- und vdw-Wechselwirkungen ohne Vernachlässigung der Rotation zu nutzen, was eine deutliche Rechenzeitoptimierung bedeutet. Die besondere Beachtung der Programmstruktur von MOMO und die sich daraus ergebende Interaktion des Solvatationsmodells mit nahezu allen relevanten Programmteilen des Kraftfeldprogramms ermöglicht trotz ihres kontinuierlichen Austauschs eine Unterscheidung von präzise behandelten nahen und vereinfachten fernen Wassermolekülen während der gesamten Minimierung. Gleichzeitig werden von jedem nahen Wassermolekül die Einzelenergiebeiträge der Wechselwirkungen mit dem solvatisierten Molekül direkt in den Potentialen gesammelt und durch Summation die Stabilisierungsenergie Estab bestimmt.
Somit wird ein Nahbereich mit ungeordneten Wassermolekülen um ein solvatisiertes Molekül herum mit der gesamten in MOMO möglichen Präzision behandelt. Hierbei ist die Berechnung von Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen dem solvatisierten Molekül und umgebenden Wassermolekülen für Estab von entscheidender Bedeutung. Hingegen wird der Fernbereich ausgehend und basierend auf der Eisstruktur rechenzeitoptimiert behandelt. Dynamik und Durchmischung mit dem Nahbereich werden durch den auf der Minimierung der isolierten Atome basierenden TPA3-Algorithmus erreicht.
Mit den erreichten Rechenzeitoptimierungen können systematische Konformationsanalysen an Di- und Tripeptiden in Wasser mit bis zu 2500 Konformationen problemlos durchgeführt werden. Mit den statistischen Auswertungsmethoden des Clusterings, der Medianbildung und der Datenrasterung ergaben sich aussagekräftige Energieflächen über Ramachandran-Diagrammen der berechneten Peptide. Die Visualisierung der Trajektorien und der Minimum-Konformationen der Peptide mit deren Wasserstoffbrücken und der daran beteiligten Wassermoleküle sowie die detaillierte Analyse der Energiebeiträge lieferten eine solide Interpretationsbasis der vorhergesagten Strukturen.
Insgesamt wurden Konformationsanalysen im Vakuum und mit dem neu entwickelten TPA3-Solvatationsmodell an zehn Peptiden durchgeführt. Ungeschützte Peptide wurden in unterschiedlich protonierten Formen berechnet. Vergleichende Konformationsanalysen mit AMBER11 und TIP3P-Solvatationsmodell waren nur für die zwitterionische Form möglich.
Bei dem geschützten Alaninpeptid N-Acetyl-L-L-dialanin-N-methylamid zeigte sich eine Begünstigung der PPII-Struktur. Daneben trat ein Minimum im β-Faltblattbereich auf; eine Stabilisierung des αR-helikalen Bereichs wurde ebenfalls beobachtet. Dies entspricht den in der aktuellen Literatur zu findenden spektroskopisch erhaltenen Ergebnissen.
Aufgrund nicht vorhandener Informationen bezüglich der Energiebeiträge durch das explizite TIP3P-Solvatationsmodell war die Auswertung der AMBER11-Konformationsanalysen auf die Verteilung der Konformationen im Ramachandran-Diagramm begrenzt und somit stark eingeschränkt. Bezüglich N-Acetyl-L-L-dialanin-Nmethylamid ergaben sich auch mit AMBER11 Häufungen im PPII- und β-Faltblatt-Bereich und darüber hinaus im αD-helikalen Bereich.
Für Peptide mit negativ geladenen Seitenketten in der zentralen Position wurden Konformationen, die in Turns zu finden sind, als begünstigt berechnet. Bei Tripeptiden mit Aminosäuren, die Donoren D bzw. Akzeptoren A zur Wasserstoffbrückenbildung in ihren Seitenketten besitzen (Ala−Lys−Ala, Ala−Asp−Ala, Cys−Asn−Ser), wurden in allen Fällen zweifache Wasserstoffbrücken über verbrückende Wassermoleküle hinweg (D/A···H2O···D/A) beobachtet. Diese scheinen insbesondere bei Ala−Asp−Ala durch Beteiligung des Aspartatrestes und einem zweimalig negativen Energiebetrag von mehr als 10 kJ/mol Einfluss auf die Konformation zu nehmen und δ-Turn-Konformationen zu stabilisieren. Die AMBER11-Konformationsanalyse mit TIP3P-Modell ergab hingegen eine deutliche Häufung minimierter Konformationen für φ < 120°. Diese Häufung zeigt sich als deutlicher Streifen im Ramachandran-Diagramm bei φ ≈ 60°. Die α-helikalen Konformationen αD und αL sowie die C7 ax-Struktur sind von AMBER11 hier stark begünstigt. Die Konformationsanalyse mit TPA3-Solvatationsmodell an Ala−Lys−Ala zeigte mehrere Minima; die Konformationen im Bereich δR / PPII / C7 eq werden jedoch besonders stabilisiert. Ein verbrückendes Wassermolekül ist auch hier beteiligt.
Bei den Tripeptiden mit sperrigen Seitenketten, wie Ala−Phe−Ala und Gly−Phe−Gly, wird eine sterische Abschirmung durch den Phenylrest deutlich, die zu einer Abschwächung der Begünstigung von PPII-Konformationen führt. Stattdessen sind α-helikale Konformationen favorisiert. Bei Gly−Phe−Gly scheint diese Abschirmung einen weniger starken Einfluss zu haben: im PPII- und β-Faltblattbereich sind wieder Minima vorhanden. Generell sind die Ergebnisse der MOMO/TPA3-Konformationsanalysen im Einklang mit der aktuellen Literatur und sehr plausibel für Peptide, bei denen (noch) keine eindeutigen Literaturergebnisse vorliegen. Die aktuelle Annahme, dass intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrücken in Peptiden Turn-Konformationen in Wasser stabilisieren könnten, wird mit den in dieser Arbeit mehrfach aufgetretenen zweifachen Wasserstoffbrücken über verbrückende Wassermoleküle erweitert.
Mit AMBER11 konnte dagegen kaum Bezug zu experimentellen Literaturergebnissen hergestellt werden. Dies liegt vor allem daran, dass die für eine aussagekräftige Auswertung unverzichtbaren Energiebeiträge der Peptid-Wechselwirkungen mit einzelnen Wassermolekülen mit AMBER11 nicht zur Verfügung standen. AMBER11 eignet sich daher kaum als Referenz für die mit MOMO und dem neu entwickelten TPA3-Solvatationsmodell erhaltenen Ergebnisse.
Background: The federal state of Hesse, Germany, introduced a laboratory-based reporting scheme for carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs).
Method: The results of the first year of mandated reporting of CROs from April 2012 through March 2013 to the Public Health Authority of Frankfurt/Main, responsible for a population of 700,000 inhabitants, are described.
Results: Within a period of 12 months 243 CROs were notified to the health authority. Of these 213 isolates had been reported from 16 of the 17 hospitals in Frankfurt/Main, 6 from ambulatory settings and 24 from clinics outside of Frankfurt/Main. Mean incidence rate per 1,000 patient days in hospitals was 0.138 (range 0.02-0.28).
Conclusion: In Frankfurt/Main almost all hospitals have reported CROs in the study period though the frequency of isolation varies strongly and many facilities only report CROs sporadically. Molecular data indicate a high diversity of different carbapenemases. Autochthonous transmission must be assumed despite the absence of major outbreaks. Rapid and coordinated efforts by clinicians and health departments are crucial to control the spread of CRO infections. The mandatory reporting scheme provides important data to guide the implementation of preventive measures.
Background: Highly infectious diseases (HIDs) are (i) easily transmissible from person to person; (ii) cause a life-threatening illness with no or few treatment options; and (iii) pose a threat for both personnel and the public. Hence, even suspected HID cases should be managed in specialised facilities minimizing infection risks but allowing state-of-the-art critical care. Consensus statements on the operational management of isolation facilities have been published recently. The study presented was set up to compare the operational management, resources, and technical equipment among European isolation facilities. Due to differences in geography, population density, and national response plans it was hypothesized that adherence to recommendations will vary.
Methods and Findings: Until mid of 2010 the European Network for Highly Infectious Diseases conducted a cross-sectional analysis of isolation facilities in Europe, recruiting 48 isolation facilities in 16 countries. Three checklists were disseminated, assessing 44 items and 148 specific questions. The median feedback rate for specific questions was 97.9% (n = 47/48) (range: n = 7/48 (14.6%) to n = 48/48 (100%). Although all facilities enrolled were nominated specialised facilities' serving countries or regions, their design, equipment and personnel management varied. Eighteen facilities fulfilled the definition of a High Level Isolation Unit'. In contrast, 24 facilities could not operate independently from their co-located hospital, and five could not ensure access to equipment essential for infection control. Data presented are not representative for the EU in general, as only 16/27 (59.3%) of all Member States agreed to participate. Another limitation of this study is the time elapsed between data collection and publication; e.g. in Germany one additional facility opened in the meantime.
Conclusion: There are disparities both within and between European countries regarding the design and equipment of isolation facilities. With regard to the International Health Regulations, terminology, capacities and equipment should be standardised.
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes high fever, rash, and recurrent arthritis in humans. The majority of symptoms disappear after about one week. However, arthritis can last for months or even years (in about 30% of cases), which makes people unable to work during this period. The virus is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian Ocean islands, India, and Southeast Asia. It has additionally caused several large outbreaks in the last few years, affecting millions of people. The mortality rate is very low (0.1%), but the infection rates are high (sometimes 30%) and the number of asymptomatic cases is rare (about 15%). The first CHIKV outbreak in a country with a moderate climate was detected in Italy in 2007. Furthermore, the virus has spread to the Caribbean in late 2013. Due to climate change, globalization, and vector switching, the virus will most likely continue to cause new worldwide outbreaks. Additionally, more temperate regions of the world like Europe or the USA, which have recently reported their first cases, will likely become targets. Alarmingly, there is no specific treatment or vaccination against CHIKV available so far.
The cell entry process of CHIKV is also not understood in detail, and was thusly the focus of study for this project. The E2 envelope protein is responsible for cell attachment and entry. It consists of the domain C, located close to the viral membrane, domain A, in the center of the protein, and domain B, at the distal end, prominently exposed on the viral surface.
In this work, the important role of cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) for CHIKV cell attachment was uncovered. GAGs consist of long linear chains of heavily sulfated disaccharide units and can be covalently linked to membrane associated proteins. They play an important role in different cell signaling pathways. So far, solely cell culture passage has revealed an increased GAG-dependency of CHIKV due to mutations in E2 domain A, which was associated with virus attenuation in vivo. However, in this work it could be shown that cell surface GAGs promote CHIKV entry using non-cell culture adapted CHIKV envelope (Env) proteins. Transduction and infection of cell surface GAG-deficient pgsA-745 cells with CHIKV Env pseudotyped vector particles (VPs) and with wild-type CHIKV revealed decreased transduction and replication rates. Furthermore, cell entry and transduction rates of GAG-containing cells were also dose-dependently decreased in the presence of soluble GAGs. In contrast, transduction of pgsA-745 cells with CHIKV Env pseudotyped VPs was enhanced by the addition of soluble GAGs. This data suggests a mechanism by which GAGs activate CHIKV particles for subsequent binding to a cellular receptor. However, at least one GAG-independent entry pathway might exist, as CHIKV entry could not be totally inhibited by soluble GAGs and entry into pgsA-745 was, albeit at a lower rate, still possible. Further binding experiments using recombinant CHIKV E2 domains A, B, and C suggest that domain B is responsible for the GAG binding, domain A possibly for receptor binding, and domain C is not involved in cell binding. These results are in line with the geometry of CHIKV Env on the viral surface. They altogether reveal that GAG binding promotes viral cell entry and that the E2 domain B plays a central role for this mechanism.
As no vaccine against CHIKV has been approved so far, another goal of this project was to test new vaccination approaches. It has been published that a single linear epitope of E2 is the target of the majority of early neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV in patients. Artificial E2-derived proteins were created, expressed in E.coli, and successfully purified. They consisted of 5 repeats of the mentioned linear epitope (L), the surface exposed regions of domain A linked by glycine-serine linkers (sA), the whole domain B plus a part of the β-ribbon connector (B+), or a combination of these 3 modules. Vaccination experiments revealed that B+ was necessary and sufficient to induce a neutralizing immune response in mice, with the protein sAB+ yielding the best results. sAB+, as a protein vaccine, efficiently and significantly reduced viral titers in mice upon CHIKV challenge, which was not the case for recombinant Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA; MVA-CHIKV-sAB+), as a vaccine platform expressing the same protein. These experiments show that a small rationally designed CHIKV Env derived protein might, after optimization of some vaccination parameters, be sufficient as a safe, easy-to-produce, and cheap CHIKV vaccine.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a catechin found in green tea and was, in this work, found to inhibit the CHIKV life cycle at the entry state in in vitro experiments using CHIKV Env VPs and wild-type virus. EGCG was recently published to inhibit attachment of several viruses to cell surface GAGs, which is in line with the role for GAGs in CHIKV entry revealed in this work. EGCG might serve as a lead compound for the development of a small molecule treatment against CHIKV.
Myocardial infarction (MI) induces a complex inflammatory immune response, followed by the remodelling of the heart muscle and scar formation. The rapid regeneration of the blood vessel network system by the attraction of hematopoietic stem cells is beneficial for heart function. Despite the important role of chemokines in these processes, their use in clinical practice has so far been limited by their limited availability over a long time-span in vivo. Here, a method is presented to increase physiological availability of chemokines at the site of injury over a defined time-span and simultaneously control their release using biodegradable hydrogels. Two different biodegradable hydrogels were implemented, a fast degradable hydrogel (FDH) for delivering Met-CCL5 over 24 hrs and a slow degradable hydrogel (SDH) for a gradual release of protease-resistant CXCL12 (S4V) over 4 weeks. We demonstrate that the time-controlled release using Met-CCL5-FDH and CXCL12 (S4V)-SDH suppressed initial neutrophil infiltration, promoted neovascularization and reduced apoptosis in the infarcted myocardium. Thus, we were able to significantly preserve the cardiac function after MI. This study demonstrates that time-controlled, biopolymer-mediated delivery of chemokines represents a novel and feasible strategy to support the endogenous reparatory mechanisms after MI and may compliment cell-based therapies.
The ALICE Zero Degree Calorimeter system (ZDC) is composed of two identical sets of calorimeters, placed at opposite sides with respect to the interaction point, 114 meters away from it, complemented by two small forward electromagnetic calorimeters (ZEM). Each set of detectors consists of a neutron (ZN) and a proton (ZP) ZDC. They are placed at zero degrees with respect to the LHC axis and allow to detect particles emitted close to beam direction, in particular neutrons and protons emerging from hadronic heavy-ion collisions (spectator nucleons) and those emitted from electromagnetic processes. For neutrons emitted by these two processes, the ZN calorimeters have nearly 100% acceptance.
During the √sNN = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb data-taking, the ALICE Collaboration studied forward neutron emission with a dedicated trigger, requiring a minimum energy deposition in at least one of the two ZN. By exploiting also the information of the two ZEM calorimeters it has been possible to separate the contributions of electromagnetic and hadronic processes and to study single neutron vs. multiple neutron emission.
The measured cross sections of single and mutual electromagnetic dissociation of Pb nuclei at √sNN = 2.76 TeV, with neutron emission, are σsingle EMD = 187:4 ± 0.2 (stat.)−11.2+13.2 (syst.) b and σmutual EMD = 5.7 ± 0.1 (stat.) ±0.4 (syst.) b, respectively [1]. This is the first measurement of electromagnetic dissociation of 208Pb nuclei at the LHC energies, allowing a test of electromagnetic dissociation theory in a new energy regime. The experimental results are compared to the predictions from a relativistic electromagnetic dissociation model.
Pattern recognition applied to whole-brain neuroimaging data, such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), has proved successful at discriminating psychiatric patients from healthy participants. However, predictive patterns obtained from whole-brain voxel-based features are difficult to interpret in terms of the underlying neurobiology. Many psychiatric disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia, are thought to be brain connectivity disorders. Therefore, pattern recognition based on network models might provide deeper insights and potentially more powerful predictions than whole-brain voxel-based approaches. Here, we build a novel sparse network-based discriminative modeling framework, based on Gaussian graphical models and L1-norm regularized linear Support Vector Machines (SVM). In addition, the proposed framework is optimized in terms of both predictive power and reproducibility/stability of the patterns. Our approach aims to provide better pattern interpretation than voxel-based whole-brain approaches by yielding stable brain connectivity patterns that underlie discriminative changes in brain function between the groups. We illustrate our technique by classifying patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy participants, in two (event- and block-related) fMRI datasets acquired while participants performed a gender discrimination and emotional task, respectively, during the visualization of emotional valent faces.
This paper is the first to conduct an incentive-compatible experiment using real monetary payoffs to test the hypothesis of probabilistic insurance which states that willingness to pay for insurance decreases sharply in the presence of even small default probabilities as compared to a risk-free insurance contract. In our experiment, 181 participants state their willingness to pay for insurance contracts with different levels of default risk. We find that the willingness to pay sharply decreases with increasing default risk. Our results hence strongly support the hypothesis of probabilistic insurance. Furthermore, we study the impact of customer reaction to default risk on an insurer’s optimal solvency level using our experimentally obtained data on insurance demand. We show that an insurer should choose to be default-free rather than having even a very small default probability. This risk strategy is also optimal when assuming substantial transaction costs for risk management activities undertaken to achieve the maximum solvency level.
This article explores life insurance consumption in 31 European countries from 2003 to 2012 and aims to investigate the extent to which market transparency can affect life insurance demand. The cross-country evidence for the entire sample period shows that greater market transparency, which resolves asymmetric information, can generate a higher demand for life insurance. However, when considering the financial crisis period (2008-2012) separately, the results suggest a negative impact of enhanced market transparency on life insurance consumption. The mixed findings imply a trade-off between the reduction in adverse selection under greater market transparency and the possible negative effects on life insurance consumption during the crisis period due to more effective market discipline. Furthermore, this article studies the extent to which transparency can influence the reaction of life insurance demand to bad market outcomes: i.e., low solvency ratios or low profitability. The results indicate that the markets with bad outcomes generate higher life insurance demand under greater transparency compared to the markets that also experience bad outcomes but are less transparent.
A greater firm-level transparency through enhanced disclosure provides more information regarding the risk situation of an insurer to its outside stakeholders such as stock investors and policyholders. The disclosure of the insurer's risktaking can result in negative influences on, for example, its stock performance and insurance demand when stock investors and policyholders are risk-averse. Insurers, which are concerned about the potential ex post adverse effects of risk-taking under greater transparency, are thus inclined to limit their risks ex ante. In other words, improved firm-level transparency can induce less risktaking incentive of insurers. This article investigates empirically the relationship between firm-level transparency and insurers' strategies on capitalization and risky investments. By exploring the disclosure levels and the risk behavior of 52 European stock insurance companies from 2005 to 2012, the results show that insurers tend to hold more equity capital under the anticipation of greater transparency, and this strategy on capital-holding is consistent for different types of insurance businesses. When considering the influence of improved transparency on the investment policy of insurers, the results are mixed for different types of insurers.